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JENEBERANG CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR GREENHOUSE GAS
EFFECT
CONTROL AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
Parno1, Agung Suseno1, M. K. Nizam Lembah1 & Subandi2
1Indonesia Hydraulics Engineer Association
2Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization
ABSTRACT
At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by
dry-land farming which
covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands
to 219.74 km. This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili
Bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of
river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in some rivers
between 2005 to 2009 as 14
flood events with inundation areas about 8,000 hectares,
inundation levels about 100 to 400
cm and inundation duration about 3 hours to 2 days. The floods
also inundated plantation
areas, fisheries and infrastructures such as roads, bridges and
canals, and also caused
some causality. The increase in erosion and sedimentation has
led to siltation and
decreased water Bili Bili storage capacity. The erosion and
sedimentation that occurred were
extra ordinary due to the collapse of Mount Bawakaraengs Caldera
on March 26, 2004. A
disaster phenomenon damage several residential areas, fields,
estates, and 1,500 hectares
of agricultural lands and infrastructures including school
buildings in the downstream area,
32 persons died due to being buried by the slide and about 6,333
people were evacuated to
save site. Therefore, 62 million m sediment in reservoir will
certainly lead to tremendous
losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams
lower area must be solved with
the Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable Bili
Bili dam development in
considered with land use planning, sediment control, assessment
of catchment erosion,
public participation, land and water conservation under global
climate change. This
catchment area management must be implemented to anticipate the
next disaster in related
with landslide, raw water crisis, flooding for environmental
protection, irrigation and clear
water development. Systematically, Jeneberang catchment area
management for
sustainable dam development consist of land use planning,
sediment control, assessment of
catchment erosion, public participation, land and water
conservation. Systematically,
Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable dam
development consist of land
use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion,
public participation, land
and water conservation including greenhouse gas effect
control.
Keywords: Jeneberang catchment area management, Irrigation
development, Global
climate change, Greenhouse gas effect control
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CONTENTS
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Catchment Area Management for Sustainable Bili Bili
Multipurpose Dam Development
2.1 Land Use Planning
2.2 Sediment Control Management
2.3 Assessment of Catchment Erosion
2.4 Public Participation
2.5 Land and Water Resources Conservation
3. Conclusion and Recommendation
4. References
5. Figures
1. INTRODUCTION
Geologically, the Jeneberang river basin is composed of (a)
Camba Formation (CF) in
Miocene, (b) Baturape-Cindako Volcanic in Pliocene, (c)
Lompobatang volcanic rocks in
Pleistocene and Quaternary overburden from lower stratigraphy.
The CF is composed of
volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. The former is composed of
volcanic breccias, lava,
conglomerate, tuff and the latter is composed of marine
sedimentary rocks, taffacious
sandstone, clay stone, partly including volcanic rocks, and the
CF is intruded by many basalt
dykes. The CF is widely distributed in the west side of the
study area and fresh rock is hard.
Baturape-Cindako Volcanic is an extrusive rock from old
volcanoes which were active in
Pliocene is mainly composed of basaltic volcanic rocks and
basalt distribute in north east
side and south west side. Lompobatang volcanic rocks is an
extrusive rock from new
volcanoes which were active in Pleistocene is composed of
volcanic rocks, eruptive center
rocks, pyroclastic rocks, parasitic eruptive products are
distributed in overall area of Mt.
Bawakaraeng caldera. Lava part is hard but pyroclastic rock is
rather weak in concreteness.
Conservation development and forestation in upstream is very
useful for Jeneberang
catchment area which located in Gowa regency for a conservation
area and a water
catchment area. Most of the agricultural lands in the area have
been converted into
horticultural lands have negative impacts on environmental
carrying capacity which leads to
increased areas of critical lands, surface erosion and increased
runoff. In Jeneberang
Watershed, there are critical lands extending to 219.74 km,
spread over the areas of
Gowata regency and Makassar city.
Forest areas now extend to 8,259 hectares (13.3%), it is far
below the normal limit of 47% as
mandated by the Law 41/1999 on the forestry. At present, the
Jeneberang watershed is
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dominated by dry-land farming which covers an area of 29,334
hectares (47.52%). The area
of underbrush is larger than forest area about 12,530 hectares
(20.3%). This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the
Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of
river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in such rivers
as Maros, Sinjai, Bialo, Pappa,
Allo, Tamanroya, Calendu, Pampang and Tallo. Flood events data
recorded between 2005
to 2009 showed 14 flood events with various inundation areas,
inundation levels and
inundation durations, as follows: (1) Inundation areas: 50 to
8,000 hectares; (2) Inundation
levels: 100 to 400 cm; (3) Inundation duration for 3 hours to 2
days. The records also
showed that flooding also occurred in such watersheds area as
Mangottong, Kalamisu,
Tangka, Bikeru, Balantieng, Teko, Kelara, Tarowang, Pokobulo,
Tonra and Bontomanai. The
floods also inundated plantation areas, fisheries, and such
infrastructures as roads, bridges
and canals, and also caused some casualties. The increase of
erosion and sedimentation
has led to siltation and decreased water storage capacity,
especially in such Watershed as
Maros, Pappa and Tamanroya.
