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JOKE TRANSLATION STRATEGY AND
READER’S RESPONSE IN BAHASA INDONESIA
TRANSLATION OF DAVE’S TOP 15 FUNNIEST JOKES OF
THE FRINGE FESTIVAL 2017
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
RANGGA GILANG KUMARA
Student Number: 144214022
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
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JOKE TRANSLATION STRATEGY AND
READER’S RESPONSE IN BAHASA INDONESIA
TRANSLATION OF DAVE’S TOP 15 FUNNIEST JOKES OF
THE FRINGE FESTIVAL 2017
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
RANGGA GILANG KUMARA
Student Number: 144214022
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2019
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Work like you’ll live forever,
live like you’ll die tomorrow
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For my family, who always pull me up and push me forward
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, all praise to Allah the Almighty for
blessing me with
chance, power and patience to write and finish this
undergraduate thesis. Second,
there is not enough word to express my gratitude to my family,
who always
support and push me. My mother and father, who support me with
their unlimited
patience and trust. My brother, who encourage me with his
attitude. My aunt, who
keep me focused with her constant reminder, and all members of
my big family.
Third, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis
advisor, Harris
Hermansyah Setiajid, M. Hum, for all of his guidance and advice
from the
beginning of the process of writing this undergraduate thesis.
Fourth, I would like
to thank my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M. Hum., for her
correction and
input to ensure that my thesis is understandable and
presentable. Last, I want to
thank all of my friends who helped me pass through this stage of
my life.
Rangga Gilang Kumara
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE...............................................................................................
ii
APPROVAL
PAGE.....................................................................................
iii
ACCEPTANCE
PAGE...............................................................................
iv
PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH.................................................................
v
STATEMENT OF
ORIGINALITY...........................................................
vi
MOTTO
PAGE............................................................................................
vii
DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................
ix
TABLE OF
CONTENTS............................................................................
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………… xiii
LIST OF
CHARTS......................................................................................
xiv
LIST OF
TABLES….………......................................................................
xv
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................
xvi
ABSTRAK....................................................................................................
xvii
CHAPTER I:
Introduction.........................................................................
1
A. Background of
Study....................................................................
1
B. Problem of
Formulation................................................................
3
C. Objectives of the
Study.................................................................
4
D. Definitions of
Terms.....................................................................
4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE........................................... 5
A. Review of Related
Studies............................................................
5
1. Aguado-Gimenez’s “Translation-Strategies Use: A Classroom
-Based Examination of Baker’s Taxonomy” (2005).................
5
2. Xu’s “Translation Equivalence and Reader’s Response”
(2016)…………………………………………………...….… 6
3. Alexandrova’s “Linguistic Jokes Translation Strategies
and Methods”
(2013).................................................................
7
B. Review of Related
Theories..........................................................
8
1. Theories of
Humor....................................................................
8
2. Theories of Jokes
Categorization.............................................. 8
3. Theories on Translation
Strategies............................................ 12
4. Theories on Readers’ Response……………………………… 15
C. Theoretical
Framework.................................................................
16
CHAPTER III:
METHODOLOGY...........................................................
17
A. Areas of
Research.........................................................................
17
B. Object of the
Study........................................................................
17
C. Method of the
Study......................................................................
18
D. Research
Procedure.......................................................................
18
1. Types of
Data............................................................................
18
2. Data
Collection..........................................................................
19
3. Population and
Sample..............................................................
20
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4. Data
analysis..............................................................................20
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION....................
22
A. The Comparison of Translation Strategy Applied for Each Joke
in Translating “Dave’s Jokes of the Fringe 2017”
into Bahasa Indonesia………………………….......................... 22
1. First
Jokes..................................................................................
25
2. Second Jokes…………………………………………………. 25
3. Third Jokes…………………………………………………… 26
4. Fourth Jokes………………………………………………….. 27
5. Fifth Jokes……………………………………………………. 27
6. Sixth Jokes……………………………………………………. 28
7. Seventh Jokes………………………………………………… 28
8. Eight Jokes…………………………………………………… 29
9. Ninth Jokes…………………………………………………… 30
10. Tenth Jokes………………………………………………….. 30
11. Eleventh Jokes………………………………………………. 31
12. Twelfth Jokes……………………………………………….. 32
13. Thirteenth Jokes…………………………………………….. 32
14. Fourteenth Jokes…………………………………………….. 33
15. Fifteenth Jokes………………………………………………. 34
B. The Joke Analysis and Reader’s Response of The Translated
Version of “Dave’s Jokes of The Fringe
2017”............................ 34
1. First
Jokes..................................................................................
35
2. Second Jokes…………………………………………………. 36
3. Third Jokes…………………………………………………… 36
4. Fourth Jokes………………………………………………….. 37
5. Fifth Jokes……………………………………………………. 38
6. Sixth Jokes……………………………………………………. 38
7. Seventh Jokes………………………………………………… 40
8. Eight Jokes…………………………………………………… 40
9. Ninth Jokes…………………………………………………… 41
10. Tenth Jokes………………………………………………….. 42
11. Eleventh Jokes………………………………………………. 43
12. Twelfth Jokes……………………………………………….. 44
13. Thirteenth Jokes…………………………………………….. 45
14. Fourteenth Jokes…………………………………………….. 45
15. Fifteenth Jokes………………………………………………. 46
C. The Connection between The Strategies Applied and The
Reader’s Response in “Dave’s Jokes of The Fringe
2017”……...47
1. Translation by More Neutral
Words......................................... 47
2. Translation by Loan Words…..………………………………. 48
3. Translation by Cultural Substitutions………………………… 48
4. Translation by Paraphrasing with Unrelated Words…...……..
48
5. Translation by Paraphrasing with Related Words……………. 48
6. Translation by Omission……..………………………………. 49
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CHAPTER V:
CONCLUSION...................................................................
50
REFERENCES….........................................................................................
52
APPENDICES..............................................................................................
54
Appendix 1. ST and TT
data..............................................................
54
Appendix 2. Questionnaire Results
...................................................57
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SL :Source Language
ST :Source Text
TL :Target Language
TT :Target Text
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LIST OF CHARTS
No. Chart Page
1. Chart 1. TT1 Translation Strategies Distribution 23 2. Chart
2 . TT2 Translation Strategies Distribution 24 3. Chart 3 .
Category Distribution 34 4. Chart 4. Reader’s Response Distribution
by Strategy 47
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1. Table 1. Summary of One-liner Typology 9 2. Table 2. Baker’s
(1992) Taxonomy of Translation
Strategies 13
3. Table 3. Example Data Coding 19 4. Table 4. Example of
Questionnaire Question 20 5. Table 5. Example of Translation
Strategies 21
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ABSTRACT
KUMARA, RANGGA GILANG. Joke Translation Strategy and
Reader’s
Response in Bahasa Indonesia Translation of Dave’s Top 15
Funniest Jokes
Of The Fringe Festival 2017. Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters,
Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2019.
Humor, especially in the form of jokes is influenced by
geographical
location, cultural background, age, personal experience and many
more. This
unique sense of humor makes any form of humor, such as a joke,
is limited to a
certain audience. This limitation creates a problem in
translating humor from
English into Bahasa Indonesia. This situation intrigued the
researcher to analyze
the strategies that the translator used and its effect on the
readers. In this thesis,
the researcher used "Dave's Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017"
as the source
material. "Dave's Joke of the Fringe" is an annual award held by
Dave, an award-
winning UK entertainment channel, for the best one-liner in the
Edinburgh
Festival Fringe.
There are two objectives in this research. The first objective
is to analyze
the strategies used by translators in translating one-liner
jokes from "Dave's
Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017". The second objective is to
determine the
effect of the applied strategy to the response of the
reader.
This undergraduate thesis is a qualitative research that applied
library and
survey methods. The library method is applied in researching the
theories for the
analysis of the data. The survey method is used to acquire data
for analysis.
The result of this research shows that based on Baker’s taxonomy
of
translation strategies, the translators most often apply the
strategies of translation
by paraphrasing with related and unrelated words. The other
strategies applied by
translators are translation by omission, translation by more
neutral/less expressive
word, translation by loan word, and translation by cultural
substitution. For the
reader, as long as the translated text has a clear, easy to
follow set up and a twisty,
unpredictable, and/or contradictive punchline, the general
readers can identify and
accept those sentences as joke sentences.
