Jordan University of Science & TechnologyJordan University ...

Jordan University of Science & TechnologyJordan University of Science & TechnologyJordan University of Science & TechnologyJordan University of Science & Technology

Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering

Department of Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringDepartment of Biomedical Engineering

Experiment TitleExperiment TitleExperiment TitleExperiment Title PagePagePagePage

PART ONE:PART ONE:PART ONE:PART ONE: BenchBenchBenchBench ExperimentsExperimentsExperimentsExperiments

Experiment # 1: Experiment # 1: Experiment # 1: Experiment # 1: Human HeartHuman HeartHuman HeartHuman Heart……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 2222

Experiment # 2: Experiment # 2: Experiment # 2: Experiment # 2: Human SpirometryHuman SpirometryHuman SpirometryHuman Spirometry………………………………………...………………………………………...………………………………………...………………………………………... 11111111

Experiment # 3: Human Muscle…...Experiment # 3: Human Muscle…...Experiment # 3: Human Muscle…...Experiment # 3: Human Muscle…...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22226666

Experiment # 4: Safety AnalyzerExperiment # 4: Safety AnalyzerExperiment # 4: Safety AnalyzerExperiment # 4: Safety Analyzer…………………………………………….…………………………………………….…………………………………………….……………………………………………. 33332222

Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # 5: Pulmonary Function Test.……...5: Pulmonary Function Test.……...5: Pulmonary Function Test.……...5: Pulmonary Function Test.……...…………………….........…………………….........…………………….........……………………......... 41414141

Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # 6: Audiome6: Audiome6: Audiome6: Audiometry ………………………………………………..try ………………………………………………..try ………………………………………………..try ……………………………………………….. 44448888

PART TWO: Lab view ExperimentsPART TWO: Lab view ExperimentsPART TWO: Lab view ExperimentsPART TWO: Lab view Experiments

Jordan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering

Biomedical Engineering Department

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Experiment #1: Human HeartExperiment #1: Human HeartExperiment #1: Human HeartExperiment #1: Human Heart

Part A: Electrocardiogram and Peripheral CirculationPart A: Electrocardiogram and Peripheral CirculationPart A: Electrocardiogram and Peripheral CirculationPart A: Electrocardiogram and Peripheral Circulation

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

• To learn the functions of LabScribe software and the IWX214 unit that are used

for recording, transforming, measuring, and displaying data.

• To record a single lead ECG and the pulse wave in the finger of a subject

simulataneously.

• To demonstrate the time delay that occurs between the electrical events in the

heart and mechanical events in the circulatory system.

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

The cardiac cycle involves the sequential contractions of the atria and the ventricles

which are triggered by action potentials in the myocardial cells. The combined

electrical activity of the myocardial cells produces electrical currents that spread

through the body fluids. These currents are large and detectable by recording through

electrodes placed on the skin. The regular pattern of signals produced by the heart is

called the “electrocardiogram” or ‘ECG” (Figure 1).

The components of the ECG are correlated to electrical activity in the atria and

ventricles such that:

• Atrial depolarization produces the P wave

• Atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarization produce the QRS complex

• Ventricular repolarization produces the T wave

Figure 1: ECG recording showing the P, QRS, and T wavesFigure 1: ECG recording showing the P, QRS, and T wavesFigure 1: ECG recording showing the P, QRS, and T wavesFigure 1: ECG recording showing the P, QRS, and T waves




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The depolarization of the myocardial cells in the ventricle causes the ventricles to

contract and force blood into the major arteries of the circulatory system in a pulsatile

manner. The pulses of blood moving in arteries can be recorded using a device known

as a “plethysmograph”.

Equipment RequiredEquipment RequiredEquipment RequiredEquipment Required

• PC Computer

• IWX/214 data acquisition unit

• USB cable

• IWX/214 power supply

• C-AAMI-504 ECG cable and electrode lead wires

• PT-104 Pulse plethysmograph

• Alcohol swabs

• Disposable ECG electrodes

IWX/214 SetupIWX/214 SetupIWX/214 SetupIWX/214 Setup

• Place the IWX/214 on the bench, close to the computer.

• Check the location of the USB port and the power socket on the IWX/214.

• Use the USB cable to connect the computer to the USB port on the rear panel of

the IWX/214.

• Plug the power supply for the IWX/214 into the electrical outlet. Insert the plug

on the end of the power supply cable into the labeled socket on the rear of the

IWX/214. Use the power switch to turn on the unit. Confirm that the red power

light is on.

Start the SoftwareStart the SoftwareStart the SoftwareStart the Software

Click on the LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program. If a

shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuWindows Start menuWindows Start menuWindows Start menu, move the cursor to All All All All

ProgramsProgramsProgramsPrograms and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribeLabScribeLabScribeLabScribe from the iWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenu.

The LabScribe Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window will appear

as the program opens.

1. On the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window, pull down the Settings menuSettings menuSettings menuSettings menu and select Load GroupLoad GroupLoad GroupLoad Group.

2. Locate the folder that contains the settings group, IPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrp. Select this

group and click OpenOpenOpenOpen.

3. Pull down the Settings menuSettings menuSettings menuSettings menu again. Select the ECGECGECGECG----CirculationCirculationCirculationCirculation----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings file.

4. After a short time, LabScribe will appear on the computer screen as configured

by the ECGECGECGECG----CirculationCirculationCirculationCirculation----LS2 LS2 LS2 LS2 settings.




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ECG Cable and Pulse Transducer SetupECG Cable and Pulse Transducer SetupECG Cable and Pulse Transducer SetupECG Cable and Pulse Transducer Setup

1. Locate the PT-104 pulse plethysmograph and C-AAMI-504 ECG cable and

electrode lead wires in the iWorx kit.

2. Plug the DIN8 connector to the PT-104 into the Channel 3 input of the

IWX/214.

3. Insert the black AAMI connector on the end of the ECG cable into the isolated

inputs of Channels 1 and 2 of the IWX/214.

4. Insert the connectors on the red, black, and green electrode lead wires into the

matching sockets on the lead pedestal of the ECG cable.

5. Instruct the subject to remove all jewelry from their wrists and ankles.

6. Use an alcohol swab to clean and scrub a region with little or no hair, on the

inside of the subject’s right wrist. Let the area dry.

7. Remove a disposable ECG electrode from its plastic shield, and apply the

electrode to the scrubbed area on the wrist.

8. Repeat Steps 6 and 7 for the inside of the left wrist and the inside of the right

ankle.

9. Snap the lead wires onto the electrodes, so that:

• The red (+1) lead is attached to the right wrist

• The black (-1) lead is connected to the left wrist

• The green (C or ground) lead is connected to the right leg.

10. Place the plethysmograph on the volar surface (where the fingerprints are

located) of the distal segment of the subject’s middle finger, and wrap the

Velcrotm strap around the end of the finger to attach the unit firmly in place.

11. Instruct the subject to sit quietly with their hands in their lap. If the subject

moves, the ECG trace will move off the top or bottom of the screen. If the

subject moves any muscles in the arms or upper body, electromyograms (EMGs)

from the muscles will appear on the ECG recording as noise.

The ECG and the Pulse in a RestingThe ECG and the Pulse in a RestingThe ECG and the Pulse in a RestingThe ECG and the Pulse in a Resting SubjectSubjectSubjectSubject

Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:

1. Click on the Record button, located on the upper right side of the LabScribe

Main window. The signal should begin scrolling across the screen.

2. Click on the AutoScaleAutoScaleAutoScaleAutoScale button at the upper margin of the ECG, Pulse, and Pulse

Integral channels.

3. When you have a suitable trace, type <Subject’s Name><Subject’s Name><Subject’s Name><Subject’s Name> Resting ECG/PulseResting ECG/PulseResting ECG/PulseResting ECG/Pulse in

the Mark boxMark boxMark boxMark box to the right of the Mark buttonMark buttonMark buttonMark button. Press the EnterEnterEnterEnter key on the

keyboard to attach the comment to the data. Record for a minute or two.

4. Click StopStopStopStop to halt recording.




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5. Select Save AsSave AsSave AsSave As in the File menuFile menuFile menuFile menu, type a name for the file. Choose a destination on

the computer in which to save the file, like your lab group folder). Designate the

file type as *.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata. Click on the SaveSaveSaveSave button to save the data file.

Data AnalysisData AnalysisData AnalysisData Analysis

1. Scroll through the recording and find a section of data with five or six exemplary

ECG/pulse cycles in succession.

2. Use the Display TimeDisplay TimeDisplay TimeDisplay Time icons to adjust the Display TimeDisplay TimeDisplay TimeDisplay Time of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window to

show at least four complete ECG/Pulse cycles on the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window. Four

adjacent ECG/Pulse cycles can also be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of a group of four complete ECG/Pulse

cycles.

• Clicking the Zoom between CursorsZoom between CursorsZoom between CursorsZoom between Cursors button on the LabScribe toolbar to

expand the segment with the four selected ECG/Pulse cycles to the width

of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window.

3. Click on the Analysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis window icon in the toolbar or select AnalysisAnalysisAnalysisAnalysis from the

Windows menuWindows menuWindows menuWindows menu to transfer the data displayed in the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window to Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis

windowwindowwindowwindow.

4. Look at the FunctioFunctioFunctioFunction Table n Table n Table n Table that is above the uppermost channel displayed in the

Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis window. The names of the mathematical functions used in the analysis,

V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 and T2T2T2T2----T1T1T1T1, appear in this table. The values for V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 from

each channel are seen in the table across the top margin of each channel. In this

exercise will only need to record the values for T2T2T2T2----T1T1T1T1.

5. Once the cursors are placed in the correct positions for determining the

amplitudes and the beat period on each ECG cycle, the values of these

amplitudes and the time interval can be recorded in LabScribe by typing their

names and values directly into the JournalJournalJournalJournal, or on a separate data table.

6. Use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to specific points on the ECG

recording to measure the following:

• The RRRR----wwwwave amplitudeave amplitudeave amplitudeave amplitude. To measure the R wave amplitude, place one cursor on

the Q wave that precedes the R wave and the second cursor on the peak of the R

wave. The value for V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 on the ECG ECG ECG ECG channel is this amplitude. Measure the

amplitudes of two additional R waves.

• The PPPP----wave amplitudewave amplitudewave amplitudewave amplitude. To measure the P wave amplitude, place one cursor on

the baseline that precedes the P wave and the second cursor on the peak of the P

wave. The value for V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 on the ECG ECG ECG ECG channel is this amplitude. Measure the

amplitudes of two additional P waves.

• The TTTT----wave amplitudewave amplitudewave amplitudewave amplitude. To measure the T wave amplitude, place one cursor on

the baseline that precedes a P wave and the second cursor on the peak of the T

wave that is in the same cycle as that P wave. The value for V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 on the ECGECGECGECG

channel is this amplitude. Measure the amplitudes of two additional T waves.




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7. Once the cursors are placed in the correct positions for determining the time

intervals on each ECG/Pulse cycle, the values of the time intervals can be

recorded in the on-line notebook of LabScribe by typing their names and values

directly into the JournalJournalJournalJournal, or on a separate data table.

8. Use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to specific points on the

ECG/Pulse recording to measure the following:

• The beat periodbeat periodbeat periodbeat period, which is the time interval between two adjacent R waves. To

measure the beat period, place one cursor on the peak of a R wave and the

second cursor on the peak of the adjacent R wave. The value for T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on the

ECG ECG ECG ECG channel is the beat period. Measure the beat period for two additional pairs

of R waves.

• The RRRR----Pulse intervalPulse intervalPulse intervalPulse interval, which is the time interval between the peak of the R wave

and the peak of the pulse wave that follows the R wave. To measure this

interval, place one cursor on the peak of a R wave and the second cursor on the

peak of the pulse wave to its right. The value for T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on any channel is this

interval. Measure this interval for two additional ECG/Pulse cycles.

9. Calculate the following values::::

• The average beat period, in seconds/beat.

• The heart rate, which is expressed in beats per minute and calculated from

the average beat period by using the following equation:

• The average RRRR----Pulse intervalPulse intervalPulse intervalPulse interval.

Part Part Part Part BBBB: : : : TheTheTheThe Electrocardiogram and HeartElectrocardiogram and HeartElectrocardiogram and HeartElectrocardiogram and Heart SoundsSoundsSoundsSounds


• To study the phasing of heart sounds to the ECG

BacBacBacBackgroundkgroundkgroundkground

Blood enters the arterial system from the ventricles of the heart in a pulsatile manner.

However, when blood is leaving the arterial system through the capillaries, it flows in a

continuous manner. Between contractions, when the heart is relaxed and blood is not

being pumped into the arterial system, there is still enough pressure in the arterial

system to move blood along the arteries. The




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pressure in the arterial system exists because the elasticity of the arteries allow them to

distend and recoil and function as a pressure reservoir. When the ventricles contract,

the pressure of the blood inside the ventricles increases to close the atrioventricular

valves. Further contraction increases the

ventricular pressure until it exceeds the arterial pressure. At this point, when the

arterial pressure is at its lowest point during the cardiac cycle (called diastolic pressure)

the semilunar valves are forced open, and blood flows into the artery. Blood entering

the arterial system inflates the arteries a little and increases blood pressure to a

maximum, which is the systolic pressure.

The “lub” sound occurs during the early phase of ventricular contraction and is

produced by closing of the atrioventricular valves, which prevents blood flow into the

atria. When the ventricles relax, the blood pressure drops below what is in the artery

and the semilunar valves close, producing the “dub” sound.


• PC Computer


• USB cable



• EM-100 Event marker

• Stethoscope

• Alcohol swabs

• Disposable ECG electrodes


Click on the LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program. If a

shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuWindows Start menuWindows Start menuWindows Start menu, move the cursor to All All All All

ProgramsProgramsProgramsPrograms and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribeLabScribeLabScribeLabScribe from the iWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenu.

The LabScribe Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window will appear

as the program opens.

1. On the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window, pull down the Settings menuSettings menuSettings menuSettings menu and select Load GroupLoad GroupLoad GroupLoad Group.



3. Pull down the Settings menuSettings menuSettings menuSettings menu again. Select the ECGECGECGECG----Heart SoundsHeart SoundsHeart SoundsHeart Sounds----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings

file.


by the ECGECGECGECG----Heart SoundsHeart SoundsHeart SoundsHeart Sounds----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings.




