Jeopardy Rules Teams: Raise your hand to be called upon. Each team takes turns, alternating between teams. The same person can not answer twice in a row.

Jeopardy RulesTeams:Raise your hand to be called upon.Each team takes turns, alternating between teams.The same person can not answer twice in a row.

•Everyone keeps their own score on the score sheet provided.

•Click on the Star at the bottom right corner for Double Jeopardy.

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EcologyEcology

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PopulationsPopulations

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Global Global WarmingWarming

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SoilSoil

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Parks,AgricultParks,Agriculture, ure,

Fishery,ForestFishery,Forest

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Human Human InteractionsInteractions

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Living & nonliving components of an

ecosystem.

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Biotic / Abiotic:

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Only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost

as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend

energy to catch prey .

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Energy flow in food webs: Trophic levels

•Keystone Species•Indicator

Species

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A large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants &

animals.

Name 4 out of the 8

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BIOME

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Three Forms of Symbiosis

and the form shown below

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Mutualism , Commensalism,

Parasitism

Mutualism

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Development of communities in a lifeless area not previously

inhabited by life (lava)

&

        Life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire)

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Primary Succession & Secondary Succession

The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area.

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Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity

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Overshoot

Exponential Growth

Limiting Factors

Strategist: that reproduce early, many

small unprotected offspring.

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R strategist:

Elephants, humans, cougarLow biotic potentialRely on learningLong gestationLower population growth

Insects, fish, frogsShort livesHigh bio potentialHigh reproductive rateRely on instinct

K strategist:

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The name of the 3 Age structure diagrams shown.

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1. 1st & 2nd most populated countries: 2. World Population: 3. US Population: 4. Most important thing affecting population growth.

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Answer any 3 of the 4 above.

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1. China & India 2. 6 . 5 Billion 3. 300 Million 4. Low status of woman

* Rule of 7070 divided by the percent

growth rate Ex: 70/2%=35 years

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Name any 3 of the 4 below.

1. 2. 3. 4

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Preindustrial : Transitional : Industrial :. Postindustrial :

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Greenhouse gases:

Name 3 of the 6

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(Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), Nitous oxide (NO2) & CFC’s)

(EFFECT:  they trap outgoing infrared (heat)  energy causing earth to warm

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The two major productions of CO2

( Green House Gas)

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Industry & Transportation Carbon oxides: (Source: auto exhaust,  incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O2. CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)

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Three effects of global warming are:

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Rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions, melting of the polar ice caps.

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Largest reservoirs

of Carbon- CO2

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# 1 Carbonate Rocks (sediments) # 2 Oceans

Protocals:1. Controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

2. Phase out of ozone deleting substances

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Kyoto , Japan

&

Montreal, Canada CFC”S

Global Warming

The Best Soil Type –The Best Soil Type –

40% silt,40 % sand & 20 % clay.40% silt,40 % sand & 20 % clay.

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LOAM

By particle size- smallest to largest.(Clay-Silt-Sand)

In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind.

& Degradation of land in arid and dry sub-

humid areas, resulting primarily from anthropogenic , natural activities and

influenced by climatic variations.

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Salinization

DesertificationWater logging

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Solutions to soil problems:

Name 3 ways to prevent soil degradation.

Conservation tillage, Crop rotation, Cover Crops

Contour plowing,Terracing, Wind Breaks,

Alley Cropping , Organic fertilizers

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Soil Profile

Name the profile layers below.

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Leaf Litter

Top Soil / Humus

Subsoil

Bedrock/ Parent Material

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TWO- Parts

Part 1- ___________ Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945.

Part 2. One of the two acts created to prevent soil degradation.

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Green Revolution

1935 Soil Erosion Act1977 Soil & Water Conservation Act

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The logging and burning of trees in a

forested area. List two reasons for

doing so:

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Deforestation

CharcoalLumberPasturesPlantations- Cash CropsHuman Settlement.

Loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) up take and when tree rot they produce CO2 * Soil erosion * Silting of water courses, lakes and dams .* Extinction of species * Desertification

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ForestryMethod of tree harvesting.

1. Name two 2. The best & worst.

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Selective Cutting:Clear Cutting:Strip CuttingShelter wood Cutting:Seed Tree Cutting

Environmental Impact Statements must be done

before any project affecting federal lands can be started

(NEPA) - 1970

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National Environmental Policy Act:

Multiple uses US public land: National Forest & National

Resource lands

Moderately restricted use land: National Wildlife Refuges

Restricted Use lands: National Parks, National

Wilderness Preservation System (Sanctuaries)

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As lakes become more nutrient rich from run As lakes become more nutrient rich from run off of fertilizers and detergents which add off of fertilizers and detergents which add

nitrogen and phosphorus to the lakes a nitrogen and phosphorus to the lakes a process called _______ may occur.process called _______ may occur.

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Eutrophication

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FISHERY - The BLUE REVOLUTION

1. Three Forms of Fishing.

2. Creatures caught unintentionally.

3. One law that protects Marine Life.

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1. Long line, Drift “gill” net, Sonar, Trawlers, Purse seine.

2. By Catch

3. Magnuson Fishery Act- Over fishiing, ESA, CITES.

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Along with population , __________ , (abundance of property) , technology and underlying sociopolitical factors are underlying factors that affect the

environment.

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Examples of diseases of affluence include: type 2 diabetes, coronary

heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease,

obesity, certain forms of cancer, asthma, alcoholism, depression.

Affluence

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The meaning of the following two acronyms in reference to

land development.

NIMBY &

BANANA

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NIMBY (not in my backyard)

BANANA Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near

Anything (or Anyone)

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Environmental World Views

Which world view is represented by this view? “Most important species but should care for the rest of nature”

Planetary Management

Stewardship

Environmental Wisdom

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Planetary Management- we are in charge of nature.

Stewardship- care for nature.

Environmental Wisdom – nature exist for all species.

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_____________________ Ecology is the science of inventing,

establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species

diversity in places where people live, work or play.

* changing for the better a relationship

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Reconciliation EcologyReconciliation Ecology

Conservation: Conservation: allows the use of resources allows the use of resources in a responsible manner. in a responsible manner.

  Preservation: Preservation: setting aside areas & setting aside areas &

protecting them from human activitiesprotecting them from human activities..

Utilitarianism is the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time.

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A dilemma in which multiple individuals acting independently in their own self-interest can ultimately destroy a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long term interest for this to happen.

* Give two examples of a “Global Common”.

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Atmosphere & Oceans are used by all and owned by none.

The Tragedy of the CommonsGARRET HARDIN

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MiningMining

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Water/Water/TreatmentTreatment

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EnergyEnergy

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ToxinsToxins

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PollutionPollution

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MISCELLANEOUSMISCELLANEOUS

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ACT /LAW -requires coal strip

mines to reclaim the land.

(SMCRA)

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Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act:

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1. Type of mining that is cheaper & can remove more minerals, less hazardous to workers.

2. Give 2 examples

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Surface MiningExamples-

StripContour Strip Open pitMountain top removal

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Steps in coal formation:

a.anthracite ,peat, lignite, bituminous, b.lignite, bituminous, anthracite peat,,c. peat, bituminous. lignite,, anthracited. peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

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d. peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

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ROCK CYCLE

The three major The three major types of rocks are-types of rocks are-

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After ore is mined , the unusable part ( ______ ) that remains is placed in piles called _________.

A. Waste , OverburdenB. Spoil, Seam WasteC. Leachate , TailingsD. Spoil , Tailings

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Mine tailings often include sulfide compounds. ACID DRAINAGE

A. Spoil , Tailings

_______ % of water pollution in the US come from soil erosion, atmospheric deposition and

* surface run off.

