Jonna Rules of Court

8/12/2019 Jonna Rules of Court

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PART I.

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Rules 1 71

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Concept of Reme!"l L"#

Reme!"l L"# !s t$"t %&"nc$ of l"# #$!c$ p&esc&!%es t$e met$o of enfo&c!n' &!'$ts o&

o%t"!n!n' &e&ess fo& t$e!& !n("s!on

Su%st"nt!(e L"# "s D!st!n'u!s$e f&om Reme!"l L"#

Su%st"nt!(e l"# c&e"tes) ef!nes "n &e'ul"tes &!'$ts "n ut!es &e'"&!n' l!fe) l!%e&t* o&

p&ope&t* #$!c$ #$en (!ol"te '!(es &!se to " c"use of "ct!on +,ustos (. Luce&o) -1 P$!l. /0.

Reme!"l l"# p&esc&!%es t$e met$os of enfo&c!n' t$ose &!'$ts "n o%l!'"t!ons c&e"te %*

su%st"nt!(e l"# %* p&o(!!n' " p&oceu&"l s*stem fo& o%t"!n!n' &e&ess fo& t$e !n("s!on of

&!'$ts "n (!ol"t!ons of ut!es "n %* p&esc&!%!n' &ules "s to $o# su!ts "&e f!le) t&!e "nec!e %* t$e cou&ts.

As "ppl!e to c&!m!n"l l"#) su%st"nt!(e l"# !s t$"t #$!c$ ecl"&es #$"t "cts "&e c&!mes "n

p&esc&!%es t$e pun!s$ment fo& comm!tt!n' t$em) "s !st!n'u!s$e f&om &eme!"l l"# #$!c$

p&o(!es o& &e'ul"tes t$e steps %* #$!c$ one #$o comm!ts " c&!me !s to %e pun!s$e.

Rule23"4!n' Po#e& of t$e Sup&eme Cou&t

Sect!on 5 +5) A&t. VIII of t$e Const!tut!on p&o(!es t$"t t$e Sup&eme Cou&t s$"ll $"(e t$e

po#e& to p&omul'"te &ules conce&n!n' t$e p&otect!on "n enfo&cement of const!tut!on"l &!'$ts)

ple"!n') p&"ct!ce) "n p&oceu&e !n "ll cou&ts) t$e "m!ss!on to t$e p&"ct!ce of l"#) t$e

Inte'&"te ,"&) "n le'"l "ss!st"nce to t$e une&p&!(!le'e. Suc$ &ules s$"ll p&o(!e "s!mpl!f!e "n !ne6pens!(e p&oceu&e fo& t$e spee !spos!t!on of c"ses) s$"ll %e un!fo&m fo&

"ll cou&ts of t$e s"me '&"e) "n s$"ll not !m!n!s$) !nc&e"se) o& mo!f* su%st"nt!(e &!'$ts.

Rules of p&oceu&e of spec!"l cou&ts "n u"s!28u!c!"l %o!es s$"ll &em"!n effect!(e unless

!s"pp&o(e %* t$e Sup&eme Cou&t.

L!m!t"t!ons of t$e Rule2m"4!n' Po#e& of t$e Sup&eme Cou&t

+1 T$e &ules s$"ll p&o(!e " s!mpl!f!e "n !ne6pens!(e p&oceu&e fo& t$e spee*

!spos!t!on of c"ses

+9 T$e* s$"ll %e un!fo&m fo& "ll cou&ts of t$e s"me '&"e

+: T$e* s$"ll not !m!n!s$) !nc&e"se) o& mo!f* su%st"nt!(e &!'$ts+Sec. 5;5


2/23

Po#e& of t$e Sup&eme Cou&t to "men "n suspen p&oceu&"l &ules

+1 =$en compell!n' &e"sons so #"&&"nt o& #$en t$e pu&pose of 8ust!ce &eu!&es !t. =$"t

const!tutes "n 'oo "n suff!c!ent c"use t$"t #oul me&!t suspens!on of t$e &ules !s

!sc&et!on"&* upon cou&ts.+CIR (. 3!'&"nt P"'%!l"o Co&p.) GR 15>5>:) Oct. 19) 900.

Re"sons t$"t #oul #"&&"nt t$e suspens!on of t$e Rules? +" t$e e6!stence of spec!"l o&

compell!n' c!&cumst"nces +% me&!ts of t$e c"se +c c"use not ent!&el* "tt&!%ut"%le to t$e f"ult

o& ne'l!'ence of t$e p"&t* f"(o&e %* t$e suspens!on of &ules + " l"c4 of "* s$o#!n' t$"tt$e &e(!e# sou'$t !s me&el* f&!(olous "n !l"to&* +e t$e ot$e& p"&t* #!ll not %e un8ustl*

p&e8u!ce t$e&e%* +S"&m!ento (. @"&"t"n) GR 17/71) e%. 5) 9007

+9 To &el!e(e " l!t!'"nt of "n !n8ust!ce commensu&"te #!t$ $!s f"!lu&e to compl* #!t$ t$e

p&esc&!%e p&oceu&e "n t$e me&e !n(oc"t!on of su%st"nt!"l 8ust!ce !s not " m"'!c"l

!nc"nt"t!on t$"t #!ll "utom"t!c"ll* compel t$e Cou&t to suspen p&oceu&"l &ules. +Cu2Un8!en'

(. CA) /7> SCRA 5>/

+: =$e&e su%st"nt!"l "n !mpo&t"nt !ssues "#"!t &esolut!on. +P"'%!l"o) sup&"

+/ =$en t&"nscenent"l m"tte&s of l!fe) l!%e&t* o& st"te secu&!t* "&e !n(ol(e. +3!n"n"o

S"(!n's Lo"n Asso. V. V!cent" V". De lo&es) /> SCRA /1.+5 T$e const!tut!on"l po#e& of t$e Sup&eme Cou&t to p&omul'"te &ules of p&"ct!ce "n

p&oceu&e necess"&!l* c"&&!es #!t$ !t t$e po#e& to o(e&tu&n 8u!c!"l p&eceents on po!nts of

&eme!"l l"# t$&ou'$ t$e "menment of t$e Rules of Cou&t +P!n'" (s. Be!&s of S"nt!"'o) GR

170:5/) une :0) 900.

N"tu&e of P$!l!pp!ne Cou&ts

P$!l!pp!ne cou&ts "&e %ot$ cou&ts of l"# "n eu!t*. Bence) %ot$ le'"l "n eu!t"%le

8u&!s!ct!on !s !spense #!t$ !n t$e s"me t&!%un"l. +US (. T"mp"&on') :1 P$!l. :91

=$"t !s " Cou&t

+1 It !s "n o&'"n of 'o(e&nment %elon'!n' to t$e 8u!c!"l ep"&tment t$e funct!on of #$!c$

!s t$e "ppl!c"t!on of t$e l"#s to t$e cont&o(e&s!es %&ou'$t %efo&e !t "s #ell "s t$e pu%l!c

"m!n!st&"t!on of 8ust!ce.

+9 It !s " 'o(e&nment"l %o* off!c!"ll* "ssem%le une& "ut$o&!t* of l"# "t t$e "pp&op&!"te

t!me "n pl"ce fo& t$e "m!n!st&"t!on of 8ust!ce t$&ou'$ #$!c$ t$e St"te enfo&ces !ts

so(e&e!'n &!'$ts "n po#e&s +91 CS 1.

+: It !s " %o"& o& t&!%un"l #$!c$ ec!es " l!t!'"t!on o& contest+B!"l'o (. 3"n'l"pus) /

OG :1->.

Cou&t !st!n'u!s$e f&om u'e

+1 A cou&t !s " t&!%un"l off!c!"ll* "ssem%le une& "ut$o&!t* of l"# " 8u'e !s s!mpl* "n

off!ce& of suc$ t&!%un"l

+9 A cou&t !s "n o&'"n of t$e 'o(e&nment #!t$ " pe&son"l!t* sep"&"te "n !st!nct f&om t$e

pe&son o& 8u'e #$o s!ts on !t


3/23

+: A cou&t !s " %e!n' !n !m"'!n"t!on comp"&"%le to " co&po&"t!on) #$e&e"s " 8u'e !s "

p$*s!c"l pe&son

+/ A cou&t m"* %e cons!e&e "n off!ce " 8u'e !s " pu%l!c off!ce& "n

+5 T$e c!&cumst"nces of t$e cou&t "&e not "ffecte %* t$e c!&cumst"nces t$"t #oul "ffect

t$e 8u'e.

Cl"ss!f!c"t!on of P$!l!pp!ne Cou&ts

+1 Re'ul"& cou&ts en'"'e !n t$e "m!n!st&"t!on of 8ust!ce "&e o&'"n!e !nto fou& +/

le(els?

+" !&st Le(el +3TCs) 3eTCs) 3CTCs #$!c$ t&* "n ec!e +1 c&!m!n"l "ct!ons !n(ol(!n'

(!ol"t!ons of c!t* o& mun!c!p"l o&!n"nces comm!tte #!t$!n t$e!& &espect!(e te&&!to&!"l

8u&!s!ct!on "n offenses pun!s$"%le #!t$ !mp&!sonment not e6cee!n' s!6 + *e"&s

!&&espect!(e of t$e "mount of f!ne "n &e'"&less of ot$e& !mpos"%le "ccesso&* o& ot$e&pen"lt!es) "n +9 c!(!l "ct!ons !nclu!n' e8ectment) &eco(e&* of pe&son"l p&ope&t* #!t$ " ("lue

of not mo&e t$"n P:00)000 outs!e 33 o& oes not e6cee P/00)000 !n 33

+% Secon Le(el +RTCs) "m!l* Cou&ts cou&ts of 'ene&"l 8u&!s!ct!on "mon' t$e c!(!l

"ct!ons "ss!'ne to t$em %* l"# "&e t$ose !n #$!c$ t$e su%8ect of l!t!'"t!on !s !nc"p"%le of

pecun!"&* est!m"t!on) o& !n(ol(!n' t!tle to o& possess!on of &e"l p&ope&t* #$e&e t$e "ssesse

("lue of t$e p&ope&t* e6cees P90)000 outs!e 33 o& e6cees P50)000 !n 33) e6cept "ct!ons

fo& e8ectment +fo&c!%le ent&* "n unl"#ful et"!ne&) o& #$e&e t$e em"n e6clus!(e of

!nte&est) "m"'es of #$"te(e& 4!n) "tto&ne*Fs fees) l!t!'"t!on e6penses) "n cost) o& t$e

("lue of t$e pe&son"l p&ope&t* o& cont&o(e&s* e6cees P:00)000 outs!e 33 o& e6cees

P/00)000 !n 33. RTCs "lso e6e&c!se "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on) to &e(!e# c"ses "ppe"le f&omcou&ts of t$e f!&st le(el

+c T$!& Le(el +Cou&t of Appe"ls) S"n!'"n%"*"n CA !s "n "ppell"te cou&t) &e(!e#!n'

c"ses "ppe"le to !t f&om t$e RTC) on uest!ons of f"ct o& m!6e uest!ons of f"ct "n l"#.