Page 8

ECG Cable and ECG Cable and ECG Cable and ECG Cable and Event Marker SetupEvent Marker SetupEvent Marker SetupEvent Marker Setup

1. Locate the EM-100 event marker and C-AAMI-504 ECG cable and electrode

lead wires in the iWorx kit.

2. Plug the DIN8 connector to the EM-100 into the Channel 3 input of the

IWX/214.

3. Insert the black AAMI connector on the end of the ECG cable into the isolated



matching sockets on the lead pedestal of the ECG cable.

5. Instruct the subject to remove all jewelry from their wrists and ankles.

6. Use an alcohol swab to clean and scrub a region with little or no hair, on the

inside of the subject’s right wrist. Let the area dry.

7. Remove a disposable ECG electrode from its plastic shield, and apply the

electrode to the scrubbed area on the wrist.

8. Repeat Steps 6 and 7 for the inside of the left wrist and the inside of the right

ankle.


• The red (+1) lead is attached to the right wrist

• The black (-1) lead is connected to the left wrist

• The green (C or ground) lead is connected to the right leg.

10. Instruct the subject to sit quietly with their hands in their lap. If the subject

moves, the ECG trace will move off the top or bottom of the screen. If the

subject moves any muscles in the arms or upper body, electromyograms (EMGs)

from the muscles will appear on the ECG recording as noise.

The ECG The ECG The ECG The ECG and Heart Soundsand Heart Soundsand Heart Soundsand Heart Sounds

ProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedure

1. Place the head of the stethoscope on the left side of the subject’s chest and listen

for the heart sounds. Move the stethoscope head to different positions until heart

sounds are heard clearly. Heart sounds can also be heard by placing the

stethoscope over the arteries in the neck.

2. Click on the Record Record Record Record button. Hold the stethoscope head on the subject’s chest

with one hand and the event marker in the other. Press the event marker when

you hear the “lub”, or first heart sound, and release it when you hear the “dub”,

or second heart sound.

3. After recording for twenty seconds, click Stop Stop Stop Stop to halt recording.

4. Select Save Save Save Save in the File File File File menu on the LabScribe window




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1. Scroll through the recording and find a section of data with four to six

exemplary ECG waveforms and consistent responses on the event marker

channel, in succession.

2. Use the DDDDisplay Time isplay Time isplay Time isplay Time icons to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to

show at least our complete ECG/heart sound cycles on the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window. Four

adjacent ECG/heart sound cycles can also be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of a group of four complete ECG/heart

sound cycles; and clicking the Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors button on the

LabScribe toolbar to expand the segment with the four selected ECG/heart

sound cycles to the width of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window.

• Click on the Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window icon in the toolbar or select Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis from the

Windows menu Windows menu Windows menu Windows menu to transfer the data displayed in the Main window Main window Main window Main window to the

Analysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis window.

3. Once the cursors are placed in the correct positions for determining the time

intervals on each ECG cycle, the values of these intervals can be recorded by

typing their names and values directly into the JournalJournalJournalJournal, or on a separate data

table.

4. Use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to specific points on the ECG

recording to measure the following:

• The RRRR----Lub IntervalLub IntervalLub IntervalLub Interval, which is the time interval between the peak of a R wave

and the onset of the event mark. The onset of the event mark indicates the

occurrence of the first heart sound or “lub”. Record the value for T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 of

either channel. Measure this time interval for two additional ECG cycles.

• The TTTT----Dub IntervalDub IntervalDub IntervalDub Interval, which is the time interval between the peak of a T wave

and the offset of the event mark. The offset of the event mark indicates the

occurrence of the second heart sound or “dub”. Record the value for T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 of

either channel. Measure this time interval for two additional ECG cycles.

5. Calculate the following values and type your results into the JournalJournalJournalJournal

• The average R-Lub interval.

• The average T-Dub interval.




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Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #2222: : : : Human SpirometryHuman SpirometryHuman SpirometryHuman Spirometry

Part A: Part A: Part A: Part A: Breathing Parameters at Rest and ABreathing Parameters at Rest and ABreathing Parameters at Rest and ABreathing Parameters at Rest and After Exercisefter Exercisefter Exercisefter Exercise


• Measure the breathing parameters at rest

• Measure the breathing parameters after exercise


The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during any one breathing cycle is

called the tidal volume. After normal inspiration, it is possible to breathe in additional

air—this is called the inspiratory reserve volume. Similarly, after a normal expiration, it

is possible to exhale additional air from the lungs—this is the expiratory reserve

volume. Even if the expiratory reserve volume is fully expelled from the lungs, there is

still a volume of air in the lungs, called the residual volume, that cannot be exhaled. The

residual volume has low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations. Upon

inhalation, fresh air mixes with stale air from the residual volume to create air in the

alveoli that still has oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations that facilitate the

diffusion of O2 into and CO2 out of the capillaries. The respiration center in the medulla

insures that gaseous exchange at the lung matches the requirements of the body. During

times of increased demand, the tidal volume can be increased, using some of the reserve

lung volumes to bring more fresh air into the body. In addition, the rate of breathing

and the rate of air movement in and out of the lungs can be changed.


• PC Computer


• USB cable


• SP-304 Spirometer

• FH-300 Spirometer flow head and plastic tubes


1. Click on the LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program.

If a shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuStart menuStart menuStart menu, move the cursor

to All ProgramsAll ProgramsAll ProgramsAll Programs and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe from the

iWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenu. The LabScribe Main window Main window Main window Main window will appear as the program opens.




Page 11

2. On the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window, pull down the Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu and select Load Group.Load Group.Load Group.Load Group.



4. Pull down the Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu again. Select the BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing---- RestRestRestRest----ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise----LS2 LS2 LS2 LS2

settings file.


by the BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing----RestRestRestRest----ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings. Spirometer SetupSpirometer SetupSpirometer SetupSpirometer Setup

1. Locate the SP-304 spirometer, the FH-300, and the airflow tubing in the iWorx

kit.

2. Firmly push the two air flow tubes onto the two outlets on the FH-300 flow

head.

3. Firmly push the other ends of the two air flow tubes onto the two outlets on the

SP-304 spirometer unit.

4. Plug the DIN8 connector to the SP-304 spirometer into the Channel 4 input of

the IWX/214.

Before StartingBefore StartingBefore StartingBefore Starting

1. Please read the procedures for each exercise completely before beginning the

experiment. You should have a good understanding of how to perform these

exercises before making recordings.

2. The spirometer will monitor breathing from a subject. It is important that the

subject is healthy and has no history of respiratory or cardiovascular problems.

3. On the flow head, the outlets connected to the airflow tubing should always be

pointed up to avoid problems with condensation developing within the tubing.

4. To reduce turbulence within the flowhead, place a disposable cardboard

mouthpiece that contains a screen, over the opening of the flowhead.

5. Use a clip to prevent air from entering or leaving the nose as the subject is

breathing. Air that passes through the nose is not included in the volume

measurements and causes errors in these values.

6. The settings file, BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing----RestRestRestRest----ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise----LS2LS2LS2LS2, programs LabScribe to record the

breathing of the subject on the Air Flow channelAir Flow channelAir Flow channelAir Flow channel. The computed function used

on the VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel converts the data recorded on the Air FlowAir FlowAir FlowAir Flow channel to

lung volume measurements.

7. Enter the calibration voltage of your SP-304 spirometer into the Spirometry Spirometry Spirometry Spirometry

computed function used on the VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel:

• Click on the words Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow), that are next to the title of the

Volume Volume Volume Volume channel, to open the computed function pullcomputed function pullcomputed function pullcomputed function pull----down menudown menudown menudown menu.




Page 12

• Select Setup Setup Setup Setup from this pull-down menu to open the Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration

Dialog windowDialog windowDialog windowDialog window.

• Enter the calibration voltagecalibration voltagecalibration voltagecalibration voltage, that is listed on the label of your SP-304

spirometer unit, into the equation that sets the calibration voltage equal to

one liter of lung volume.

• Make sure the reset time reset time reset time reset time is set to 60 sec60 sec60 sec60 sec, and the first 5 seconds 5 seconds 5 seconds 5 seconds of the

recording are used to zero the baseline of the VoVoVoVolume lume lume lume channel. Click OKOKOKOK.

8. Allow the SP-304 to warm up for 10 minutes before recording for the first time.

9. When spirometry data is recorded in the conventional manner, inhalation is

always displayed as an upward deflection. To determine if the subject is

breathing through the correct end of the flow head.

• Click on the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button in the lower left corner of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to

switch the LabScribe software into Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode. When LabScribe is in

Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode, there is a red X red X red X red X across the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button. In Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode,

the iWorx recording system works without recording data on the hard drive or

any other storage media which allows a subject to become comfortable with

breathing through a spirometer.

• Click on the Preview Preview Preview Preview

button. Have the subject inhale through the spirometer flowhead. Click on the

AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale button at the upper margin of the Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow and Volume Volume Volume Volume channels. If

the flowhead is oriented properly, the traces on the Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow and Volume Volume Volume Volume

channels will go up during inhalation. If the traces onthese channels go down

during inhalation, have the subject breathe through the other end of the

flowhead, or reverse the positions of the airflow tubes at the outlets of the

flowhead.

10. Click on the Stop Stop Stop Stop button.

11. Before proceeding to the actual exercises, make sure the LabScribe software in

set to Record modeRecord modeRecord modeRecord mode. Click on the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button, in the lower left corner of

the MainMainMainMain windowwindowwindowwindow, to change LabScribe from Preview Preview Preview Preview mode to Record Record Record Record mode.

When LabScribe is in Record Record Record Record mode, there is a green arrow green arrow green arrow green arrow on the Save toSave toSave toSave to Disk Disk Disk Disk

button.

Exercise #1: Breathing while Exercise #1: Breathing while Exercise #1: Breathing while Exercise #1: Breathing while RestingRestingRestingResting (While Sitting)(While Sitting)(While Sitting)(While Sitting)


1. Instruct the subject to:

• Sit quietly and become accustomed to breathing through the spirometer

flowhead.

• Breathe normally before any recordings are made.

• Hold the flowhead so that its outlets are pointed up.




Page 13

• Remove the flowhead from his or her mouth and hold it at the mouth level in a

position that prevents a breath from moving through the flowhead.

2. Type <Subject’s Name> Resting <Subject’s Name> Resting <Subject’s Name> Resting <Subject’s Name> Resting in the Mark box Mark box Mark box Mark box that is to the right of the Mark Mark Mark Mark

button.

3. Click on the Record Record Record Record button. After waiting five seconds for the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel

to zero, have the subject place the flowhead in his or her mouth and begin

breathing. Press the Enter Enter Enter Enter key on the keyboard to mark the recording.

4. Click the AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale buttons of the Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow and VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channels. Notice the

slowly moving wave on the VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel. Record five breaths, which

normally takes about forty-five seconds to record. Every sixty seconds into the

recording, the baseline of the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel automatically resets itself to zero,

which has no impact on the data being recorded.

5. Type Forced Forced Forced Forced in the Mark boxMark boxMark boxMark box. Press the Enter Enter Enter Enter key on the keyboard as the subject

inhales as deeply as possible. After reaching his or her maximum inhalation

volume, the subject should exhale as quickly and as completely as possible.

6. After the forced exhalation is complete, the subject should continue to breathe

normally through the spirometer for five breath cycles.

7. Click Stop Stop Stop Stop to halt recording.

8. Select Save As Save As Save As Save As in the File menuFile menuFile menuFile menu, type a name for the file. Choose a destination on


file type as

*.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata. Click on the Save Save Save Save button to save the data file.

Data AnalysisData AnalysisData AnalysisData Analysis (Normal Breathing at Rest)(Normal Breathing at Rest)(Normal Breathing at Rest)(Normal Breathing at Rest)

1. Scroll through the recording and find the section of data recorded when the

subject was breathing while restingrestingrestingresting.

2. Use the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time icons to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to

show at least four complete breathing cycles on the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window. Four adjacent

breathing cycles can also be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of a group of four complete breathing cycles

• Clicking the Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors button on the LabScribe toolbar to expand

the four selected breathing cycles to the width of the Main Main Main Main windowwindowwindowwindow.

3. Click on the Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window icon in the toolbar or select Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis from the

Windows menuWindows menuWindows menuWindows menu to transfer the data displayed in the Main window Main window Main window Main window to the

Analysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis windowAnalysis window.

4. Look at the Function Table Function Table Function Table Function Table that is above the uppermost channel displayed in the

AnalAnalAnalAnalysisysisysisysis window. The mathematical functions, V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, Max_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dt, Min_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dt,

and T2T2T2T2----T1T1T1T1 should appear in this table. Values for V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, Max_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dt, Min_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dt,




Page 14

and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on each channel are seen in the table across the top margin of each

channel.

5. Minimize the height of the Air Flow channel Air Flow channel Air Flow channel Air Flow channel by clicking on the arrow to the left

of the channel’s title to open the channel menuchannel menuchannel menuchannel menu. Select Minimize Minimize Minimize Minimize from this menu

to reduce the height of the channel display.

6. Maximize the height of the trace on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel by clicking on the

arrow to the left of the channel’s title to open the channel menuchannel menuchannel menuchannel menu. Select Scale Scale Scale Scale

from the menu and AutoScaleAutoScaleAutoScaleAutoScale from the Scale submenu Scale submenu Scale submenu Scale submenu to increase the height of

the data on that channel.

7. Once the cursors are placed in the correct positions for determining the volumes

and rates of each breath cycle, the values of the parameters in the Function Function Function Function

Table Table Table Table can be recorded in the on-line notebook of LabScribe by typing their

names and values directly into the JournalJournalJournalJournal.

8. On the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel, use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to

specific points on the recording to measure the following volumes:

• Tidal Volume Tidal Volume Tidal Volume Tidal Volume (TVTVTVTV), which is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a

normal breathing cycle. To measure the tidal volume of the subject during

breathing at rest, place one cursor in the trough prior to inhalation, and the

second cursor on the peak of the cycle. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on

the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the tidal volume.