Keywords: Joke, Translation Strategy, Reader’s Response
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ABSTRAK
KUMARA, RANGGA GILANG. Joke Translation Strategy and
Reader’s
Response in Bahasa Indonesia Translation of Dave’s Top 15
Funniest Jokes
Of The Fringe Festival 2017. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas
Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2019.
Humor, terutama dalam bentuk lelucon, dipengaruhi oleh lokasi
geografis,
latar belakang budaya, umur, pengalaman pribadi dan lain lain.
Selera humor yang
unik ini membuat segala bentuk humor, seperti lelucon, memiliki
audiensi yang
terbatas. Batasan ini menimbulkan masalah dalam menerjemahkan
humor dari
Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia. Situasi ini membuat peneliti
tertarik untuk
menganalisis strategi yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dan efeknya
terhadap
pembaca hasil terjemahan. Dalam skripsi ini, peneliti
menggunakan "Dave's
Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017" sebagai sumber. "Dave's Joke
of the Fringe"
adalah penghargaan tahunan yang diselegarakan oleh Dave, kanal
hiburan peraih
penghargaan di Britania Raya, untuk one-liner (lelucon pendek
yang terdiri dari 1,
2 kalimat) di Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
Terdapat dua objektif dalam skripsi ini. Pertama, untuk
menganalisis
strategi yang digunakan oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan
lelucon one-liner
dari "Dave's Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017". Kedua, untuk
melihat efek dari
strategi yang digunakan terhadap tanggapan pembaca.
Skripsi ini ada penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode
studi
pustaka dan survei. Metode studi pustaka digunakan dalam
menemukan teori
untuk menganalisa data. Metode survei digunakan untuk
mendapatkan data yang
diperlukan untuk analisis.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa berdasarkan taksonomi
strategi
penelitian dari Baker, para penerjemah paling sering menggunakan
translation by
paraphrase with related and unrelated words. Strategi lain yang
digunakan oleh
para penerjemah adalah translation by omission, translation by
more neutral/less
expressive word, translation by loan word, dan translation by
cultural
substitution. Bagi pembaca, selama teks terjemahan memiliki set
up yang jelas
dan mudah diikuti, serta punchline yang tak terduga dan/atau
bertolak belakang,
maka pembaca pada umumnya akan dapat mengidentifikasi dan
menerima
kalimat-kalimat tersebut sebagai kalimat lelucon.
Kata Kunci: Lelucon, Strategi Penerjemahan, Tanggapan
Pembaca
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Humor is an integral part of human social interaction. According
to
Koestler (2016), humor can be defined as a type of stimulation
that tends to elicit
laughter (para. 1). By eliciting laughter, humor creates a more
amiable
environment for interactions. The type of stimulation that can
create laughter is
different from one person to another. The ability to understand
the stimulation and
then being stimulated by it is called a sense of humor. This
sense of humor is
unique because it is influenced by geographical location,
cultural background,
age, personal experience and many more.
Humor can exist in a lot of forms and one of those forms is
joke. A joke is
a short piece of humorous story in which the humor culminates in
the final part of
the story, called the punchline (Hetzron, 1991, pp. 65-66). The
unique sense of
humor makes any form of humor, such as joke is limited to a
certain audience. A
certain joke can only be understood by an audience with the same
basic
understanding as the speaker of the joke. For example, this is a
technology jokes
about binary codes, "there are 10 types of people in the world:
those who
understand binary and those who don't". To understand this joke,
someone needs
to have the same basic technical knowledge that 10 in binary
code is 2 in decimal
number.
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This limitation creates a problem in translating humor from
English into
Bahasa Indonesia. It can be seen from the lack of bestseller
comedy novel series
that have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia, such as Douglas
Adams's The
Hitchhiker's Guide to The Galaxy and Terry Pratchett's
Discworld. Another
example is a short joke, "I used to work in a shoe recycling
company, it was sole-
destroying" (Alex Horne, 2013, The Fringe). The humor in this
joke is based on
the homophone of the word "sole" with "soul" that can give the
sentence double
meaning. When translated into Bahasa Indonesia, it is impossible
to use the same
connection between "sole" and "soul" because in Indonesia,
"sole" is sol and
"soul" is jiwa. This situation intrigued the researcher to find
out in what way can
humor, especially in the form of jokes be translated from one
language to another.
In this thesis, the researcher used "Dave's Funniest Jokes of
the Fringe
2017" as the source material. "Dave's Joke of the Fringe" is an
annual award held
by Dave, an award-winning UK entertainment channel. This is an
award for the
best one-liner, a joke that completed in one sentence, in the
Edinburgh Festival
Fringe. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe is the largest art
festival in the world held
annually in August in Edinburgh, Scotland.
"Dave's Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017" is chosen as the
source
material because the researcher tries to find a credible source
of short jokes.
"Dave's Jokes of the Fringe" has been held annually for ten
years. Every year, a
panel of foremost UK comedy critics chooses 15 best one-liners
from every
comedy performance at The Edinburgh Festival Fringe that year.
This 15 one-
liner will be voted by 2000 people anonymously without the
voters knowing the
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comedian who performs the jokes. The performer with the highest
voted joke
received "Dave's Funniest Joke of the Fringe" award.
For the translated version, because there is no official
translation available,
the researcher used several professional translators to
translate the jokes into
Bahasa Indonesia. This translated version then will be analyzed
to see what
strategies the translators choose to apply to translate each
joke. The translation is
shown to several readers to get their opinion whether the
translator managed to
translate the jokes into Bahasa Indonesia or not.
Through this undergraduate thesis, the researcher aims to
understand the
strategies applied by translators to overcome the language and
cultural barrier in
translating jokes from one language to another. This research is
expected to be
able to help the reader, especially students of Universitas
Sanata Dharma,
understand the difficulty in translating jokes and the solution
to overcome it. The
researcher hopes that this thesis can help to further the
discussion in the field of
joke translation and humor translation in general.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two problems that this undergraduate thesis tries to
analyze. The
two problems are:
1. What strategies are applied to translate “Dave’s Funniest
Jokes of the Fringe
2017” into Indonesian?
2. What is the effect of the applied strategies to the reader’s
response of the
Indonesian translation of “Dave’s Funniest Jokes of the Fringe
2017”?
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C. Objectives of the study
In accordance to the problem above, there are two objectives of
this
research. The first objective is to analyze the strategies that
the translator applied
in translating “Dave’s Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017” into
Bahasa Indonesia
based on Baker’s Taxonomy of Translation Strategies. The second
objective is to
determine the effect of the applied strategy to the response of
the reader.
D. Definitions of terms
A Joke is a short piece of humorous story in which the humor
culminates
in the final part of the story, called the punchline (Hetzron,
1991, pp. 65-66).
Translation Strategies in this study refer to strategies that
the translator
used to overcome any problems in transferring messages from SL
to TL.
According to Baker (1992), those strategies are translation by
more general word,
translation by more neutral/less expressive word, translation by
cultural
substitution, translation by loan word, translation by
paraphrase using related
word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated word,
translation by omission,
and translation by illustration (p.26-42).
Reader’s Response is the response that the readers have from
reading
literary works that can be used as a data for this study based
on reader-response
criticism, an approach which believed that the meaning of a text
is derived from
the reader through the reading process (Cahill, 1996, pp.
89-97)
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews and discusses several
studies and
research done by other researchers in similar or closely related
topic. The
researcher also reviews the theories used as the basis of this
research. The related
studies are Aguado-Gimenez’s “Translation-Strategies Use: A
Classroom-Based
Examination of Baker’s Taxonomy”, Xu’s “Translation Equivalence
and Reader’s
Response”, and Alexandrova’s “Linguistic Jokes Translation
Strategies and
Methods”. The researcher discusses each study to see its focus,
highlight the
similarities, and elaborate on the distinction from this present
study. The
researcher uses and synthesizes the theories reviewed in this
chapter as the
theoretical framework to answer the problem of this
research.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Aguado-Gimenez’s “Translation-Strategies Use: A
Classroom-Based
Examination of Baker’s Taxonomy” (2005).
