Jillian Hunt Research Paper Holocaust Overview

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Research Paper

Holocaust Overview

Jillian Hunt

Eng Comp 102-101

Mr. Neuburger

2 April 2012


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Hitler rises to power as FhrerSource : http://bit.ly/HkiNxV

During the brief 30 years between World War I and World War II, a horrendous power

was bestowed to a man thought to have the ability to bring Germany out of humiliation. Instead,

he created a path of destruction that culminates with a holocaust where twelve million people

were systematically murdered. Although the Holocaust occurred over a three year period

between 1942 and 1945, there were a series of events that occurred over a much longer period of

time that allowed the Holocaust to transpire. Its important to understand the series of events that

led to the Holocaust in order to prevent an atrocity like this from ever occurring again.

Nazi Rise to Power

The early 1930s were a tough time for all nations. The

aftermath of World War I left many economies shattered, especially

Germany. Michael Berenbaum notes several times that Germany felt

humiliated and lacked confidence in their Weimar Republic government

following World War I (12-13). The desperation the country felt set up

an opportunity of hope that a new leader could bring back Germanys

confidence and bring them out of the Depression. Though both Germany and the United States

had elected a new leader similarly in times of trouble, the difference began with how the leaders

dealt with the citizens of their country. Berenbaum states, Roosevelt told the American people

they had nothing to fear but fear itself (14)Furthermore. The Nazis maintained their power by

using fear for control. They based their political campaigns on terror, intimidation and violent

acts. This idea of control had always been a part of the National Socialist Party, and only grew

worse with Hitlers rise to power. Adolf Hitler promised a national reawakening which he

convinced many German men and women would be the only way, besides a dictatorship, to

bring Germany out of the Depression. In January of 1933, Adolf Hitler was named chancellor of


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llustration from an antisemitic

children's primer. The sign reads "Jews

are not wantedhere."Source : htt ://bit.l / aamMi

Germans coalition government and the Nationalist party (15). A fatal flaw in the Weimar

Republic constitution allowed the Reichstag to temporarily give legislative power to the

chancellor by two-thirds majority vote. Two months later an enabling act was passed that gave

dictatorial power to Hitler and for the next 12 years Germany was ruled by the Fhrer (16).

Anti-Semitism.

Twenty years prior to naming himself Fhrer, Adolf Hitler

joined the Nationalist Social Party and was a strong believer in

anti-Semitism. In the early 1900s there was a widespread belief in

creating a superior race, called Eugenics. Germans developed the

Aryan Race. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

(USHMM) states, through Eugenics specific races were ranked

superior to inferior depending on family genealogies, physical measurements, and intelligence

tests (Science as Salvation). The term Anti-Semitism was officially coined in Germany around

1933 specifying the hatred of Jews and wanting all non-Aryan citizens out of Germany. Violent

riots were aimed towards Jewish businesses, synagogues, and homes. These riots, Pogroms, were

one of the most popular anti-Semitic acts encouraging the hatred of Jews. Racism was the

central and pervasive theme of Nazi ideology (Berenbaum 16). According to USHMM, the

Nazis idea of Eugenics was that they must stay superior to all inferior races of Slavs, Gypsies,

blacks and Jews. When Hitler declared himself Fhrer, the Nationalist Social Party enforced

sterilization of inferior races to prevent proliferation. Anti-Semitism counts for all the acts done

against Jewish citizens of Germany, Poland, and most of Western Europe following Hitlers rise

to power. The Holocaust is one of the most extreme acts of anti-Semitism which was encouraged

by government officials brought on by political anti-Semitism. USHMM continues to address,


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A potent component of political anti-Semitism was nationalism, which adherents often falsely

denounced Jews as disloyal citizens (ANTISEMITISM). The Nazi rise to power campaign

forced anti-Jewish boycotts, staged book burnings, and ratified discriminatory Jewish legislation

(ANTISEMITISM). In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws restricted Jewish rights and led to

involuntary separation of Aryans and Non-Aryan Jews.

Nuremberg Laws.