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25 % , 33 % 55% , 75 %

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75% 95% of water pollution in developing countries come from raw sewage .(high population growth without the money for treatment plants)

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___________________ Act: set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways..aim to make surface waters swimmable and fishable.

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Clean Water Act

1.5 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and 3 billion people lack good sanitation need to prevent communicable diseases from spreading.

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• _______________ pollution sources

(e.g., factories, sewage treatment plants, mines, oil wells, oil tankers)

(* Identifiable)

Sources Sources of Pollutionof Pollution

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•Nonpoint sources (e.g., acid deposition, substances picked up in runoff, seepage into groundwater)

•Agriculture is largest source of water pollution in the U.S. (64% of pollutants into streams and 57% of pollutants entering lakes

Point Sources

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1. Any water bearing layer in the ground.

2. Near the coast, over pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer.

GROUND WATER

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Aquifer: Salt water intrusion:

The 3 major stages of Water TreatmentStage and Primary action.

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Primary (mechanical process) – filters out debris through screens and by allowing it to settle out in a settling tank

Secondary (biological process) – uses aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to remove organic wastes, includes: trickling filters, activated sludge process (where bacteria degrades wastes) Combined w/primary, get out: most suspended particles, oxygen demanding wastes, toxic metal compounds, and SOME phosphates and nitrates…

Tertiary (chemical process) – very costly, uses membranes for: reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration After the last process, water is bleached w/chlorine to disinfect and then released…

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An appliance operates at 120 volts and 10.0 amps for 1 hour. How many watt hours does it use in

that hour? ( Watt-hours = volts x amps x time )

(A) 1.2 watt hours(B) 12 watt hours(C) 100 watt hours(D) 110 watt hours(E). 1200 watt hours

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1 Watt = 1 J / sec(Watts = Joules/time)

Watts (x) Time= kWh kilo=1000

If you see Kw-hr, that is a measure of ENERGY (if you want to convert JOULES to WATTS, you need to divide it

by TIME)

* Use exponential units when possible.

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1. A Car that runs on gas and electricity.

2. The meaning of CAFÉ.

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HYBRID

Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards

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Three Forms of Non-renewable energy sources. (Fossil Fuels)

In order of World Wide

consumption.

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OIL-World reserves and global demandSaudi Arabia – 26% - MOST, then Iraq, Kuwait, Iran…13 countries w/the most reserves make up OPEC – setprices (many are located in unstable areas of the worldUS uses the most – 26%, then Japan, then China.

COAL- World reserves – US (biggest, 66%), then Russia, China have largest supply Global demand – world’s most abundant fossil fuel – 225y at current rate.

NATURAL GAS- “cleanest”World reserves – 42% in Russia and Kazakhstan, then Iran, Qatar. Global demand – 125y of potential reserves

List 4 forms of Renewable Energy Sources.

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Wind- Wind- fastest growing source of energy. Solar- Heat & PhotovoltaicSolar- Heat & PhotovoltaicGeothermal- Heat from the earth.Geothermal- Heat from the earth.Hydroelectric-Dams, Tides, WavesHydroelectric-Dams, Tides, WavesBiofuels- Corn , Soy beans.Biofuels- Corn , Soy beans.Hydrogen Fuel Cells- “future”Hydrogen Fuel Cells- “future”

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In addition to CO2, these are two of the main emissions from coal-

fired power plants.Answer: What are mercury,

sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates/smog?

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Mercury, Hg Sulphur dioxide, SO2

Nitrogen oxides NO2

and Particulates/smog

ACID RAIN

Bioaccumulation inH2O.

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LD50

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The LD50 is the dose that kills half (50%) of the animals tested (LD = "lethal dose").