Appe"ls to !t ec!e %* t$e RTC !n t$e e6e&c!se of o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on "&e " m"tte& of &!'$t

"ppe"ls #!t$ &espect to c"ses ec!e %* t$e RTC !n t$e e6e&c!se of !ts "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on

"&e " m"tte& of !sc&et!on. Occ"s!on"ll*) CA m"* "ct "s " t&!"l cou&t) "s !n "ct!ons p&"*!n' fo&

t$e "nnulment of f!n"l "n e6ecuto& 8u'ments of RTCs on t$e '&oun of e6t&!ns!c f&"u

su%seuentl* !sco(e&e) "'"!nst #$!c$ no ot$e& &eme!es l!es.

S"n!'"n%"*"n $"s 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& "ll c&!m!n"l "n c!(!l c"ses !n(ol(!n' '&"ft "n co&&upt

p&"ct!ces "ct) "n suc$ ot$e& offenses comm!tte %* pu%l!c off!ce&s "n emplo*ees !nclu!n'

t$ose !n GOCCs !n &el"t!on to t$e!& off!ce. It "lso $"s e6clus!(e "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& f!n"l

8u'ments) &esolut!ons) o& o&e&s of RTCs #$et$e& !n t$e e6e&c!se of t$e!& o#n o&!'!n"l o&

"ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& c&!m!n"l "n c!(!l c"ses comm!tte %* pu%l!c off!ce&s o& emplo*ees

!nclu!n' t$ose !n GOCCs !n &el"t!on to t$e!& off!ce.

+ ou&t$ Le(el +Sup&eme Cou&t


4/23

Cou&ts of O&!'!n"l "n Appell"te u&!s!ct!on

+1 A cou&t !s one #!t$ o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #$en "ct!ons o& p&ocee!n's "&e o&!'!n"ll* f!le

#!t$ !t. A cou&t !s one #!t$ "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on #$en !t $"s t$e po#e& of &e(!e# o(e& t$e

ec!s!ons o& o&e&s of " lo#e& cou&t

+9 3eTCs) 3CTCs "n 3TCs "&e cou&ts of o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$out "ppell"te

8u&!s!ct!on. RTC !s l!4e#!se " cou&t of o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$ &espect to c"ses o&!'!n"ll* f!le

#!t$ !t "n "ppell"te cou&t #!t$ &espect to c"ses ec!e %* 3TCs #!t$!n !ts te&&!to&!"l

8u&!s!ct!on. +Sec. 99) ,P 19>

+: CA !s p&!m"&!l* " cou&t of "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$ competence to &e(!e# 8u'ments

of t$e RTCs "n spec!f!e u"s!28u!c!"l "'enc!es +Sec. >;:. It !s "lso " cou&t of

o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$ &espect to c"ses f!le %efo&e !t !n(ol(!n' !ssu"nce of #&!ts of

ce&t!o&"&!) m"n"mus) uo #"&&"nto) $"%e"s co&pus) "n p&o$!%!t!on. CA !s " cou&t of o&!'!n"l

"n e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& "ct!ons fo& "nnulment of 8u'ments of RTCs +Sec. > ;1


5/23

P&!nc!ple of u!c!"l B!e&"&c$*

+1 T$!s !s "n o&"!ne seuence of &ecou&se to cou&ts (este #!t$ concu&&ent 8u&!s!ct!on)

%e'!nn!n' f&om t$e lo#est) on to t$e ne6t $!'$est) "n ult!m"tel* to t$e $!'$est. T$!s

$!e&"&c$* !s ete&m!n"t!(e of t$e (enue of "ppe"ls) "n !s l!4e#!se ete&m!n"t!(e of t$e

p&ope& fo&um fo& pet!t!ons fo& e6t&"o&!n"&* #&!ts. T$!s !s "n est"%l!s$e pol!c* necess"&* to"(o! !no&!n"te em"ns upon t$e Cou&tFs t!me "n "ttent!on #$!c$ "&e %ette& e(ote to

t$ose m"tte&s #!t$!n !ts e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on) "n to p&eclue t$e fu&t$e& clo''!n' of t$e

Cou&tFs oc4et +Sec. >;1 Sec. 5;1


6/23

+9 u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pl"!nt!ff !s "cu!&e %* $!s f!l!n' of t$e compl"!nt o& pet!t!on. ,*

o!n' so) $e su%m!ts $!mself to t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e cou&t.

+: u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s o%t"!ne e!t$e& %* " ("l! se&(!ce of

summons upon $!m o& %* $!s (olunt"&* su%m!ss!on to t$e cou&tFs "ut$o&!t*.

+/ T$e moe of "cu!s!t!on of 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pl"!nt!ff "n t$e efen"nt "ppl!es to%ot$ o&!n"&* "n spec!"l c!(!l "ct!ons l!4e m"n"mus o& unl"#ful et"!ne& c"ses.

Bo# 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& pl"!nt!ff !s "cu!&e

+1 Acu!&e #$en t$e "ct!on !s commence %* t$e f!l!n' of t$e compl"!nt. T$!s

p&esupposes p"*ment of t$e oc4et fees

Bo# 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& efen"nt !s "cu!&eu&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s &eu!&e onl* !n "n "ct!on !n pe&son"m !t !s

not " p&e&eu!s!te !n "n "ct!on !n &em "n u"s! !n &em. In "n "ct!on !n pe&son"m) 8u&!s!ct!on

o(e& t$e pe&son !s necess"&* fo& t$e cou&t to ("l!l* t&* "n ec!e t$e c"se) #$!le !n "

p&ocee!n' !n &em o& u"s! !n &em) 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s not "

p&e&eu!s!te to confe& 8u&!s!ct!on on t$e cou&t) p&o(!e t$e l"tte& $"s 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e

&es.

+1 ,* (olunt"&* "ppe"&"nce of t$e efen"nt) #!t$out se&(!ce of summons o& esp!te "

efect!(e se&(!ce of summons. T$e efen"ntFs (olunt"&* "ppe"&"nce !n t$e "ct!on s$"ll %e

eu!("lent to se&(!ce of summons.

+9 Inst"nces #$en "ppe"&"nce of efen"nt !s not t"nt"mount to (olunt"&* su%m!ss!on to

t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e cou&t? +" #$en efen"nt f!les t$e necess"&* ple"!n' +% #$en

efen"nt f!les mot!on fo& &econs!e&"t!on of t$e 8u'ment %* ef"ult +c #$en efen"nt

f!les " pet!t!on to set "s!e t$e 8u'ment of ef"ult + #$en t$e p"&t!es 8o!ntl* su%m!t "

comp&om!se "'&eement fo& "pp&o("l of t$e cou&t +e #$en efen"nt f!les "n "ns#e& to t$e

contempt c$"&'e +f #$en efen"nt f!les " pet!t!on fo& ce&t!o&"&! #!t$out uest!on!n' t$e

cou&tFs 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& $!s pe&son.

u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte&+1 It !s t$e po#e& to e"l #!t$ t$e 'ene&"l su%8ect !n(ol(e !n t$e "ct!on) "n me"ns not

s!mpl* 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e p"&t!cul"& c"se t$en occup*!n' t$e "ttent!on of t$e cou&t %ut

8u&!s!ct!on of t$e cl"ss of c"ses to #$!c$ t$e p"&t!cul"& c"se %elon's. It !s t$e po#e& o&

"ut$o&!t* to $e"& "n ete&m!ne c"ses to #$!c$ t$e p&ocee!n' !s uest!on %elon's.

+9 =$en " compl"!nt !s f!le !n cou&t) t$e %"s!c uest!ons t$"t !pso f"cto "&e to %e

!mme!"tel* &esol(e %* t$e cou&t on !ts o#n? +" =$"t !s t$e su%8ect m"tte& of t$e!&

compl"!nt f!le %efo&e t$e cou&tH +% Does t$e cou&t $"(e 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e s"! su%8ect


7/23

m"tte& of t$e compl"!nt %efo&e !tH Ans#e&!n' t$ese uest!ons !ne(!t"%l* &eu!&es loo4!n' !nto

t$e "ppl!c"%le l"#s confe&&!n' 8u&!s!ct!on.

u&!s!ct!on (e&sus e6e&c!se of 8u&!s!ct!on

+1 u&!s!ct!on !f t$e po#e& o& "ut$o&!t* of t$e cou&t. T$e e6e&c!se of t$!s po#e& o&"ut$o&!t* !s t$e e6e&c!se of 8u&!s!ct!on.

E&&o& of 8u&!s!ct!on (s. e&&o& of 8u'ment

+1 An e&&o& of 8u&!s!ct!on !s one #$e&e t$e "ct compl"!ne of #"s !ssue %* t$e cou&t

#!t$out o& !n e6cess of 8u&!s!ct!on. It occu&s #$en t$e cou&t e6e&c!ses " 8u&!s!ct!on not

confe&&e upon !t %* l"#) o& #$en t$e cou&t o& t&!%un"l "lt$ou'$ #!t$ 8u&!s!ct!on) "cts !n

e6cess of !ts 8u&!s!ct!on o& #!t$ '&"(e "%use of !sc&et!on "mount!n' to l"c4 o& 8u&!s!ct!on.

+9 An e&&o& of 8u'ment !s one #$!c$ t$e cou&t m"* comm!t !n t$e e6e&c!se of !ts8u&!s!ct!on. As lon' "s t$e cou&t "cts #!t$!n !ts 8u&!s!ct!on) "n* "lle'e e&&o&s comm!tte !n

t$e e6e&c!se of !ts !sc&et!on #!ll "mount to not$!n' mo&e t$"n me&e e&&o&s of 8u'ment.

E&&o&s of 8u'ment !nclue e&&o&s of p&oceu&e o& m!st"4es !n t$e cou&tFs f!n!n's.

+: E&&o&s of 8u'ment "&e co&&ect!%le %* "ppe"l e&&o&s of 8u&!s!ct!on "&e co&&ect!%le onl*

%* t$e e6t&"o&!n"&* #&!t of ce&t!o&"&!. An* 8u'ment &ene&e #!t$out 8u&!s!ct!on !s " tot"l

null!t* "n m"* %e st&uc4 o#n "t "n* t!me) e(en on "ppe"l t$e onl* e6cept!on !s #$en t$e

p"&t* &"!s!n' t$e !ssue !s %"&&e %* estoppel.