This paper by Aguado-Gimenez is a study of the importance of
teaching
translation strategies to students. The study analyzes the way
students used
Baker’s taxonomy of translation strategy to help them overcome
the translation
problem. In this study, Aguado-Gimenez creates an experiment by
asking
undergraduate students to translate some selected Noun Phrase
from English to
Spanish. He then examined and analyzed the result of the
translation.
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This study shows that undergraduate students did use the
strategies from
Baker’s taxonomy to overcome any problem in translation. The
results of this
study emphasize the importance of teaching practical theories to
the students and
then to apply the theories in the classroom.
Aguado-Gimenez’s analysis and examination of translation
strategies used
by the student can be used by the researcher as the basis and
idea to analyze the
translation strategies that the translators use to translate
jokes in this present
research.
2. Xu’s “Translation Equivalence and Reader’s Response”
(2016).
Xu’s paper is a detailed analysis of determining the equivalence
of a
translation through the reader’s response theory. In the study,
Xu compares some
lines from “Ulysses” and two of its Chinese translation.
In this comparison, Xu shows how readers respond to different
kinds of
translation. Xu then proposes an approach to equivalence where
the translator
should consider the knowledge and context of the reader as a
basis to find an
equivalent term, so that the message received by the reader is
the same whether in
Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL).
Xu’s analysis on the connection of equivalence and reader’s
response can
be used by the researcher to analyze the reader’s response to a
more specific area.
Which is the effect of the translated jokes to the reader, to
see whether it can
preserve the form and purpose of the jokes.
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3. Alexandrova’s “Linguistic Jokes Translation Strategies and
Methods”
(2013).
In Alexandrova’s paper, it focuses on the translation strategies
used in
translating linguistic jokes from English to Russian. In this
paper, linguistic jokes
are divided into 3 main mechanisms, semantic, stylistic, and
pragmatic
mechanism.
By compiling a corpus consisting of one thousand English and
Russian
traditional linguistic jokes, Alexandrova comes to this certain
conclusion: First,
jokes with a semantic mechanism are very difficult to translate,
the translator
needs to use either literal translation with commentary,
renditions, foreign
inclusion, adaptation, generalization or equivalence to at least
explain the jokes to
the target audience. Second, jokes with a syntactic mechanism
are easy to
translate and sometimes only need transpositions and grammatical
agreements to
follow the norms of the target language. Third, the easiest
linguistic jokes to
translate are the jokes based on pragmatic mechanism.
This study can be used by the researcher to help analyze the
strategies that
the translator used to translate jokes. This study creates its
own interpretation on
the strategy used by the translator, but the researcher study
only focuses on the
Baker’s taxonomy of translation strategy. This study only
researches linguistic
jokes while the researcher studies are not limited to linguistic
jokes, but also other
mechanisms of jokes.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Humor
Raskin (1985) “Script-based Semantic Theory of Humor” is a
variant of
the Incongruity theory of humor. It focuses on verbal humor,
which is a written
and spoken word used in narrative or riddle jokes concluding
with a punch line.
According to Raskin (1985), there are two conditions to produce
a verbal
joke:
a. The text is compatible, fully or in part, with two different
scripts (p. 99).
b. The two scripts with which the text is compatible are
opposite (p. 99).
The humor is created when the trigger or the punchline caused
the reader to
change the understanding of the obvious script into the opposing
script.
An example given by Raskin (1985) is as follow: "Is the doctor
at home?"
The patient asked in his bronchial whisper. "No," the doctor's
young and pretty
wife whispered in reply. "Come right in" (p. 100). For this
example, the two
scripts contained in the joke are “a patient seeing a doctor”
and “a lover seeing
their partner”. The obvious script created by the set-up is a
patient with a possible
bronchial problem wants to see a doctor but the doctor is not
available. The
punchline “come right in” created a shift of the understanding
into the opposing
script of a patient having an affair with his doctor wife.
2. Theories of Jokes Categorization
Chauvin (2015) compiles list of the typology of one-liners based
on
logical mechanisms (para. 39). The list is shown in the table as
follows:
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Table 1. Summary of One-liner Typology
Pun-based (words) (a) Puns, polysemy
(b) Puns, homonymy
(c) Puns, paronymy
(d) Puns, visual and formal
Set phrases (e) Set phrases: meaning of set phrases
(f) Indirect allusions to phrases / incomplete
phrases
Ambiguous syntax (g) Ambiguous syntax
Pragmatics / discourse-based (h) Implicatures, diverse cases
(i) Implicatures, indirect speech acts
(j) Discursive / conversational clichés
(k) Lexical, but reference
(l) Cultural references
Logical fallacies; observational
humor
(m) Internal contradictions (with example of
diseases)
(n) Observational humor: gnomic statements
(o) Absurdist humor: absurd, silly statements
To better understand each typology, one example and explanation
for the
typology is given by Chauvin (2015) as follows:
a. Puns, polysemy: “I entered a swimming contest at the weekend.
I won the
100m butterfly. What am I going to do with an insect that big?”
(para. 10).
The word butterfly can mean a type of insect or one of the
styles in
swimming.
b. Puns, homonymy:”I just saw a beautiful girl with a massive
gut. What a
waist” (para. 12). What a waste is a set phrase to say something
regretful, and
waist sound similar to waste.
c. Puns, paronymy: “11:59:59 a.m. is my favourite time of the
day. It’s second
to noon” (para. 14). Noon sounds close to none and second to
none mean that
there is nothing better than it.
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d. Puns, visual and formal: “Why oh why don’t people poof read
stuff before
they post it?” (para. 15). While the statement is complaining
about the fact
that people often did not proof read their stuff, the statement
itself contains
typo on the word “poof”.
e. Set phrases, different meaning: “The easiest way to add
insult to injury is
when you’re signing somebody’s plaster cast” (para. 18). “Add
insult to
injury” is a set phrase that means adding more misfortune upon a
misfortune,
but in this sentence, it is interpreted literally by adding an
insult to someone
who is injured.
f. Indirect allusions to phrases / incomplete phrases: “I eat an
apple every day.
The wife’s a doctor” (para. 19). The proverb that said “an apple
a day keeps
the doctor away” is broken in this statement because even though
he eat an
apple every day, his wife is a doctor.
g. Ambiguous syntax: “Throwing acid is wrong, in some people’s
eyes” (para.
20). The sentence can both mean “throwing acid is wrong for some
people”,
or “throwing acid in peoples' eyes is wrong”.
h. Implicatures, diverse cases: “You know that look you get from
women when
they want you? Nah, me neither” (para. 23). The phrase “you know
that”
implied that the performer know and experienced that “look”. But
in this
sentence, the performer didn’t know that “look”.
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i. Implicatures, indirect speech act: “I saw a sign in a car
park saying: “Thieves
want your satnav.” I thought, “Well, they can get lost!” (para.
26). The phrase
“they can get lost” can mean that the thieves will never get the
satnav, or the
satnav is so useless that the thieves can get lost even if they
use it.
j. Discursive / conversational clichés: “My girlfriend bought a
cookbook the
other day called “Cheap and easy vegetarian cooking.” Which is
perfect for
her, because not only is she a vegetarian…” (para. 27). Cheap
and easy can
mean someone who is easy to please especially in a sexual
context.
k. Lexical, but a reference: “A Chinese couple are in bed. The
husband says “I
want a sixty-nine.” His wife says, “You want beef and broccoli
now?” (para.
28). In Chinese restaurants, especially for delivery order, the
customer only
needs to mention the number on the menu to order the food
because they
have a lot of items on the menu.
l. Cultural references: “Maybe it’s Maybelline… and maybe it’s
Photoshop.”
(para. 30). Maybe it’s Maybelline is a tagline for cosmetic
brand Maybelline
that said when someone is looking good using their products or
maybe they
just looks good because of Photoshop.
m. Internal contradictions: “I was thinking of writing a book, A
Guide to Better
Shoplifting—but who the hell is going to buy it?” (para. 33).
Only a
shoplifter who need a guide to better shoplifting and no
shoplifter will buy
anything in the shop.