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Name two alternatives / solutions other than pesticides

to Control Pests

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1. Crop rotation 2. Poly culture. 3. Planting trap crops 4. Genetically Resistant Plants 5. Using Natural Enemies to Help Control Pests: 6. Using Biopesticides to Control Pests 7. Insect Birth Control, Sex Attractants, and Hormones 8.Hot Water: The ‘Aqua Heat’9. Radiation:10. Integrated Pest Management (IPM):

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The name of the book and author written about DDT (Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane ) in 1962.

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In 1962, Silent Spring by

American biologist Rachel Carson

* Cats in Borneo & DDT

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What is one benefit and one risk of using pesticides.

(+) (-)

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Benefits: 1.Save human lives 2.Increase profits for farmers

3. Increase food supplies/lower cost4.work faster/better than alternatives5.when used properly/risks are less than

benefits

Risks:1. Genetic resistance to pesticides

**BIGGEST 2. Broad-spectrum insecticides also

kill natural predators/parasites. 3. Pesticides don’t stay put.4. Can threaten human health

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FIFRA

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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide

Act – requires EPA approval for

use of all commercial pesticides

EPA sets tolerance level specifying amount of toxic pesticide that can remain on crops

that people eatBanned: most chlorinated hydrocarbons, several carbamates /organophosphates

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Term used to describe the following condition (s)- cities are warmer, rainier, foggier, cloudier than suburbs and rural areas b/c

of heat generated by multiple pollutants (cars, factories,…) in

the area.

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HEAT ISLANDS

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Which of the following is not a form of indoor air pollution?

A) Asbestos B) Tobacco smoke C) Formaldehyde D) Radon E) Brown Air Smog

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Many pollutant level are 2-5x higher inside than outside, leads to higher risk of cancer and

costs $$ b/c of absenteeism, some main ones:

-Asbestos (from pipe insulation, floor tiles) – can cause lung cancer

-# 1 Tobacco smoke (from cigarettes) – can cause lung cancer

-Formaldehyde (from furniture stuffing, insulation) – throat/lung irritation

-Radon (from radioactive soil near foundation) – causes lung cancer

-New Building syndrome – being in new buildings causes sickness b/c of reduced air exchange, chemicals from new carpets/furniture.

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The 5 R’s of waste

reduction.

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Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Repurpose

Refuse

* Re-buy ?

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Is the increase in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of eating at a higher trophic layer.

Occurs within a trophic level, and is the increase in concentration of a substance in an individuals' tissues due to uptake from food and sediments in an aquatic milieu.

FOOD

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Biomagnification

BioaccumulationMinamata Disease: mental

impairments caused by

mercury

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3ways to dispose of

MSW

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Incineration Landfills Recycle

CompostExporting waste

•The “TRASH NO ONE WANTED”from The Islip, L.I.

The name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous

waste sites.

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SUPERFUND

The Love Canal, New York

CERCLA– Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

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A) PreservationB) RestorationC) RemediationD) Mitigation

Which of the following means “trade off” – _____________ banking is when destruction of existing wetland/land is allowed as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland/land is created or restored

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Preservation – set aside land for protection – John Muir was an early leader of the preservationist movement he also founded the Sierra ClubRemediation – similar to decontamination - removal or neutralization of chemical substances from a site to prevent any adverse effectsMitigation – (not always successful – but better than nothing)Restoration – trying to restore a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as close as possible to the pre-degraded state.

Mitigation

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How many children should each woman have to do no more than replace herself and her mate

(assuming one mate)?As a global average, she should have about 2.1

children. Developing countries it is higher.

The number is slightly higher than two to account for infant mortality.

Reproduction at this level is called- (RFL)____________________________

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Replacement fertility level (RFL)

* Total fertility rate (TFR)

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An abnormal warming of surface ocean waters in the

eastern tropical Pacific, is one part of what's called the

Southern Oscillation.

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El Nino

Drought No- Upwelling

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The spreading of a

city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of

an urban area.

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Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl,

“Urbanization”

* Urban Blight-A run-down area of the city

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FINAL JEOPARDY

Founder of the

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John Muir