+/ =$en " cou&t) t&!%un"l) o& off!ce& $"s 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son "n t$e su%8ect

m"tte& of t$e !spute) t$e ec!s!on on "ll ot$e& uest!ons "&!s!n' !n t$e c"se !s "n e6e&c!se oft$"t 8u&!s!ct!on. Conseuentl*) "ll e&&o&s comm!tte !n t$e e6e&c!se of s"! 8u&!s!ct!on "&e

me&el* e&&o&s of 8u'ment. Une& p&e("!l!n' p&oceu&"l &ules "n 8u&!sp&uence) e&&o&s of

8u'ment "&e not p&ope& su%8ects of " spec!"l c!(!l "ct!on fo& ce&t!o&"&!.

Bo# 8u&!s!ct!on !s confe&&e "n ete&m!ne

+1 u&!s!ct!on !s " m"tte& of su%st"nt!(e l"# %ec"use !t !s confe&&e %* l"#. T$!s

8u&!s!ct!on #$!c$ !s " m"tte& of su%st"nt!(e l"# s$oul %e const&ue to &efe& onl* to

8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte&. u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e p"&t!es) t$e !ssues "n t$e &es "&e

m"tte&s of p&oceu&e. T$e test of 8u&!s!ct!on !s #$et$e& t$e cou&t $"s t$e po#e& to ente& !ntot$e !nu!&* "n not #$et$e& t$e ec!s!on !s &!'$t o& #&on'.

+9 It !s t$e ut* of t$e cou&t to cons!e& t$e uest!on of 8u&!s!ct!on %efo&e !t loo4s "t

ot$e& m"tte&s !n(ol(e !n t$e c"se. If t$e cou&t f!ns t$"t !t $"s 8u&!s!ct!on) !t !s t$e ut* of

t$e cou&t to e6e&c!se t$e 8u&!s!ct!on confe&&e upon !t %* l"# "n to &ene& " ec!s!on !n "

c"se p&ope&l* su%m!tte to !t. It c"nnot ecl!ne to e6e&c!se !ts 8u&!s!ct!on. "!lu&e to o so

m"* %e enfo&ce %* #"* of m"n"mus p&ocee!n'.


8/23

Doct&!ne of p&!m"&* 8u&!s!ct!on

+1 Cou&ts #!ll not &esol(e " cont&o(e&s* !n(ol(!n' " uest!on #$!c$ !s #!t$!n t$e

8u&!s!ct!on of "n "m!n!st&"t!(e t&!%un"l) espec!"ll* #$e&e t$e uest!on em"ns t$e e6e&c!se

of soun "m!n!st&"t!(e !sc&et!on &eu!&!n' t$e spec!"l 4no#le'e) e6pe&!ence "n se&(!ces of

t$e "m!n!st&"t!(e t&!%un"l to ete&m!ne tec$n!c"l "n !nt&!c"te m"tte&s of f"ct.

+9 T$e o%8ect!(e !s to 'u!e " cou&t !n ete&m!n!n' #$et$e& !t s$oul &ef&"!n f&om

e6e&c!s!n' !ts 8u&!s!ct!on unt!l "fte& "n "m!n!st&"t!(e "'enc* $"s ete&m!ne some uest!on

o& some "spect of some uest!on "&!s!n' !n t$e p&ocee!n' %efo&e t$e cou&t +Om!ct!n (s. CA)

GR 1/-00/) "nu"&* 99) 9007.

Doct&!ne of "$e&ence of 8u&!s!ct!on cont!nu!t* of 8u&!s!ct!on

+1 In (!e# of t$e p&!nc!ple t$"t once " cou&t $"s "cu!&e 8u&!s!ct!on) t$"t 8u&!s!ct!on

cont!nues unt!l t$e cou&t $"s one "ll t$"t !t c"n o !n t$e e6e&c!se of t$"t 8u&!s!ct!on. T$!s

p&!nc!ple "lso me"ns t$"t once 8u&!s!ct!on $"s "tt"c$e) !t c"nnot %e ouste %* su%seuent$"ppen!n's o& e(ents) "lt$ou'$ of " c$"&"cte& #$!c$ #oul $"(e p&e(ente 8u&!s!ct!on f&om

"tt"c$!n' !n t$e f!&st !nst"nce. T$e cou&t) once 8u&!s!ct!on $"s %een "cu!&e) &et"!ns t$"t

8u&!s!ct!on unt!l !t f!n"ll* !sposes of t$e c"se.

+9 E(en t$e f!n"l!t* of t$e 8u'ment oes not tot"ll* ep&!(e t$e cou&t of 8u&!s!ct!on o(e&

t$e c"se. =$"t t$e cou&t loses !s t$e po#e& to "men) mo!f* o& "lte& t$e 8u'ment. E(en

"fte& t$e 8u'ment $"s %ecome f!n"l) t$e cou&t &et"!ns 8u&!s!ct!on to enfo&ce "n e6ecute !t

+Ec$e'"&"* (s. Sec&et"&* of ust!ce) :01 SCRA >.

O%8ect!on to 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte&

+1 =$en !t "ppe"&s f&om t$e ple"!n's o& e(!ence on &eco& t$"t t$e cou&t $"s no

8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte&) t$e cou&t s$"ll !sm!ss t$e s"me. +Sec. 1) Rule >. T$e

cou&t m"* on !ts o#n !n!t!"t!(e o%8ect to "n e&&oneous 8u&!s!ct!on "n m"* e6 me&o

motu t"4e co'n!"nce of l"c4 of 8u&!s!ct!on "t "n* po!nt !n t$e c"se "n $"s " cle"&l*

&eco'n!e &!'$t to ete&m!ne !ts o#n 8u&!s!ct!on.

+9 u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte& m"* %e &"!se "t "n* st"'e of t$e p&ocee!n's)

e(en fo& t$e f!&st t!me on "ppe"l. =$en t$e cou&t !sm!sses t$e compl"!nt fo& l"c4 of

8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte&) !t !s common &e"son t$"t t$e cou&t c"nnot &em"n t$e

c"se to "not$e& cou&t #!t$ t$e p&ope& 8u&!s!ct!on. Its onl* po#e& !s to !sm!ss "n not to

m"4e "n* ot$e& o&e&.

+: Une& t$e omn!%us mot!on &ule) " mot!on "tt"c4!n' " ple"!n' l!4e " mot!on to !sm!ss

s$"ll !nclue "ll '&ouns t$en "("!l"%le "n "ll o%8ect!ons not so !nclue s$"ll %e eeme

#"!(e. T$e efense of l"c4 of 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e su%8ect m"tte& !s $o#e(e&) " efense not

%"&&e %* t$e f"!lu&e to !n(o4e t$e s"me !n " mot!on to !sm!ss "l&e"* f!le. E(en !f " mot!on

to !sm!ss #"s f!le "n t$e !ssue of 8u&!s!ct!on #"s not &"!se t$e&e!n) " p"&t* m"*) #$en $e

f!les "n "ns#e&) &"!se t$e l"c4 of 8u&!s!ct!on "s "n "ff!&m"t!(e efense %ec"use t$!s efense !s


9/23

not %"&&e une& te omn!%us mot!on &ule.

Effect of estoppel on o%8ect!on to 8u&!s!ct!on

+1 T$e "ct!(e p"&t!c!p"t!on of " p"&t* !n " c"se !s t"nt"mount to &eco'n!t!on of t$"t cou&tFs

8u&!s!ct!on "n #!ll %"& " p"&t* f&om !mpu'n!n' t$e cou&tFs 8u&!s!ct!on. u&!sp&uence$o#e(e&) ! not !nten t$!s st"tement to l"* o#n t$e 'ene&"l &ule. +L"p"n"* A'&!cultu&"l J

De(elopment Co&p. (. Est!t") //> SCRA 9/0 3"n'"!"' (. C"tu%!'2P"sto&"l) /7/ SCRA

15:. T$e S!%on'$"no* "ppl!es onl* to e6cept!on"l c!&cumst"nces. T$e 'ene&"l &ule &em"!ns?

" cou&tFs l"c4 of 8u&!s!ct!on m"* %e &"!se "t "n* st"'e of t$e p&ocee!n's e(en on

"ppe"l +&"ncel Re"lt* Co&p. (. S*c!p) /> SCRA /9/ Concepc!on (. Re'"l"o) GR 17>--)

e%. ) 9007.

+9 T$e oct&!ne of estoppels %* l"c$es !n &el"t!on to o%8ect!ons to 8u&!s!ct!on f!&st

"ppe"&e !n t$e l"nm"&4 c"se of T!8"m (s. S!%on'$"no*) 9: SCRA 9>) #$e&e t$e SC %"&&e "

%el"te o%8ect!on to 8u&!s!ct!on t$"t #"s &"!se onl* "fte& "n "(e&se ec!s!on #"s &ene&e

%* t$e cou&t "'"!nst t$e p"&t* &"!s!n' t$e !ssue of 8u&!s!ct!on "n "fte& see4!n' "ff!&m"t!(e

&el!ef f&om t$e cou&t "n "fte& p"&t!c!p"t!n' !n "ll st"'es of t$e p&ocee!n's. T$!s oct&!ne !s%"se upon '&ouns of pu%l!c pol!c* "n !s p&!nc!p"ll* " uest!on of t$e !neu!t* o& unf"!&ness

of pe&m!tt!n' " &!'$t o& cl"!m to %e enfo&ce o& "sse&te.

+: T$e SC f&o#ns upon t$e unes!&"%le p&"ct!ce of su%m!tt!n' oneFs c"se fo& ec!s!on) "n

t$en "ccept!n' t$e 8u'ment onl* !f f"(o&"%le) %ut "tt"c4!n' !t fo& l"c4 of 8u&!s!ct!on !f !t !s

not +,PI (. ALS 3't. J De(t. Co&p.) /97 SCRA 5/.

u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e !ssues

+1 It !s t$e po#e& of t$e cou&t to t&* "n ec!e !ssues &"!se !n t$e ple"!n's of t$e

p"&t!es.

+9 An !ssue !s " !spute po!nt o& uest!on to #$!c$ p"&t!es to "n "ct!on $"(e n"&&o#e

o#n t$e!& se(e&"l "lle'"t!ons "n upon #$!c$ t$e* "&e es!&ous of o%t"!n!n' " ec!s!on.

=$e&e t$e&e !s no !spute po!nt) t$e&e !s no !ssue.

+: Gene&"ll*) 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e !ssues !s confe&&e "n ete&m!ne %* t$e ple"!n's of

t$e p"&t!es. T$e ple"!n's p&esent t$e !ssues to %e t&!e "n ete&m!ne #$et$e& o& not t$e

!ssues "&e of f"ct o& l"#.

+/ u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e !ssues m"* "lso %e ete&m!ne "n confe&&e %* st!pul"t!on of t$e

p"&t!es "s #$en !n t$e p&e2t&!"l) t$e p"&t!es ente& !nto st!pul"t!ons of f"cts "n ocuments o&

ente& !nto "'&eement s!mpl!f*!n' t$e !ssues of t$e c"se.