In the Jeneberang watershed, the erosion and sedimentation
occurred were extraordinary
due to the collapse of Bawakaraengs caldera. Due to the
collapse, about 300 million m of
materials slid into the Jeneberang Watershed. A 2008 survey that
145 million m are in an
unstable condition will be collapsed, for example: In north
caldera is about 12,906,500 m, In
east caldera is about 111,073,000 m an in south caldera is about
21,088,500 m with total
about 145,068,000 m. This phenomenon has caused last disasters
in residential areas,
fields, estates, and 1,500 hectares of agricultural lands and
infrastructures including school
buildings in the downstream area, 32 persons died due to being
buried by the slide and
6,333 people were evacuated to safe site. Based on survey that
sedimentation in Bili-bili
Reservoir is about 22,934 million m in which 14,558 m of the
total amount occurred on
March 26, 2004 after the Bawakaraeng collapse. Meanwhile, the
sediment storage (dead-
storage) volume of the Reservoir is only 29 million m. More than
62 million m of the
sediments entered into the reservoir until 2008. Therefore, it
will certainly lead to tremendous
losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams
lower area if no quick and
appropriate measure is taken to overcome the problem.
2. CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE BILI BILI
MULTIPURPOSE
DAM DEVELOPMENT Systematically, Jeneberang catchment area
management for sustainable dam development
consist of land use planning, sediment control, assessment of
catchment erosion, public
participation, land and water conservation as described
briefly:
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2.1 Land Use Planning
One of the most apparent constraints on rice production is the
land ownership per farming
household; the farmer cannot fully dependent upon the farming
income for supporting their
life with their families. The farmers are forced to earn
additional income in the urban areas.
This inhibits special problem on the continuity of their
agricultural lands being left
occasionally and hence unable to maintain consistent care of
their plants. In addition, it is
apparent that the size of land holding is increasingly
decreasing due to the impact of land
fragmentation, and the continuing land conversion to non
agricultural utilization as well as
transfer of land ownerships. Based on survey, land use planning
of Jeneberang river basin in
upper of Bili-Bili Dam consists of forest area (45.40%),
grassland (27.30%), paddy field
(13.00%), mix estate crop (7.30%), dry crop field (4.90%),
reservoir area (1.50%) and urban
area (0.60%), Land slope of Jeneberang river basin in upper of
Bili-Bili Dam are 0-8%
(22.49 km2 = 3.65%), 15-25% (154.48 km2 = 25.08%), 25-40%
(340.05 km2 = 55.22%), 40-
60% (54.09 km2=8.78%), 60-80% (25.61 km2 = 4.16%), 80-100% (4
km2 = 0.65%), >100%
(1.72km2 = 0.28%) and reservoir Bili-Bili (water surface) =
13.40 km2= 21.8%. Related with
the land use data mentioned aboved, land use planning can be
used to irrigation
development.
2.2. Sediment Control Management
A sediment control management has been prepared for anticipating
next landslide of
bawakaraeng caldera; consist of 3 sediment control management,
in the upstream (U/S), in
the middle stream (M/S) and in the down stream (D/S). For
example: (1) Sediment control
management in the U/S of Jeneberang catchment area has a very
steep slope. At the time
of rain to be torrential flow and materials glide a high speed,
therefore the damage ability is
very high. A series of seven sabo dams (SD) or Sediment Control
Dam (SCD) were built to
slow down of the sediment flow. The existence of SD will cause a
deposition of material on
the upper reaches of the construction, and this will lead to a
gentle slope of the flow, reduced
flow speed, and also reduced damage ability. These deposits will
also stabilize the cliffs of
the Jeneberang river channel. The SD were designed to directly
control materials amounting
to 1.3 million m and indirectly control an amount of 28.2
million m. Overall, they can control
materials amounting to 29.5 million m. The constructions of
these SD were started by the
construction of SD 7-1 in 2005 and the last one constructed was
the SD 7-7 in 2011. In
addition, about 50,000 trees have also been planted as a
conservation development on the
area of 45 hectares as a rehabilitation of damaged lands.