• Maximum Inspiratory Flow RateMaximum Inspiratory Flow RateMaximum Inspiratory Flow RateMaximum Inspiratory Flow Rate, which is the maximum rate of air

movement during inhalation. To measure the maximum inspiratory flow rate

of the subject during breathing at rest, leave the cursors in the same positions

used to measure the tidal volume. The value for the Max_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dt function on

the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the maximum inspiratory flow rate of that breath

cycle.

• Maximum Expiratory Flow RateMaximum Expiratory Flow RateMaximum Expiratory Flow RateMaximum Expiratory Flow Rate, which is the maximum rate of air

movement during exhalation. To measure the maximum expiratory flow rate

of the subject during breathing at rest, place one cursor on the peak of the

breath cycle, and the second cursor in the trough to the right of that peak.

The value for the Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt function on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the

maximum expiratory flow rate of that breath cycle. This function is used

since the exhalation portion of the breath cycle has a negative slope.

• Breath PeriodBreath PeriodBreath PeriodBreath Period, which is the duration of each breathing cycle. To measure the

breath period of the subject during breathing at rest, place one cursor on a

peak of a breath cycle, and the second cursor on the peak of an adjacent

cycle. The value for T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the period of that

breath cycle.




Page 15

9. Repeat the measurements of tidal volume, maximum inspiratory flow rate,

maximum expiratory flow rate, and breath period on two additional normal

breath cycles.

10. Average the three values obtained for each parameter....

11. Record the means for the tidal volume, rates, and breath period.

12. Calculate the normal breathing rate of the subject at rest using the

following equation:

13. Multiply the mean tidal volume by the breathing rate to calculate the volume of

air passing in and out of the resting subject’s lungs each minute.

14. Record the values for these calculations.

Data AnalysisData AnalysisData AnalysisData Analysis (Forced Expiration at Rest)(Forced Expiration at Rest)(Forced Expiration at Rest)(Forced Expiration at Rest)

1. Use the slider or the arrows on the scroll bar, at the bottom of the Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis

window, to position data recorded when the subject exhaled with maximum

force in the window.

2. Use the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time icons to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window Analysis window to

show the forced expiration curve and the two normal breaths, that occur before

the force expiration curve, on the same window. These breathing cycles can also

be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of the group of appropriate breathing cycles.


the selected breathing cycles to the width of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window.

3. Place the cursors on the forced expiration data displayed on the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel

to measure the following volumes and rates using the V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, T2T2T2T2----T1T1T1T1, Max_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dtMax_dv/dt,

and Min_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dtMin_dv/dt functions. The volumes and rates that you will measure:

• Tidal Volume Tidal Volume Tidal Volume Tidal Volume (TVTVTVTV), by placing one cursor in the trough before the inhalation

segment of the resting breath and the second cursor on the peak of that resting

breath cycle. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1 function on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the

tidal volume.

• Inspiratory Reserve Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRVIRVIRVIRV), by placing one cursor on the peak of the

normal breath prior to the maximum inhalation and the second cursor on the

peak of the forced breath cycle. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on the

VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel channel channel channel is the inspiratory reserve volume.

• Forced Inspiratory Flow RateForced Inspiratory Flow RateForced Inspiratory Flow RateForced Inspiratory Flow Rate, by keeping the cursors in the same positions used

for measuring IRVIRVIRVIRV. The value for the Max_dv/dt Max_dv/dt Max_dv/dt Max_dv/dt function on the Volume Volume Volume Volume

channel channel channel channel is the forced inspiratory flow rate.




Page 16

• Forced Vital Capacity Forced Vital Capacity Forced Vital Capacity Forced Vital Capacity (FVCFVCFVCFVC), by placing one cursor on the peak of the forced

breath cycle and the second cursor on the flat line after the subject has expelled

all the air from his or her lungs. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on the

VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel channel channel channel is the forced vital capacity.

• Forced EForced EForced EForced Expiratory Flow Ratexpiratory Flow Ratexpiratory Flow Ratexpiratory Flow Rate, by keeping the cursors in the same positions used

for measuring VCVCVCVC.The value for the Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt Min_dv/dt function on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel

is the forced expiratory flow rate.

• Expiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERVERVERVERV), by placing one cursor in the trough before

maximal inhalation and the second cursor on the flat line after subject has

expelled all the air from his or her lungs. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on

the VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel channel channel channel is the expiratory reserve volume.

• Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 Second (FEV1FEV1FEV1FEV1), by placing one cursor on the

peak of the maximum breath cycle and the second cursor on the data point that

is one second after the peak. Use the T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 function to determine the data point

that is one second after the peak. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on the

Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the forced expiratory volume at one second.

• Forced Expiratory Volume at 3 Seconds Forced Expiratory Volume at 3 Seconds Forced Expiratory Volume at 3 Seconds Forced Expiratory Volume at 3 Seconds (FEV3FEV3FEV3FEV3), by placing one cursor on the

peak of the maximum breath cycle and the second cursor on the data point that

is three seconds after the peak. Use the T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 function to determine the data

point that is three seconds after the peak. The value for the V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 function on

the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel is the forced expiratory volume at three seconds.

4. Record these volumes and rates.

5. Calculate the subject’s FEV1/FVC ratio by dividing the subject’s FEV1 value by

his or her FVC value.

6. Calculate the subject’s FEV3/FVC ratio by dividing the subject’s FEV3 value by

his or her FVC value.

7. Compare the FEV1/FVC and FEV3/FVC ratios of the subject to the normal

values of 0.80 and 0.95, respectively, for young healthy adults. Both of these

ratios decrease with age.

• In obstructive airway diseases, like asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, both FVC

and FEV1 are reduced, and FEV1/FVC ratios are usually less than 0.70.

• In restrictive lung diseases, like fibrosis, FVC is reduced. But, because of the low

compliance and high recoil of the lungs, the FEV1/FVC ratio may be normal

(~0.80) or greater than normal (>0.85).

8. Record the FEV1/FVC and FEV3/FVC ratios.

9. Record the volumes, rates, and ratios from your subject in the table being

compiled for all the subjects in the class.




Page 17

Exercise #2: Breathing Immediately after ExerciseExercise #2: Breathing Immediately after ExerciseExercise #2: Breathing Immediately after ExerciseExercise #2: Breathing Immediately after Exercise


1. In this exercise, use the same healthy subject whose breathing parameters at rest

were measured in Exercise 1.

2. Type After Exercise After Exercise After Exercise After Exercise in the Mark box Mark box Mark box Mark box to the right of the Mark Mark Mark Mark button.

3. The subject should exercise to sufficiently elevate breathing rate, but with

minimal class disruption. Running up and down flights of stairs is a good

method. The subject should sit down after the exercise period.

4. Click on the Record Record Record Record button. After waiting five seconds for the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel

to zero, have the subject place the flowhead in his or her mouth and begin

breathing. Press the Enter Enter Enter Enter key on the keyboard to mark the recording.

5. Click the AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale buttons of the Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow and VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channels. Record at

least five breaths as the subject is recovering from exercise. Remember the

baseline of the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel automatically resets every sixty seconds.

6. Type Forced Forced Forced Forced in the Mark boxMark boxMark boxMark box. Press the Enter Enter Enter Enter key on the keyboard as the subject

inhales as deeply as possible. After reaching his or her maximum inhalation

volume, the subject should exhale as quickly and as completely as possible.

7. The subject should return to breathing as normally as possible through the

spirometer.

8. Click Stop Stop Stop Stop to halt recording.



file type as *.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata. Click on the Save Save Save Save button to save the data file.


Perform the same types of measurements on the data recorded in exercise #1.

Part Part Part Part BBBB: : : : Factors that Affect Breathing PatternsFactors that Affect Breathing PatternsFactors that Affect Breathing PatternsFactors that Affect Breathing Patterns


• Study any changes in breathing patterns due to standing.

• Study any changes in breathing patterns due to sitting up.


The respiratory control center in the medulla is responsible for matching the amount of

O2 used and CO2 produced by tissues with the amount of O2 taken up and CO2

discharged by the lungs. Lung ventilation can be influenced by many factors, including

emotion, speech, disease, and body position. This latter factor was the focus of the last

exercise. In this experiment, students will examine how other factors, like

concentrating on the completion of a task or sitting up quickly, influence breathing.




Page 18


• PC Computer


• USB cable


• SP-304 Spirometer

• FH-300 Spirometer flow head and plastic tubes

• Needle and thread

• 18-24” of plastic tubing that fits over the end of flowhead Start the SoftwareStart the SoftwareStart the SoftwareStart the Software

1. Click on the LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program.

If a shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuStart menuStart menuStart menu, move the cursor

to All ProgramsAll ProgramsAll ProgramsAll Programs and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe from the

iWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenuiWorx submenu. The LabScribe Main window Main window Main window Main window will appear as the program opens.




4. Pull down the Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu again. Select the BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing---- OtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactors----LS2 LS2 LS2 LS2

settings file.


by the BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing----OtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactors----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings.

Spirometer SetSpirometer SetSpirometer SetSpirometer Setupupupup

1. Locate the SP-304 spirometer, the FH-300, the airflow tubing.

2. Firmly push the two air flow tubes onto the two outlets on the FH-300 flow

head.

3. Firmly push the other ends of the two air flow tubes onto the two outlets on the

SP-304 spirometer unit.

4. Plug the DIN8 connector to the SP-304 spirometer into the Channel 4input of

the iWX/214.

Before StartingBefore StartingBefore StartingBefore Starting

1. Please read the procedures for each exercise completely before beginning the

experiment. You should have a good understanding of how to perform these

exercises before making recordings.

2. The spirometer will monitor breathing from a subject. It is important that the

subject is healthy and has no history of respiratory or cardiovascular problems.




Page 19

3. The outlets on the flow head should always be in the upright position to avoid

problems with condensation developing in the airflow tubes.

4. Turbulence in the flow head will produce a noisy signal. To reduce turbulence, the

subject should place his or her lips around the outside of the opening of the

flowhead, or around the cardboard mouthpiece or bacterial filter attached to the

flowhead.

5. Use a clip to prevent air from entering or leaving the nose as the subject is

breathing. air that passes through the nose is not included in the volume

measurements and causes errors in these values.

6. The settings file, BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathing----OtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactorsOtherFactors----LS2LS2LS2LS2, programs LabScribe to record the

breathing of the subject on the Air Flow channelAir Flow channelAir Flow channelAir Flow channel. A computed function is

programmed on the Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel Volume channel to convert the data recorded on the Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow Air Flow

channel to lung volume measurement.

7. Enter the calibration voltage of your SP-304 spirometer into the Spirometry Spirometry Spirometry Spirometry

computed function used on the VolumeVolumeVolumeVolume channel:

• Click on the words Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow)Spirometry (AirFlow), that are next to the title of the

Volume Volume Volume Volume channel, to open the computcomputcomputcomputed function pulled function pulled function pulled function pull----down menudown menudown menudown menu.

• Select Setup Setup Setup Setup from this pull-down menu to open the Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration Spirometer Calibration

Dialog windowDialog windowDialog windowDialog window.

• Enter the calibration voltagecalibration voltagecalibration voltagecalibration voltage, that is listed on the label of your SP-304

spirometer unit, into the equation that sets the calibration voltage equal to one

liter of lung volume.

• Make sure the reset time reset time reset time reset time is set to 60 sec60 sec60 sec60 sec, and the first 5 seconds 5 seconds 5 seconds 5 seconds of the recording

are used to zero the baseline of the Volume Volume Volume Volume channel. Click OKOKOKOK.

8. Allow the SP-304 to warm up for 10 minutes before recording for the first time.

9. When spirometry data is recorded in the conventional manner, inhalation is always

displayed as an upward deflection. To determine if the subject is breathing through

the correct end of the flow head.

• Click on the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button in the lower left corner of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to

switch the LabScribe software into Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode. When LabScribe is in

Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode, there is a red X red X red X red X cross the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button. In Preview modePreview modePreview modePreview mode,

the iWorx recording system works without recording data on the hard drive or

any other storage media which allows a subject to become comfortable with

breathing through a spirometer.

• Click on the Preview Preview Preview Preview button. Have the subject inhale through the spirometer

flowhead. Click on the AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale button at the upper margin of the AirAirAirAir Flow Flow Flow Flow

and Volume Volume Volume Volume channels. If the flowhead is oriented properly, the traces on the Air Air Air Air

Flow Flow Flow Flow and Volume Volume Volume Volume channels will go up during inhalation. If the traces on these

channels go down during inhalation, have the subject breathe through the other




Page 20

end of the flowhead, or reverse the positions of the airflow tubes at the outlets of

the flowhead.

10. Click on the Stop Stop Stop Stop button.

11. Before proceeding to the actual exercises, make sure the LabScribe software in set

to Record modeRecord modeRecord modeRecord mode. Click on the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button, in the lower left corner of the

Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window, to change LabScribe from Preview Preview Preview Preview mode to Record Record Record Record mode. When

LabScribe is in Record Record Record Record mode, there is a green arrow green arrow green arrow green arrow on the Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk Save to Disk button.

Breathing While StandingBreathing While StandingBreathing While StandingBreathing While Standing

Repeat the same steps in Exercise 1 (Breathing while Breathing while Breathing while Breathing while RRRRestingestingestingesting (While Sitting)) (While Sitting)) (While Sitting)) (While Sitting)) while the

subject is standing.




Page 21

Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #3333: : : : Human MuscleHuman MuscleHuman MuscleHuman Muscle

Part One: Grip Strength and Electromyogram (EMG) ActivityPart One: Grip Strength and Electromyogram (EMG) ActivityPart One: Grip Strength and Electromyogram (EMG) ActivityPart One: Grip Strength and Electromyogram (EMG) Activity


• Measure a subject’s grip strength and record EMG activity of the forearm

muscles used to generate the subject’s grip a by using a hand dynamometer for

the dominant and non-dominant forearms..

• Relate the EMG activity will be to the grip strength by plotting the maximum

grip strength as a function the area under the absolute integral of the EMG

activity during the muscle contraction.

• Determine the rate of fatigue in the dominant and non-dominant forearms.


