Joints

Joints

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

FibulaTibia

Ligament

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.Periodontal ligament holds tooth

in socket.


Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.

Densefibrousconnectivetissue

Sutureline

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.


Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.

FibulaTibia

Ligament

(b) Syndesmosis

Joint held together by a ligament.Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but

is longer than in sutures.


Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.

Root oftooth

Socket ofalveolarprocess

Periodontalligament

(c) Gomphosis

“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontalligament holds tooth in socket.


Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage


Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.

Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)

Sternum(manubrium)Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)

(a) SynchondrosesBones united by hyaline cartilage


Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.

Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage


Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.

Periosteum

Ligament

FibrouscapsuleSynovialmembrane

Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)Articular (hyaline)cartilage

Articularcapsule


(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavityLateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

LateralmeniscusAnteriorcruciateligamentTibia

Figure 8.8a The knee joint.


Figure 8.8b The knee joint.

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medialmeniscus

Articularcartilageon medialtibialcondyle

Anterior

Anteriorcruciateligament

Articularcartilage onlateral tibialcondyle

Lateralmeniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament


Figure 8.8c The knee joint.

Quadricepsfemoris muscle

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris musclePatellaLateral patellarretinaculum

Medial patellarretinaculumTibial collateralligament

Tibia

Fibularcollateralligament

Fibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament


Figure 8.8d The knee joint.

Articular capsuleOblique poplitealligamentLateral head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Fibular collateralligamentArcuate poplitealligamentTibia

Femur

Medial head ofgastrocnemiusmuscle

Tendon ofsemimembranosusmuscle

(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,including ligaments

Popliteusmuscle (cut)

Tendon ofadductor magnus

BursaTibial collateralligament


Fibularcollateralligament

Posterior cruciateligamentMedial condyleTibial collateralligamentAnterior cruciateligamentMedial meniscusPatellar ligament

PatellaQuadriceps tendon

Lateral condyleof femurLateralmeniscus

Fibula

Tibia

(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciateligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadricepstendon cut and reflected distally)

Figure 8.8e The knee joint.


Figure 8.8f The knee joint.

Medial femoral condyle

Anterior cruciateligament

Medial meniscus onmedial tibial condyle

Patella

(f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)


Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.

Acromionof scapula

Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

SynovialmembraneFibrouscapsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Fibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheathTendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint


Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.

CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluidBursa rollsand lessensfriction.Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa

eliminates friction where a ligament (or otherstructure) would rub against a bone

Humerusresting

Humerusmoving


Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints.

a

bc

de

fNonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)


Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints.

b Hinge joint (elbow joint)

a

bc

de

f

NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial


Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints.

c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

a

bc

de



Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints.

d Condyloid joint(metacarpophalangeal joint)

a

bc

de



Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints.

e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal jointof thumb)

a

bc

de



Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints.

f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)

a

bc

de



Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.

Lateral MedialPatella(outline)

Tibial collateralligament(torn)Medialmeniscus (torn)Anteriorcruciateligament (torn)

Hockey puck


Figure 8.14 Arthroscopic photograph of a torn medial meniscus.

Tornmeniscus


Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.


Table 8.1 Summary of Joint Classes


Table 8.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 4)








A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans


A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans

Joints

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pearson education

b fibrous joints

b types of synovial

b cartilaginous joints

c types of synovial

c fibrous joints

d types of synovial

e types of synovial