In 1935, a Nazi Party Convention was held with the

Reichstag as guests. This convention began the Nuremberg

Laws, referring to the anti-Jewish legislation adopted by

the Nazi Party. Berenbaum notes, as soon as the

Nuremberg Laws were decided, many Jews lost their right

to work. Jewish actors, artists, musicians, filmmakers, and any Jew that worked in the food

industry were all expelled in order to make sure artists were politically acceptable to the Reich

(28). He continues to tell that the main focus of the Nuremberg Laws became the Law for the

Protection of German Blood and Honor of the Reich Citizenship. This law stripped Jews of their

citizenship in Germany, making Jews subjects of the states control (29). Marriage between a

Jew and a German was forbidden, as well as sexual relations between Aryans and Non-Aryans.

Though the Nuremberg Laws caused the separation of Non-Aryans and German (kindred blood),

it was not yet defined who is a Jew and who is not. Adolf Hitler called for German blood to be

pure and that meant the German nation must be protected from racial contamination (29). There

were two categories of Jew, full blooded Jew and part Jew (Mischlinge). A full Jew was anyone

who had three Jewish grandparents. The Nazi Party developed two sub-levels of part Jews, first

and second class. Berenbaum explains, First class Mischlinge were people who had two Jewish

Visual Racial Explanation of who is a Jew

Source : htt ://bit.ly/HR6 ht


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grandparents, but did not practice Judaism and did not have a Jewish spouse. Second-class

Mischlinge were those who had only one Jewish grandparent (30). The classification of who is

a Jew did not matter because even if you had only one grandparent, you still lost German

citizenship. Yad Vashem comments, This law is a clear expression of Nazi racial ideology, and

clearly states the pseudo-science behind it (Nuremberg Laws Enacted).Stated in Berenbaums

bookThe World Must Know, The American ambassador to Germany, William Dodd, warned

President Roosevelt that the new laws would be issued ensuring complete subordination for the

Jews. Berenbaum mentioned that Dodd proposed the U.S., France, and British ambassadors

boycott the German rally, but the state department ignored his suggestions. Fair warning was

given to the United States, that soon more severe measures would take place in eliminating the

Jews from the German community (30). American response to the Nuremberg Laws and what to

do was never agreed upon; No one knew what they could do to stop the Nazi Party. Many

Americans helped as many Jewish refugees flee the country but the American citizens could not

agree upon a proper protest against the laws, because they feared they would stir up more anti-

Semitism in Germany and in America (30).

Propaganda.

Finding success in propaganda meant leading

with a simple message and getting a mass audience to

follow. In Hitlers book,Mein Kampf, he wrote two

chapters on propaganda. Michael Berenbaum concurs,

Hitler has more than an intuitive understanding of the

power of propaganda (22). Hitler and the Nazi party

enforced the belief that the people of Germany were in an urgent struggle with an evil enemy

German children read Anti-Jewish propaganda book

DER GIFTPILZ ("The Poisonous Mushroom")

Source : http://bit.ly/dfAuKT


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through art, music, theatre, books, films, radio, educational materials, and the press. The Reich

controlled all newspapers and flow of public information through the press, radio, and film.

Berenbaum mentions, Those that refused to endorse the Nazi line were shut down (22). Of

course, all Jewish editors and publishers were forced to leave their job and everyone had an

understanding of what should and should not be published. Failure to please the ministry by

printing anything to weaken the strength of the German Reich or offend the honor and dignity of

Germany could result in heavy fines, or imprisonment in a concentration camp (Berenbaum 22).