+5 It m"* "lso %e confe&&e %* #"!(e& o& f"!lu&e to o%8ect to t$e p&esent"t!on of e(!ence

on " m"tte& not &"!se !n t$e ple"!n's. Be&e t$e p"&t!es t&* #!t$ t$e!& e6p&ess o& !mpl!e

consent !ssues not &"!se %* t$e ple"!n's. T$e !ssues t&!e s$"ll %e t&e"te !n "ll &espects "s

!f t$e* $" %een &"!se !n t$e ple"!n's.


10/23

u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es o& p&ope&t* !n l!t!'"t!on

+1 u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es &efe&s to t$e cou&tFs 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e t$!n' o& t$e p&ope&t*

#$!c$ !s t$e su%8ect of t$e "ct!on. u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es m"* %e "cu!&e %* t$e cou&t %*

pl"c!n' t$e p&ope&t* of t$!n' une& !ts custo* +custo!" le'!s. E6"mple? "tt"c$ment of

p&ope&t*. It m"* "lso %e "cu!&e %* t$e cou&t t$&ou'$ st"tuto&* "ut$o&!t* confe&&!n' upon !t

t$e po#e& to e"l #!t$ t$e p&ope&t* o& t$!n' #!t$!n t$e cou&tFs te&&!to&!"l 8u&!s!ct!on.

E6"mple? su!ts !n(ol(!n' t$e st"tus of t$e p"&t!es o& su!ts !n(ol(!n' t$e p&ope&t* !n t$eP$!l!pp!nes of non2&es!ent efen"nts.

+9 u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es !s "cu!&e %* t$e se!u&e of t$e t$!n' une& le'"l p&ocess

#$e&e%* !t !s %&ou'$t !nto "ctu"l custo* of l"#) o& !t m"* &esult f&om t$e !nst!tut!on of " le'"l

p&ocee!n' #$e&e!n t$e po#e& of t$e cou&t o(e& t$e t$!n' !s &eco'n!e "n m"e

effect!(e+,"nco Esp"Kol !l!p!no (s. P"l"nc") :7 P$!l. 9>1.

u&!s!ct!on of t$e Sup&eme Cou&t

+1 E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on !n pet!t!ons fo& ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus

"'"!nst t$e CA) CO3ELEC) COA) CTA) S"n!'"n%"*"n) NLRC

+9 Concu&&ent o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

+" =!t$ Cou&t of Appe"ls !n pet!t!ons fo& ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus "'"!nst t$e

RTC) CSC) Cent&"l ,o"& of Assessment Appe"ls) u"s!28u!c!"l "'enc!es) "n #&!t of

4"l!4"s"n) "ll su%8ect to t$e oct&!ne of $!e&"&c$* of cou&ts.

+% =!t$ t$e CA "n RTC !n pet!t!ons fo& ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus "'"!nst

lo#e& cou&ts "n %o!es "n !n pet!t!ons fo& uo #"&&"nto) "n #&!ts of $"%e"s co&pus) "ll

su%8ect to t$e oct&!ne of $!e&"&c$* of cou&ts.

+c =!t$ CA) RTC "n S"n!'"n%"*"n fo& pet!t!ons fo& #&!ts of "mp"&o "n $"%e"s "t"

+ Concu&&ent o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$ t$e RTC !n c"ses "ffect!n' "m%"ss"o&s) pu%l!c

m!n!ste&s "n consuls.

+: Appell"te 8u&!s!ct!on %* #"* of pet!t!on fo& &e(!e# on ce&t!o&"&! +"ppe"l %* ce&t!o&"&!

une& Rule /5 "'"!nst CA) S"n!'"n%"*"n) RTC on pu&e uest!ons of l"# "n !n c"ses

!n(ol(!n' t$e const!tut!on"l!t* o& ("l!!t* of " l"# o& t&e"t*) !nte&n"t!on"l o& e6ecut!(e

"'&eement) l"#) p&es!ent!"l ec&ee) p&ocl"m"t!on) o&e&) !nst&uct!on) o&!n"nce o& &e'ul"t!on)

le'"l!t* of " t"6) !mpost) "ssessment) toll o& pen"lt*) 8u&!s!ct!on of " lo#e& cou&t "n CTA !n

!ts ec!s!ons &ene&e en %"nc.

+/ E6cept!ons !n #$!c$ f"ctu"l !ssues m"* %e &esol(e %* t$e Sup&eme Cou&t?

+" =$en t$e f!n!n's "&e '&oune ent!&el* on specul"t!on) su&m!ses o& con8ectu&es

+% =$en t$e !nfe&ence m"e !s m"n!festl* m!st"4en) "%su& o& !mposs!%le

+c =$en t$e&e !s '&"(e "%use of !sc&et!on

+ =$en t$e 8u'ment !s %"se on m!s"pp&e$ens!on of f"cts


11/23

+e =$en t$e f!n!n's of f"cts "&e confl!ct!n'

+f =$en !n m"4!n' !ts f!n!n's t$e CA #ent %e*on t$e !ssues of t$e c"se) o& !ts f!n!n's

"&e cont&"&* to t$e "m!ss!ons of %ot$ t$e "ppell"nt "n t$e "ppellee

+' =$en t$e f!n!n's "&e cont&"&* to t$e t&!"l cou&t

+$ =$en t$e f!n!n's "&e conclus!ons #!t$out c!t"t!on of spec!f!c e(!ence on #$!c$ t$e*

"&e %"se

+! =$en t$e f"cts set fo&t$ !n t$e pet!t!on "s #ell "s !n t$e pet!t!one&Fs m"!n "n &epl*

%&!efs "&e not !spute %* t$e &esponent

+8 =$en t$e f!n!n's of f"ct "&e p&em!se on t$e suppose "%sence of e(!ence "n

cont&"!cte %* t$e e(!ence on &eco& "

+4 =$en t$e Cou&t of Appe"ls m"n!festl* o(e&loo4e ce&t"!n &ele("nt f"cts not !spute %*

t$e p"&t!es) #$!c$) !f p&ope&l* cons!e&e) coul 8ust!f* " !ffe&ent conclus!on.

u&!s!ct!on of t$e Cou&t of Appe"ls

+1 E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on !n "ct!ons fo& t$e "nnulment of t$e 8u'ments of t$e RTC.

+9 Concu&&ent o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

+" =!t$ SC to !ssue #&!ts of ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus "'"!nst t$e RTC) CSC)

C,AA) ot$e& u"s!28u!c!"l "'enc!es ment!one !n Rule /:) "n t$e NLRC) "n #&!t of

4"l!4"s"n.

+% =!t$ t$e SC "n RTC to !ssue #&!ts of ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus "'"!nst

lo#e& cou&ts "n %o!es "n #&!ts of uo #"&&"nto) $"%e"s co&pus) #$et$e& o& not !n "! of !ts

"ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on) "n #&!t of cont!nu!n' m"n"mus on en(!&onment"l c"ses.

+c =!t$ SC) RTC "n S"n!'"n%"*"n fo& pet!t!ons fo& #&!ts of "mp"&o "n $"%e"s "t"

+: E6clus!(e "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on

+" %* #"* of o&!n"&* "ppe"l f&om t$e RTC "n t$e "m!l* Cou&ts.

+% %* #"* of pet!t!on fo& &e(!e# f&om t$e RTC &ene&e %* t$e RTC !n t$e e6e&c!se of !ts

"ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on.

+c %* #"* of pet!t!on fo& &e(!e# f&om t$e ec!s!ons) &esolut!ons) o&e&s o& "#"&s of t$e

CSC) C,AA "n ot$e& %o!es ment!one !n Rule /: "n of t$e Off!ce of t$e Om%usm"n !n

"m!n!st&"t!(e !sc!pl!n"&* c"ses.

+ o(e& ec!s!ons of 3TCs !n c""st&"l o& l"n &e'!st&"t!on c"ses pu&su"nt to !ts ele'"te


12/23

8u&!s!ct!on t$!s !s %ec"use ec!s!ons of 3TCs !n t$ese c"ses "&e "ppe"l"%le !n t$e s"me

m"nne& "s ec!s!ons of RTCs.

u&!s!ct!on of t$e Cou&t of T"6 Appe"ls +une& RA >9-9 "n Rule 5) A3 052112072CTA

+1 E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l o& "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on to &e(!e# %* "ppe"l

+" Dec!s!ons of CIR !n c"ses !n(ol(!n' !spute "ssessments) &efuns of !nte&n"l &e(enue

t"6es) fees o& ot$e& c$"&'es) pen"lt!es !n &el"t!on t$e&eto) o& ot$e& m"tte&s "&!s!n' une& t$e

NIRC o& ot$e& l"#s "m!n!ste&e %* ,IR

+% In"ct!on %* CIR !n c"ses !n(ol(!n' !spute "ssessments) &efuns of IR t"6es) fees o&

ot$e& c$"&'es) pen"lt!es !n &el"t!on t$e&eto) o& ot$e& m"tte&s "&!s!n' une& t$e NIRC o& ot$e&

l"#s "m!n!ste&e %* ,IR) #$e&e t$e NIRC o& ot$e& "ppl!c"%le l"# p&o(!es " spec!f!c pe&!o

of "ct!on) !n #$!c$ c"se t$e !n"ct!on s$"ll %e eeme "n !mpl!e en!"l

+c Dec!s!ons) o&e&s o& &esolut!ons of t$e RTCs !n loc"l t"6eso&!'!n"ll* ec!e o& &esol(e

%* t$em !n t$e e6e&c!se of t$e!& o&!'!n"l o& "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on

+ Dec!s!ons of t$e Comm!ss!one& of Customs +1 !n c"ses !n(ol(!n' l!"%!l!t* fo& customsut!es) fees o& ot$e& c$"&'es) se!u&e) etent!on o& &ele"se of p&ope&t* "ffecte) f!nes)

fo&fe!tu&es o& ot$e& pen"lt!es !n &el"t!on t$e&eto) o& +9 ot$e& m"tte&s "&!s!n' une& t$e

Customs l"# o& ot$e& l"#s) p"&t of l"#s o& spec!"l l"#s "m!n!ste&e %* ,OC

+e Dec!s!ons of t$e Cent&"l ,o"& of Assessment Appe"ls !n t$e e6e&c!se of !ts "ppell"te

8u&!s!ct!on o(e& c"ses !n(ol(!n' t$e "ssessment "n t"6"t!on of &e"l p&ope&t* o&!'!n"ll*

ec!e %* t$e p&o(!nc!"l o& c!t* %o"& of "ssessment "ppe"ls

+f Dec!s!on of t$e sec&et"&* of !n"nce on customs c"ses ele("te to $!m "utom"t!c"ll*

fo& &e(!e# f&om ec!s!ons of t$e Comm!ss!one& of Customs #$!c$ "&e "(e&se to t$e

'o(e&nment une& Sec. 9:15 of t$e T"&!ff "n Customs Coe

+' Dec!s!ons of Sec&et"&* of T&"e "n Inust&* !n t$e c"se of non2"'&!cultu&"l p&ouct)

commo!t* o& "&t!cle) "n t$e Sec&et"&* of A'&!cultu&e !n t$e c"se of "'&!cultu&"l p&ouct)commo!t* o& "&t!cle) !n(ol(!n' ump!n' ut!es "n counte&(e!l!n' ut!es une& Secs. :01 "n

:09) &espect!(el*) of t$e T"&!ff "n Customs Coe) "n s"fe'u"& me"su&es une& RA --00)

#$e&e e!t$e& p"&t* m"* "ppe"l t$e ec!s!on to !mpose o& not to !mpose s"! ut!es.

