José A. Clavijo A.

José A. Clavijo A.

Potentials and Challenges of DNA Barcodingin South America

Campinas, March 2007

““AndinoNET: A Regional AndinoNET: A Regional Initiative in Support of Initiative in Support of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

For the last 20 years, the number of taxonomists working in the For the last 20 years, the number of taxonomists working in the different biological areas has been steadily decreasing, a different biological areas has been steadily decreasing, a tendency that is evident worldwide and to which the Andean tendency that is evident worldwide and to which the Andean region does not escape. This situation has generated an region does not escape. This situation has generated an inability to correctly identify the components of our inability to correctly identify the components of our biodiversity, making much more difficult their adequate use biodiversity, making much more difficult their adequate use and sharply increasing the possibility of committing serious and sharply increasing the possibility of committing serious mistakes in their management. mistakes in their management.

Which are the main causes Which are the main causes of this decline?of this decline?

• Competition from other areas of knowledgeCompetition from other areas of knowledge

• Society's inadequate perception of the importance of Society's inadequate perception of the importance of taxonomists and their own role in the development of taxonomists and their own role in the development of this image.this image.

• Tardiness in the identification process.Tardiness in the identification process.

The reduction in the number of taxonomists and the lack The reduction in the number of taxonomists and the lack of economical support given to the institutions that of economical support given to the institutions that dedicate themselves to this area has brought amongst dedicate themselves to this area has brought amongst other consequences:other consequences:

• Increase in the fees for identification, reaching in some Increase in the fees for identification, reaching in some cases 100 USD/specimen.cases 100 USD/specimen.

• Dependency, with a marked discrimination towards Dependency, with a marked discrimination towards some regionssome regions or countries.or countries.

• Identification errors.Identification errors.

The Andean countries host an important number The Andean countries host an important number of institutions that maintain valuable collections of institutions that maintain valuable collections of organisms, particularly in Colombia, Ecuador, of organisms, particularly in Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela. These collections are mainly Perú and Venezuela. These collections are mainly associated to institutions of higher education, a associated to institutions of higher education, a condition considered by some to be an important condition considered by some to be an important strength for their continuity. Even though there strength for their continuity. Even though there is an important number of taxonomists that work is an important number of taxonomists that work in these collections, an increase is urgently in these collections, an increase is urgently needed if the sheer megadiversity of this region is needed if the sheer megadiversity of this region is taken into consideration. taken into consideration.

What strategies must be developed in order to improve our capacity to give solutions to the taxonomical needs of the Andean region ?

Amongst these strategies we have:

• Diffusion of the generated taxonomical information, Diffusion of the generated taxonomical information, through modern and economically feasible means. through modern and economically feasible means.

• Increased formation of the human resources Increased formation of the human resources directly linked to research in this area.directly linked to research in this area.

• Increased support and creation of institutions and Increased support and creation of institutions and projects that are dedicated to taxonomical research projects that are dedicated to taxonomical research in our countries.in our countries.

• Creation of regional networks with the objective of Creation of regional networks with the objective of sharing our strengths and diminishing our sharing our strengths and diminishing our weaknesses.weaknesses.

With these strategies in mind, a With these strategies in mind, a group of researchers and group of researchers and institutions of international institutions of international prestige in biosystematics came prestige in biosystematics came together and created: together and created:

What is BioNET-INTERNATIONAL?What is BioNET-INTERNATIONAL?

The world network for taxonomy (http://www.bionet-intl.org), The world network for taxonomy (http://www.bionet-intl.org), created in 1993, with a specific mandate to facilitate the created in 1993, with a specific mandate to facilitate the establishment of Subregional Technical Cooperation Networks establishment of Subregional Technical Cooperation Networks (TCNs; a defined figure by the UNDP), that has managed to (TCNs; a defined figure by the UNDP), that has managed to create a network of over 1000 institutions in more than 120 create a network of over 1000 institutions in more than 120 countries. countries.

Subregional Networks (LOOPS) Subregional Networks (LOOPS) created by BioNETcreated by BioNET

AndinoNET: The Andean Taxonomy Network

What strategies could we What strategies could we develop within develop within AndinoNET ?AndinoNET ?

The National Organism Reference Centers (NORC), as part of the National Biological

Collection System

““Virtual” centers formed by the institutions and researchers Virtual” centers formed by the institutions and researchers that work in organism biosystematics in each country, that work in organism biosystematics in each country, interconnected electronically, that would unite both the interconnected electronically, that would unite both the private and national institutions. This with the support of private and national institutions. This with the support of the respective governments, private national and foreign the respective governments, private national and foreign entities, as a fundamental part of the entities, as a fundamental part of the National Biological National Biological Collection System. Collection System. The integration of the Andean NORCs The integration of the Andean NORCs would constitute thewould constitute the Andean Organism Reference Center Andean Organism Reference Center or or AORCAORC..

The National Graduate Programs in Systematics and Organism Bio-ecology and the conformation of the Andean Graduate

Program Systems

They will base their existence in the use of the They will base their existence in the use of the human and material resources of the different human and material resources of the different institutions involved in each country, integrating institutions involved in each country, integrating them in order to create a system of Andean them in order to create a system of Andean Graduate Programs, with an intra and extra Graduate Programs, with an intra and extra regional projection. regional projection.

Improvement and/or construction of new buildings and the

development of strategic alliances

The need arises for the development of projects that have as objectives to improve the conditions of the collections and museums that are currently functioning, so to guarantee the preservation of the valuable specimens deposited and to accomplish a higher efficiency in research. And in the same manner, to promote the strategic alliances between institutions with common interests, with the purpose of strengthening and improving their individual functioning.

Production and Distribution of taxonomical Production and Distribution of taxonomical research support materials, of easy access research support materials, of easy access and low costand low cost

This would include amongst others, the production of This would include amongst others, the production of organism identification keys, catalogs (faunistical, floral, organism identification keys, catalogs (faunistical, floral, etc), collection maintenance manuals, and any other related etc), collection maintenance manuals, and any other related topic of interest, for both specialists and the general public. topic of interest, for both specialists and the general public. These materials must be produced by modern means, with These materials must be produced by modern means, with an emphasis set on e-products, due to their low costs, high an emphasis set on e-products, due to their low costs, high graphic qualities and simple distribution. graphic qualities and simple distribution.

A few examples…

Development of regional research projectsDevelopment of regional research projects

This would include the development of projects on topics of This would include the development of projects on topics of general interest such as: data base on species of agricultural general interest such as: data base on species of agricultural and medical importance; fast identification techniques (ei. and medical importance; fast identification techniques (ei. the barcoding method), development of regional quarantine the barcoding method), development of regional quarantine programs, etc. programs, etc.

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