The Nazi Propaganda campaigns created the idea that it was okay to violently protest against

Non-Aryans. According to USHMM, Propaganda also encouraged passivity and acceptance of

the impending measures against Jews. Propaganda campaigns let the people of Germany know

they were simply restoring order (Nazi Propaganda). Nazi propaganda continued throughout the

entire Holocaust, and even in the death camps themselves there was Nazi propaganda. Further

stated on USHMM, Nazi officials forced Jewish prisoners to send postcards to their families

imparting that they were living well and in good conditions even though they would soon die in

the gas-chambers at the concentration camps.The article stated, The camp authorities used

propaganda to cover up atrocities and mass murders (Nazi Propaganda). The power behind Nazi

propaganda began with Hitlers portrayed heroic superiority as Fhrer. Berenbaum adds, The

Nazis systematically created the cult of the Fhrer, the great charismatic leader (23). Public

rallies were held as well as demonstrations at night where followers of the Reich would create a

mass frenzy again and again emphasizing Hitlers speeches with shouts of Sieg Heil. In 1936,

Germany hosted the Berlin Olympics. This gave the Nazis and opportunity to convince the

international community that the stories of anti-Semitism and suspension of political freedom in

Germany were being exaggerated by journalists and diplomats (25). Berenbaum made notice of


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the Germans anticipation for the Berlin Olympics. He stated, In anticipation of the Olympics,

Berlin was cleaned up. Anti-Semitic billboards and posters were taken down, the pace of

persecution slowed, and even the rhetoric Nazi leaders toned down(27). Hitler and the Nazi

party kept any evidence of anti-Semitic controversies covered up. Berenbaum adds, American

tourists returned from Berlin reporting to President Roosevelt, the synagogues were really

crowded and apparently there is nothing very wrong (27).

Kristallnacht.

Pogroms were one of the most violent acts against

Jewish businesses, synagogues, and homes. The term

pogrom is Russian derived; meaning to demolish

violently. In an article on USHMM website it states,

Historically the term refers to violent attacks by local

non-Jewish populations on Jews in the Russian Empire

and in other countries (Pogroms). Anti-Jewish rioting dates back to the early 1800s. The

article continues to explain during the Holocaust era in Germany, economic, social, and

political resentment of Jews reinforced traditional religious anti-Semitism (Pogroms). The most

recognized and remembered pogrom, Kristallnacht allegedly occurred in response to the death of

a German officer, Ernst Von Rath whom was shot by a young Jewish boy, Herschel Grynszpan.

Michael Berenbaum discloses, Within forty-eight hours, more than one thousand synagogues

were burned, along with their handwritten Torah scrolls, Bibles, and prayer books. Over seven

thousand businesses were damaged or destroyed, at least ninety-one Jews were killed and Jewish

cemeteries, hospitals, schools, and homes were vandalized (49). Kristallnacht took place on the

night of November 9-10, 1938. Nazi Storm Troopers instructed the German Police and

Baden-Baden Germany, The Deportation of Jewish

Men on night of Kristallnacht.

Source : htt ://bit.ly/HMAnZY


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firefighters to not put out any flames or interfere with the destructions unless Aryan property was

being destroyed (49). Berenbaum confirms, some 30,000 Jewish menaged sixteen to sixty

were rounded up and taken to the Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen concentration

camps (49). Nazi Holocaust survivor, Ursula Levy, testifies that after returning from being

taken away to a concentration camp on the Night of the Broken Glass (Kristallnacht), her own

father and uncle both became very ill and died within three months after returning. When the

pogrom was given the name KristallnachtCrystal Night, Night of the Broken Glass, it signified

the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany (Berenbaum 49). It was now clear to the

Jews life in the Reich was no longer possible and while most tried desperately to leave, many

had nowhere to flee (49). The USHMM parallels this idea by stating, Kristallnacht figures as an

essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt

to annihilate the European Jews (Kristallnacht).

Ghettos.

Just beneath the quality of life in Nazi death camps, the Jewish residential quarters held

all Non-Aryans from all countries under the control of the Reich. The residential quarters,

Ghettos, were where the Jews remained to live until the Germans determined the annihilation

and instruments of destruction. There were no ghettos in Germany; the majority of Ghettos were

set up in Poland after the German invasion and takeover. Michael Berenbaum writes, The

Jewish ghettos in Poland were set up in haste but with great efficiency (72). Though some

ghettos were relatively open, some were also exceptionally closed off. Berenbaum adds, The

Warsaw ghetto was surrounded by eleven miles of walls; Cracow, too, was walled and the d

was sealed, enclosed by wooden fences and barbed wire (72). USHMM notes, The largest

ghetto in Poland was the Warsaw ghetto, where more than 400,000 Jews were crowded into an


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area of 1.3 square miles (Ghettos). There was not much living space and when the Jews were

forced to move into the Ghettos, they werent allowed much luggage. Berenbaum informs, All

abandoned Jewish property was confiscated. Confiscation and removal of all Non-Aryans from

the streets in Germany marked the first movement of the Holocaust event. Nazi propaganda

allowed the illusion that Jewish life in the ghettos was healthy and in good living conditions.