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n. Observational humor: “If you’re trying to improve your
memory, lend
someone money.” (para. 34). It is an unusual but true way to
improve
memory, because people will always remember if they lend someone
some
money.
o. Absurdist humor: “Apparently, 1 in 5 people in the world is
Chinese. And
there are 5 people in my family, so it must be one of them. It’s
either my
mum or my dad. Or my older brother Colin. Or my younger brother
Ho-
Chan-Chu. But I think it’s Colin.” (para. 35). It is absurd that
the statement 1
in 5 people is Chinese means that one of the performer family
members must
be Chinese. It's even more absurd that actually the name of one
of his family
members is Chinese and he did not realize it.
3. Theories on Translation Strategies
In this study, to analyze the translation of the jokes and the
strategies used
by the translator, the researcher uses Mona Baker’s taxonomy on
translation
strategies. The strategies are:
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Table 2. Baker’s (1992) Taxonomy of Translation Strategies
A Translation by more general
word
Related to propositional meaning. It works
in most languages (p. 26)
B Translation by more neutral
word
It has to do with differences in expressive
meaning (p. 28)
C Translation by cultural
substitution
Replacing a culture specific item with target
language that does not have the same
meaning but have the same impact (p. 31)
D Translation using loan word Related with culture specific
item, modern
loan words etc. (p. 34)
E Translation by paraphrases
using related words
This is used when the concept expressed by
the source item is lexicalized in the target
language, but in a different form, and when
the frequency of use in the source language
is higher than in the target language (p. 37)
F Translation by paraphrases
using unrelated words
This is used when the concept in the source
language is not lexicalized in the target
language (p. 38)
G Translation by omission Omission of words which are not vital
to
development of text (p. 40)
H Translation by illustration Use of illustration when source
words lack
equivalent (p. 42)
To better understand the translation strategies proposed by
Baker, an
example for each type of strategy is given as follows:
a. Translation by more general word: “He sit on that stool” into
Dia duduk di
kursi itu. In this translation, the word “stool”, which is a
specific type of seat
furniture without back and armrest, is translated into a more
general word
kursi.
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b. Translation by more neutral/less expressive word: “She lives
in that
humongous house” into Dia tinggal di rumah yang sangat besar
itu. In this
translation, “she” contains a female gender expression while dia
is a neutral
word without gender expression.
c. Translation by cultural substitution: “My favorite breakfast
is bacon and
egg” into Sarapan pagi kesukaanku adalah bubur ayam. “Bacon and
egg” is
a very common breakfast menu in the US, but it is largely
unheard of in
Indonesia while bubur ayam is a common Indonesian breakfast
menu.
d. Translation by loan word: “Mom’s spaghetti is the food I miss
the most” into
Spaghetti ibuku adalah makanan yang paling aku rindukan. Rather
than
translating or paraphrasing, the word “spaghetti” is kept and
used as is.
e. Translation by paraphrase using related words: “I fixed my
flat tire at the
roadside tire shop” into Aku memperbaiki ban kempes ku di tukang
tambal
ban pinggir jalan. Rather than a tire shop, it is more common in
Indonesia to
fix a flat tire at mechanic specialized in a flat tire.
f. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words: “She usually
comes home
for thanksgiving” into Dia biasanya pulang saat hari libur
untuk
mensyukuri hasil panen di Amerika Serikat. In this translation,
the
Indonesian translation explains the meaning of thanksgiving.
g. Translation by omission: “This is my old grandma favorite
song” into Ini
adalah lagu favorit nenekku. The word “old” is omitted in the
translation
because it is unnecessary as “grandma” is naturally old.
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h. Translation by illustration: “I just ate a bowl of gumbo”
into a picture of
gumbo. As gumbo is a unique food from the US, it is easier to
use a picture
rather than explaining what gumbo is.
Baker’s taxonomy is very detailed and makes it easier to
differentiate and
categorized the type of strategy that the translator used in
overcoming problems of
translating words without equivalence.
4. Theories on Reader’s Response
Reader’s response theory is “based on reader-response criticism,
an
approach which believed that the meaning of a text is derived
from the reader
through the reading process (Cahill, 1996, pp. 89-97). According
to Iser (1978),
“a literary text can only produce a response when it is read”
(p. 1). This view puts
an emphasis on the reader as the source of validation of
literary works. Based on
the theories above, the interpretation and meaning of literary
works can be solely
based on the perspective of the reader rather than the intention
of the author.
Nida (1964) mentioned the principle of equivalent effect, in
which "the
relationship between receptor and message should be
substantially the same as
that which existed between the original receptor and the
message." (p. 159). In
this theory, Nida emphasizes that the important point of the
translation is to
preserve the connection between the text and the reader. For
example, a
melancholic and dramatic text in ST should have the same
melancholic and
dramatic effect in TT even if the translation itself is not
formally accurate.
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C. Theoretical Framework
The script-based semantic theory of humor by Raskin is used to
define the
jokes and identify its humor. The one-liner typology by Chauvin
is then used as
the basis to analyze and categorize the jokes and its
translation. Baker’s
Taxonomy of Translation Strategies is used to identify and
analyze the strategies
that the translators used in translating the jokes from ST to
TT. Cahill and Iser
view on reader response are used as the basis to question the
connection between
the strategies used by the translator and the response from the
reader. The analysis
itself is based on Nida’s view on the principle of equivalent
effect, to see whether
the relation between reader and the target text is substantially
the same with the
source text.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
The focus of this research is on the strategies that the
translators used in
translating one-liner jokes from English into Bahasa Indonesia
and whether those
strategies could preserve the form and the function of the
jokes. Based on the
categories made by William’s The Map: A Beginner's Guide to
Doing Research in
Translation Studies (2002), the area of research of this
undergraduate thesis is text
analysis and translation, especially in the comparison of
translation and their
source text. According to William (2002), the analysis of
translated texts involves
the comparison of a translation with its original and it is not
possible to deal with
every aspect, so there is a need to choose one particular
aspect, for example, the
strategy that the translator used to solve a problem in
translating (p. 6).
B. Object of the study
The objects of this research are 2 different Indonesian
translations of
Dave's Top 15 Funniest Jokes of the Fringe Festival 2017. Dave's
Top 15 Funniest
Jokes of the Fringe Festival 2017 is a collection of 15 best
one-liner jokes from
Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2017 according to Dave, a British TV
show. The
researcher used two Indonesian translations from two different
professional
translators.
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C. Method of the Study
This undergraduate thesis is a qualitative research using
library and survey
method. According to George (2008) "library method involves
identifying and
locating sources that provide factual information or personal/
expert opinion on a
research question; necessary component of every other research
method at some
point" (p. 6) and the researcher used this method as the basis
for theory
formulation, data analysis, and discussion. In addition, the
survey method is used
to collect the data necessary for answering the problem
discussed in this research.
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
There are two types of data used in this research, objective and
affective
data. The objective data used in this research are an English ST
and two different
Bahasa Indonesia TT. The ST is taken from a web page entitled
“Dave's Top 15
Funniest Jokes of the Fringe Festival 2017”. The ST taken for
this research is the
15 one-liners listed on the page. The TT is its Indonesian
translation from two
different groups of professional translators in Yogyakarta,
Pemad and Quantum.
The affective data used in this research are the questionnaire
results from
10 respondents answering 30 questions about the TT. The question
asked is
“Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini merupakan sebuah
lelucon?” for
each joke in TT. For the respondents, the researcher asks 10
Indonesian university
students aged 18+ from the Literature Department of Universitas
Sanata Dharma.
As adult university students, especially from the literature
department, the
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respondents have a general ability to understand and
differentiate joke sentences
from other forms of sentences.
2. Data Collection
The researcher went through several processes to collect the
data used in
this research. First, the researcher copied the data from the
website into a
document file. Second, the researcher asked two professional to
translate the data
into Indonesian. Third, the collected data were then coded and
put into the table as
follows:
Table 3. Example Data Coding
No. Text
6/ST Combine Harvesters. And you'll have a really big
restaurant.
6/TT
1
Gabungkan semua Rumah Makan Sederhana. Dan kita akan
mendapatkan Rumah Makan Sangat Sederhana.
6/TT
2
Kumpulkan mesin-mesin pemetik hasil panen. Dan kamu bisa
punya
sebuah restoran yang sangat besar.
