November 17, 2009 @ E3 2009 Impact of Vehicle Electrification Beware: there be maths here John R Bryan Project Director, Rocky Mountain Secure Smart Grid Initiative President, Secure Smart Grid Association 1 MW NaS Battery V2G PHEV Original SmartGridCity Team 1
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November 17, 2009 @ E3 2009
Impact of Vehicle ElectrificationBeware: there be maths here
John R BryanProject Director, Rocky Mountain Secure Smart Grid Initiative
President, Secure Smart Grid Association
1 MW NaS BatteryV2G PHEV
Original SmartGridCity Team
1
Some Assumptions
✤ Electric drive will be a standard (along with oil derivatives)
✤ We are only talking passenger cars
✤ Battery Prices don’t get more expensive
✤ 4 miles per 1 kWh in a sedan (2010 iMiEV gets 8 miles per kWh)
✤ Service cost per kWh is 11.55 cents (risen from 8.4 to 11.55 since 1995, or 2.3%)
✤ Links to Federal source data is linked in the shareable document
✤ I tend to present “eye charts”. Apologies in advance.
What Size of Interconnect?✤ Nissan Leaf has 100 mile range✤ Tesla Roadster has 240 miles✤ Mitsubishi iMiEV has 100 miles
✤ Bigger the battery or range the bigger the plug✤ 6kW Dryer outlet seems right✤ $200 - $400 without digging✤ We’ll assume 6kW connection
Hours to ChargeHours to ChargeHours to Charge
Leaf Tesla iMiEV
volt
110
125
240
240
amp NEMA Type kW / kWh 24 56 16
15 5-15R Normal 1.65 14.55 33.94 9.70
30 TT-30 RV Standard 3.75 6.40 14.93 4.27
30 6-30R Dryer 7.2 3.33 7.78 2.22
50 6-50R Farm Equipment 12 2.00 4.67 1.33 5
Power and Energy
✤ Energy (kWh) per year✤ 92% of all commutes are < 35 miles✤ Of that 92%, average is 11.37 miles✤ 1,400,000 for 11.37 miles is- 3,980,789 kWh for about 1.5 hours✦ new utility sales of $459,781 per year✦ Cumulative
A 6 kW EV is at least one home and is 3+ homes in lower demand areas.
At $600 per new transformer, each uncontrolled EV will add new unexpected load to the grid causing disruptions to planning and service.
* Never could find data on number of homes per transformer. Trust me? (It’s 3 - 5 with a spare.)
Andrew Tang, Sr Director, Smart Energy WebPacific Gas and Electric Company at
The Networked Grid, 11/04/2009
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Andrew Tang, Sr Director, Smart Energy WebPacific Gas and Electric Company at
The Networked Grid, 11/04/2009
JRB: This is Smart Grid
8
Capital Deferral
For a 22.74 mile total commute only EV with V2G (charged with coal):• $7,441 on fuel savings, $3,488 on generation, $682 on distribution, $3,112 on arbitrage, $247 in CO2• Total of $14,971 saved by the presence of V2G while using on 22% of a 100 mile battery• So who should own the battery if it can be used for the common good? •Maybe rate base the 100 mile, 25 kWh, 6kW, $6,250 battery? 9
Renewables Integration
✤ US sells 10M vehicles per year, so at 25% EV
✤ Average commute is 11.37 miles and would use 7,106 MWh / year
✤ 123,603 MWh of Wind and Solar in 2008
✤ EVs would use 29% of 2020 wind over 3 hours of charging at night
✤ IF at 100% EV, all wind and solar renewables have no impact on the grid
✤ with 100% Passenger Sales at Electric Vehicles = 20% wind generation