A motor unit is composed of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that are

innervated by that motor neuron. In a persistent muscle contraction, multiple motor

units are firing repetitively throughout the contraction of the muscle. The strength of a

muscle contraction is related to the number of motor units in the muscle that are

activated during the same time period. The electromyogram (EMG) recorded during the

muscle contraction is seen as a burst of spike-like signals, and the duration of the burst

is about equal to the duration of the muscle contraction.

The strength of a striated muscle contraction is directly proportional to the amount of

electrical activity in the muscle. However, it is difficult to quantify the amount of

electrical activity in a muscle unless the raw EMG data is mathematically transformed.

One of the most common transformations used is the integration of the absolute values

of the amplitudes of the EMG spikes. Through this transformation, it has been found

that the area under the graph of the absolute integral of the EMG is

linearly proportional to the strength of the muscle contraction.

EquEquEquEquipment Requiredipment Requiredipment Requiredipment Required

• PC Computer


• USB cable



• Disposable electrodes

• FT-325 Hand Dynamometer

• Alcohol swabs




Page 22

• Bathroom scale and 5 or 6 textbooks

• String

• Metric Ruler

StarStarStarStart the Softwaret the Softwaret the Softwaret the Software

1. Click on the LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program. If

a shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuStart menuStart menuStart menu, move the cursor to

All ProgramsAll ProgramsAll ProgramsAll Programs and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe from the iWoriWoriWoriWorx x x x

submenusubmenusubmenusubmenu. The LabScribe Main window Main window Main window Main window will appear as the program opens.


3. Locate the folder that contains the settings group, IPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrp. Select this group

and click OpenOpenOpenOpen.

4. Pull down the Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu again. Select the EMGGripStrengthEMGGripStrengthEMGGripStrengthEMGGripStrength----LS2 LS2 LS2 LS2 settings file.

5. After a short time, LabScribe will appear on the computer screen as configured by

the EMGEMGEMGEMG----GripStrengthGripStrengthGripStrengthGripStrength----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings. EMG Cable and Hand Dynamometer SetupEMG Cable and Hand Dynamometer SetupEMG Cable and Hand Dynamometer SetupEMG Cable and Hand Dynamometer Setup

1. Locate the C-AAMI-504 EMG cable and electrode lead wires and FT-325 hand

dynamometer in the iWorx kit.

2. Plug the DIN8 connector to the FT-325 hand dynamometer into the Channel 3

input of the IWX/214.

3. Insert the black AAMI connector on the end of the EMG cable into the isolated



matching sockets on the lead pedestal of the EMG cable.

5. The subject should remove all jewelry from their wrists. For the first exercises in

this lab, record EMGs and muscle forces from the subject’s dominant arm, the arm

used most often.

6. Use an alcohol swab to clean and scrub three regions on the inside of the subject’s

dominant forearm where the electrodes will be placed. One area is near the wrist,

the second is in the middle of the forearm, and the third area is about 2 inches from

the elbow.

7. Let the areas dry before attaching the electrodes.

8. Remove the plastic disk from a disposable electrode and apply it to one of the

scrubbed areas. Repeat for the other two areas.


• the red “+1” lead is attached to the electrode near the elbow.

• the black “-1” lead is attached to the electrode in the middle of the forearm.

• the green “C” lead (the ground) is attached to the electrode on the wrist.




Page 23

Calibrating the Hand DynamometerCalibrating the Hand DynamometerCalibrating the Hand DynamometerCalibrating the Hand Dynamometer

1. Collect 5 textbooks. Weigh the stack of books on the bathroom scale. Record the

weight of the stack in kilograms (kg) in the JournalJournalJournalJournal. To open the JournalJournalJournalJournal, click on the

Journal Journal Journal Journal button in the LabScribe toolbar. Use the keyboard to type the weight of the

stack in the Journal Journal Journal Journal window.

2. Lay the hand dynamometer down on the bench top. Click the Record Record Record Record button on the

LabScribe Main Main Main Main window and record for ten seconds.

3. Continue to record as you stack the textbooks on the bulb of the hand dynamometer.

Record for an additional ten seconds after the last book is placed on the stack. Click

the Stop Stop Stop Stop button.

4. Click the AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale AutoScale button on the Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force channel. Use the Double Display Double Display Double Display Double Display

Time Time Time Time icon to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to display the force

recording before and after the books were placed on the hand dynamometer.

5. Click on the Double Cursors button Double Cursors button Double Cursors button Double Cursors button on the LabScribe toolbar. Place one cursor on

the force recording made before the books were placed on the bulb. Place the other

cursor on the recording after the books were placed on the bulb.

6. Open the Channel Menu Channel Menu Channel Menu Channel Menu of the Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force channel by clicking on the down arrow down arrow down arrow down arrow

to the left of the channels’s title. Select Units Units Units Units from this menu and SimplSimplSimplSimple e e e from the

submenu to open the Simple Units Conversion dialogue windowSimple Units Conversion dialogue windowSimple Units Conversion dialogue windowSimple Units Conversion dialogue window.

7. Put check marks in the boxes next to Apply Units to new data Apply Units to new data Apply Units to new data Apply Units to new data and Apply Units to all Apply Units to all Apply Units to all Apply Units to all

blocksblocksblocksblocks. Click on the Units Off button Units Off button Units Off button Units Off button to remove any prior units conversion from this

channel.

8. In the middle of the window is an array of four boxes. For each cursor, the value in

the box on the left is the voltage at the position of the cursor on the recording

window. In the box on the right, enter the value of the unit that equals the voltage

on the left:

• For Cursor 1, type zero (0) zero (0) zero (0) zero (0) in the box on the right. this cursor is on the portion

of the recording when no weight was placed on top of the hand dynamometer.

• For Cursor 2, type the weight of the stack of books in the box on the right

• Type the name of the unit, kilogram kilogram kilogram kilogram or kgkgkgkg, in the Unit NameUnit NameUnit NameUnit Name box. Click the OK OK OK OK

button.

Exercise#Exercise#Exercise#Exercise#1: EMG Intensity and Force in Dominant Arm1: EMG Intensity and Force in Dominant Arm1: EMG Intensity and Force in Dominant Arm1: EMG Intensity and Force in Dominant Arm


1. The subject should sit quietly with his or her dominant forearm resting on the table

top. Explain the procedure to the subject. The subject will squeeze his or her fist

around the hand dynamometer four times, each contraction is two seconds long




Page 24

followed by two seconds of relaxation. Each successive contraction should be

approximately two, three, and four times stronger than the first contraction.

2. Type Increasing Grip ForceIncreasing Grip ForceIncreasing Grip ForceIncreasing Grip Force----Dominant Dominant Dominant Dominant in the Mark box Mark box Mark box Mark box to the right of the Mark Mark Mark Mark

buttonbuttonbuttonbutton. Click the Record button Record button Record button Record button to begin the recording; then, press the Enter Enter Enter Enter key

on the keyboard to mark the beginning of the recording. After the recording is

marked, tell the subject to begin squeezing the hand dynamometer following the

procedure outlined in the step above.

3. In the relaxation period after the last contraction, click the Stop Stop Stop Stop button.

4. Click the AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons for the EMGEMGEMGEMG, Muscle ForceMuscle ForceMuscle ForceMuscle Force, and EMEMEMEMG Integral G Integral G Integral G Integral

channels.



file type as *.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata*.iwxdata. Click on the Save Save Save Save button to save the data file.


1. Use the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time icons to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Main window Main window Main window Main window to show

the four progressive muscle contractions on the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window. The four

contractions can also be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of a group of four contractions; and clicking

the Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors Zoom between Cursors button on the LabScribe toolbar to expand the

segment with the four contractions to the width of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window.


WindoWindoWindoWindows menu ws menu ws menu ws menu to transfer the data displayed in the Main window Main window Main window Main window to the Analysis.Analysis.Analysis.Analysis.


Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis window. The mathematical functions, Abs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. Area, V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1

should appear in this table. The values for Abs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. Area, V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on each

channel are seen in the table across the top margin of each channel.

4. Once the cursors are placed in the correct positions for measuring the absolute

areas under the muscle contraction and the corresponding EMG activity, the values

for the areas can be recorded in the on-line notebook of LabScribe by typing the

names and values directly into the JournalJournalJournalJournal.

5. Use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to the beginning and end of the first

muscle contraction. The values for Abs. Area Abs. Area Abs. Area Abs. Area on the EMG EMG EMG EMG and Muscle channels Muscle channels Muscle channels Muscle channels are

the relative amount of the electrical activity causing the contraction and relative

strength of the muscle, respectively. Record the values for these areas in the Journal Journal Journal Journal

using the one of the techniques described earlier in this exercise....

6. Repeat Steps 4, 5, and 6 for the other three muscle contractions recorded in this

exercise.




Page 25

7. Use a piece of string and a metric ruler to measure the circumference of the

dominant forearm at approximately 3 centimeters below the elbow. Record this

value in the Journal.Journal.Journal.Journal.

8. Select Save Save Save Save from the File menuFile menuFile menuFile menu.

ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise#### 2: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in2: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in2: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in2: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in Dominant ArmDominant ArmDominant ArmDominant Arm


1. The subject should sit quietly with his or her dominant forearm on the table top.

2. Explain the experimental procedure of this exercise to the subject:

• The subject will squeeze the bulb of the hand dynamometer as tightly and as

long as possible in an attempt to fatigue the muscles of the forearm.

• As time passes, the subject’s muscle force will decrease, but a a rate that is

dependent on the fitness of the subject.

• When the subject’s muscle strength drops to a level that is below half of the

subject’s maximum muscle force at the beginning of the recording, the recording

will be stopped. This could take as little as 20 or as long as a few minutes.

3. Type FatigueFatigueFatigueFatigue----Dominant Dominant Dominant Dominant in the Mark box Mark box Mark box Mark box to the right of the Mark buttonMark buttonMark buttonMark button. Click the

Record Record Record Record button, followed by pressing the Enter Enter Enter Enter key on the keyboard. Record a

baseline for ten seconds, then instruct the subject to squeeze and hold the hand

dynamometer with as much force as possible. Continue to record.

4. Click the AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons AutoScale buttons for the EMG EMG EMG EMG and MuscleMuscleMuscleMuscle Force Force Force Force channels.

5. When the subject’s muscle strength decreases to a level that is below 50% of the

maximum muscle strength that was recorded at the beginning of this exercise,

instruct the subject to release the bulb. Click the Stop Stop Stop Stop button to halt the recording.

6. Select Save Save Save Save from the File menuFile menuFile menuFile menu.


1. Use the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time icons to adjust the Display Time Display Time Display Time Display Time of the Main winMain winMain winMain window dow dow dow to show

the complete muscle fatigue recording on the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window. The complete

recording can also be selected by:

• Placing one cursor on the relaxation period just before the contraction and the

other cursor on the relaxation period just after the subject releases the hand

dynamometer.


the muscle fatigue recording to the width of the Main windowMain windowMain windowMain window.


WindowsWindowsWindowsWindows menu menu menu menu to transfer the data displayed in the Main window Main window Main window Main window to the Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis



Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis window. The mathematical functions, Abs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. Area, V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1




Page 26

should appear in this table. The values for Abs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. AreaAbs. Area, V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, and T2T2T2T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 on each


4. On the Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force channel, use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to

specific points on the recording to measure the following:

• The maximum muscle forcemaximum muscle forcemaximum muscle forcemaximum muscle force. To measure this force, place one cursor on the

baseline before the muscle contraction and the second cursor on the peak muscle

force near the beginning of the contraction. The value for V2V2V2V2----V1 V1 V1 V1 on the Muscle Muscle Muscle Muscle

ForceForceForceForce channel is this amplitude.

• The halfhalfhalfhalf----max muscle forcemax muscle forcemax muscle forcemax muscle force. Divide the maximum muscle force by 2.

• The halfhalfhalfhalf----max fatigue timemax fatigue timemax fatigue timemax fatigue time, which is the time it takes the muscle force to

decrease to 50% of the maximum during the fatigue experiment. Place one

cursor on the peak muscle force. Move the second cursor to the right of the peak

muscle force until the absolute value for V2V2V2V2----V1V1V1V1, seen on the Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force Muscle Force

channel, is equal to the half-max muscle force.

Exercise 3: EMG Intensity and Force in the NonExercise 3: EMG Intensity and Force in the NonExercise 3: EMG Intensity and Force in the NonExercise 3: EMG Intensity and Force in the Non---- Dominant ArmDominant ArmDominant ArmDominant Arm


Follow the same directions used in Exercise 1 to record data from the subject’s non-

dominant forearm.


1. Analyze the data from the subject’s non-dominant forearm as it was done in

Exercise 1.

2. Record the values for the parameters that were measured in the Journal Journal Journal Journal using the

one of the techniques described in Exercise 1.

3. Use a piece of string and a metric ruler to measure the circumference of the non-

dominant forearm at approximately 3 centimeters below the elbow. Record this

value in the JournalJournalJournalJournal.

4. Select SaSaSaSave ve ve ve from the File menuFile menuFile menuFile menu.

Exercise 4: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in NonExercise 4: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in NonExercise 4: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in NonExercise 4: EMG Intensity and Fatigue in Non----Dominant ArmDominant ArmDominant ArmDominant Arm


Follow the same directions used in Exercise 2 to record fatigue data from the subject’s

non-dominant forearm.


Analyze the fatigue data from the subject’s non-dominant forearm as it was done in

Exercise 2.




Page 27

PPPPart art art art TwoTwoTwoTwo: : : : ElectromyogramElectromyogramElectromyogramElectromyogram (EMG) Activity in Antagonistic(EMG) Activity in Antagonistic(EMG) Activity in Antagonistic(EMG) Activity in Antagonistic MusclesMusclesMusclesMuscles


• To study the EMG activity in muscles that work in opposition to each other to

flex or extend the hand.

• To study the EMG activity in muscles that lift weight by flexion or by extension


The movement of parts of the body is accomplished through a system of levers

composed of skeletal muscles and bones. In a lever, the muscle attached to the bone

provides the effort or force that moves the bone. As the muscle contracts and relaxes,

the bone, functioning as the actual lever, rotates around a joint in the skeletal system. In

relation to the muscle, the bone, and the body part being moved, the joint is the fixed

point that functions as the fulcrum for the lever. The body part being moved is the load

in the lever.