The code can be read as follows:
6: The number of the data
ST: Source text
TT1: Target text 1 (Pemad)
TT2: Target text 2 (Quantum)
Fourth, the researcher created a questionnaire in Indonesian to
see the
effect of the translation with the example as follows:
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Table 4. Example of Questionnaire Question
No Text Jawaban
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini merupakan
sebuah lelucon?
Ya Tidak
1 Saya tidak suka koin pound yang baru, saya tidak suka
kembalian saya diubah.
2 Saya bukan penggemar uang koin pound yang baru,
karena saya memang tidak suka semua uang receh yang
berbentuk koin.
Fifth, the researcher asked 10 adults aged 18+ from the
Literature
Department of Universitas Sanata Dharma to answer the
questionnaire. Finally,
the result of the questionnaire was compiled into statistical
data.
3. Population and Sample
For the objective data, there are 15 one-liners as the
population of the
source text. There is no sample because the researcher used all
the data in the
population. From those data, there are two different
translations for each one-
liner. There are 30 one-liners in the translated text as the
population.
For the affective data, the questionnaire asked one question for
each one-
liner in the TT. So there are 30 answers for each questionnaire.
As there are 10
people filled the questionnaire, there are 300 answers as the
population of the
affective data. The researcher used all the data in the
population for this research.
4. Data analysis
There were three steps that the researcher did to answer the
problem in this
research. The first step was to analyze the strategies used by
the translator for each
one-liner. The researcher used Baker’s classification of
translation strategy.
The table below shows how the first step was done in order to
classify the
translation strategy.
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Table 5. Example of Translation Strategies
No. Text Strategy
1/ST I'm not a fan of the new pound coin, but then again, I
hate all change.
1/TT1 Saya tidak suka koin pound yang baru, saya tidak
suka kembalian saya diubah.
Paraphrasing
unrelated
1/TT2 Saya bukan penggemar uang koin pound yang baru,
karena saya memang tidak suka semua uang receh
yang berbentuk koin.
Omission
It could be seen from the table above that each datum was
categorized into
the strategy that the translator used. In the example above, TT1
paraphrased the
word “change” into kembalian saya diubah which contained both
meanings of the
word, “coins of low denomination” and “different state of
being”. In TT2, the
translator took a different approach by omitting the meaning of
“change” as
“different state of being” and translate “change” into uang
receh yang berbentuk
koin.
The second step was to determine the effect of the translation
to the
reader's perception by using the questionnaire results. From the
results, the
researcher analyzed whether the reader can identify the
translation as one-liner
jokes. To further the analysis, the researcher categorized the
one-liner based on
Chauvin’s typology of one-liners.
The third and last step was to combine the analysis of the
objective and
affective data to see the connection between the strategies that
the translator used
in translating one-liner to the perseverance of the function as
perceived by the
reader.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
There are three parts to discuss in this chapter. Those parts
are the
translation strategy and the reader’s responses of the
Indonesian translation of
“Dave Jokes of the Fringe 2017” and the connection between those
two. The first
part analyze the translation strategy that will answer the first
problem formulation.
The second parts discuss the reader’s response of the translated
text to see the
effect of the translation to the Indonesian readers. The third
part analyze the
connection between the two previous parts to answer the second
problem
formulation.
A. The Comparison of Translation Strategy Applied for Each Joke
in
Translating “Dave’s Jokes of the Fringe 2017” into Bahasa
Indonesia
In this part, the researcher aims to see what strategies applied
in translating
the jokes from “Dave’s Funniest Jokes of the Fringe 2017”. There
are 15 data
from the English version and also 30 data from the Indonesian
version.
The analysis shows what types of strategies are used based on
Baker’s
theory. Baker proposes eight strategies namely translation by
more general word
(superordinate), translation by neutral/less expressive word,
translation by cultural
substitution, translation using a loan word or loan word plus
explanation,
translation by paraphrase using a related word, translation by
paraphrase using
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unrelated words, translation by omission, and translation by
illustration (1992, P.
26-42).
From the data, the first translator from Pemad applied
translation by
neutral word, cultural substitution, loan word, paraphrasing
using related word,
paraphrasing using unrelated word and omission. The percentage
distribution can
be seen in this following chart:
Chart 1. TT1 Translation Strategies Distribution
It can be seen from the chart above that the translator does not
favor certain
strategy, but almost equally using several strategies. The
strategies used is still
dependent on the ST.
In TT2, the translator applied the same strategies mentioned
above except
cultural substitution. The distribution can be seen as
follows:
Neutral, 1, 6%
Loan, 3, 20%
Cultural Substitution, 1, 7%
Paraphrasing Unrelated, 3, 20%
Paraphrasing Related, 4, 27%
Omission, 3, 20%
T T 1 T R A N S L AT I O N S T R AT EG I E S D I S T R I B U T I
O N
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Chart 2. TT2 Translation Strategies Distribution
From the chart above, the translator favors the strategies of
translation by
paraphrasing with related words. The difference between applied
strategies and
the translator’s choices are analyzed and discussed in each
point below in this
section.
There are fifteen points discussed in this section, one for each
joke in the
source material. Because the researcher used two different
sources for the
Indonesian translation, the main point of this discussion is to
analyze the
translation strategy used by those two sources and compare the
similarity and
difference based on Baker’s strategy.
Neutral, 3, 19%
Loan, 1, 6%
Paraphrasing Unrelated, 3, 19%Paraphrasing
Related, 6, 37%
Omission, 3, 19%
T T 2 T R A N S L AT I O N S T R AT EG I E S D I S T R I B U T I
O N
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1. First Joke
No Text Strategy
1/ST I'm not a fan of the new pound coin, but then again, I
hate all change.
1/TT1 Saya tidak suka koin pound yang baru, saya tidak
suka kembalian saya diubah.
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
1/TT2 Saya bukan penggemar uang koin pound yang baru,
karena saya memang tidak suka semua uang receh
yang berbentuk koin.
Omission
In the ST, the word “change” can mean either “the substitution
of one
thing to another” or “coins of low denomination”. These two
meanings are crucial
as it is the punchline of the jokes. The two translators have a
different approach to
translating this word.
The first translator chooses to paraphrase the word “change”
into a phrase
that contains both meanings of the word. In TT1, the word
“change” is translated
into kembalian saya diubah. In TT2, the translator takes a
different approach by
directly omitting one meaning of the word. The translator only
translates “change”
into uang receh yang berbentuk koin.
2. Second Joke
No Text Strategy
2/ST Trump's nothing like Hitler. There's no way he could
write a book.
2/TT1 Trump sama sekali tidak seperti Hitler. Tidak mungkin
dia bisa menulis buku.
Neutral
2/TT2 Trump tidak sama seperti Hitler. Tidak mungkin dia
bisa
menulis buku.
Neutral
In the ST, the phrase “nothing like” is an informal expression
which
means really unlike, and generally implies that one person is
better than the
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others. In the TT, both translators choose the same approach by
using a more
neutral and less expressive phrase. Both paraphrase “nothing
like” into sama
sekali tidak seperti and tidak sama seperti respectively.
Although paraphrase
differently, there is no implied meaning that one person is
better than others, only
emphasizing that they are very different.
3. Third Joke
No Text Strategy
3/ST I've given up asking rhetorical questions. What's the
point?
3/TT1 Saya sudah menyerah memberikan pertanyaan
retorika. Apa gunanya?
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
3/TT2 Saya tidak akan pernah lagi membuat pertanyaan
retoris. Apa gunanya?
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
In this sentence, both translators used paraphrasing to avoid
using the
same basic word in the same sentence because “asking” and
“question” can be
translated into menanyakan and pertanyaan that comes from the
word tanya. In
TT1, the translator chooses to paraphrase the word “asking” into
memberikan
which have a closer meaning “to give”. In TT2, the translator
paraphrases the
phrase “given up” into tidak akan pernah lagi which have a
closer meaning of
“never again”. The translator also paraphrases “asking” into
membuat which has a
closer meaning to “making”.
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4. Fourth Joke
No Text Strategy
4/ST I'm looking for the girl next door type. I'm just gonna
keep moving house till I find her.
4/TT1 Saya sedang mencari tipe gadis manis anak tetangga
sebelah. Saya akan terus pindah rumah sampai saya
menemukannya.
