Energy Behaviour in a Community of Smart Homes Joris Suppers and Mark Apperley
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Energy Behaviour in a Community of Smart Homes Joris Suppers and Mark Apperley
Who am I?
• Joris Suppers
• PhD Student at the University of Waikato• A Smart Network of Household Electricity Management Systems
• Energy Informatics Group• ei.cms.waikato.ac.nz
This Paper
• How will the energy behaviours involved in a community of households change with the uptake of solar panels and energy storage systems?
Energy Behaviours
Grid
Household
Community
Dweller
Decreasing Costs
Source: Transpower
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
CO
ST $
AU
D/k
Wh
Storage System Installation Cost: Including Inverter and Battery
15%
Tesla $100
USD/kWh
Battery Target
Costs of solar panels and energy storage systemsare steadily decreasing
Simulations
nzspot.cms.waikato.ac.nz ei.cms.waikato.ac.nz/hems
PV simulation Electricity simulation
• 16 households from WEL Networks (2500 to 15000 kWh per year with average 7200kWh/year)
Off-Grid
Household
Off-Grid: 25 YearsAssumptions
Solar Panel (kW)Enough to
generate a days usage in July
Solar Panel degradation (%) 0.8
Storage (kWh)2 x average day
usage in July
Storage replacement cost ($/kWh)
200
Storage replacement year 12.5
Storage degradation (%) 2
Inverter replacement cost ($/kWh)
0.4
Inverter replacement year 15
Maintenance ($/kW/year) 20
Maintenance escalation (%) 2
Generator on/off (%) 20,50
Petrol cost ($/kWh) 1.125
Upfront cost ($) 68,000
HouseBattery(kWh)
PV(kW)
Savings/Grid Cost
Profit(2016 prices)
Profit(2025 prices)
Average 44.4 7.4 31908 -154128 -24576.2
10483 26.8 4.47 20311 -91994.8 -13792.99
11334 66 11 30845 -245695 -53118
12114 42 7 36162 -139818 -17269
12707 24 4 21304 -79256 -9228
12817 20.8 3.47 21764 -65401.8 -4706.99
13598 66.6 11.1 43669 -235385 -41057.3
13928 40 6.67 21588 -146025.8 -29308.59
14339 84 14 57131 -294829 -49731
14661 104.6 17.44 65631 -372670.6 -67457.48
14853 63.6 10.6 46201 -220283 -34708.8
16106 35.6 5.94 29802 -119389.6 -15506.98
16423 52 8.67 44818 -173075.8 -21344.59
17611 16 2.67 15215 -51838.8 -5149.59
18638 56.6 9.43 42715 -194425.2 -29279.71
18800 96.4 16 40718 -362922 -81720.4
19189 39.2 6.53 23664 -140570.2 -26195.01
But…
Off-Grid can be suitable if:• There’s a high connection cost
Grid-lite 33
But…
Off-Grid can be suitable if:• There’s a high connection cost
• Battery capacity is reduced
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 6 12 18 24
Load and PV combined
Shift Load
But…
Off-Grid can be suitable if:• There’s a high connection cost
• Battery capacity is reduced
• Heating efficiency is increased
Grid-Lite Model
Smart-Home
Different households in Grid-Lite model include:• No PV or storage
Smart-Home
Different households in Grid-Lite model include:• No PV or storage
• PV only
Smart-Home
Different households in Grid-Lite model include:• No PV or storage
• PV only
• PV and storage
Smart-Home
Different households in Grid-Lite model include:• No PV or storage
• PV only
• PV and storage
• Storage only
PV and Storage ROI
Average yearly ROI (over 25 years)
PV only PV and storage
System (kW)
Worst(%)
Average(%)
Best(%)
Worst(%)
Average(%)
Best(%)
Pre
sen
t (2
01
6)
2 -0.4 3.4 5.4 -2.5 -2.1 -2
3 -0.3 3.2 6.2 -2.4 -1.5 -1.4
5 0.09 2.8 6.3 -2.2 -1 -0.2
Futu
re(2
02
5) 2 0.5 5.5 8 0.9 1.4 1.9
3 1.2 5.4 9.3 0.3 2.6 3.1
5 1.2 4.7 9.3 0.5 3.2 5.3
Assumptions
2kWp Solar system price ($)* 6499
3kWp Solar system price ($) 8995
5kWp Solar system ($) 12495
PV degradation (%/year) 0.8
Feed-In tariff (cents/kWh) 8
Peak electricity price (cents/kwh) 30.93
Off peak electricity price (cents/kwh)
15.79
Shoulder electricity price(cents/kwh)
26.16
Storage (kWh) 6.4
Storage replacement year 12.5
Storage degradation (%) 2
Inverter replacement cost ($/kWh)
0.4
Inverter replacement year 15
Maintenance ($/kW/year) 20
Maintenance escalation (%) 2
* Real prices from abw electric
** Based on the Genesis "My Time Tariff" for Hamilton
Storage Only
*Assumptions: Today’s price $11200 (1750 x 6.4), future price $2483 (388 x 6.4). 1 cycle a day for 10 years with 2% degradation allows charge of 21,257 kWh, with 15% charge loss we get 18068kWh. 11200 ÷ 18068 = 0.62 cents 2483 ÷ 18068 = 0.14
Todays price of batteries you would need to make a profit of 62 cents for each kWh to break even.In the future (2025) this may drop to 14 cents.*
Average yearly ROI (over 10 years)
System 6.4kWh Worst Average Best
Today’s price -8.8 -8.4 -8.2
Future price -4.2 -2.3 -1.2
Community
2: Adjust load
3: Peak shaving
1: Share energy
PV size (kW)
Nosharing
Sharing16
kWh
16 75% 94% 100%
32 57% 70% 91%
Grid
• Provide generation, storage and a link between communities
Dweller
The energy management system (EMS) in a Smart Home is an automatic and autonomous system. As a result, minimal to no energy behaviour change is needed. What would help:
• Load shifting to peak generation times
• Set next travel time and distance for your EV
Summary
• Simulation tools
• Off-Grid
• Grid-lite• Smart-home
• Community
• Grid
• Dweller
Related Documents