Berenbaum truthfully states, Ghetto life was one of squalor, hunger, disease, and despair (73).

Many children in the ghetto were forced to smuggle food into the ghetto; Berenbaum adds,

without smugglers, starvation would have been

rampant (73). Ghetto life made it extremely difficult

to look forward to what might happen next; there was

barely any hope left in the Jewish community. People

started dying everywhere throughout the ghettos.

Dead bodies were often left on the street until the

burial society came (Berenbaum 74). According to the USHMM, the implementation of the

"Final Solution" began in late 1941, where the Germans started systematically destroying the

ghettos (Ghettos). The article continues, The Germans and their auxiliaries either shot ghetto

residents in mass graves located nearby or deported them, usually by train, to killing centers

where they were eventually murdered (Ghettos).

Resistance.

When Jews fully understood what the Nazis intended, any hope of survival was

abandoned. At that point, the fighters were impelled by the desire to uphold Jewish honor and to

avenge Jewish death (Berenbaum 174). Jewish resistance had never been armed before; they

fought in resistance movements and were more practiced in the art of spiritual resistance (174). It

Jewish child surviving in the Ghetto

Source : http://bit.ly/IPseTx


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later became apparent that death would not be evaded by cooperation or forbearance of the Nazi

assault on their people. Jewish resistance was unlike classic guerrillas. Resistance fighters were

unable to blend in due to widespread anti-Semitism and being confined to the Ghettos (174).

Armed resistance was the last resort of the Jewish people and was promulgated on January 1,

1942 (175). Shortly following, organizations were formed for the purpose of pursuing armed

struggle. Berenbaum imparts, There was little hope of survival, even less of victory. Resistance

was its own reward (175). The USHMM reveals, Although the Germans, shocked by the

ferocity of resistance, were able to end the major fighting within a few days, it took the vastly

superior German forces nearly a month before they were able to completely pacify the ghetto and

deport virtually all of the remaining inhabitants (Jewish Resistance). Thousands of Jews resisted

Nazi control by escaping into forests. Jewish prisoners resisted by attacking German officiers, in

which the Germans and their auxiliaries killed most of the rebels (Jewish Resistance). Armed

resistance was the last of the struggle and often Jewish resistance took form in aid and rescue.

Spiritual resistance was the most powerful form which made conscious attempts to honor and

preserve life of the Jewish people. USHMM writes, efforts included creating Jewish cultural

institutions, continuing to observe religious holidays

and rituals, providing clandestine education, publishing

underground newspapers, and collecting and hiding

documentation (Jewish Resistance). Partisan groups

were formed consisting mainly of single men. Michael

Berenbaum writes, Because their sole purpose was to fight and inflict as much damage as they

could on to the enemy, membership was limited to able-bodied men prepared for battle (178).

Soon another Partisan group was formed, the family units, and was protected by the fighters.

A group of Jewish partisans in the Rudniki forest,

near Vilna, between 1942 and 1944.

Source : http://bit.ly/IZEujs


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Concentration Camps and Extermination Camps

Killing Centers

Source: htt ://bit.ly/6RUEF

This group consisted of women, children, and the elderly. Berenbaum adds, As many as 10,000

survived the war in family units (179). Though there remains a tremendous testimony of

survival through the Holocaust for many Jews, over 6 million Jews were systematically

murdered by various ways of extermination methods.

Extermination Methods and Death Camps.