All levers, including the ones in the body, can be categorized into one of three classes,

which are based on the position of the fulcrum in relation to the positions of the effort

and the load:

• In First Class levers, the fulcrum is between the effort and the load, like on a see-

saw. In the body, an example of this class is the extension of the forearm by the

triceps muscle.

• In Second Class levers, the load is between the effort and the fulcrum, like a

wheel barrow. In the body, an example of this class is standing on tiptoe by

using the gastrocnemius muscle.

• In Third Class levers, the effort is between the fulcrum and the load, like

tweezers. In the body, an example is the flexion of the forearm by the biceps

muscle.

Body parts are moved in different directions by muscles that act on the same bone from

different directions. A simple example is the movement of the forearm. When the




Page 28

biceps muscle contracts, the forearm and the hand move toward the shoulder in a

motion called flexion. When the triceps muscle contracts, the forearm and hand move

away from the shoulder in a motion called extension. Since these two muscles move the

forearm in different directions, they are antagonistic muscles. These muscles relax and

contract in a coordinated manner to place the forearm and hand in the desired position.

If the effort exerted on the bone by each muscle is equal in magnitude and opposite in

direction, the forearm remains stationary. Antagonistic muscles do not need to belong

to the same class of lever to work in opposition. For example, the biceps and from two

different classes of levers. The biceps and triceps are different classes of levers; the

biceps is part of a third class lever, and the triceps is part of a first class lever.

By recording the EMG activity in a muscle during the movement or positioning of a

body part, it can be determined if the muscle is involved. In this experiment, students

will record EMG activity from muscles on the anterior and posterior sides of the

forearm to determine which ones are responsible for flexion and extension of the hand.

Recording of EMG activity from these muscles will also be done while a weight is lifted

by the hand. In another exercise, students will record EMG activity from the anterior

and posterior sides of the lower leg to determine which muscles are active during

movements or positioning that are more complex, like leaning forward, standing on

toes, or rocking on heels.


• PC Computer


• USB cable



• Disposable electrodes

• Alcohol swabs

• Small weight


1. Click on the LabScribe shortcut on the computer’s desktop to open the program. If

a shortcut is not available, click on the Windows Start menuStart menuStart menuStart menu, move the cursor to

All ProgramsAll ProgramsAll ProgramsAll Programs and then to the listing for iWorxiWorxiWorxiWorx. Select LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe LabScribe from the iWorx iWorx iWorx iWorx

submenusubmenusubmenusubmenu. The LabScribe Main window Main window Main window Main window will appear as the program opens.


3. Locate the folder that contains the settings group, IPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrpIPLMv4.iwxgrp. Select this group

and click OpenOpenOpenOpen.

4. Pull down the Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu Settings menu again. Select the AntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMuscles----LS2LS2LS2LS2 settings file.




Page 29

5. After a short time, LabScribe will appear on the computer screen as configured by

the AntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMusclesAntagonsticMuscles----LS2 LS2 LS2 LS2 settings.

EMG Cable SetupEMG Cable SetupEMG Cable SetupEMG Cable Setup

1. Locate the C-AAMI-504 EMG cable and electrode lead wires in the iWorx kit.

2. Insert the black AAMI connector on the end of the EMG cable into the isolated


3. Locate the muscles of the forearm over which the recording electrodes will be

placed. Muscles can be located by flexing or extending the hand and noting the

areas of the forearm where the muscles are tense during these hand positions:

• One pair of recording electrodes will be placed over the flexor muscles on the

anterior surface of the forearm. The first electrode in this pair will be placed

about 8 centimeters below the inside of the elbow and about 4 centimeters from

the medial margin of the forearm. The second electrode in this pair will be

placed about 8 centimeters below the other electrode along the midline of the

anterior surface of the forearm.

• A second pair of electrodes will be placed over the extensor muscles on the

posterior surface of the forearm. The first electrode in this pair will be placed

about 9 centimeters below the tip of the elbow along the midline of the posterior

surface of the forearm. The second electrode in this pair will be placed about 6

centimeters below the first electrode and about 3 centimeters from the lateral

margin of the posterior surface of the forearm.

• A fifth electrode, used as the ground, is centered between the positions of the

four recording electrodes.

4. Use an alcohol swab to clean and scrub the areas where the electrodes will be

placed. Let the areas dry before attaching the electrodes.

5. Remove the plastic disk from a disposable electrode and apply it to one of the

scrubbed areas. Attach an electrode to each of the other areas.




Page 30

6. Snap the recording lead wires onto the electrodes, so that:

• the red “+1” lead is attached to the electrode on the anterior forearm that is

nearest the elbow.

• the black “-1” lead is attached to the electrode on the anterior forearm closest to

the middle of the forearm.

• the white “+2” lead is attached to the electrode on the posterior forearm that is

nearest the elbow.

• the brown “-2” lead is attached to the electrode on the posterior forearm closest

to the middle of the forearm.

• the green “C” lead (the ground) is attached to the electrode in the center of the

box formed by the positions of the four recording electrodes.

Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 1111: : : : Antagonistic MusclesAntagonistic MusclesAntagonistic MusclesAntagonistic Muscles in Forearmin Forearmin Forearmin Forearm


1. Instruct the subject that he or she will be doing the following during this exercise:

• Before the recording begins, the subject extends his or her arm in front of their

body with the palm facing upward. This position is defined as the neutralneutralneutralneutral

position.position.position.position.

• Keep his or her hand open during the recording.

• Move his or her hand upward (flexion) from the neutral position as far as

possible and hold it in this position for four seconds.

• Return the hand to the neutral position for four seconds.

• Move the hand downward (extension) as far as possible and hold it in this

position for four seconds.

• Return the hand to the neutral position for at least two seconds.

• Repeat this cycle of flexion and extension two more times while recording.

2. Before the starting the recording, type Neutral in the Mark box to the right of the

Mark button. Instruct the subject to place his or her hand in the neutral position.

3. Click the Record button in the upper right corner of the LabScribe Main window.

Either click on the Mark button or press the Enter key on the keyboard to label the

recording. 4. While the subject’s hand is in the neutral position, type Flexion in the Mark box.

When the subject flexes his or her hand, click on the Mark button or press the

Enter key on the keyboard to label the recording.

5. While the subject’s hand is in the flexed position, type Neutral in the Mark box.

When the subject returns his or her hand to the neutral position, click on the Mark

button or press the Enter key on the keyboard to label the recording.




Page 31

6. While the subject’s hand is in the neutral position, type Extension in the Mark box.

When the subject extends his or her hand, click on the Mark button or press the

Enter key on the keyboard to label the recording.

7. Repeat Steps 2 through 6 two more times.

8. When the last cycle is completed, click the Stop button.

9. Click Auto Scale on all channels to amplify signals.

10. Select Save As in the File menu, type a name for the file.


1. Scroll through the recording and find the section of data recorded while the subject

was flexing and extending his or her hand.

2. Use the Display Time icons to adjust the Display Time of the Main window so all

three flexion-extension cycles appear on the Main window. The three flexion-

extension cycles can also be selected by:

• Placing the cursors on either side of the three adjacent cycles.

• Clicking the Zoom between Cursors button on the LabScribe toolbar to expand

the segment with the three cycles to the width of the Main window.


Windows mWindows mWindows mWindows menu enu enu enu to transfer the data displayed in the Main window Main window Main window Main window to the Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis


4. Look at the Function Table that is above the uppermost channel displayed in the

Analysis window. The mathematical functions, Abs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, Max----Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1T1T1T1

should appear in this table. The values for Abs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, Max----Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1T1T1T1 on each


5. Use the mouse to click on and drag the cursors to the onset and offset of the EMG

burst during the first flexion. The values for Abs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, Max---- Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1T1T1T1 on

the Anterior channelAnterior channelAnterior channelAnterior channel are the relative amounts of the EMG activity, the differences

between maximum and minimum EMG amplitudes, and the durations of the EMG

burst in the anterior muscle group during the flexion. The values for these

parameters, listed in the table above the Posterior channelPosterior channelPosterior channelPosterior channel, are the same properties

from the posterior muscle group during the same flexion.

6. Use the mouse to move the cursors to onset and offset of the next EMG burst,

which is the first burst that occurs during extension. Measure and record the values

for Abs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, MaxAbs. Area, Max----Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1T1T1T1 from both groups of muscles during this

extension.

7. Measure the Abs.Area, MaxAbs.Area, MaxAbs.Area, MaxAbs.Area, Max----Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1T1T1T1 for the EMG bursts from the anterior

and posterior muscles from the remaining flexions and extensions.

8. Average the values for each parameter taken from the anterior muscles during

flexion. Find the average for each parameter from the anterior muscles during

extension. Also, find the averages for the parameters from the posterior muscles




Page 32

during flexion and during extension. Enter the averages for each parameter, from

each muscle group during flexion and during extension.

Exercise Exercise Exercise Exercise 2222: : : : Antagonistic MusclesAntagonistic MusclesAntagonistic MusclesAntagonistic Muscles Doing WorkDoing WorkDoing WorkDoing Work


1. Use the same experimental setup used in Exercise 1.

2. Instruct the subject to rest his or her forearm, with the electrodes, on a flat surface

with the palm up.

3. Place a weight (2-3kg) in the palm of the subject’s hand.

4. Click Record. Record the EMG activity from the muscles of the forearm as the

subject lifts the weight by the flexion. The subject should raise and hold the weight

up for four seconds and then return the weight to the table top for four seconds.

Repeat this cycle two more times. 5. Click Stop to halt the recording.

6. Instruct the subject to rest his or her forearm on a flats surface with the palm down.

7. Have the subject grip the same weight (2-3kg).

8. Click Record. Record the EMG activity from the muscles of the forearm as the

subject lifts the weight by extension. The subject should raise and hold the weight

up for four seconds and then return the weight to the table top for four seconds.

Repeat this cycle two more times.

9. Click Stop to halt the recording.

10. Select Save in the File menu.


1. Scroll through the recording and find the section of data recorded while the subject

was lifting a weight by flexion and extension.

2. Use the same procedures used in Exercise 1 to measure and record the Abs. Area, Abs. Area, Abs. Area, Abs. Area,

MaxMaxMaxMax----Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2Min, and T2----T1 T1 T1 T1 from each muscle group while the weight was lifted by

flexion and by extension.

3. Average the values for each parameter taken from the anterior muscles while

weight was lifted by flexion. Find the average for each parameter from the anterior

muscles while weight was lifted by flexion. Also, find the averages for the

parameters from the posterior muscles while weight was lifted by flexion and by

extension. Enter the means for each parameter, from each muscle group during

flexion and during extension.




Page 33

Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # Experiment # 4444: Safety Analyzer

ObjectiveObjectiveObjectiveObjectivessss:

• To understand the principles involved in performing electrical safety

measurements on medical devices.

• To perform acceptance tests on medical devices using an electrical

safety analyzer that include main voltage, dual lead voltage, current

consumption, insulation resistance, protective earth resistance, earth

leakage current, enclosure leakage current , patient leakage current,

…etc.

Equipment RequiredEquipment RequiredEquipment RequiredEquipment Required::::

• International safety analyzer

• Oscilloscope

• Lead selector

• ECG cable

• Medical Kit (ECG)

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground::::

Commercially available instruments called Electrical-Safety Analyzers are available for

testing both medical-facility power systems and medical appliances. These analyzers

range in complexity from simple conversion boxes used with any voltage-ohmmeter to

computerized automatic measurement systems. The features to consider are accuracy,

ease of use, testing time, and cost. The analyzers also reduce errors caused by incorrect

test setups and reduce the risk of shock to person performing tests such as applying line

voltage to patient leads to test isolations.

Adequate electrical safety in health-care facilities can be achieved at moderate cost by

combining a good power-distribution system, careful selection of well-designed

equipment, periodic testing of power systems and equipment, and a modest training

program for medical personnel. For an electrical accident to occur, current of sufficient magnitude must flow through the body of the victim in such a way that it impairs the functioning of vital organs.

The Physiological effect of electrical current:




Page 34

• The physiological effect of the current depends not only on their

magnitude but also on the current pathway through the body, which in turn depend on the location of the contact.

• The effect of small current applied directly to the heart is often referred to as microshock

• Electric current can affect the tissue in two different ways:

1. The electrical energy dissipated in the tissue resistance can

cause a temperature increase, if high enough, tissue damage can occur.

2. An extraneous electric current of sufficient magnitude can cause local voltages that can trigger action potential and stimulate nerves, the stimulation of motor nerves or muscles causes contraction of muscle fiber In the muscles or muscle group

There are three methods of accident prevention:

1. Reliable Grounding design: The design and construction of equipment,

excluding self-powered equipment, should insure that all external parts,

surfaces, and shields, exclusive of antenna and transmission line

terminals, are at ground potential at all times during normal operation. A

point on the electrically conductive chassis or equipment frame should

serve as the common tie point for static and safety grounding.

2. Reduction of Leakage current: Leakage current is that current which

flows through the equipment conductive paths to a solidly grounded

source. The equipment leakage current should not exceed 3.5

milliamperes dc or rms.

3. Double insulation of equipment.




Page 35

Front PanelFront PanelFront PanelFront Panel

AAAA Applied Part Terminal: The jacks allow direct connection to banana jacks, or 4mm-

to-

alligator adapters provided

BBBB Red Input Terminal : Single test lead connection

CCCC Black Input Terminal: Used for dual lead testing in combination with red test lead.

D D D D Green Input Terminal: Protective Earth of Device Under Test

EEEE Power Outlet: Allows standard power plug connection of the Device Under Test.

120V @ 15A or 240V @ 15A maximum

FFFF On-Off Switch

Comparable Terminology: International and United StatesComparable Terminology: International and United StatesComparable Terminology: International and United StatesComparable Terminology: International and United States

INTERNATIONAL/IECINTERNATIONAL/IECINTERNATIONAL/IECINTERNATIONAL/IEC U.S./AAMIU.S./AAMIU.S./AAMIU.S./AAMI

L1 Neutral

L2 Hot

Earth Ground

Mains Line Voltage

Applied Parts Patient Leads

Enclosure/Case Chassis

Protective Earth Ground Wire

Earth Leakage Current Leakage in Ground Wire

Enclosure Leakage Chassis Leakage

Patient Leakage Lead Leakage

Patient Auxiliary Leakage between Patient Leads

Mains on Applied Parts Lead Isolation

Insulation Resistance Dielectric Strength or Insulation Resistance

between

Hot and Neutral to Ground

Earth Resistance Ground Wire Resistance

Keys Used to Enter Device Control Keys Used to Enter Device Control Keys Used to Enter Device Control Keys Used to Enter Device Control NumbersNumbersNumbersNumbers

0 Volts0 Volts0 Volts0 Volts: In single lead mode, displays mains voltage.

In dual lead mode, displays voltage between RED and BLACK test leads.