Paraphrasing
Related
4/TT2 Saya mencari gadis biasa. Saya akan terus pindah
rumah sampai saya berhasil menemukannya.
Paraphrasing
Related
In this translation, both TT1 and TT2 used paraphrase for the
phrase “the
girl next door type”. In English, “the girl next door” is a
“nice, ordinary and
familiar girl, usually a neighbor or childhood friend”. In TT1,
the phrase is
translated into a more elaborate phrase tipe gadis manis anak
tetangga sebelah
which means “the neighbor’s sweet daughter”. In TT2, the phrase
is translated
into a simpler phrase gadis biasa, which mean “ordinary
girl”.
5. Fifth Joke
No Text Strategy
5/ST I like to imagine the guy who invented the umbrella was
going to call it the 'brella'. But he hesitated.
5/TT1 Saya suka membayangkan bahwa sosok yang
menciptakan payung atau umbrella sebetulnya hendak
menyebutnya ‘brella’, tapi lalu dia ragu-ragu.
Loan
5/TT2 Saya membayangkan orang yang menciptakan
“umbrella” atau yang bahasa Indonesianya payung
sebenarnya akan menamainya “brella”. Tapi orang itu
ragu-ragu.
Loan
In TT1 and TT2, both translators choose to keep both “umbrella”
and
“Brella” as a loan word then gives an explanation. Although
there is an
Indonesian term for “umbrella”, which is payung, both
translators choose to keep
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the English word to preserve the connection between “umbrella”
the second
loanword, “brella”.
6. Sixth Joke
No Text Strategy
6/ST Combine Harvesters. And you'll have a really big
restaurant.
6/TT1 Gabungkan semua Rumah Makan Sederhana. Dan kita
akan mendapatkan Rumah Makan Sangat Sederhana.
Cultural
substitution
6/TT2 Kumpulkan mesin-mesin pemetik hasil panen. Dan
kamu bisa punya sebuah restoran yang sangat besar.
Omission
In the ST, the phrase “combine harvester” could have two
meanings. The
first is literally “combining several restaurants named
Harvester, a restaurant
chain in Britain”, and the second is “a machine to harvest crops
in the field”. In
TT1, the translator chooses to take the meaning of Harvester as
a chain restaurant
and substitute it with another chain restaurant in Indonesia,
which is Rumah
Makan Sederhana. In TT2, the translator chooses to omit the
meaning of
Harvester as a chain restaurant, and chooses to translate it
only as “a corps
harvesting machine”.
7. Seventh Joke
No Text Strategy
7/ST I'm rubbish with names. It's not my fault, it's a
condition. There's a name for it...
7/TT1 Saya tidak bisa mengingat nama. Ini bukan keinginan
saya, tapi memang ini suatu kelainan. Nama kelainan
itu adalah…
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
7/TT2 Saya sampah yang punya nama. Bukan salah saya,
tapi keadaan. Sampah itu punya nama….
Omission
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In ST, rubbish is an expression that means “bad or not good at
something”.
In TT1, this word is paraphrased into tidak bisa mengingat which
mean “unable to
remember”. In TT2, the translator omits the meaning of the word
rubbish as an
expression and choose to translate it literally into sampah
which mean “garbage”.
8. Eighth Joke
No Text Strategy
8/ST I have two boys, 5 and 6. We're no good at naming
things in our house.
8/TT1 Saya punya 2 anak laki-laki, umur 5 dan 6. Kami
kesulitan mengingat nama benda-benda di rumah.
Paraphrasing
Related,
Omission
8/TT2 Saya punya dua anak laki-laki, 5 dan 6. Kami tidak
pandai menamai barang-barang di rumah kami.
Neutral
In TT1, the translator paraphrases “no good at naming” into
kesulitan
mengingat nama that means “difficulty in remembering names”. In
ST, “5 and 6”
can be the age of the boys, but also can mean the name of the
boys according to
the next sentence. In TT1, by paraphrasing “5 and 6” into umur 5
dan 6, the
translator omits the second meaning of “5 and 6”. In TT2 the
translator uses a less
expressive words to translate “no good” into tidak pandai. “No
good” is an
informal phrase of “not good” while tidak pandai is a formal
form of informal
phrases such as gak pinter or gak jago.
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9. Ninth Joke
No Text Strategy
9/ST I wasn't particularly close to my dad before he died...
which was lucky, because he trod on a land mine.
9/TT1 Saya tidak terlalu dekat dengan bapak saat beliau
masih hidup… ya, untung saja, soalnya dia
menginjak bom ranjau.
Paraphrasing
Related
9/TT2 Saya tidak begitu dekat dengan ayah saya sebelum
beliau meninggal… untunglah, karena beliau
menginjak ranjau darat.
Paraphrasing
Related
In ST, according to the next sentence, the phrase “before he
died” actually
means “the moment’s right before he died”. In TT1, it is
translated into saat
beliau masih hidup which mean “when he still alive”. In TT2 the
translator
chooses to translate it into sebelum beliau meninggal. It has a
closer and more
literal meaning with ST but unable to convey the meaning of “the
moments right
before he died”.
10. Tenth Joke
No Text Strategy
10/ST Whenever someone says, 'I don't believe in
coincidences.' I say, 'Oh my God, me neither!'.
10/TT1 Ketika seseorang berkata, ‘Saya tidak percaya pada
kebetulan.’ Saya berkata, ‘Ya Tuhan, saya juga
tidak!’.
Omission
10/TT2 Setiap kali ada yang bilang, ‘Saya tidak percaya
dengan yang namanya kebetulan.’ Saya berkata, ‘Ya
ampun, sama ya kita. Saya juga enggak tuh!’
Paraphrasing
Related,
Neutral
In TT1, the translator translates the word “whenever” which mean
“at
whatever time” into ketika which mean simply “at what time”. In
TT2. The
translator paraphrases “in coincidence” into dengan yang namanya
kebetulan. The
translator used a lengthier sentence to elaborate the phrase. It
can also be seen in
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how the translator translates the phrase “me neither”. It
translated into sama ya
kita, saya juga enggak tuh! which gives more elaboration to the
word, neither and
its contradiction to the previous sentence. The translator also
used a more neutral
phrase to translate “oh my God” by translating it into ya ampun
and omitting the
word “God”.
11. Eleventh Joke
No Text Strategy
11/ST A friend tricked me into going to Wimbledon by
telling me it was a men's singles event.
11/TT1 Seorang teman berbohong agar saya mau ikut ke
Wimbledon, dia bilang di sana ada men single’s,
acara pria single
Loan
11/TT2 Seorang teman mengerjai saya dan membuat saya
datang ke acara Wimbledon. Katanya sih itu adalah
acara permainan yang pemainnya para lelaki yang
tidak berpasangan.
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
In the phrase “men’s singles event” from ST, both translator of
TT1 and
TT2 have a very different approach to translating those phrases.
In TT1, the
translator chooses to keep the phrase “men single’s” and gives
an explanation as
acara pria single. In TT2, the translator chooses to elaborate
the meaning of
“men’s singles event” as acara permainan yang pemainnya para
lelaki yang tidak
berpasangan.
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12. Twelfth Joke
No Text Strategy
12/ST As a vegan, I think people who sell meat are
disgusting; but apparently people who sell fruit and
veg are grocer.
12/TT1 Sebagai seorang vegan, saya menganggap penjual
daging itu menjijikkan; tapi sepertinya para penjual
buah dan sayuran adalah penjual grosir [lebih
menjijikkan] (“grocer” yang berarti penjual grosir
jika dibaca dalam Bahasa Inggris akan serupa
dengan kata “grosser” yang artinya lebih
menjijikkan).
Loan
12/TT2 Sebagai seorang vegetarian, saya menganggap
orang-orang yang berjualan daging itu menjijikan,
tapi sepertinya mereka yang menjual buah dan
sayur adalah pemilik atau pegawai di toko
kelontong.
Paraphrasing
Related
In TT1, although the translator translates the word “grocer”
into penjual
grosir, the translator also gives an elaborate explanation to
try to encompass all
the use and meaning of the word “grocer”. In TT2, the translator
chooses to
translate “grocer” into pemilik atau pegawai di toko kelontong
which is a more
literal translation but forego the connection between the word
“grocer” and
“grosser”.