The decision for the removal of Jews was

sanctioned at the Wannsee Conference on January

20, 1942. Michael Berenbaum notes that historians

disagree when the Holocaust began and when the

idea of the Final Solution was set, but Berenbaum

also writes referring to the Wannsee Conference as a

meeting of the officials responsible for coordinating the systematic murder operation (101). A

mass killing of Jews arose during the last year of Jewish life in the Ghettos. Following the

termination of the Ghettos, Jews were transported by box-cars to mass killing centers. These

mass killing centers provided the infrastructure that made the Holocaust possible (Berenbaum

101). The Holocaust was different compared to many instances of mass murder in human

history. Berenbaum continues to explain the Holocaust as idiosyncratic, because the intentions

became premeditated and from 1941 and on the Nazi main goal was to murder all Jews (103)

there on under Hitlers Reich control. The first of the killings were by starvation, followed by

injections of lethal doses of sedatives. Children were put to sleep using gas-masks which

eventually became the preferred method of killing (60). The gas chambers were originally

established at the killing centers termed as Euthanasia because of the use of lethal injections

and gas masks. Berenbaum states, Technology was then taken to a new level: thousands could


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be killed at one time and their bodies burned within hours (61). Upon arrival to the

concentration camps, Jews went into an immediate selection process. There was a distinct

difference between concentration camps and the death camps. Noted from an article on Middle

Tennessee State University website, in some sense all concentration camps were death camps

due to the starvation of prisoners and workers as well as exposure to the elements, epidemics and

disease, especially Typhus, and many were executed for alleged crimes against the Reich

government (The Camps). Over 4.5 million Jews were executed in death camps using Gas vans,

zyclon-B warfare, and carbon monoxide gas. In May 1943, there were about 1,000 prisoners

remaining at the camp in Treblinka. Michael Berenbaum acknowledges the remaining prisoners

were assigned to find bodies that had been buried in shallow pits and burn them (180). This

happened all throughout the Holocaust; the Jewish survivors up until their own execution, were

forced to remove the remains of their murdered brethren.

Towards the end of the Reich dictatorship, SS officials tried frantically to evacuate the

death camps before Allied forces would find them. German effort

to hide and conceal any evidence proves they wanted no eye-

witnesses to the atrocities that occurred under control of the Reich.

Berenbaum writes, the remaining camp prisoners were forced to

march westward in the dead of winter to the heartland of Germany

(182). There were fifty-nine different marches from concentration

camps,Berenbaum continues. The prisoners were given little

or no food and water, and hardly any time to rest or take care

of bodily needs. Those who paused or fell behind were shot

(183). With no strength left, many more Jewish prisoners died along the march.

German civilians walk past bodies of Jewish women

exhumed after dying at the end of a death march on

May 11, 1945

Source : http://bit.ly/HLZaRt


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Liberation.

The Germans ran out of time to cover up and hide

what they had done. Though a lot of evidence was burned

and buried, by the time the Soviets arrived bounteous

amounts of clothes, shoes, and hair remained. Berenbaum

reveals, during the summer of 1944, Soviet forces took

over death camps in Beec, Treblinka, and Sobibr

which were all evacuated and closed a year prior to the Soviets arrival. On January 27, 1945

Soviet forces enter Auswhitz concentration camp (184). Continuing on, Berenbaum reveals more

than seven tons of human hair was discovered in the six rooms that remained at Auschwitz (185).

Death camps differed from each other; one main difference Berenbaum notes is Auschwitz as a

well-planned crematory facility compared to Bergen-Belsen where rotting human bodies lay

piled on top of each other (186). Many Jews did not survive after liberation as a result of their

struggle for health and clean living conditions. The survivors had witnessed thousands of deaths

and lived with the rotting carcasses of their brethren. Berenbaum writes about American soldiers

beginning an intense battle to bring the survivors back to life soon after the last of the camps

were liberated in May 1945 (190). Though liberation provided hope for the survivors, they had

lived in fear for nearly eight years. Berenbaum included an excerpt from Holocaust survivor