+9 E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

+" O(e& "ll c&!m!n"l c"ses "&!s!n' f&om (!ol"t!on of t$e NIRC of t$e TCC "n ot$e& l"#s)

p"&t of l"#s) o& spec!"l l"#s "m!n!ste&e %* t$e ,IR o& t$e ,OC #$e&e t$e p&!nc!p"l "mount

of t"6es "n fees) e6clus!(e of c$"&'es "n pen"lt!es cl"!me !s less t$"t P13 o& #$e&e t$e&e

!s no spec!f!e "mount cl"!me +t$e offenses o& pen"lt!es s$"ll %e t&!e %* t$e &e'ul"& cou&ts

"n t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e CTA s$"ll %e "ppell"te

+% In t"6 collect!on c"ses !n(ol(!n' f!n"l "n e6ecuto&* "ssessments fo& t"6es) fees)

c$"&'es "n pen"lt!es #$e&e t$e p&!nc!p"l "mount of t"6es "n fees) e6clus!(e of c$"&'es "n

pen"lt!es cl"!me !s less t$"n P13 t&!e %* t$e p&ope& 3TC) 3eTC "n RTC.

+: E6clus!(e "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on

+" In c&!m!n"l offenses +1 o(e& "ppe"ls f&om t$e 8u'ment) &esolut!ons o& o&e&s of t$e


13/23

RTC !n t"6 c"ses o&!'!n"ll* ec!e %* t$em) !n t$e!& &espect!(e te&&!to&!"l 8u&!s!ct!on) "n +9

o(e& pet!t!ons fo& &e(!e# of t$e 8u'ments) &esolut!ons o& o&e&s of t$e RTC !n t$e e6e&c!se of

t$e!& "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t"6 c"ses o&!'!n"ll* ec!e %* t$e 3eTCs) 3TCs) "n 3CTCs

!n t$e!& &espect!(e 8u&!s!ct!on

+% In t"6 collect!on c"ses +1 o(e& "ppe"ls f&om t$e 8u'ments) &esolut!ons o& o&e&s of

t$e RTC !n t"6 collect!on c"ses o&!'!n"ll* ec!e %* t$em !n t$e!& &espect!(e te&&!to&!"l8u&!s!ct!on "n +9 o(e& pet!t!ons fo& &e(!e# of t$e 8u'ments) &esolut!ons o& o&e&s of t$e

RTC !n t$e e6e&c!se of t$e!& "ppell"te 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t"6 collect!on c"ses o&!'!n"ll* ec!e

%* t$e 3eTCs) 3TCs "n 3CTCs !n t$e!& &espect!(e 8u&!s!ct!on.

u&!s!ct!on of t$e S"n!'"n%"*"n

+1 O&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on !n "ll c"ses !n(ol(!n'

+" V!ol"t!ons of RA :01> +Ant!2G&"ft "n Co&&upt P&"ct!ces Act

+% V!ol"t!ons of RA 1:7> +Ant!2Ill2Gotten =e"lt$ Act

+c ,&!%e&* +C$"pte& II) Sec. 9) T!tle VII) ,oo4 II) RPC #$e&e one o& mo&e of t$e p&!nc!p"l

"ccuse "&e occup*!n' t$e follo#!n' pos!t!ons !n t$e 'o(e&nment) #$et$e& !n pe&m"nent)

"ct!n' o& !nte&!m c"p"c!t* "t t$e t!me of t$e comm!ss!on of t$e offense

1.Off!c!"ls of t$e e6ecut!(e %&"nc$ occup*!n' t$e pos!t!ons of &e'!on"l !&ecto& "n

$!'$e&) ot$e!se cl"ss!f!e "s G&"e 97 "n $!'$e&) of t$e Compens"t!on "n Pos!t!on

Cl"ss!f!c"t!on Act of 1>-> +RA 75-

9.3em%e&s of Con'&ess "n off!c!"ls t$e&eof cl"ss!f!e "s G297 "n up une& RA 75-

:.3em%e&s of t$e u!c!"&* #!t$out p&e8u!ce to t$e p&o(!s!ons of t$e Const!tut!on/.C$"!&men "n 3em%e&s of t$e Const!tut!on"l Comm!ss!ons #!t$out p&e8u!ce to t$e

p&o(!s!ons of t$e Const!tut!on

5.All ot$e& n"t!on"l "n loc"l off!c!"ls cl"ss!f!e "s G&"e 97 "n $!'$e& une& RA

75-

+ Ot$e& offenses o& felon!es comm!tte %* t$e pu%l!c off!c!"ls "n emplo*ees ment!one

!n Sec. /+" of RA 7>75 "s "mene %* RA -9/> !n &el"t!on to t$e!& off!ce

+e C!(!l "n c&!m!n"l c"ses f!le pu&su"nt to "n !n connect!on #!t$ EO Nos. 1) 9) 1/2A

+Sec. /) RA -9/>

+9 Concu&&ent o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on #!t$ SC) CA "n RTC fo& pet!t!ons fo& #&!ts of $"%e"s"t" "n "mp"&o

u&!s!ct!on of t$e Re'!on"l T&!"l Cou&ts

+1 E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

+" m"tte&s !nc"p"%le of pecun!"&* est!m"t!on) suc$ "s &esc!ss!on of cont&"ct


14/23

+% t!tle to) possess!on of) o& !nte&est !n) &e"l p&ope&t* #!t$ "ssesse ("lue e6cee!n'

P90)000 +outs!e 3et&o 3"n!l") o& e6cees P50)000 !n 3et&o 3"n!l"

+c p&o%"te p&ocee!n's #$e&e t$e '&oss ("lue of t$e est"te e6cees P:00)000 outs!e 33

o& e6cees P/00)000 !n 33

+ "m!&"lt* o& m"&!t!me c"ses #$e&e t$e em"n o& cl"!m e6cees P:00)000 outs!e 33o& e6cees P/00)000 !n 33

+e ot$e& "ct!ons !n(ol(!n' p&ope&t* ("lue "t mo&e t$"n P:00)000 outs!e 33 o& mo&e

t$"n P/00)000 !n 33

+f c&!m!n"l c"ses not #!t$!n t$e e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e S"n!'"n%"*"n

+9 O&!'!n"l e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& c"ses not f"ll!n' #!t$!n t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of "n* cou&t)

t&!%un"l) pe&son o& %o* e6e&c!s!n' 8u!c!"l o& u"s!28u!c!"l funct!ons

+: O&!'!n"l "n e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on to $e"& "n ec!e !nt&"2co&po&"te cont&o(e&s!es?

+" C"ses !n(ol(!n' e(!ses o& sc$emes emplo*e %* o& "n* "cts) of t$e %o"& of !&ecto&s)

%us!ness "ssoc!"tes) !ts off!ce&s o& p"&tne&s$!p) "mount!n' to f&"u "n m!s&ep&esent"t!on

#$!c$ m"* %e et&!ment"l to t$e !nte&est of t$e pu%l!c "no& of t$e stoc4$ole&s) p"&tne&s)

mem%e&s of "ssoc!"t!ons o& o&'"n!"t!ons &e'!ste&e #!t$ t$e SEC

+% Cont&o(e&s!es "&!s!n' out of !nt&"2co&po&"te o& p"&tne&s$!p &el"t!ons) %et#een "n

"mon' stoc4$ole&s) mem%e&s o& "ssoc!"tes %et#een "n* o& "ll of t$em "n t$e co&po&"t!on)

p"&tne&s$!p o& "ssoc!"t!on of #$!c$ t$e* "&e stoc4$ole&s) mem%e&s o& "ssoc!"tes)

&espect!(el* "n %et#een suc$ co&po&"t!on ) p"&tne&s$!p o& "ssoc!"t!on "n t$e st"te !nsof"&

"s !t conce&ns t$e!& !n!(!u"l f&"nc$!se o& &!'$t to e6!st "s suc$ ent!t*

+c Cont&o(e&s!es !n t$e elect!on o& "ppo!ntments of !&ecto&s) t&ustees) off!ce&s o&

m"n"'e&s of suc$ co&po&"t!ons) p"&tne&s$!ps o& "ssoc!"t!ons

+ Pet!t!ons of co&po&"t!ons) p"&tne&s$!ps o& "ssoc!"t!ons to %e ecl"&e !n t$e st"te of

suspens!on of p"*ments !n c"ses #$e&e t$e co&po&"t!on) p"&tne&s$!p of "ssoc!"t!on possesses

suff!c!ent p&ope&t* to co(e& "ll !ts e%ts %ut fo&esees t$e !mposs!%!l!t* of meet!n' t$em #$en

t$e* &espect!(el* f"ll ue o& !n c"ses #$e&e t$e co&po&"t!on) p"&tne&s$!p of "ssoc!"t!on $"s no

suff!c!ent "ssets to co(e& !ts l!"%!l!t!es) %ut !s une& t$e m"n"'ement of " Re$"%!l!t"t!on

Rece!(e& o& 3"n"'ement Comm!ttee.

+/ Concu&&ent "n o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

+" #!t$ t$e Sup&eme Cou&t !n "ct!ons "ffect!n' "m%"ss"o&s) ot$e& pu%l!c m!n!ste&s "n

consuls

+% #!t$ t$e SC "n CA !n pet!t!ons fo& ce&t!o&"&!) p&o$!%!t!on "n m"n"mus "'"!nst lo#e&

cou&ts "n %o!es !n pet!t!ons fo& uo #"&&"nto) $"%e"s co&pus) "n #&!t of cont!nu!n'

m"n"mus on en(!&onment"l c"ses


15/23

+c #!t$ t$e SC) CA "n S"n!'"%"*"n !n pet!t!ons fo& #&!ts of $"%e"s "t" "n "mp"&o

+5 Appell"te 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& c"ses ec!e %* lo#e& cou&ts !n t$e!& &espect!(e te&&!to&!"l

8u&!s!ct!ons

+ Spec!"l 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& DRC) "'&"&!"n "n u&%"n l"n &efo&m c"ses not #!t$!n t$e

e6clus!(e 8u&!s!ct!on of u"s!28u!c!"l "'enc!es #$en so es!'n"te %* t$e SC.

u&!s!ct!on of "m!l* Cou&ts

Une& RA -:>) s$"ll $"(e e6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e follo#!n' c"ses?