13. Thirteenth Joke
No Text Strategy
13/ST For me dying is a lot like going camping. I don't
want to do it.
13/TT1 Bagi saya sekarat itu sama seperti pergi berkemah.
Saya sama sekali tidak mau.
Omission
13/TT2 Bagi saya, sekarat itu terdengar sangat mirip seperti
pergi berkemah. Saya tidak mau melakukan itu.
Paraphrasing
Related
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In TT1, the translator omitted the phrase “to do it” by
translating the
sentence “I don’t want to do it” into saya sama sekali tidak mau
which only mean
“I really don’t want to”. In TT2, the translator chooses to
paraphrase the phrase “a
lot like” into terdengar sangat mirip which have closer meaning
to “sounds like”.
14. Fourteenth Joke
No Text Strategy
14/ST I wonder how many chameleons snuck onto the Ark.
14/TT1 Saya penasaran berapa banyak bunglon yang
menyelinap ke dalam Bahtera.
Paraphrasing
Related
14/TT2 Saya penasaran ada berapa banyak bunglon yang
menyelinap naik ke Bahtera Nuh.
Paraphrasing
Related
In TT1, the translator paraphrases the word “onto” into ke dalam
which
have closer meaning to “into” but both can generally mean going
inside
something. In TT2, the translator paraphrases the word “Ark”
into Bahtera Nuh to
give more context and a specification of what the Ark is.
15. Fifteenth Joke
No Text Strategy
15/ST I went to a Pretenders gig. It was a tribute act.
15/TT1 Saya datang ke konsernya Pretenders. Yang naik
pentas adalah band cover.
Paraphrasing
Related
15/TT2 Saya pergi menonton konsernya the Pretenders
kemarin. Seperti namanya, grup musik tersebut
membawakan lagu-lagu milik band populer dan
tampil meniru band tersebut.
Paraphrasing
Unrelated
In TT1, the translator translates “a tribute act” into band
cover which
usually what a tribute act is, a band covering another famous
band as a tribute act.
In TT2, the translator paraphrases the entire sentence “It was a
tribute act” into an
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explanation of the connection between a tribute act and the
meaning of the name
the Pretenders.
B. The Joke Analysis and Reader’s Response of The Translated
Version of
“Dave’s Jokes of The Fringe 2017”.
In this part, the researcher tries to see the connection between
how the
point of the jokes is translated and the reader’s reaction to
that translation. To
better understand the jokes, and create a more accurate
analysis, the researcher
categorized each joke into several categories from Chauvin’s
topology of one-
liners. Those categories are puns, set phrases, ambiguous
syntax, implicatures,
conversational clichés, lexical reference, cultural reference,
internal contradiction,
observational and absurdist humor.
Based on the theory above, the categories of jokes in the ST are
as follows:
puns, set phrases, implicatures, cultural reference, and
internal contradiction. The
distribution of the categories can be seen in the chart
below:
Chart 3. Category Distribution
Puns, 3, 20%
Set Phrases, 2, 13%
Implicatures, 2, 13%
Cultural References, 5,
34%
Internal Contradiction, 3,
20%
CATEGORY DISTRIBUTION
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This section also applied the affective data gathered via a
questionnaire to
see the readers’ response for each translated jokes. By dividing
this section into 15
points, one for each joke, the researcher analyzed and discussed
the correlation
between the ways the jokes are translated to the reaction of the
reader.
1. First Joke
No Text Result
1/ST I'm not a fan of the new pound coin, but then again, I
hate all change.
Puns
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
1/TT1 Saya tidak suka koin pound yang baru, saya tidak
suka kembalian saya diubah.
30 70
1/TT2 Saya bukan penggemar uang koin pound yang baru,
karena saya memang tidak suka semua uang receh
yang berbentuk koin.
30 70
The ST is a pun joke that comes from the connection between the
phrases
“the new pound coin” in the setup and the double meaning in the
word “change”
in the punchline. The word “change” means either “the
substitution of one thing to
another” which mean something new or “coins”. In TT1, the
translator tries to
encompass both meanings of the word “change” by paraphrasing it
into kembalian
saya dirubah which results in 70% of readers do not consider it
as a joke. In TT2,
the translator omits the meaning of the word “change” as
creating something new.
The difference in the translator’s choice does not change the
response of the
readers as 70% still do not consider it as a joke.
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2. Second Joke
No Text Result
2/ST Trump's nothing like Hitler. There's no way he could
write a book.
Cultural
References
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
2/TT1 Trump sama sekali tidak seperti Hitler. Tidak
mungkin dia bisa menulis buku.
40 60
2/TT2 Trump tidak sama seperti Hitler. Tidak mungkin dia
bisa menulis buku.
40 60
This joke is based on the cultural knowledge that Donald Trump,
the 45th
president of the United States, and Adolf Hitler, the leader of
Nazi Germany in
WW2, are considered as a very bad person. In ST, the set up
“Trump’s nothing
like Hitler” gives an implicit expectation that Trump is better
than or not as bad as
Hitler. But, the punchline shows that Hitler is better than
Trump because he can
write a book. This set up is not translated fully into Bahasa
Indonesia by both of
the translators, because they are unable to imply that Trump is
better than Hitler.
This is results in only 40% of the readers consider both
translations as jokes.
3. Third Joke
No Text Result
3/ST I've given up asking rhetorical questions. What's the
point?
Internal
Contradiction
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
3/TT1 Saya sudah menyerah memberikan pertanyaan
retorika. Apa gunanya?
70 30
3/TT2 Saya tidak akan pernah lagi membuat pertanyaan
retoris. Apa gunanya?
60 40
In this joke, humor is created by internal contradiction between
the setup
and the punchline. The setup state that the writer will no
longer ask a rhetorical
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question, but then immediately followed by asking a rhetorical
question in the
punchline. In TT, although the two translators used different
phrases, the core
form of no longer asking a rhetorical question and immediately
followed by a
rhetorical question is preserved. It can be seen from the data
that the majority of
the readers still consider those sentences as jokes, 70% for TT1
and 60% for TT2.
4. Fourth Joke
No Text Result
4/ST I'm looking for the girl next door type. I'm just gonna
keep moving house till I find her.
Set Phrases
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
4/TT1 Saya sedang mencari tipe gadis manis anak tetangga
sebelah. Saya akan terus pindah rumah sampai saya
menemukannya.
70 30
4/TT2 Saya mencari gadis biasa. Saya akan terus pindah
rumah sampai saya berhasil menemukannya.
30 70
The core of this joke is the connection between the set phrase
“girl next
door” and “moving house”. Rather than use the figurative meaning
of “the girl
next door” which is “a nice, ordinary girl”, the performer
chooses to use the literal
meaning “a girl who lived next door” as a set up for the
punchline. In TT1, the
translator chooses to keep the connection by translating “girl
next door” into gadis
manis anak tetangga sebelah. The phrase tetangga sebelah works
with the
punchline that he needs to pindah rumah to find one. In TT2, the
translator
chooses to translate “girl next door” into gadis biasa and thus
abandoning the
connection because gadis biasa cannot mean “a girl who lived
next door”. This
results in only 30% of the readers consider TT2 as a joke while
70% of the readers
consider TT1 as a joke.
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5. Fifth Joke
No Text Result
5/ST I like to imagine the guy who invented the umbrella
was going to call it the 'brella'. But he hesitated.
Puns
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
5/TT1 Saya suka membayangkan bahwa sosok yang
menciptakan payung atau umbrella sebetulnya hendak
menyebutnya ‘brella’, tapi lalu dia ragu-ragu.
90 10
5/TT2 Saya membayangkan orang yang menciptakan
“umbrella” atau yang bahasa Indonesianya payung
sebenarnya akan menamainya “brella”. Tapi orang itu
ragu-ragu.
60 40
In this joke, the writer suggests that the word “umbrella” is a
pun that
comes from the combination of the word “brella” and “um”,
onomatopoeia that
uttered when someone is hesitating. To preserve the wordplay,
both translators
keep the word “umbrella” and “brella”. The only difference is
that in TT1, the
translator directly explains umbrella as payung while in TT2 the
translator used
longer phrase yang bahasa Indonesianya payung. This small
difference in
phrasing creates a difference in the reader's perception as 90%
of the readers
consider TT1 as jokes while only 60% of the readers consider TT2
as jokes.