Hadassah Bimko, she wrote: there was no ecstasy, no joy at our liberation. We had lost our

families, our homes. We had no place to go, nobody to hug, nobody who was waiting for us,

anywhere. We had been liberated from death and from the fear of death, but we were not free

from the fear of life.(191). Many survivors felt guilty for living and some just wanted to move

Poles Celebrate Liberation from Dachau

Source : http://bit.ly/I0xMgA


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on and live their lives again. Berenbaum makes known that Adolf Hitler as Fhrer and the Reich

ended when Hitler committed suicide and his body was burned (192). An apology was made to

the Jews after Communist rule was finally ceased. Though the German Parliament apologized

and offered compensation for all losses, many Jews had no place to go and were living in

displaced persons camps. Berenbaum adds, that the living conditions in the camps were

unpleasant, overcrowded, and there was never enough food (207). In essence, the Jews were

being treated just as the Nazis treated them before extermination began. Jews began seeking

ways to the mother land and between 1944 and 1948, more than 200,000 Jews fled to Palestine.

Berenbaum mentions that several Jews were illegally fleeing to Palestine and a few ships

crossing the border were stopped by the British government (213). His conclusion was that the

British feared losing control of the situation and as a result many Jews were forced back into

Germany (213). Thankfully, four months later the United Nations passed the vote to establish an

independent Jewish state in Palestine. Berenbaum exclaims, Jewish survivors of the Holocaust

finally found a place they could call home, a country that wanted them and that they wanted

(215). Beginning in 1946 and continuing for another half dozen years, survivors of the Holocaust

began arriving in the United States. Thus, the history of the Holocaust and preservation of

memory and lives lost in the Holocaust became a major part of U.S. History.

After eight years under Reich control, a second World War, and over 6 million innocent

lives taken by systematic murder, conjoined forces were able to set free the Jewish people. The

importance of memory and preservation is to indicate this atrocity of many conditions did not

happen within a few years. Several events added into play and led to the unreal power that Adolf

Hitler and the Reich government held for eight years. It is vital to the success of our future world

to understand the warning signs, the events, and propaganda that led to an entire continents


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hatred of Jews. Berenbaum sadly reveals, The ultimate crime in the Holocaust was the murder

of children (192). Many survivors have troubles to this day talking about the events of the

Holocaust, but they know now the importance of their stories. Power is often rooted from fear,

and we as a human race must never let our fears control us.


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Works Cited

"ANTISEMITISM." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum. Web. 11 Apr. 2012.

Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United

States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Ed. Arnold Kramer. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: John

Hopkins UP, 2007. Print.

"THE CAMPS."Middle Tennessee State University. Middle Tennessee State University. Web. 6

Apr. 2012.

"Ghettos." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum, 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.

"JEWISH RESISTANCE." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum, 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.

"KRISTALLNACHT: A NATIONWIDE POGROM, NOVEMBER 9-10, 1938." United States

Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 6 Jan. 2011.

Web. 15 Apr. 2012.

"NAZI PROPAGANDA AND CENSORSHIP." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 6 Apr. 2012.

"Nazi Propaganda." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum, 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.

"Nuremberg Laws Enacted." Yad Vashem. Yad Vashem, 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2012.

"POGROMS." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum, 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2012.

"SCIENCE AS SALVATION: WEIMAR EUGENICS, 1919-1933." United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Web. 9 Apr. 2012.


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Jillian, Your paper is well done, powerful, and has been a joy to read. You should

be proud of the work youve done here. Hopefully, you have learned a few things

along the way!

Points Available

Score

40Content paper demonstrates understanding

and confidence about topic 39

20Sources uses only primary and secondary

sources 20

40In-Text Citations integrates sources within

text with effective use of signal words and

phrases38

35 Formatting properly uses MLA formatting 35

25Works Cited works cited page has the

required number of sources and is properly

formatted25

15Pictures uses pictures to enhance the text

with effective captions and source information 15

25Writing Mechanics Paper is free from errors

in spelling, punctuation, etc. 22

Total = 200

Total Score

194

Jillian Hunt Research Paper Holocaust Overview

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