+1 Pet!t!ons fo& 'u"&!"ns$!p) custo* of c$!l&en "n $"%e"s co&pus !n(ol(!n' c$!l&en

+9 Pet!t!ons fo& "opt!on of c$!l&en "n t$e &e(oc"t!on t$e&eof

+: Compl"!nts fo& "nnulment of m"&&!"'e) ecl"&"t!on of null!t* of m"&&!"'e "n t$ose&el"t!n' to st"tus "n p&ope&t* &el"t!ons of $us%"n "n #!fe o& t$ose l!(!n' to'et$e& une&

!ffe&ent st"tus "n "'&eements) "n pet!t!ons fo& !ssolut!on of con8u'"l p"&tne&s$!p of '"!ns

+/ Pet!t!ons fo& suppo&t "no& "c4no#le'ment

+5 Summ"&* 8u!c!"l p&ocee!n's %&ou'$t une& t$e p&o(!s!ons of EO 90> +"m!l* Coe

+ Pet!t!ons fo& ecl"&"t!on of st"tus of c$!l&en "s "%"none) epenent o& ne'lecte

c$!l&en) pet!t!ons fo& (olunt"&* o& !n(olunt"&* comm!tment of c$!l&en) t$e suspens!on)

te&m!n"t!on o& &esto&"t!on of p"&ent"l "ut$o&!t* "n ot$e& c"ses co'n!"%le une& PD 0:) EO

5 +1>- "n ot$e& &el"te l"#s

+7 Pet!t!ons fo& t$e const!tut!on of t$e f"m!l* $ome

+- In "&e"s #$e&e t$e&e "&e no "m!l* Cou&ts) t$e "%o(e2enume&"te c"ses s$"ll %e

"8u!c"te %* t$e RTC +RA -:>

u&!s!ct!on of 3et&opol!t"n T&"!l Cou&ts3un!c!p"l T&!"l Cou&ts

+1 C&!m!n"l c"ses

+" E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

1.Summ"&* p&ocee!n's fo& (!ol"t!ons of c!t* o& mun!c!p"l o&!n"nces comm!tte

#!t$!n t$e!& &espect!(e te&&!to&!"l 8u&!s!ct!on) !nclu!n' t&"ff!c l"#s

9.offenses pun!s$"%le #!t$ !mp&!sonment not e6cee!n' s!6 + *e"&s !&&espect!(e of

t$e "mount of f!ne) "n &e'"&less of ot$e& !mpos"%le "ccesso&* o& ot$e& pen"lt!es)

!nclu!n' t$e c!(!l l!"%!l!t* "&!s!n' f&om suc$ offenses o& p&e!c"te t$e&eon)

!&&espect!(e of t$e 4!n) n"tu&e) ("lue o& "mount t$e&eof p&o(!e $o#e(e&) t$"t !n


16/23

offenses !n(ol(!n' "m"'e to p&ope&t* t$&ou'$ c&!m!n"l ne'l!'ence) t$e* s$"ll $"(e

e6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on t$e&eof +Sec. 9) RA 7>1.

+9 C!(!l "ct!ons

+" E6clus!(e o&!'!n"l 8u&!s!ct!on

1.c!(!l "ct!ons "n p&o%"te p&ocee!n's) test"te "n !ntest"te) !nclu!n' t$e '&"nt ofp&o(!s!on"l &eme!es !n p&ope& c"ses) #$e&e t$e ("lue of t$e pe&son"l p&ope&t*)

est"te) o& "mount t$e em"n oes not e6cee P900)000 outs!e 33 o& oes not

e6cee P/00)000 !n 33) e6clus!(e of !nte&est) "m"'es of #$"te(e& 4!n) "tto&ne*Fs

fees) l!t!'"t!on e6penses) "n costs.

9.Summ"&* p&ocee!n's of fo&c!%le ent&* "n unl"#ful et"!ne&) (!ol"t!on of &ent"l l"#

:.t!tle to) o& possess!on of) &e"l p&ope&t*) o& "n* !nte&est t$e&e!n #$e&e t$e "ssesse

("lue of t$e p&ope&t* o& !nte&est t$e&e!n oes not e6cee P90)000 outs!e 33 o& oes

not e6cee P50)000 !n 33

+: Spec!"l 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& pet!t!on fo& #&!t of $"%e"s co&pus "n "ppl!c"t!on fo& %"!l !f t$e

RTC u'e !n "&e" !s not "("!l"%le

+/ Dele'"te 8u&!s!ct!on to $e"& "n ec!e c""st&"l "n l"n &e'!st&"t!on c"ses #$e&e

t$e&e !s no cont&o(e&s* p&o(!e t$e ("lue of t$e l" to %e "sce&t"!ne %* t$e cl"!m"nt oes

not e6cee P100)000

u&!s!ct!on o(e& sm"ll cl"!ms

+1 3TCs) 3eTCs "n 3CTCs s$"ll $"(e 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& "ct!ons fo& p"*ment of mone*

#$e&e t$e ("lue of t$e cl"!m oes not e6cee P100)000 e6clus!(e of !nte&est "n costs +Sec.

9) A3 0-2-272SC) Oct. 97) 900>.

+9 Act!ons co(e&e "&e +" pu&el* c!(!l !n n"tu&e #$e&e t$e cl"!m o& &el!ef p&"*e fo& %* t$epl"!nt!ff !s sole* fo& p"*ment o& &e!m%u&sement of sum of mone*) "n +% t$e c!(!l "spect of

c&!m!n"l "ct!ons) e!t$e& f!le %efo&e t$e !nst!tut!on of t$e c&!m!n"l "ct!on) o& &ese&(e upon t$e

f!l!n' of t$e c&!m!n"l "ct!on !n cou&t) pu&su"nt to Rule 111 +Sec. /) A3 0-2-272SC. T$ese

cl"!ms m"* %e?

+" o& mone* o#e une& t$e cont&"cts of le"se) lo"n) se&(!ces) s"le) o& mo&t'"'e

+% o& "m"'es "&!s!n' f&om f"ult o& ne'l!'ence) u"s!2cont&"ct) o& cont&"ct "n

+c T$e enfo&cement of " %"&"n'"* "m!c"%le settlement o& "n "&%!t&"t!on "#"& !n(ol(!n' "

mone* cl"!m pu&su"nt to Sec. /17 of RA 710 +LGC.

C"ses co(e&e %* Rules on Summ"&* P&oceu&e +Sec. 1) RSP

+1 C!(!l C"ses

+" All c"ses of fo&c!%le ent&* "n unl"#ful et"!ne&) !&&espect!(e of t$e "mount of "m"'es

o& unp"! &ent"ls sou'$t to %e &eco(e&e. =$e&e "tto&ne*Fs fees "&e "#"&e) t$e s"me s$"ll


17/23

not e6cee P90)000

+% All ot$e& c"ses) e6cept p&o%"te p&ocee!n's #$e&e t$e tot"l "mount of t$e pl"!nt!ffFs

cl"!m oes not e6cee P100)000 +outs!e 33 o& P900)000 +!n 33) e6clus!(e of !nte&est "n

costs.

+9 C&!m!n"l C"ses

+" V!ol"t!ons of t&"ff!c l"#) &ules "n &e'ul"t!ons

+% V!ol"t!on of t$e &ent"l l"#

+c All ot$e& c&!m!n"l c"ses #$e&e t$e pen"lt* p&esc&!%e !s !mp&!sonment not e6cee!n' s!6

+ mont$s) o& f!ne not e6cee!nt P1)000) o& %ot$) !&&espect!(e of ot$e& !mpos"%le pen"lt!es)

"ccesso&* o& ot$e!se) o& of t$e c!(!l l!"%!l!t* "&!s!n' t$e&ef&om) p&o(!e) t$"t !n offenses

!n(ol(!n' "m"'e to p&ope&t* t$&ou'$ c&!m!n"l ne'l!'ence) RSP s$"ll 'o(e&n #$e&e t$e

!mpos"%le f!ne oes not e6cee P10)000.

+: SRP oes not "ppl* to " c!(!l c"se #$e&e t$e pl"!nt!ffFs c"use of "ct!on !s ple"e !n t$e

s"me compl"!nt #!t$ "not$e& c"use of "ct!on su%8ect to t$e o&!n"&* p&oceu&e no& to "

c&!m!n"l c"se #$e&e t$e offense c$"&'e !s necess"&!l* &el"te to "not$e& c&!m!n"l c"se

su%8ect to t$e o&!n"&* p&oceu&e.

C"ses co(e&e %* t$e Rules on ,"&"n'"* Conc!l!"t!on

+1 T$e Lupon of e"c$ %"&"n'"* s$"ll $"(e t$e "ut$o&!t* to %&!n' to'et$e& t$e p"&t!es

"ctu"ll* &es!!n' !n t$e s"me mun!c!p"l!t* o& c!t* fo& "m!c"%le settlement of "ll !sputes

e6cept?

+" =$e&e one p"&t* !s t$e 'o(e&nment o& "n* su%!(!s!on o& !nst&ument"l!t* t$e&eof

+% =$e&e one p"&t* !s " pu%l!c off!ce& o& emplo*ee) "n t$e !spute &el"tes to t$e

pe&fo&m"nce of $!s off!c!"l funct!ons

+c Offenses pun!s$"%le %* !mp&!sonment e6cee!n' one +1 *e"& o& " f!ne e6cee!n'

P5)000

+ Offenses #$e&e t$e&e !s no p&!("te offene p"&t*

+e =$e&e t$e !spute !n(ol(es &e"l p&ope&t!es loc"te !n !ffe&ent c!t!es o& mun!c!p"l!t!es

unless t$e p"&t!es t$e&eto "'&ee to su%m!t t$e!& !ffe&ences to "m!c"%le settlement %* "n

"pp&op&!"te lupon

+f D!sputes !n(ol(!n' p"&t!es #$o "ctu"ll* &es!e !n %"&"n'"*s of !ffe&ent c!t!es o&

mun!c!p"l!t!es) e6cept #$e&e suc$ %"&"n'"* un!ts "8o!n e"c$ ot$e& "n t$e p"&t!es t$e&eto

"'&ee to su%m!t t$e!& !ffe&ences to "m!c"%le settlement %* "n "pp&op&!"te lupon


18/23

+' Suc$ ot$e& cl"sses of !sputes #$!c$ t$e P&es!ent m"* ete&m!ne !n t$e !nte&est of

8ust!ce o& upon t$e &ecommen"t!on of t$e Sec&et"&* of ust!ce

+$ An* compl"!nt %* o& "'"!nst co&po&"t!ons) p"&tne&s$!ps) o& 8u&!!c"l ent!t!es. T$e &e"son

!s t$"t onl* !n!(!u"ls s$"ll %e p"&t!es to %"&"n'"* conc!l!"t!on p&ocee!n's e!t$e& "s

compl"!n"nts o& &esponents

+! D!sputes #$e&e u&'ent le'"l "ct!on !s necess"&* to p&e(ent !n8ust!ce f&om %e!n'

comm!tte o& fu&t$e& cont!nue) spec!f!c"ll*?

