Job Design Final

JOB DESIGN JOB DESIGN

Presentation by:Presentation by:

25 – Anil Gupta25 – Anil Gupta

26 – Tanvi Jindal26 – Tanvi Jindal

27 – Anshul Jain27 – Anshul Jain

28 – Vipul Singhal28 – Vipul Singhal

29 – Vineet Kumar29 – Vineet Kumar

30 – Ishita Dhingra 30 – Ishita Dhingra

OutlineOutline

• What is Job Design?• Job Specialisation• Techniques of Job Design• Factors Affecting Job Design• Job Design Decisions• How can job design help with the organization of work? • Trends in Job Design• Behavioral Considerations in Job Design• Socio-technical Systems• Physical Considerations in Job Design• Work Methods-- Ultimate Job Design

Job Design

• Specifying tasks that make up ajob for an individual or group

• Involves determining– What is to be done (i.e., responses)– How it is to be done (i.e., tools, etc.)– Why it is to be done (i.e., purpose)

• Job design is the function of specifying the work

activities of an individual or group in an

organizational setting.

Objectives

• Technical Feasibility

• Economic Feasibility

• Behavioral Feasibility

Job Design Continuum

Job Specialization

Involves Breaking jobs into small component

parts Assigning specialists to do each part

First noted by Adam Smith (1776) Observed how workers in pin factory

divided tasks into smaller components Found in manufacturing & service

industries

Greater dexterity & faster learning Less lost time changing jobs or

tools Use more specialized tools Pay only for needed skills

Job Specialization Often Reduces Cost

Techniques of Job Design

Job enlargement

Job rotation

Job enrichment

Work simplification

Factors Affecting Job Design

Organizational factors Work Practices Ergonomics Work Flow The internal structure of each task Characteristics of Task:

Environmental factors Employee Abilities and Availability: Social and Cultural Expectations:

Job Design DecisionsHowWhyWhenWhereWhatWho

Mental andphysicalcharacteristicsof the work force

Tasks to beperformed

Geographiclocale of theorganization;location of work areas

Time of day;time of occurrence inthe work flow

Organizationalrationale forthe job; object-ives and mot-ivation of theworker

Method of performanceandmotivation

UltimateJob

Structure

How can job design help with the organization of work?

Job design principles can address problems

such as: work overload, work under load, repetitiveness, limited control over work, shift work, delays in filling vacant positions, excessive working hours, and Limited understanding of the whole job process.

Trends in Job Design

Quality control as part of the worker's job Cross-training workers to perform multi

skilled jobs Employee involvement and team

approaches to designing and organizing

work "Informating" ordinary workers through

e-mail and the Internet

Extensive use of temporary workers Automation of heavy manual work Creating alternative workplaces Organizational commitment to

providing meaningful and rewarding

jobs for all employees

Trends in Job Design

Behavioral Considerations in Job Design

Ultimate Job

Structure

Degree of

Specialization

Job Enrichment

(vs. Enlargement)

Balancing the specialization in a job and its content through enrichment can give us….

Balancing the specialization in a job and its content through enrichment can give us….

Socio-technical Systems

Task VarietySkill VarietyFeedback

Task IdentityTask Autonomy

Process Technology

Needs

Worker/Group Needs

Focuses on the interaction between technology and the work group by looking at….

Focuses on the interaction between technology and the work group by looking at….

Physical Considerations in Job Design

Work physiology sets work-rest cycles according

to the energy expended in various parts of the

job. The harder the work, the more the need for

rest periods. Ergonomics is a term used to describe the study

of the physical arrangement of the work space

together with tools used to perform a task. Fit

the work to the body rather than forcing the

body to conform to the work.

Work Methods

Ultimate Job Design

Workers Interacting with Other Workers

A Production Process

Worker at a Fixed Workplace

Worker Interacting with Equipment

Ultimate

Job Design

A job is said to be enlarged vertically if

the employee is involved with which of the

following?a) The job’s planning

b) The job’s organizing

c) The job’s inspecting

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

Question Bowl

Research on Sociotechnical Systems have found

that individuals or work groups require an

integrated pattern of work activities that

incorporates which of the following job design

principles?a) Decreased task variety

b) Decreased skill variety

c) Decreased task autonomy

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Answer: e. None of the above (Increases in task variety, skill variety, and task autonomy have all been suggested in the research.)

Question Bowl

Which of the following activities requires

the most typical energy cost in calories

per minute?a) Walking upstairs

b) Writing

c) Chopping wood

d) Typing on a computer

e) Digging

Answer: a. Walking upstairs (According to the Calorie Requirements for Various Activities exhibit walking upstairs requires the most calories at 12 per minute.)

Question Bowl