Jointsrev

Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Joints = Articulations

Joints = Articulations• Classification of joints: 2 ways• Functional Classification - based on amount of

movement allowed at the joint:

3 Types:

Synarthroses – immovable joints

Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints

Diathroses – freely movable joints

• Structural Classification - based on the material binding the body and the absence or the presence of a joint cavity:

3 Types: Fibrous Joints – Fibrous CT binds the bones; joint cavity absent

Cartilaginous joints – Cartilage binds the bones; joint cavity absent

Synovial joints- ligaments bind the bones; joint cavity PRESENT

3 Structural classes of joints• Fibrous Joints – bones joined together by dense CT; joint

cavity absent

3 types: Sutures – located only in the skull

Gomphoses – located only between teeth and

bony alveolar sockets

Syndesmoses – ligaments or bands connect

the bones

• Cartilaginous Joints – cartilage connects the bones; joint cavity absent

2 types:

Synchondroses – Hyaline cartilage connects bones

Symphyses – Fibrocartilage connects bones

• Synovial Joints – ligaments bind the bones;

Joint cavity present 6 types:

Plane joints Pivot joints Saddle joints

Hinge joints Condyloid joints Ball-and-socket



Figure 8.1: Fibrous joints, p. 253.

(a) (b)

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Suture line

FibulaTibia

Suture Syndesmosis

Ligament



Figure 8.2: Cartilaginous joints, p. 254.

(a)

(c)

(b)

Epiphysealplate(hyalinecartilage)

Synchondroses

Sternum (manubrium)

Joint between first riband sternum (immovable)

Symphyses

FibrocartilaginousintervertebraldiscBody of vertebra



Figure 8.3: General structure of a synovial joint, p. 255.

(a)

(b)

Periosteum

Ligament

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)

Fibrouscapsule

Synovialmembrane

Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articularcapsule



Figure 8.4: Friction-reducing structures: Bursae and tendon sheaths, p. 257.

(a)

(b)

Acromionof scapula

Glenoid cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid

Synovial membraneFibrous capsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursaFibrousarticular capsule

Tendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle



Figure 8.8a-b: Knee joint, p. 266.

(a)

(b)

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

Suprapatellarbursa

Patella

Subcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad

Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

LateralmeniscusAnteriorcruciateligamentTibia

Fibularcollateralligament

PosteriorcruciateligamentMedialcondyleTibialcollateralligament

Anteriorcruciateligament

Medialmeniscus

PatellarligamentPatella

Quadricepstendon

Lateralcondyleof femur

Lateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia



Figure 8.8a: Knee joint, p. 266.

(a)

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

Suprapatellarbursa

Patella

Subcutaneousprepatellar bursa

Synovial cavity

Lateral meniscus


Infrapatellarfat pad

Deep infrapatellarbursa

Patellar ligament

Articularcapsule

Lateralmeniscus


Tibia



Figure 8.8b: Knee joint, p. 266.

(b)



Medialcondyle

Tibialcollateralligament


Medialmeniscus

Patellarligament

Patella

Quadricepstendon

Lateralcondyleof femur

Lateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia



Figure 8.8c-d: Knee joint, p. 266.

(c)

(d)

Quadricepsfemorismuscle

Tendon ofquadricepsfemorismuscle

Patella

Lateralpatellarretinaculum

MedialpatellarretinaculumTibialcollateralligament

Tibia


Fibula

Patellarligament

Medialfemoralcondyle

AnteriorcruciateligamentMedialmeniscuson medialtibialcondyle



Figure 8.8c: Knee joint, p. 266.

(c)

Quadricepsfemorismuscle

Tendon ofquadricepsfemorismuscle

Patella

Lateralpatellarretinaculum

Medialpatellarretinaculum

Tibialcollateralligament

Tibia


Fibula

Patellarligament



Figure 8.8d: Knee joint, p. 266.