1.A c&!m!n"l c"se #$e&e t$e "ccuse !s une& pol!ce custo* o& etent!on

9.A pet!t!on fo& $"%e"s co&pus %* " pe&son !lle'"ll* et"!ne o& ep&!(e of $!s l!%e&t*

o& one "ct!n' !n $!s %e$"lf

:.Act!ons couple #!t$ p&o(!s!on"l &eme!es) suc$ "s p&el!m!n"&* !n8unct!on)

"tt"c$ment) &eple(!n "n suppo&t penente l!te

/.=$e&e t$e "ct!on m"* %e %"&&e %* st"tute of l!m!t"t!ons

+8 L"%o& !sputes o& cont&o(e&s!es "&!s!n' f&om emplo*e&2emplo*ee &el"t!ons$!p

+4 =$e&e t$e !spute "&!ses f&om t$e CARL

+l Act!ons to "nnul 8u'ment upon " comp&om!se #$!c$ c"n %e !&ectl* f!le !n cou&t.

Tot"l!t* Rule

+1 =$e&e t$e&e "&e se(e&"l cl"!ms o& c"uses of "ct!ons %et#een t$e s"me o& !ffe&ent

p"&t!es) em%o!e !n t$e s"me compl"!nt) t$e "mount of t$e em"n s$"ll %e t$e tot"l!t* of

t$e cl"!ms !n "ll t$e cl"!ms of "ct!on) !&&espect!(e of #$et$e& t$e c"uses of "ct!on "&ose out of

t$e s"me o& !ffe&ent t&"ns"ct!ons +Sec. ::;1.

III. ACTIONS

Act!on +s*non*mous #!t$ Msu!t !s t$e le'"l "n fo&m"l em"n of oneFs &!'$t f&om "not$e&

pe&son m"e "n !ns!ste upon !n " cou&t of 8ust!ce +,ou(!e&Fs L"# D!ct!on"&*. T$e 4!ns of

"ct!ons "&e o&!n"&* "n spec!"l) c!(!l "n c&!m!n"l) e6 cont&"ctu "n e6 el!cto) pen"l "n&eme!"l) &e"l) pe&son"l) "n m!6e "ct!on) "ct!on !n pe&son"m) !n &em) "n u"s! !n &em)

O&!n"&* C!(!l Act!ons) Spec!"l C!(!l Act!ons) C&!m!n"l Act!ons

+1 O&!n"&* c!(!l "ct!on !s one %* #$!c$ one p"&t* sues "not$e&) %"se on " c"use of

"ct!on) to enfo&ce o& p&otect " &!'$t) o& to p&e(ent o& &e&ess " #&on') #$e&e%* t$e efen"nt

$"s pe&fo&me "n "ct o& om!tte to o "n "ct !n (!ol"t!on of t$e &!'$ts of t$e pl"!nt!ff.+Sec.

:" T$e pu&pose !s p&!m"&!l* compens"to&*.


19/23

+9 Spec!"l c!(!l "ct!on !s "lso one %* #$!c$ one p"&t* sues "not$e& to enfo&ce o& p&otect "

&!'$t) o& to p&e(ent o& &e&ess " #&on'.

+: A c&!m!n"l "ct!on !s one %* #$!c$ t$e St"te p&osecutes " pe&son fo& "n "ct o& om!ss!on

pun!s$"%le %* l"# +Sec. :;%


20/23

Act!ons !n &em) !n pe&son"m "n u"s! !n &em

+1 An "ct!on !n &em) one !nst!tute "n enfo&ce "'"!nst t$e #$ole #o&l.

+9 An "ct!on !n pe&son"m !s one f!le "'"!nst " ef!n!te efen"nt. It !s !ntene to

su%8ect t$e !nte&est of efen"nt on " p&ope&t* to "n o%l!'"t!on o& l!en. u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e

pe&son +efen"nt !s &eu!&e. It !s " p&ocee!n' to enfo&ce pe&son"l &!'$ts "n o%l!'"t!ons

%&ou'$t "'"!nst t$e pe&son) "n !s %"se on t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of t$e pe&son) "lt$ou'$ !t m"*!n(ol(e $!s &!'$t to) o& t$e e6e&c!se of o#ne&s$!p of) spec!f!c p&ope&t*) o& see4 to compel $!m

to cont&ol o& !spose of !t !n "cco&"nce #!t$ t$e m"n"te of t$e cou&t. T$e pu&pose !s to

!mpose t$&ou'$ t$e 8u'ment of " cou&t) some &espons!%!l!t* o& l!"%!l!t* !&ectl* upon t$e

pe&son of t$e efen"nt. No ot$e& t$"n t$e efen"nt !s l!"%le) not t$e #$ole #o&l) "s !n "n

"ct!on fo& " sum of mone* o& "n "ct!on fo& "m"'es.

+: An "ct!on u"s! !n &em) "lso %&ou'$t "'"!nst t$e #$ole #o&l) !s one %&ou'$t "'"!nst

pe&sons see4!n' to su%8ect t$e p&ope&t* of suc$ pe&sons to t$e !sc$"&'e of t$e cl"!ms

"ss"!le. An !n!(!u"l !s n"me "s efen"nt "n t$e pu&pose of t$e p&ocee!n' !s to

su%8ect $!s !nte&ests t$e&e!n to t$e o%l!'"t!on o& lo"n %u&en!n' t$e p&ope&t*. It e"ls #!t$

st"tus) o#ne&s$!p o& l!"%!l!t* o& " p"&t!cul"& p&ope&t* %ut #$!c$ "&e !ntene to ope&"te on

t$ese uest!ons onl* "s %et#een t$e p"&t!cul"& p"&t!es to t$e p&ocee!n's "n not to"sce&t"!n o& cut off t$e &!'$ts o& !nte&ests of "ll poss!%le cl"!m"nts. E6"mples of "ct!ons u"s!

!n &em "&e "ct!on fo& p"&t!t!on) "ct!on fo& "ccount!n') "tt"c$ment) fo&eclosu&e of mo&t'"'e.

+/ An "ct!on !n pe&son"m !s not necess"&!l* " pe&son"l "ct!on. No& !s " &e"l "ct!on

necess"&!l* "n "ct!on !n &em. An !n pe&son"m o& "n !n &em "ct!on !s " cl"ss!f!c"t!on of "ct!ons

"cco&!n' to foun"t!on. o& !nst"nce) "n "ct!on to &eco(e&) t!tle to o& possess!on of &e"l

p&ope&t* !s " &e"l "ct!on) %ut !t !s "n "ct!on !n pe&son"m) not %&ou'$t "'"!nst t$e #$ole #o&l

%ut "'"!nst t$e pe&son upon #$om t$e cl"!m !s m"e.

+5 T$e !st!nct!on !s !mpo&t"nt to ete&m!ne #$et$e& o& not 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of

t$e efen"nt !s &eu!&e "n conseuentl* to ete&m!ne t$e t*pe of summons to %e

emplo*e. u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s necess"&* fo& t$e cou&t to ("l!l*

t&* "n ec!e " c"se "'"!nst s"! efen"nt #$e&e t$e "ct!on !s one !n pe&son"m %ut not

#$e&e t$e "ct!on !s !n &em o&u"s! !n &em.

+ SC sums up t$e %"s!c &ules !n ,!"co (s. P$!l!pp!ne Count&*s!e Ru&"l ,"n4) GR 11/17)

e%&u"&* -) 9007?

T$e uest!on of #$et$e& t$e t&!"l cou&t $"s 8u&!s!ct!on epens on t$e n"tu&e of t$e "ct!on

#$et$e& t$e "ct!on !s !n pe&son"m) !n &em) o& u"s! !n &em. T$e &ules on se&(!ce of summons

une& Rule 1/ l!4e#!se "ppl* "cco&!n' to t$e n"tu&e of t$e "ct!on.

An "ct!on !n pe&son"m !s "n "ct!on "'"!nst " pe&son on t$e %"s!s of $!s pe&son"l l!"%!l!t*. An

"ct!on !n &em !s "n "ct!on "'"!nst t$e t$!n' !tself !nste" of "'"!nst t$e pe&son. An

"ct!on u"s! !n &em !s one #$e&e!n "n !n!(!u"l !s n"me "s efen"nt "n t$e pu&pose of

t$e p&ocee!n' !s to su%8ect $!s !nte&est t$e&e!n to t$e o%l!'"t!on o& l!en %u&en!n' t$ep&ope&t*.

In "n "ct!on !n pe&son"m) 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s necess"&* fo& t$e

cou&t to ("l!l* t&* "n ec!e t$e c"se. In " p&ocee!n' !n &em o& u"s! !n &em) 8u&!s!ct!on

o(e& t$e pe&son of t$e efen"nt !s not " p&e&eu!s!te to confe& 8u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es.

u&!s!ct!on o(e& t$e &es !s "cu!&e e!t$e& +1 %* t$e se!u&e of t$e p&ope&t* une& le'"l

p&ocess) #$e&e%* !t !s %&ou'$t !nto "ctu"l custo* of t$e l"# o& +9 "s " &esult of t$e

!nst!tut!on of le'"l p&ocee!n's) !n #$!c$ t$e po#e& of t$e cou&t !s &eco'n!e "n m"e

effect!(e.


21/23

Nonet$eless) summons must %e se&(e upon t$e efen"nt not fo& t$e pu&pose of (est!n'

t$e cou&t #!t$ 8u&!s!ct!on %ut me&el* fo& s"t!sf*!n' t$e ue p&ocess &eu!&ements.

IV. CAUSE O ACTION +Rule 9

3e"n!n' of C"use of Act!on+1 A c"use of "ct!on !s t$e "ct o& om!ss!on %* #$!c$ " p"&t* +efen"nt (!ol"tes t$e &!'$ts

of "not$e& +pl"!nt!ff.

+9 It !s t$e el!ct o& #&on' %* #$!c$ t$e efen"nt (!ol"tes t$e &!'$t o& &!'$ts of t$e

pl"!nt!ff +3"2"o Su'"& Cent&"l (. ,"&&!os) 7 P$!l. .

+: T$e elements "&e?

+" A &!'$t !n f"(o& of t$e pl"!nt!ff %* #$"te(e& me"ns "n une& #$"te(e& l"# !t "&!ses o&

!s c&e"te

+% An o%l!'"t!on on t$e p"&t of t$e n"me efen"nt to &espect o& not to (!ol"te suc$&!'$t "n

+c Act o& om!ss!on on t$e p"&t of suc$ efen"nt !n (!ol"t!on of t$e &!'$t of t$e pl"!nt!ff o&

const!tut!n' " %&e"c$ of t$e o%l!'"t!on of t$e efen"nt to t$e pl"!nt!ff fo& #$!c$ t$e l"tte&

m"* m"!nt"!n "n "ct!on fo& &eco(e&* of "m"'es o& ot$e& "pp&op&!"te &el!ef.