1 Current:1 Current:1 Current:1 Current: Measures the current consumption (in amperes) flowing in the L2 of the

device under test.

2 Insulation: 2 Insulation: 2 Insulation: 2 Insulation: Tests insulation resistance (mains to case or applied parts to case).




Page 36

3 Protective Earth Resistance: 3 Protective Earth Resistance: 3 Protective Earth Resistance: 3 Protective Earth Resistance: Measures the earth resistance using a 1A test

current (unless 10A or 25A is selected) using the RED test lead attached to the DUT

Protective Earth terminal or enclosure. The front panel outlet power is turned off off off off for

this test.

* Note: Note: Note: Note: Calibrate the test leads if performing a protective earth resistance test for the

first time with a unit or when using a new set of leads. Also calibrate the leads if the

unit does not read zero when the test lead is connected between the RED and GREEN

input jacks and a measurement is taken.

4 4 4 4 Earth LeakageEarth LeakageEarth LeakageEarth Leakage: easured between the DUT “Protective Earth” terminal and the

“Protective Earth” terminal of the 601PRO.

5 Enclosure Lea5 Enclosure Lea5 Enclosure Lea5 Enclosure Leakage: kage: kage: kage: In single-lead mode, measures the enclosure leakage (RED test

lead to DUT protective earth on the 601PRO).

6666 Patient Leakage: Patient Leakage: Patient Leakage: Patient Leakage: Measures the patient leakage current (applied part to earth).

7 Mains on Applied Part Leakage: 7 Mains on Applied Part Leakage: 7 Mains on Applied Part Leakage: 7 Mains on Applied Part Leakage: Applies 110% mains voltage to selected applied part

and measures leakage to earth in both normal and reverse polarity. Does not apply to

patient auxiliary selections.

8 Patient Auxiliary Current: 8 Patient Auxiliary Current: 8 Patient Auxiliary Current: 8 Patient Auxiliary Current: Measures the leakage and biasing current between applied

parts.

ProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedure::::

Part 1:

1. Connect the power cable of oscilloscope to the safety analyzer machine. At this

time make sure that safety machine in OFF status.

2. Turn ON the safety test machine. Wait until the safety analyzer tests itself.

When the test is successfully completed, "Main Menu" appears on the screen.

3. Select (System Setup) Key, Select (setup function). Then select test standard key

The select test standard option allows you to choose among IEC 601-1,VDE 701-

1, VDE 751-1, HEL 95, IEC 1010, AAMI, AS/NZS 3551.

4. At this part choose IEC 601-1.

Note : To enable /disable the test standards that appear at the Main Menu,

press Utilities at the Main menu , then More then Enable standards. Press

Yes

5. At the enable test standard once the selection is made, the system will

automatically return to the main menu where the selected standard is displayed.




Page 37

6. In order to record the testing times do the following.

Selecting the class/Type:

The class /Type selection sets the type of equipment that is being tested. This affects the

limits for the protective earth resistance, insulation resistance, and earth leakage.

The class / type should be set to the instrument classification and type before testing.

What is the class and the type of the oscilloscope?

1. On the main menu under class/type menu enter the type and the class of the

oscilloscope.

2. Press view present setting key. View present setting allows you to inspect all the

entered data. If the entered data are true continue with the following.

3. Press (0) key, main voltage test and lead voltage test.

a. The main voltage test measures and displays the mains voltages from L1

to Earth, L2 to Earth, and L1 to L2.

b. The main voltage test appears on the display

L1-Earth = ………

L2-Earth = ………

L1-L2 = ……….

4. Press key (1), Current Consumption Test and Turn on the scope. The current

consumption test is displayed and the test begins immediately.

Current consumption = ………..

5. Press on soft key 1 toggle the device polarity from normal to off to reverse

(Earth, L2).


6. Toggle the device outlet from Earth to No Earth by pressing on key (2). (Normal

Polarity, L2)


7. Toggle the device out let from L2 to No L2. (Normal Polarity, Earth)





Page 38

Did the current value change, why?

8. The insulation Resistance testsinsulation Resistance testsinsulation Resistance testsinsulation Resistance tests measure (in Megohms) the resistance from the

device outlet L1 and L2 to device earth .The measurement is taken with a test

voltage of 500 Volts Dc. The test will not begin until start test is pressed

Insulation resistance = ………

Do we need very high input resistance, why?

9. Attach the red lead for the safety machine to any conductive part of the

oscilloscope.

10. Press shortcut key 3. The protective earth resistance test is displayed.

11. Press soft key 3 to select a test current (1 AMP), the selected test current is

displayed in the upper right corner of the display

Protective earth resistance for 1 AMP = ……………

12. Select a test current (25 AMP), the selected test current is displayed in the upper

right corner of the display

Protective earth resistance for 25 AMP = ……………

13. In order to measure earth leakage current, from the main menu press short key

(4), the earth leakage test appears on the display and the test begins

immediately:

a. soft key 1 toggles the device polarity from normal to off to reverse.

(Earth, L2)

b. soft key 2 toggles the device outlet from Earth to no Earth. (Normal

Polarity, L2)

c. soft key 3 toggles the device from L2 to no L2. (Normal Polarity, Earth)

14. Now, record the output for all the conditions above.




Page 39

15. To measure the Enclosure leakage current connect the red lead terminal to the

safety analyzer machine (on the red front point) and attach it to any metal part

in the oscilloscope.

16. Press key (5) on the main menu

a. Soft key 1 toggles the device outlet polarity from normal to off to reverse,

or reverse to off to normal. (Earth, L2)

b. Soft key 2 toggles the device outlet from Earth to no Earth. (Normal

Polarity, L2)

c. Soft key 3 toggles the device outlet from L2 to no L2. (Normal Polarity,

Earth)

17. Now , record the data for all above conditions

Are all values the same? Why?

18. Shutdown safety analyzer machine by pressing (Off) key, then remove the

power cable for the oscilloscope.

Part 2:

19. Connect the power cable for the medical kit to the safety analyzer, then power

on the machine.

20. Repeat steps from 1 to 7.

21. Press key (2). Record the insulation resistance as in step 8. Attach the ECG

applied parts to safety analyzer machine then press soft key (2) to change the

test to AP insulation resistance. The unit will beep repeatedly as long as the test

is active. Press soft key (4) to toggle between all applied parts .

a. ALL – CASE …….

b. RA – CASE ………

c. RL - CASE ………

d. LA - CASE ……….

e. LL – CASE ……….

Is their any deference between the measured values? if yes, why?

22. Repeat step (10), then record the data.




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23. Repeat step (12), then toggle soft key (4) in order to change from AP to earth

and from No AP to earth. Record all the results.

24. Repeat step (14), also toggle soft key from AP to No AP, then record all the

outputs.

25. Patient leakage current is measured between a selected applied part and main

earth. The following outlet conditions apply when performing this test:

a. Normal polarity, earth open, Outlet ON

b. Normal polarity, L2 Open, Outlet ON

c. Reversed Polarity, Outlet ON

d. Reversed Polarity, Earth Open, Outlet ON

e. Reversed Polarity, L2 Open, outlet ON.

26. To perform patient leakage current test , from the main menu press short cut

Key (6). The patient leakage test is displayed, and the test begins immediately.

Record the output for the following cases:

a. All To Earth (RMS) = ………

b. RA To Earth (RMS) = ………..

c. RL To Earth (RMS) = …………

d. LA To Earth (RMS) = ………..

e. LL To Earth (RMS) = ………..

27. Mains on applied part test applies a test voltage, which is 110 of the mains

voltage, through a limiting resistance, to selected applied part terminal. Current

measurements are then taken between the selected part and earth

.measurements are taken with test voltage (110 of mains) to applied parts in the

normal and reverse polarity conditions as indicated on the display. The

following outlet conditions apply when performing the Mains on applied part

test:

Normal polarity

Reversed Polarity

27. Attach the red terminal lead to a conductive part on the device enclosure. Press

short key (7). The Mains applied Part test is displayed .then select the desired

outlet configuration and applied part to test using the following Keys: Soft key

(1) takes one pair of readings and displays the result, Soft Key (3) toggles the




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device outlet polarity from Normal To device OFF to Reverse Polarity, or refers

to device OFF to normal Polarity.

28. Now, record the following:

a. All To Earth = …….

b. Ra To Earth = ……..

c. Rl To Earth = ……..

d. La to Earth = ………

e. LL To Earth = …….

(Note : on each item press start key to begin the test )

29. Patient auxiliary Current Tests are measured between any selected ECG jack and

the remaining Selected ECG jack. The following outlet conditions apply when

performing this test

a. Normal Polarity, earth open, outlet ON

b. Normal Polarity, L2 Open, Outlet ON

c. Reverse Polarity, outlet ON

d. Reverse Polarity, earth open, Outlet ON

e. Reversed Polarity, L2 open, Outlet ON

30. From the Main menu press shortcut Key (8), the Patient auxiliary Current test is

displayed, and the test begins immediately. The display is updated until another

test is selected.

31. Toggle between soft keys (1,2,3,4) and record all data. Including the following:

a. Ra to All (RMs) = ……

b. Rl to All (RMS) = ……

c. LL to All (RMS) = ……

d. La to All (RMS) = ……




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Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #5555: : : : Pulmonary Function Test

Objectives:Objectives:Objectives:Objectives:

• To understand and analyze different respiratory parameters VC, FVC, and MVV.

• Understand how to prepare PFT patient data.

• To study the effect of exercise on respiratory parameters.

Equipment Required:Equipment Required:Equipment Required:Equipment Required:

• USB serial port

• Spirobank II

• Computer

• Mouthpiece

• Nose clip


Background:

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is one of the basic tools for evaluating patient’s

respiratory status. Pulmonary function tests are tests performed to make measurements

of how your lungs and airways function. Results from pulmonary function tests enable

your physician to evaluate your breathing, make diagnosis, recommend treatment and

follow your progress.

PFT is used for the following reason:

1. Screening for the presence of obstructive and restrictive diseases

2. Evaluating the patient's condition for weaning from a ventilator. If the

patient on a ventilator can demonstrate a vital capacity (VC) of 10 - 15

ml/Kg of body weight, it is generally thought that there is enough

ventilatory reserve to permit (try) weaning and extubation.

3. Documenting the progression of pulmonary disease - restrictive or

obstructive

4. Documenting the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention




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Terminology and Definitions:

• Total Lung Capacity (TLC):Total Lung Capacity (TLC):Total Lung Capacity (TLC):Total Lung Capacity (TLC): the volume of air in lungs during a maximal effort

of inhalation. • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): the volume of air in lungs when the

respiratory muscles are inactive and relaxed.

• Residual Volume (RV):Residual Volume (RV):Residual Volume (RV):Residual Volume (RV): the volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximal

effort of exhalation.

• VitalVitalVitalVital capacitycapacitycapacitycapacity (VC):(VC):(VC):(VC): the maximum volume of air that can be expired slowly after

a full inspiratory effort.

• Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): measured by taking the deepest possible breath,

this is the volume of air which can be forcibly and maximally exhaled out of the

lungs until no more can be expired. This value is critically important in the

diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive diseases.

• ForceForceForceForced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1):d Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1):d Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1):d Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1): the volume of air which can

be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in the first second of a forced expiratory

maneuver. This PFT value is critically important in the diagnosis of obstructive

and restrictive diseases.

• FEV1/FVC FEV1/FVC FEV1/FVC FEV1/FVC ---- FEV1 Percent (FEV1%):FEV1 Percent (FEV1%):FEV1 Percent (FEV1%):FEV1 Percent (FEV1%): - This number is the ratio of FEV1 to FVC

- it indicates what percentage of the total FVC was expelled from the lungs

during the first second of forced exhalation - this number is called FEV1%,

%FEV1 or FEV1/FVC ratio. This PFT value is critically important in the

diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive diseases.

• Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV):Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV):Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV):Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV): - this value is determined by

breath in and out as rapidly and fully as possible for 12 -15 seconds. This

test parameter reflects the status of the respiratory muscles, compliance of

the thorax-lung complex, and airway resistance.

• Dynamic Lung Volumes and Flow Rates:Dynamic Lung Volumes and Flow Rates:Dynamic Lung Volumes and Flow Rates:Dynamic Lung Volumes and Flow Rates: Dynamic lung volumes reflect

the caliber and integrity of the airways. Spirometry records lung volume

against time during an FVC maneuver. It's mainly expressed by (FEV1)

(%FVC), (MVV).

• FlowFlowFlowFlow----Volume Loop:Volume Loop:Volume Loop:Volume Loop: The flow-volume loop is generated by continuously

recording flow and volume with an electronic spirometer during a forced

inspiratory and expiratory VC maneuver. The shape of the loop reflects

the status of the lung volumes and airways throughout the respiratory

cycle. Characteristic changes occur in restrictive and in obstructive

disorders. The loop is especially helpful in detecting laryngeal and

tracheal lesions. It can distinguish between fixed obstruction (e.g.,

tracheal stenosis) and variable obstruction (e.g., tracheomalacia, vocal




Page 44

cord paralysis) of the upper airway. The figure below illustrates some

characteristic flow-volume loop abnormalities.

Obstructive lung disorders

The most common disorders are: asthma, chronic obstructive bronchitis, emphysema,

and cystic fibrosis.

These disorders are all characterized by low expiratory airflow as measured by low

FEV1. The low FEV1 is due to narrowing of the airways with increased airflow

resistance.

The patient with obstructive lung disease has a smaller flow-volume-loop than that of a

normal subject - performed as a forced vital capacity maneuver The RV of the patient is

2.4 l or twice as high as that of the healthy individual, because of air trapping (a large

volume of trapped air).