6. Sixth Joke
No Text Result
6/ST Combine Harvesters. And you'll have a really big
restaurant.
Cultural
References
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
6/TT1 Gabungkan semua Rumah Makan Sederhana. Dan
kita akan mendapatkan Rumah Makan Sangat
Sederhana.
60 40
6/TT2 Kumpulkan mesin-mesin pemetik hasil panen. Dan
kamu bisa punya sebuah restoran yang sangat besar.
40 60
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The phrase “combine harvesters” generally mean “a machine to
harvest
crops in the field”. But when “Harvesters” is interpreted as the
name of a chain
restaurant in Britain, combining Harvesters create a really big
restaurant. In TT1,
the translator chooses to substitute Harvester to a local chain
restaurant Rumah
Makan Sederhana. Although losing the double meaning of the
phrase “Combine
Harvester”, the translator can create another wordplay using the
phrase Rumah
Makan Sangat Sederhana. In English, Rumah Makan Sederhana can be
translated
into “Simple Restaurant” while Rumah Makan Sangat Sederhana can
mean “Very
Simple Restaurant”. This creates an incongruity in a way that if
you combine
something, you should be creating something, bigger, or grander,
not something
simple. In this way, the translator changes the point of the
jokes, but still manage
to create a joke with the same basic principle of wordplay based
on the restaurant
names as a cultural reference.
The majority of readers, 60%, consider TT1 as a joke. In TT2,
the
translator chooses to omit the meaning of Harvester as a chain
restaurant by
translating it into mesin-mesin pemetik hasil panen. This
translation removes the
connection between “Harvesters” and “restaurant” thus creating
two sentences
without any connection. It can be seen from the data that only
40% of the readers
that consider this sentence as a joke.
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7. Seventh Joke
No Text Result
7/ST I'm rubbish with names. It's not my fault, it's a
condition. There's a name for it...
Internal
Contradiction
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
7/TT1 Saya tidak bisa mengingat nama. Ini bukan
keinginan saya, tapi memang ini suatu kelainan.
Nama kelainan itu adalah…
20 80
7/TT2 Saya sampah yang punya nama. Bukan salah saya,
tapi keadaan. Sampah itu punya nama….
40 60
In ST, the internal contradiction of the writer's inability to
recall the name
of his condition shortly after saying that he is bad with names
creates the point of
the jokes. In TT1, the translator keeps the point of the jokes,
but paraphrase it with
longer, more formal and more elaborate sentences. This results
in 80% of reader
cannot consider TT1 as a joke. The translator of TT2 chooses to
forego the
definition of “rubbish” as an expression and literally translate
it into sampah. This
creates an absurd sentence Saya sampah yang punya nama.
Surprisingly, 40% of
the readers consider this sentence as a joke.
8. Eighth Joke
No Text Result
8/ST I have two boys, 5 and 6. We're no good at naming
things in our house.
Implicature
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
8/TT1 Saya punya 2 anak laki-laki, umur 5 dan 6. Kami
kesulitan mengingat nama benda-benda di rumah.
30 70
8/TT2 Saya punya dua anak laki-laki, 5 dan 6. Kami tidak
pandai menamai barang-barang di rumah kami.
30 70
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In this joke, the connection between the phrase “5 and 6” and
“no good at
naming things” create an implied meaning that either the writer
did not name his
children, or he named his boys “five” and “six” respectively. In
both TT, this
implied meaning is lost because of the way the translator
paraphrased the
sentences. In TT1, by adding the word umur, it constricts the
definition of 5 dan
6. The translator also paraphrases “no good” into kesulitan
mengingat thus further
the disconnection between phrases. Furthermore, both in TT1 and
TT2, the
translation of “things” is not working in Bahasa Indonesia
because benda-benda
and barang-barang cannot refer to children. This results in 70%
of the readers do
not consider both TT1 and TT2 as a joke sentence.
9. Ninth Joke
No Text Result
9/ST I wasn't particularly close to my dad before he died...
which was lucky, because he trod on a land mine.
Implicature
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
9/TT1 Saya tidak terlalu dekat dengan bapak saat beliau
masih hidup… ya, untung saja, soalnya dia
menginjak bom ranjau.
80 20
9/TT2 Saya tidak begitu dekat dengan ayah saya sebelum
beliau meninggal… untunglah, karena beliau
menginjak ranjau darat.
90 10
Generally, not being close to someone's own father before he
died is an
unfortunate thing, because they are unable to spend important
time and memories
with their deceased father. The setup of this joke implied that
unfortunate
condition, but the punchline broke that implication by saying
that it was lucky.
The phrase “before he died” usually means in the father everyday
life, but in this
joke, it means the moment when the father is dying because he
trod on a land
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mine and died. Both translators in the TT keep the form of the
jokes with a slight
difference in paraphrasing a certain phrase. This results in the
majority of the
readers consider both TT1 and TT2 as joke sentences, 80% for TT1
and 90% for
TT2.
10. Tenth Joke
No Text Result
10/ST Whenever someone says, 'I don't believe in
coincidences.' I say, 'Oh my God, me neither!'.
Internal
Contradiction
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
10/TT1 Ketika seseorang berkata, ‘Saya tidak percaya pada
kebetulan.’ Saya berkata, ‘Ya Tuhan, saya juga
tidak!’.
40 60
10/TT2 Setiap kali ada yang bilang, ‘Saya tidak percaya
dengan yang namanya kebetulan.’ Saya berkata,
‘Ya ampun, sama ya kita. Saya juga enggak tuh!’
60 40
In this joke, the writer contradict the statement of
disbelieving in
coincidences by immediately stating a coincidence. Both TT1 and
TT2 paraphrase
the sentence heavily. The only major difference between TT1 and
TT2 is in TT2,
the translator elaborates more by using the phrase sama ya kita.
This phrase
emphasizes the coincidence factor and thus results in 60% of the
readers consider
TT2 as a joke sentence while only 40% of the readers consider
TT1 as a joke
sentence.
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11. Eleventh Joke
No Text Result
11/ST A friend tricked me into going to Wimbledon by
telling me it was a men's singles event.
Cultural
References
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
11/TT1 Seorang teman berbohong agar saya mau ikut ke
Wimbledon, dia bilang di sana ada men single’s,
acara pria single
30 70
11/TT2 Seorang teman mengerjai saya dan membuat saya
datang ke acara Wimbledon. Katanya sih itu adalah
acara permainan yang pemainnya para lelaki yang
tidak berpasangan.
40 60
In this joke, the connection between “Wimbledon”, a world-famous
tennis
event and double meaning of the phrase “men’s singles event”,
which can mean
one of the events in tennis or an event for single men to find
their date, create
wordplay that results in humor. In both TT1 and TT2, the
translators unable to
translate this connection. In TT1, the translator chooses to
keep the phrase “men’s
single” and give an explanation in Bahasa Indonesia while in
TT2, the translator
paraphrase “men’s singles event” by elaborately explain it in
Bahasa Indonesia.
Both approaches results in only 30% of the readers consider TT1
as a jokes
sentence and 40% consider TT2 as a joke sentence.
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12. Twelfth Joke
No Text Result
12/ST As a vegan, I think people who sell meat are
disgusting; but apparently people who sell fruit and
veg are grocer.
Puns
Menurut anda, apakah kalimat di bawah ini
merupakan sebuah lelucon?
Ya
(%)
Tidak
(%)
12/TT1 Sebagai seorang vegan, saya menganggap penjual
daging itu menjijikkan; tapi sepertinya para penjual
buah dan sayuran adalah penjual grosir [lebih
menjijikkan] (“grocer” yang berarti penjual grosir
jika dibaca dalam Bahasa Inggris akan serupa
dengan kata “grosser” yang artinya lebih
menjijikkan).
80 20
12/TT2 Sebagai seorang vegetarian, saya menganggap
orang-orang yang berjualan daging itu menjijikan,
tapi sepertinya mereka yang menjual buah dan sayur
adalah pemilik atau pegawai di toko kelontong.
30 70
In ST, the word “grocer” is a homophone to the word “grosser”.
This
creates a pun that mean, although the meat seller is disgusting,
fruit and vegetable
seller is