R!'$t of Act!on (e&sus C"use of Act!on

+1 A c"use of "ct!on &efe&s to t$e el!ct o& #&on' comm!tte %* t$e efen"nts) #$e&e"s

&!'$t of "ct!on &efe&s to t$e &!'$t of t$e pl"!nt!ff to !nst!tute t$e "ct!on

+9 A c"use of "ct!on !s ete&m!ne %* t$e ple"!n's #$e&e"s " &!'$t of "ct!on !sete&m!ne %* t$e su%st"nt!(e l"#

+: A &!'$t of "ct!on m"* %e t"4en "#"* %* t$e &unn!n' of t$e st"tute of l!m!t"t!ons) %*

estoppels o& ot$e& c!&cumst"nces #$!c$ o not "t "ll "ffect t$e c"use of "ct!on +3"&ue (.

V"&el") >9 P$!l. :7:.

"!lu&e to St"te C"use of Act!on

+1 T$e me&e e6!stence of " c"use of "ct!on !s not suff!c!ent fo& " compl"!nt to p&ospe&.

E(en !f !n &e"l!t* t$e pl"!nt!ff $"s " c"use of "ct!on "'"!nst t$e efen"nt) t$e compl"!nt m"*

%e !sm!sse !f t$e compl"!nt o& t$e ple"!n' "sse&t!n' t$e cl"!m Mst"tes no c"use of "ct!on.

T$!s me"ns t$"t t$e c"use of "ct!on must unm!st"4"%l* %e st"te o& "lle'e !n t$e compl"!nt

o& t$"t "ll t$e elements of t$e c"use of "ct!on &eu!&e %* su%st"nt!(e l"# must cle"&l*"ppe"& f&om t$e me&e &e"!n' of t$e compl"!nt. To "(o! "n e"&l* !sm!ss"l of t$e compl"!nt)

t$e s!mple !ctum to %e follo#e !s? MIf *ou $"(e " c"use of "ct!on) t$en %* "ll me"ns) st"te

!t =$e&e t$e&e !s " efect o& "n !nsuff!c!enc* !n t$e st"tement of t$e c"use of "ct!on) "

compl"!nt m"* %e !sm!sse not %ec"use of "n "%sence o& " l"c4 of c"use of "ct!on %*

%ec"use t$e compl"!nt st"tes no c"use of "ct!on. T$e !sm!ss"l #!ll t$e&efo&e) %e "nc$o&e on

" Mf"!lu&e to st"te " c"use of "ct!on.

+9 It oesnFt me"n t$"t t$e pl"!nt!ff $"s no c"use of "ct!on. It onl* me"ns t$"t t$e


22/23

pl"!nt!ffFs "lle'"t!ons "&e !nsuff!c!ent fo& t$e cou&t to 4no# t$"t t$e &!'$ts of t$e pl"!nt!ff #e&e

(!ol"te %* t$e efen"nt. T$us) e(en !f !nee t$e pl"!nt!ff suffe&e !n8u&*) !f t$e s"me !s not

set fo&t$ !n t$e compl"!nt) t$e ple"!n' #!ll st"te no c"use of "ct!on e(en !f !n &e"l!t* t$e

pl"!nt!ff $"s " c"use of "ct!on "'"!nst t$e efen"nt.

Test of t$e Suff!c!enc* of " C"use of Act!on

+1 T$e test !s #$et$e& o& not "m!tt!n' t$e f"cts "lle'e) t$e cou&t coul &ene& " ("l!(e&!ct !n "cco&"nce #!t$ t$e p&"*e& of t$e compl"!nt +3!s"m!s Occ!ent"l II Coope&"t!(e)

Inc. (s. D"(!) /- SCRA : S"ntos (. e Leon) /70 SCRA /55.

+9 To %e t"4en !nto "ccount "&e onl* t$e m"te&!"l "lle'"t!ons !n t$e compl"!nt e6t&"neous

f"cts "n c!&cumst"nces o& ot$e& m"tte& "l!une "&e not cons!e&e %ut t$e cou&t m"*

cons!e& !n "!t!on to t$e compl"!nt t$e "ppene "nne6es o& ocuments) ot$e& ple"!n's of

t$e pl"!nt!ff) o& "m!ss!ons !n t$e &eco&s +@epe" (. C$!n" ,"n4!n' Co&p.) GR 179175) Oct. >)

900.

+: In ete&m!n!n' #$et$e& o& not " c"use of "ct!on !s suff!c!entl* st"te !n t$e compl"!nt)

t$e st"tements !n t$e compl"!nt m"* %e p&ope&l* cons!e&e. It !s e&&o& fo& t$e cou&t to t"4e

co'n!"nce of e6te&n"l f"cts o& to $ol p&el!m!n"&* $e"&!n's to ete&m!ne !ts e6!stence +D!"

(. D!") ::1 SCRA :09. T$e suff!c!enc* of t$e st"tement of t$e COA must "ppe"& on t$e f"ceof t$e compl"!nt "n !ts e6!stence m"* %e ete&m!ne onl* %* t$e "lle'"t!ons of t$e

compl"!nt) cons!e&"t!on of ot$e& f"cts %e!n' p&osc&!%e "n "n* "ttempt to p&o(e e6t&"neous

c!&cumst"nces not %e!n' "llo#e+V!e#m"ste& Const&uct!on Co&p. (. Ro6"s) ::5 SCRA 5/0.

Spl!tt!n' " S!n'le C"use of Act!on "n Its Effects

+1 It !s t$e "ct of !nst!tut!n' t#o o& mo&e su!ts fo& t$e s"me c"use of "ct!on +Sec. /) Rule

9. It !s t$e p&"ct!ce of !(!!n' one c"use of "ct!on !nto !ffe&ent p"&ts "n m"4!n' e"c$ p"&t

t$e su%8ect of " sep"&"te compl"!nt +,"c$&"c$ (s. Ic"&!n'"l) - SCRA 9-7. In spl!tt!n' "

c"use of "ct!on) t$e ple"e& !(!es " s!n'le c"use of "ct!on) cl"!m o& em"n !nto t#o o&

mo&e p"&ts) %&!n's " su!t fo& one of suc$ p"&ts #!t$ t$e !ntent to &ese&(e t$e &est fo& "not$e&

sep"&"te "ct!on+u"&" (s. CA) GR 1/75>:) ul* :1) 900. T$!s p&"ct!ce !s not "llo#e %*

t$e Rules %ec"use !t %&ees mult!pl!c!t* of su!ts) clo's t$e cou&t oc4ets) le"s to (e6"t!ous

l!t!'"t!on) ope&"tes "s "n !nst&ument of $"&"ssment) "n 'ene&"tes unnecess"&* e6penses to

t$e p"&t!es.

+9 T$e f!l!n' of t$e f!&st m"* %e ple"e !n "%"tement of t$e ot$e& o& ot$e&s "n "

8u'ment upon t$e me&!ts !n "n* one !s "("!l"%le "s " %"& to) o& " '&oun fo& !sm!ss"l of) t$e

ot$e&s +Sec. /) Rule 9 ,"colo C!t* (s. S"n 3!'uel) Inc.) L2951:) Oct. :0) 1>>. T$e &eme*

of t$e efen"nt !s to f!le " mot!on to !sm!ss. Bence) !f t$e f!&st "ct!on !s pen!n' #$en t$e

secon "ct!on !s f!le) t$e l"tte& m"* %e !sm!sse %"se on l!t!s penenc!") t$e&e !s "not$e&

"ct!on pen!n' %et#een t$e s"me p"&t!es fo& t$e s"me c"use. If " f!n"l 8u'ment $" %een

&ene&e !n t$e f!&st "ct!on #$en t$e secon "ct!on !s f!le) t$e l"tte& m"* %e !sm!sse %"se

on &es 8u!c"t") t$"t t$e c"use of "ct!on !s %"&&e %* p&!o& 8u'ment. As to #$!c$ "ct!ons$oul %e !sm!sse #oul epen upon 8u!c!"l !sc&et!on "n t$e p&e("!l!n' c!&cumst"nces

of t$e c"se.

o!ne& "n 3!s8o!ne& of C"uses of Act!ons +Secs. 5 "n ) Rule 9

+1 o!ne& of c"uses of "ct!on !s t$e "sse&t!on of "s m"n* c"uses of "ct!on "s " p"&t* m"*

$"(e "'"!nst "not$e& !n one ple"!n' "lone+Sec. 5) Rule 9. It !s t$e p&ocess of un!t!n' t#o o&

mo&e em"ns o& &!'$ts of "ct!on !n one "ct!on) su%8ect to t$e follo#!n' con!t!ons?

+" T$e p"&t* 8o!n!n' t$e c"uses of "ct!on s$"ll compl* #!t$ t$e &ules on 8o!ne& of p"&t!es


23/23

+% T$e 8o!ne& s$"ll not !nclue spec!"l c!(!l "ct!ons 'o(e&ne %* spec!"l &ules

+c =$e&e t$e c"use of "ct!on "&e %et#een t$e s"me p"&t!es %ut pe&t"!n to !ffe&ent (enues

o& 8u&!s!ct!ons) t$e 8o!ne& m"* %e "llo#e !n t$e RTC p&o(!e one of t$e c"uses of "ct!on

f"lls #!t$!n t$e 8u&!s!ct!on of s"! cou&t "n t$e (enue l!es t$e&e!n "n

+ =$e&e t$e cl"!ms !n "ll t$e c"uses of "ct!on "&e p&!nc!p"ll* fo& &eco(e&* of mone*) t$e"''&e'"te "mount cl"!me s$"ll %e t$e test of 8u&!s!ct!on +tot"l!t* &ule.

+9 Rest&!ct!ons on 8o!ne& of c"uses of "ct!on "&e? 8u&!s!ct!on) (enue) "n 8o!ne& of

p"&t!es. T$e 8o!ne& s$"ll not !nclue spec!"l c!(!l "ct!ons o& "ct!ons 'o(e&ne %* spec!"l &ules.

+: =$en t$e&e !s " m!s8o!ne& of c"uses of "ct!on) t$e e&&oneousl* 8o!ne c"use of "ct!on

c"n %e se(e&e o& sep"&"te f&om t$e ot$e& c"use of "ct!on upon mot!on %* " p"&t* o& upon

t$e cou&tFs o#n !n!t!"t!(e. 3!s8o!ne& of c"uses of "ct!on !s not " '&oun fo& t$e !sm!ss"l of

t$e c"se.

Jonna Rules of Court

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