Flow through the tubular passageways of the lung can be reduced for a number of

reasons:

• Narrowing of the airways due to bronchial smooth muscle contraction as

is the case in asthma

• Narrowing of the airways due to inflammation and swelling of bronchial

mucosa as is the case in bronchitis

• Material inside the bronchial passageways physically obstructing the flow

of air as is the case in excessive mucus plugging, inhalation of foreign

objects or the presence of pushing and invasive tumors

• Destruction of lung tissue with the loss of elasticity and hence the loss of

the external support of the airways as is the case in emphysema

• External compression of the airways by tumors and trauma

ProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedure::::

Using Computer Pulmonary Function Test Software “winspiroPRO” and the Recording

of VC ,FVC and MVV

1. Insert a mouthpiece into the protruding part of the turbine

2. Fit the nose clip onto the nose of the subject to ensure that cannot escape through

the nostrils.

3. Hold Spirobank at either end using both hands.

4. Open the winspiroPRO software.




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5.Open window Patient and after

6. Insert the required fields to create a new patient (Code -

Surname - First name - Date of birth - Gender - Ethnic

Group) in the following windows

7. Then click and the Visit Card opens, insert or

c

o

n

f

i

r

m

the visit details ( date, height and weight)

8.

FVC TestFVC TestFVC TestFVC Test 9. Click on the FVC icon from the following icons to start the test.

10. Breath at rest for few moments. When ready to start inspire inspire inspire inspire

slowlyslowlyslowlyslowly as much air as possible.

11. Make a complete expiration as fastfastfastfast as possible, then with the mouthpiece always

held firmly in the mouth, complete the cycle by inspiring again as quicklyquicklyquicklyquickly as

possible.




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Note: Note: Note: Note: After inspiring slowly and deeply, the following expiration must be made with After inspiring slowly and deeply, the following expiration must be made with After inspiring slowly and deeply, the following expiration must be made with After inspiring slowly and deeply, the following expiration must be made with

the maximum effort by expiring all air as fast as possible.the maximum effort by expiring all air as fast as possible.the maximum effort by expiring all air as fast as possible.the maximum effort by expiring all air as fast as possible.

After 6 seconds of expiration the instrument will emit a continuous beep, tAfter 6 seconds of expiration the instrument will emit a continuous beep, tAfter 6 seconds of expiration the instrument will emit a continuous beep, tAfter 6 seconds of expiration the instrument will emit a continuous beep, this helps his helps his helps his helps

the user to understand when the minimum expiry time has been reached.the user to understand when the minimum expiry time has been reached.the user to understand when the minimum expiry time has been reached.the user to understand when the minimum expiry time has been reached.

12. Record FVC, FEV1 and PEF.

13. Repeat the measurement three times and choose the beast values.

• The FVC may be calculated as:

( ) ( )( ) ( )0.058 0.025 4.24 for male

0.0453 0.024 2.852 for female

FVC Hc A

FVC Hc A

= − −

= − −

Where Hc and A stand for the height and age, respectively

VC TestVC TestVC TestVC Test 1. Start the Slow Vital Capacity test by carrying out several complete breaths at

rest.

2. After three or four such breaths a beep will sound to confirm that the ventilator

profile has been measured.

3. After the beep inspireinspireinspireinspire slowlyslowlyslowlyslowly as much air as possible and then expire slowly expire slowly expire slowly expire slowly as

mush air as possible. This is the Expiratory Slow Vital Capacity (VC or EVC).

4. Record VC.

5. Repeat the measurement three times and choose the beast one.

MVVMVVMVVMVV TestTestTestTest When participating in sports such as running, one is often required to use maximum

voluntary ventilation (MVV). The individual is inhaling and exhaling more deeply and

at more rapid rate. Normal respiratory rate is in the order of 11-18 times/min. During

MVV activity the respiratory rate is likely to be 30 or more times/min. MVV value

depends directly on gender and height and indirectly on age, for people in their

twenties with average height and weight, males produce an MVV value of 160-170

L/min and females average 120 L/min.

MVV may be estimated according to the following equation:

( ) ( ) malesfor 9.37816.019.1 −− AHc

( ) ( )1.004 0.685 48.7 for femalesHc A− −




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Also, it’s possible to estimate its value from FEV1

MVV =135 FEV (l/m).

1. Start the test by carrying out a series of forced inspirations and expirations with the

maximum possible amplitude.

2. The suggested frequency is 30 breaths/min.

3. The test will terminate automatically after 12 seconds.

Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #6666: : : : Air Conduction Threshold Measurement by PCAir Conduction Threshold Measurement by PCAir Conduction Threshold Measurement by PCAir Conduction Threshold Measurement by PC----based based based based

AudiometerAudiometerAudiometerAudiometer

OOOObjectivesbjectivesbjectivesbjectives::::

•••• To evaluate the audibility threshold by using an electronic audiometer.

•••• To compile an audiometric graph

EEEEquipment quipment quipment quipment RRRRequiredequiredequiredequired::::

•••• Digital Multimeter

•••• Electronic Audiometer

•••• Power Supply base unit

•••• Headphones.


Hearing Process:

Hearing occurs when sound waves are conducted to the nerves of the inner ear and

from there to the brain. Sound waves can travel to the inner ear by air conduction

(through the ear canal, eardrum, and bones of the middle ear) or bone conduction

(through the bones around and behind the ear).

Definition:

An audiology exam tests your ability to hear sounds. Sounds vary according to the

intensity (volume or loudness) and the tone (the speed of sound wave vibrations).

Audiometry is the testing of hearing ability. Typically, audiometric tests determine a

subject’s hearing levels, but may also measure ability to discriminate between different




Page 48

sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise.

Acoustic reflex and optoacoustic emissions may also be measured. Results of

audiometric tests are used to diagnose hearing loss or diseases of the ear.

An equal-loudness contour is a measure of sound pressure (dB SPL), over the frequency

spectrum, for which a listener perceives a constant loudness. The unit of measurement

for loudness levels is the phons, and by definition two sine waves that have equal phons

are equally loud.

The human’s auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of

around 20,000 Hz, although the hearing range decreases with age. Within this range,

the human ear is most sensitive between 1 and 5 kHz, largely due to the resonance of

the ear canal and the transfer function of the ossicles of the middle ear.

Threshold of Hearing:

INTENSITY of sound is measured in decibels (dB):

• A whisper is about 20 dB

• Loud music (some concerts) is around 80 to 120 dB

• A jet engine is about 140 to 180 dB

Usually, sounds greater than 85 dB can cause hearing loss in a few hours. Louder sounds

can cause immediate pain, and hearing loss can develop in a very short time.

TONE of sound is measured in cycles per second (cps) or Hertz:

• Low bass tones range around 50 to 60 Hz

• Shrill, high-pitched tones range around 10,000 Hz or higher

The normal range of human hearing is about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, and some animals can

hear up to about 50,000 Hz.

The measured threshold of hearing curve shows that the sound intensity required to be

heard is quite different for different frequencies. The standard threshold of hearing at

1000 Hz is nominally taken to be 0 dB, but the actual curves show the measured

threshold at 1000 Hz to be about 4 dB. There is marked discrimination against low

frequencies so that about 60 dB is required to be heard at 30 Hz. The maximum

sensitivity at about 3500 to 4000 Hz is related to the resonance of the auditory canal.




Page 49

Pure Tone Audiometry::::

It is typical to do this testing with pure tones by providing calibrated tones to a person

via earphones, allowing that person to increase the level until it can just be heard.

Various strategies are used, but pure tone audiometry with tones starting at about 125

Hz and increasing by octaves, half-octaves, or third-octaves to about 8000 Hz is typical.

Hearing tests of right and left ears are generally done independently. The results of such

tests are summarized in audiograms.

Audiogram Showing Presbycusis::::

The progressive loss of high frequency sensitivity with aging is typical, and is called

presbycusis. The loss of the high frequencies can make it difficult to understand speech,

since the intelligible differences in speech sounds are often in the range above 2000 Hz.

Audiograms Showing Hearing Loss::::

Audiograms can help with the diagnosis of various types of hearing disorders. Specific

geometries of curves are found to be typical of presbycusis, and a characteristic notch in

the hearing curve may be the signature of damage by a sudden loud sound like a

gunshot or a firecracker explosion close to the ear.

PPPProcedurerocedurerocedurerocedure: : : :

MA 33 is a small and PC-based audiometer that offers fast and reliable tone audiometric

screening for children and adults.

Standard Accessories

1. Air conduction headphone (Red plug and blue one)

2. Patient response key

3. USB connector

4. LEDs: The right one indicates the operating state and the left shows the

starting sequence.

Before performing the test, the following steps should be recognized to prepare the

patient:

1. The patient should sit at a distance from the device.

2. Ensure that the headphones are positioned correctly (red on the right and

blue on the left).




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3. Adjust the headband of the headphones so the earphones are positioned at

the correct height (the sound output grid exactly facing the ear canal)

4. Explain to the patient that he/she needs to press the patient response key as

soon as he/she just hears the test tone.

Default Settings:

1. Right Channel is set to air conduction pure tone and the left channel is in active.

2. The frequency is set to 1KHz.

3. Select the ear to be tested either by mouse or by pressing R / L on the keyboard.

4. The volume can be changed using ↑↓ the cursor or the mouse which is displayed as markers in the audiogram.

5. The measuring frequency can be adjusted using ←→ cursor or mouse.

6. Test through the frequencies: start at 1 KHz, set the higher frequencies then the

lower ones.

7. Select the next frequency, increase the level again and proceed with presenting

the test signal.

8. Once a threshold has been established, record and confirm the measured value

by pressing “Enter” key, the appropriate symbol will be plotted on the

audiogram (“O” for the right ear and “X” for the left one).

Sound Sound Sound Sound

FrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency

[Hz][Hz][Hz][Hz]

LefLefLefLeft Audio Levelt Audio Levelt Audio Levelt Audio Level

[dB][dB][dB][dB]

Right Audio LevelRight Audio LevelRight Audio LevelRight Audio Level

[dB][dB][dB][dB]




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PART TWO: Lab view Experiments

Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #7777: : : : Introduction to Lab VIEWIntroduction to Lab VIEWIntroduction to Lab VIEWIntroduction to Lab VIEW

Objectives

• To become familiar with Lab VIEW program.

• To learn how to build a virtual instrument.

Background

Virtual Instruments

Lab VIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) program is called

virtual instruments or VIs, every VI uses functions that manipulate input from the user

interface or other sources and display that information or move it to other files or other

computers.

A VI contains the following three components:

1. Front Panel: user interface.

2. Block diagram: Contains the graphical source code that defines the functionality of the

VI.

3. Icon and connector pane: identifies the VI so that you can use the VI in another VI (a

Sub VI).

1. Front Panel:

It's the user interface of the VI. Figure 7.1 shows an example of a front panel.




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Figure (7.1): LabVIEW front panel

You build the front panel with controls and indicators, which are the interactive input and

output terminals of the VI respectively. Controls are Knobs, Push buttons, and other input

devices. Indicators are Graphs, LED's and other displays. Controls simulate instrument

input devices and supply data to the block diagram of the VI. Indicators simulate instrument

output devices and display data the block diagram acquires or generates.

2. Block Diagram:

After you build the front panel, you add code using graphical representation of functions to

control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this graphical source code.

Front panel appear as terminals on the block diagram, Figure 7.2 shows several primary

block diagram objects: Terminals, functions and wires.




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Figure (7.2): LabVIEW block diagram

Lab VIEW Environment

Lab VIEW environment consists of three palettes: the functions, controls and tools palettes.

1. Controls Palette:

The controls palette is available only on the front panel. It contains the front panel controls

and indicators you use to create the user interface. Right click the front panel to Display the

controls palette or select View >> Controls Palette.

2. Functions Palette:

It’s available only on the block diagram and it contains the objects you use to program your

VI, such as arithmetic, instrument I/O, file I/O and data acquisition operations And

functions. Right click the block diagram to display the function palette or select View >>

Functions Palette.

3. Tools Palette.

It’s available on the front panel and the

Block diagram. A tool is a special operating mode of the mouse cursor, when you select a

tool, the cursor icon changes to the tool icon, Use the tools to operate and modify front

panel and block diagram objects. Select view>> Tools Palette to display the tools palette.




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Figure (7.3): Tools Palette

The Controls and Functions Palette appear with a thumbtack icon in the left corner.

Click the thumbtack to pin the palette so it is no longer temporary.

Exercise 1

Complete the following steps to create a VI that calculates the slope between two X-Y

pairs.

Front Panel:

1. Select file >>new to open a new front panel.

2. Create four numeric digital controls (right click the panel>>numeric>>digital control)

and type X1, X2, Y1 and Y2 inside each label.

3. Create a numeric digital indicator and type Slope (m) inside the label.




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Figure (7.4): Slope VI front panel

*Lab View creates corresponding control and indicator terminals on the block diagram.

Block diagram:

Figure (7.5): Slope VI block diagram

1. Display the block diagram by selecting window>>show diagram.

2. Select subtract and divide functions on the functions numeric palette.

3. Use the wiring tool to wire the icons as shown in the previous block diagram.

4. Enter numbers in the digital controls (front panel) and run the VI




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3. Icon and Connector Pane:

After you build a VI front panel and block diagram, build the icon and the connector pane

so you can use the VI as a SubVI. The icon and connector pane correspond to the function

prototype in text-based programming languages. Every VI displays an icon in the upper

right corner of the front panel and block diagram windows.

Creating the Icon: 1. Use Icon Editor to design the icon. From the Panel or Diagram window, right-click on

the icon and select "Edit Icon".

2. Double-click on Select tool and press delete to clear icon.

3. Double-click on Rectangle tool to add border around icon.

4. Keep it simple.

Creating the Connector:

1. Right click the icon on the upper right corner of the front panel and select show

connector from the shortcut menu to define the connector pane terminal pattern.

2. Assign the terminal to the digital controls and indicators as follows:

a. Click the left terminal in the connector pane, the tool automatically changes to the

wiring tool and the terminals turns black, and then clicks the X1 control, the left

terminal changes orange. Repeat for X2, Y1 and Y2.

b. Click the right terminal in the connector pane and click the slope (m) indicator. The

right terminal turns orange.

