jones5e_chap14stud

Learning ObjectivesExplain what leadership is, when leaders are effective and ineffective, and the sources of power that enable managers to be effective leaders.Identify the traits that show the strongest relationship to leadership, the behaviors leaders engage in, and the limitations of the trait and behavioral models of leadership.

Learning ObjectivesExplain how contingency models of leadership enhance our understanding of effective leadership and management in organizations.Describe what transformational leadership is, and explain how managers can engage in it.Characterize the relationship between gender leadership.

The Nature of LeadershipLeadershipThe process by which a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to achieve group or organizational goals.

The Nature of LeadershipLeaderAn individual who is able to exert influence over other people to help achieve group or organizational goals

The Nature of LeadershipPersonal Leadership StyleThe specific ways in which a manager chooses to influence others shapes the way that manager approaches the other principal tasks of management.The challenge is for managers at all levels to develop an effective personal management style.

The Nature of LeadershipDistinction between managers and leadersManagers establish and implement procedures to ensure smooth functioningLeaders look to the future and chart the course for the organization

Leadership Across CulturesLeadership styles may vary among different countries or cultures.European managers tend to be more people-oriented than American or Japanese managers.Japanese managers are group-oriented, while U.S managers focuses more on profitability.Time horizons also are affected by cultures.

Sources of Managerial PowerFigure 14.1

Power: The Key to LeadershipLegitimate PowerThe authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in the firm.

Power: The Key to LeadershipReward PowerThe ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards.Effective managers use reward power to signal to employees that they are doing a good job.

Power: The Key to LeadershipCoercive PowerThe ability of a manager to punish others.Examples: verbal reprimand, pay cuts, and dismissalLimited in effectiveness and application; can have serious negative side effects.

Power: The Key to LeadershipExpert PowerPower that is based on special knowledge, skills, and expertise that the leader possesses.Tends to be used in a guiding or coaching manner

Power: The Key to LeadershipReferent PowerPower that comes from subordinates and coworkers respect , admiration, and loyaltyPossessed by managers who are likable and whom subordinates wish to use as a role model

Empowerment: An Ingredient in Modern ManagementEmpowermentThe process of giving employees at all levels in the organization the authority to make decisions, be responsible for their outcomes, improve quality, and cut costs

Empowerment: An Ingredient in Modern ManagementEmpowerment increases a managers ability to get things doneEmpowerment increases workers involvement, motivation, and commitmentEmpowerment gives managers more time to concentrate on their pressing concerns

Leadership ModelsTrait ModelAttempt to identify personal characteristics that cause for effective leadership.Research shows that certain personal characteristics do appear to be connected to effective leadership.Many traits are the result of skills and knowledge and effective leaders do not necessarily possess all of these traits.

Leadership ModelsBehavioral ModelIdentifies the two basic types of behavior that many leaders engaged in to influence their subordinates

Leadership ModelsBehavioral ModelConsideration: leaders show subordinates they trust, respect, and care about themManagers look out for the well-being of their subordinatesDo what they can to help subordinates feel good and enjoy the work they perform

Leadership ModelsBehavioral ModelInitiating structure: leaders take steps to make sure that work gets done, subordinates perform their work acceptably, and the organization is efficient and effectiveManagers assign tasks to groups and let subordinates know what is expected of them

Contingency Models of LeadershipContingency ModelsWhat makes a manager an effective leader in one situation is not necessarily what that manager needs to be equally effective in another situation

Contingency Models of LeadershipContingency ModelsWhether or not a manager is an effective leader is the result of the interplay between what the manager is like, what he does, and the situation in which leadership takes place

Contingency Models of Leadership Fiedlers ModelEffective leadership is contingent on both the characteristics of the leader and of the situation. Leader style is the enduring, characteristic approach to leadership that a manager uses and does not readily change.

Contingency Models of LeadershipFiedlers ModelRelationship-oriented style: leaders concerned with developing good relations with their subordinates and to be liked by them.Task-oriented style: leaders whose primary concern is to ensure that subordinates perform at a high level so the job gets done.