(d)

Medialfemoralcondyle


Medialmeniscuson medialtibialcondyle



Figure 8.8e: Knee joint, p. 266.

(e)

Articularcapsule

ObliquepoplitealligamentLateralhead ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

FibularcollateralligamentArcuatepoplitealligament

Tibia

Femur

Medial head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Tendon ofsemimembranosusmuscle

Popliteusmuscle

Tendon ofadductormagnus

Bursa



Figure 8.9: A common knee injury, p. 267.

Lateral

Medial

Patella(outline)

Tibialcollateralligament(torn)

Medialmeniscus(torn)

Anteriorcruciateligament(torn)

Hockey puck



Figure 8.10a: The elbow joint, p. 268.

(a)

Articularcapsule

Synovialmembrane

Synovial cavity

Articular cartilage

Coronoid process

Tendon ofbiceps muscle

Ulna

Humerus

Fat pad

Tendon oftricepsmuscleBursa

Trochlea

Articular cartilageof the trochlearnotch



Figure 8.10b: The elbow joint, p. 268.

(b)

Humerus

Lateralepicondyle

ArticularcapsuleRadialcollateralligament

Olecranonprocess

Anularligament

Radius

Ulna



Figure 8.10c: The elbow joint, p. 268.

(c)

Anularligament

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Ulnar(medial)collateralligament

Ulna

Articularcapsule

Radius

Coronoidprocess



Figure 8.10d: The elbow joint, p. 268.

(d)

Articularcapsule

Anularligament

Coronoidprocess

Radius

Humerus

Medialepicondyle

Ulnarcollateralligament

Ulna



Figure 8.11a: The shoulder joint, p. 269.

(a)

Acromion

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Coracohumeralligament

Greatertubercleof humerusTransversehumeralligamentTendon sheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachiimuscle

Articularcapsulereinforced byglenohumeralligaments

Subscapularbursa

Tendon of thesubscapularismuscleScapula

Coracoidprocess



Figure 8.11b: The shoulder joint, p. 269.

(b)

Acromion

Coracoidprocess

Articularcapsule

Glenoid cavity

Glenoid labrum

Tendon of longhead of bicepsbrachii muscleGlenohumeralligamentsTendon of thesubscapularismuscleScapula

Posterior Anterior



Figure 8.11c: The shoulder joint, p. 269.

(c)

Head ofhumerus

Muscle ofrotatorcuff (cut)

Acromion(cut)

Glenoidcavity ofscapula

Capsule ofshoulderjoint(opened)



Figure 8.12a-b: The hip joint, p. 270.

(a)(b)

Articular cartilageCoxal (hip) bone

Ligament of thehead of the femur(ligamentum teres)

Synovial cavity

Articular capsule

Acetabular labrum

Femur

Acetabularlabrum

Synovialmembrane

Ligamentof the headof the femur(ligamentumteres)Headof femur

Articularcapsule (cut)



Figure 8.12c-d: The hip joint, p. 270.

(c) (d)

Anterior inferioriliac spine

IliofemoralligamentPubofemoralligament

Greatertrochanter

Ischium

IliofemoralligamentIschiofemoralligament

Greatertrochanterof femur



Figure 8.13: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossa

Articular tubercle

Infratemporal fossa

External acousticmeatus

Lateral ligamentArticular

capsule

Neck of mandible

Articularcapsule

Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa

Articular discArticulartubercle

Superiorjointcavity

Inferiorjointcavity

Mandibularcondyle

Neck of mandible

Synovialmembranes

Laterial excursion



Figure 8.13a: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271.

(a)

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossa

Articular tubercle

Infratemporal fossa

External acousticmeatus

Lateral ligamentArticular

capsule

Neck of mandible



Figure 8.13b: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271.

(b)

Articularcapsule

Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa

Articular discArticulartubercle

Superiorjointcavity

Inferiorjointcavity

Mandibularcondyle

Neck of mandible

Synovialmembranes

Jointsrev

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