Figure (7.6): Creating a Sub VI

Context Help Window




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The Context Help window displays basic information about LabVIEW objects when you

move the cursor over each object. Objects with context help information include VIs,

functions, constants, structures, palettes, properties, methods, events, and dialog box

components.

Select Help » Show Context Help to display the Context Help window. You also can

display the Context Help window by clicking the Show Context Help Window button on

the toolbar, shown at left, or by pressing the (Ctrl_H) keys

The users can access Lab VIEW Help window either by clicking the More Help button in

the Context Help Window, selecting Help << Lab VIEW or by pressing on (Ctrl_?)

Exercise 2

Build a VI that generates a random number between 0.0 and 10.0 and divides the random

number by a number specified on the front panel. If the number input is 0, the VI should

turn on a front panel LED to indicate a divide by zero error.

Experiment #8Experiment #8Experiment #8Experiment #8: Loops & : Loops & : Loops & : Loops & StructuresStructuresStructuresStructures




Page 58

Structures are graphical representation of loops and case statements of test-based

programming languages.

While Loop:

A while loop executes the sub diagrams until the conditional terminal (an input terminal)

is met (receives a specific Boolean value). The default behavior of the conditional terminal

is Stop if true, the while loop executes its sub diagram until the conditional terminal

receives a true value, the output terminal (iteration) contains the number of completed

iterations, the iteration count always starts at zero.

Exercise # 1: Auto Match VI

Complete the following steps to build a VI that generates integer random numbers (0-10)

until the number generated matches a number you specify in the front panel. The loop count

terminal records the number of iterations before a match occurs.

Front Panel: 1. Open a new front panel.

2. Build the following front panel and modify the controls and indicators as shown.

Figure (8.1): Auto match VI front panel

*The number to match control specifies the number you want to match.

*The current number indicator displays the current random number.

*The # of iterations indicator displays the number of iterations before a match.

Block diagram: 1. Build the following block diagram.




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Random

Number

While Loop

Round to nearest

Iteration Number

Tunnel Conditional

Terminal Figure (8.2): Auto match VI block diagram

*How to translate the question (text based) into graphical representation (source

code)??

1. The random number function produces a random number between 0 and 1,

multiply the random by 10 to produce random numbers between 0 and 10.

2. The round to nearest function rounds the random number to the nearest integer.

3. The not equal function compares the random number with number to match and

returns true if the numbers are not equal; otherwise, it returns false.

4. The tunnel feed data into and out of the while loop structure, data pass out of a

loop after the loop terminates. You can read and process every element after each iteration

by enabling auto indexing (right click the tunnel and select enable indexing)

Disable auto indexing by right clicking the tunnel and selecting disable indexing from the

shortcut menu. For example, disable auto indexing if you need only the last value passed to

the tunnel.




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5. The loop executes while no match exists. That is, the not equal function returns

TRUE if the two numbers not match. Each time the loop executes the iteration terminal

increments by one. The iteration count passes out of the loop upon completion. This value

increments by one outside the loop because the count starts at zero. (You can change the

behavior of the conditional terminal by right –clicking the terminal and selecting Continue

if true).

Exercise # 2: Temperature monitor VI

Complete the following steps to build a VI that acquires virtual temperatures every one

second and display it on a waveform chart until the power is off. Figure (8.3): Temperature

monitor VI

* The digital thermometer VI Produces random temperature values between 70°f

and 90° f.

* The wait until next ms multiple add timing to the acquiring. (1000ms delay).

* The while loop executes temperature acquiring every one second until the

power is off. For Loop:




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Executes its sub diagram N times. For loop has two numbers associated with - the

Termination count (N is the upper left corner) which is the total number of

times the for loop runs before terminating and the iteration count (i in the lower left corner).

Case structure:

A case structure has two or more sub diagrams or cases. Only one sub diagram is

visible at a time. And the structure executes only one case at a time. An input value

determines which sub diagram executes.

The case selector identifier at the top of the case structure contains the case

selector identifier in the center and decrement and increment arrow buttons on each side.

Use the decrement and increment arrow buttons to scroll through the available cases.

Wire an input value or selector to the selector terminal to determine which case

executes. You can wire an integer, Boolean value or string. If the selector terminal is

Boolean, the structure has a TRUE case and a FALSE case.

• Right click the case structure border to add duplicate, remove or rearrange cases and to

select a default case (you must specify a default case).

Exercise #3: Boolean Case Structure

In the following example, the numbers a and b are either added or subtracted depending on

the value wired to the selector terminal.




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Figure (8.4): Boolean Case Structures

If the Boolean control wired to the selector terminal is true, the VI adds the numbers,

otherwise the VI subtracts the numbers.

Accessing Previous Loop - Data Shift Register:

Use shift register on for loops and while loops to transfer values from one loop to the next,

create a shift register by right clicking the left or right border of a loop and selecting add

shift register from the shortcut menu.

You can use shift register to remember values from previous iterations. This technique is

useful for averaging data points. To configure a shift register to carry more than one value

to the next iteration, right click the left terminal and select add element from the shortcut

menu.

To initialize a shift register, wire any value from outside the loop to the left terminal. If you

don't initialize the register, the loop uses the value written to the register when the loop last

executed or the default value for the data type if the loop has never executed. For example,

if the shift register data type is Boolean, the initial value is false. Similarly, if the shift

register data type is numeric, the initial value is 0.

Exercise #4: Shift Register Example VI

1. Build the following front panel.




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Figure (8.5): Shift register exercise front panel

2. Display the following block diagram:

Figure (8.6): Shift register exercise block diagram

* The Xi indicator displays the current value), which shifts to the left terminal at the

beginning of the next iteration. The X (i-1) indicator displays the value one iteration ago,

the X (i-2) indicator displays the value two iterations ago, and so on.

* The 0 wired to the left terminal initializes the elements of the shift register to 0.

* Click the highlight Execution button to enable execution step by step.

*In each iteration of the while loop, the VI transfers the previous values through the left

terminals of the shift register. Each iteration of the loop adds 5 to the current data, Xi .this

value shifts to the left terminal, X (i-1), at the beginning of the next iteration. The values at

the left terminal tunnel downward through the terminals. This VI retains the last three

values.

*The output of the first iteration is: Xi=5,X(i-1) =0 ,X(i-2) =0 ,X(i-3) =0.The second

iteration is: Xi=10,X(i-1) =5 ,X(i-2) =0 ,X(i-3) =0 and so on.




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Exercise#5: Temperature running Average VI

Complete the following steps to modify the temperature monitor VI (Exercise#2) to

average the last three temperature measurements and display the average on a waveform

chart.

1. Front Panel: open the temperature monitor VI you built in Exercise #2.

2. Display the block diagram.

3. Right click the left or right border of the while loop and select add shift register.

4. Right click the left terminal of the shift register and select add element.

5. Modify the block diagram as follows:

Figure (8.7): Temp running average block diagram

The thermometer VI (inside the loop) returns one temperature measurement every

second and the outside one initializes the left shift registers before the loop starts.

The compound arithmetic function returns the sum of the current temp X(i) and the

two previous temp readings X(i-1) and X(i-2).

Divide function returns the average of the last three temp readings (current value

X(i), one iteration ago value X(i-1)and two iteration ago value X(i-2)).

Run the VI, during each iteration of the while loop, the thermometer VI takes one

temperature measurement. The VI adds this value to the last two measurements

stored in the left terminals of the shift register, the VI divides the result by three to

find the average of the three measurements.




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Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #9: Arrays9: Arrays9: Arrays9: Arrays

Arrays group data elements of the same type. An array consists of elements and

dimensions. Elements are the data that make up the array; a dimension is the length, height

or depth of an array. An array can have one or more dimensions.

An array uses an index so you can readily access any particular element. The index is zero

based, which means it is in the range 0 to n-1.where n is the number of elements in the

array.

*Creating 1D array of random numbers (0-1):

Front Panel: Select an array on the Controls>>Modern>> array, Matrix & cluster

palette, place it on the front panel and drag a control or indicator into the array shell. (Or

from “Search” option you can write “array” and select “array, Matrix & cluster”.

Figure (9.1): 1D array front panel

Block diagram: Build the following block diagram

Figure (9.2): 1D array block diagram

2D array stores elements in a grid, it requires a column index and a row index to locate an

element, both of which are zero based.




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Column Index

0 1 2

0

1

Row Index 2

3

To add dimension to an array one at a time, right click the index display and select add

dimension.

Auto-indexing:

If you wire an array to a for loop or while loop input tunnel, you can read and process every

element in that array by enabling auto indexing. When you auto index an array output

tunnel, the output array receives a new element from every iteration of the loop.

Disable auto indexing by right clicking the tunnel and selecting disable indexing from the

shortcut menu. For example, disable auto indexing if you need only the last value passed to

the tunnel.

*Creating 2D arrays of random numbers (0-1):

You can use two for loops, one inside the other to create a 2D array. The outer loop creates

the row elements and the inner loop creates the column elements.

Figure (9.3): 2D array examples

Exercise #1: Array functions

Build a VI that first accumulates an array of temperature values using the digital

thermometer VI. Incorporate these items:




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* Set the array size with a control on the front panel.

* Initialize an array using the initialize array function of the same size where all values

are equal to 10.

* add the two arrays, calculate the size of the final array and extract the middle value from

the final array.

* display the temperature array, initialized array, final array and mid value.

Array functions

Array Size: The Array Size Function returns the number of elements in an array it is

wired to.

Initialize Array : Initialize Array crates an array of dimension size elements containing the

element

value.

Build Array : Build Array links multiple arrays. It appends elements to an array and it

concatenates multiple arrays.




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Array Subset: Array Subset returns a portion of an array starting at index and containing

length elements.

Index Array: Returns the element or subarray of n-dimension array at index




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Array Max & Min: Returns the maximum and minimum values found in array, along

with the indexes for each value

• max value is of the same data type and structure as the elements in array.

• max index(es) is the index for the first max value. If array is

multidimensional, max index(es) is an array whose elements are the indexes for

the first maximum value in array.

• min value is of the same data type and structure as the elements in array.

• min index(es) is the index for the first min value. If array is

multidimensional, min index(es) is an array whose elements are the indexes for

the first minimum value in array.




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Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #Experiment #10101010

Data Acquisition Devices in Lab VIEWData Acquisition Devices in Lab VIEWData Acquisition Devices in Lab VIEWData Acquisition Devices in Lab VIEW Lab view includes a set of VI’s that let you configure, acquire data from and send data to

DAQ devices, often one device can perform a variety of functions: analog to digital

conversion, digital to analog conversions and digital I/O.

Figure (10.1): Data acquisition system

Exercise #2:

Objective: Using measurement and automation explorer to examine the current DAQ

configuration and adding one virtual channel.

1. Start measurement and automation explorer by selecting tools>>measurement and

automation in lab view; the utility searches your system for installed national

instruments hardware and displays the information. Expand the devices and interfaces

section to view the installed NI devices.

2. Configuring Channels on the DAQ device by right click the Data Neighborhood icon

and select create new, select virtual channel and click the finish button.

3. Enter the necessary information in the panels that appear to configure a channel to take

a reading from a pulse pletheysmograph sensor (analog input and channel 0).

4. Open a new VI and build the following Block diagram:




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Figure (10.2)

5. Display the front panel, and run the VI.

6. To remove noise from the output waveform, Add digital filter (use Digital IIR

Filter.vi) as shown below:

IIR specifications: * Design type of the filter:

Butterworth.

* Type of the filter: Low Pass.

* Order of the filter: third order.

* Lower Cutoff frequency: 0.

* Upper cutoff frequency: 10.

Figure (10.3): Digital IIR filter

7. Write the data acquired from the analog input channel to a specified file (excel format)

using Export waveforms to spreadsheet file VI.

8. Reopen the file in Microsoft Office Excel.




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Figure (10.4): Export waveform to spreadsheet file

Lab VIEW File I/O

When conducting experiments with equipment it is important to record data for analysis

and calibration of instruments. Lab VIEW has several functions for writing data to files –

both continuous writing (online, while the VI runs) and batch (offline) writing. Lab VIEW

has also functions for reading data in such log-files. These functions are available on the

Programming > File I/O palette.

File I/O operations pass data to and from files. Use the File I/O VIs and functions located

on the Programming » File I/O palette to handle all aspects of file I/O, including the

following:

• Opening and closing data files.

• Reading data from and writing data to files.

• Reading from and writing to spreadsheet-formatted files.

• Moving and renaming files and directories.

• Changing file characteristics.

• Creating, modifying, and reading a configuration file.

File Formats The file formats that are supported by the File I/O functions are:

• LVM (Lab VIEW Measurement) which are text files that contain data that can be read

by a human being because numbers are represented as text. For example, the number

0.231 is stored as the text (or string) "0.231". A large benefit of storing numerical data

in the text format is that the file can be opened and displayed in any tool that supports

text files, e.g. MS Word, Notepad, Excel, MATLAB, Web browsers. (It may be




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necessary to change the file name extension from lvm to e.g. txt or dat before opening

the file in such tools). Thus, text files provide great portability. However, the text files

will be larger than if the data were written in a binary format, and the data are stored

with less accuracy, but these issues are not important on ordinary PC's, but may be

important on dedicated computers with limited storage.

• TDMS (Technical Data Management - Streaming) which are binary files in an internal

Lab VIEW file format. The TDMS format gives more effective and accurate data

storage than the LVM format. TDMS files may be opened in Lab VIEW, of course, and

in NI DIAdem which is a software tool for managing, analyzing, and reporting data in

log files. TDMS files can save data in an organized way using a number of Groups and

a number of Channels within a given Group. (The older TDM file format is still

supported).

• Spreadsheet Files (Excel): which are compatible to MS Excel spreadsheet files. With

Lab VIEW we can write data to an Excel spreadsheet file and read data from an Excel

spreadsheet file.

Exercise #3: Reading Data from Spreadsheet File

Build a VI that reads a Spreadsheet file of a “Pulse Signal” acquired by Lab Scribe Software.

1. Select “Read From Spreadsheet File.vi” from Programming > File I/O palette.

2. Determine the path of the required file. (The Path is found from the front panel located

on the All Controls» String & Path» File Path Control).

3. Split the output signals into X input (Time) and Y input (Pulse amplitude).

4. Plot the signal on XY Graph.

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