Fiedlers Model Situation CharacteristicsLeader-member relations extent to which followers like, trust, and are loyal to their leaderTask structure extent to which the work to be performed is clear-cut so that a leaders subordinates know what needs to be accomplished and how to go about doing it

Fiedlers ModelSituation CharacteristicsPosition Power - the amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power leaders have due to their position. When positional power is strong, leadership opportunity becomes more favorable.

Fiedlers Contingency Theory of LeadershipFigure 14.2

Houses Path-Goal TheoryA contingency model of leadership proposing that effective leaders can motivate subordinates to achieve goals by:Clearly identifying the outcomes that subordinates are trying to obtain from their jobs.Rewarding subordinates with these outcomes for high-performance and attainment of work goalsClarifying the paths leading to the attainment of work goals

Motivating with Path-GoalPath-Goal identifies four leadership behaviors:Directive behaviors: set goals, assign tasks, show how to do things.Supportive behavior: look out for the workers best interest.

Motivating with Path-GoalPath-Goal identifies four leadership behaviors:Participative behavior: give subordinates a say in matters that affect them.Achievement-oriented behavior: Setting very challenging goals, believing in workers abilities.

Motivating with Path-GoalWhich behavior to be used depends on the nature of the subordinates and the kind of work they do

The Leader Substitutes ModelLeadership SubstituteActs in the place of a leader and makes leadership unnecessary. Worker empowerment or self-managed work teams reduce leadership needs.

The Leader Substitutes ModelPossible substitutes can be found in:Characteristics of the subordinates: their skills, experience, motivation.Characteristics of context: the extent to which work is interesting and fun.

Transformational LeadershipLeadership that:Makes subordinates aware of the importance of their jobs are for the organization and how necessary it is for them to perform those jobs as best they can so that the organization can attain its goals

Transformational LeadershipMakes subordinates aware of their own needs for personal growth, development, and accomplishmentMotivates workers to work for the good of the organization, not just for their own personal gain or benefit

Being a Charismatic LeaderCharismatic LeaderAn enthusiastic, self-confident transformational leader able to clearly communicate his vision of how good things could be

Being a Charismatic LeaderCharismatic LeaderBeing excited and clearly communicating excitement to subordinates.Openly sharing information with employees so that everyone is aware of problems and the need for change. Empowering workers to help with solutions.Engaging in the development of employees by working hard to help them build skills.

Intellectual StimulationIntellectual StimulationManager leads subordinates to view problems as challenges that they can and will meet and conquerManager engages and empowers subordinates to take personal responsibility for helping to solve problems

Developmental ConsiderationDevelopmental Consideration Manager supports and encourages subordinates, giving them opportunities to enhance their skills and capabilities and to grow and excel on the job

Transactional LeadershipTransactional LeadersUse their reward and coercive powers to encourage high performancethey exchange rewards for performance and punish failure.Push subordinates to change but do not seem to change themselves.

Gender and LeadershipThe number of women managers is rising but is still relatively low in the top levels of management.Stereotypes suggest women are supportive and concerned with interpersonal relations. Similarly, men are seen as task-focused.

Gender and LeadershipResearch indicates that actually there is no gender-based difference in leadership effectiveness.Women are seen to be more participative than men because they adopt the participative approach to overcome subordinate resistance to them as managers and they have better interpersonal skills.

Emotional Intelligence and LeadershipThe Moods of Leaders:Groups whose leaders experienced positive moods had better coordination Groups whose leaders experienced negative moods exerted more effort

Emotional Intelligence and LeadershipEmotional IntelligenceHelps leaders develop a vision for their firm.Helps motivate subordinates to commit to the vision.Energizes subordinates to work to achieve the vision.

Leaders may delegate and support subordinates, while others are very authoritarian.

Example: the power to hire or fire employees.

Example: awarding pay raises or providing verbal praise for good performance.

Both behaviors are independent; managers can be high or low on both behaviors.