Sediment controlled volume by
Sabo facilities about 1,3 million m3, Sediment volume controlled
indirectly by Sabo operation
at riverbed about 28,2 million m3. (2) Sediment control
management in the M/S of
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Jeneberang catchment area is a relatively steep, and therefore
the flow speed and the
damaging ability are still quite high. In this part, 8
consolidation dams (CD or KD) have been
built to control vertical and horizontal material (debris) flows
in order to prevent damages and
flow deviation. The consolidation dams were designed to control
1.56 million m materials
and indirectly control an amount of 48.43 million m. Overall,
they can control 49.99 million
m materials. The constructions of the consolidation dams were
started in 2007. In addition,
5 units of clean water treatment facilities, 2 crossing roads
(KD-1 and KD-2) and 2
suspension bridges (in CD-2 and CD-3), were also built for the
local community. (3)
Sediment control management in the D/S that the slope is
relatively not too steep. The flow
from the U/S which slope is steeper, will suddenly lose its
speed when it enters the D/S part
and it then will release the sediments that it carries, which
then causes a deposition. This
deposition can spread in many directions if it is not
controlled. The area of this deposition is
known as an alluvial fan so in 1997 to 2001 by the Government
constructed 5 sand pockets
(SP). After the landslide, these sand pockets were damaged and
the material deposition
exceeded the sand pockets carrying capacities. Therefore, it
must be rehabilitated the
structures and enlarged their capacities. Mining facilities for
sand and other materials were
also built to release the materials out of the sand pockets
which can then be utilized as
construction materials. These five sand pockets have an overall
carrying capacity of
1,081,000 m. The sediment flow control infrastructures are also
equipped with an early
warning system as well as a flood and landslide monitoring
station in Lengkese Village. In
Gowa Regency, clean water infrastructures have been built for
the people of Tamalate
Village, Parangloe Sub-regency.
2.3. Assessment of Catchment Erosion
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model is used to
estimate average soil loss
generated from splash, sheet, and rill erosion in agricultural
plots at the Jeneberang
catchment area. The USLE has recently been extended for
predicting soil loss and plan
control practices in agricultural catchment by the effective
integration of Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) based on procedures to estimate the
factor values in a grid cell
basis. This study was performed to predict the soil erosion risk
by the USLE/GIS
methodology for planning conservation measures in the site.
Rainfall erosion (R),
topographic factor (LS) and land cover management factor (C)
values for the model were
calculated from rainfall data, topographic and land use maps.
Soil was analyzed for the soil
erosion factor (K). Soil samples were selected from the eleven
soil series in Jeneberang
catchment area. A total of 55 samples were collected from the
eleven soil series. Physical
properties such as particle size distribution, texture,
hydraulic conductivity and organic
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matter content (OM) were analyzed in order to support the
erosion rate analysis. Results
shows that five soil series have low rates of soil loss. Soil
sampling has been carried out
from selected sites. The rainfall data is obtained from
Climatology Station. Physical condition
such as slope angle, plant cover and conservation practices were
considered under
selection for sampling station in the field. The study catchment
area was digitized using Ilwis
3.3 and ArcView GIS 3.3 software for soil series map,
topographical map, and land use map
and drainage pattern characteristics. Particle size distribution
was determined by pipette
method together with dry sieving (Abdulla, 1966). Textures of
soils were obtained by plotting
the percentage ratio of sand, silt and clay using the triangle
of texture. Organic matter
content was determined by loss on ignition technique. Soil
erosion and sediment yields were
estimated for the year 2006 using the Universial Soil Loss
Equation (Wischmeier and Smith,
1978). The formula for USLE estimation is as follows:
A = R*K*LS*C*P (1)
Where A is the computed soil loss, R is the rainfall erosion
index, K is the soil erosion index,
L is the slope length factor, S is the slope steepness factor, C
is the vegetation cover factor
and P is the soil conservation practices factor. The rainfall
(R) factor represents the erosion
potential of rainstorms to be expected in a given locality. It
is related with the kinetic energy
and intensity of the rain and occasionally used synonymously as
erosion (E). The product
EI30 reflects the potential ability of rain to cause erosion,
where E = total kinetic energy of
rain and I30 = peak 30 minutes intensity. In this study,
rainfall erosion index was calculated
based on Morgan and Roose calculation (Morgan, 2005) that has
two R values can be
presence in the study area. Therefore, the best estimate of
erosion index for the study area
is the average from two calculations. Wischmeier and Smith
recommended a maximum
intensity (I30) value of 75 mm/hr for tropical regions because
research has indicated that
erosive raindrop size decrease when intensity exceeds this
threshold value. P is the annual
rainfall mean equivalent of the study area. The best estimation
of the R factor value
calculated for the study area was 1654.55 MJ mm ha-1 yr-1. Soil
erosion factor (K) is the
ability of the soil to be eroded by moving water. It depends on
the soil structure, organic
matter percentage, size composition of the soil particles and
soil permeability measured as
hydraulic conductivity. The K value can be obtained using a
monograph (Morgan, 1980;
Wischmeier et al., 1971). In this exercise, the K value of the
soil in the study area was
calculated using the formula as follows:
K= [[2.1x10-4(12-OM%)(N1xN2)1.14+3.25(S-2)+(P-3)]]/100 (2)
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Where OM is percentage organic matter; N1 is percentage silt +
very fine sand; N2 is
percentage silt +very fine sand + sand (0.125 2 mm); S is soil
structure code and P is soil
permeability class (hydraulic conductivity). The slope factor
(LS) is combined with the slope
gradient and the length of the eroding surface into a single
factor. In the Revised Universal
Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) the LS refers to the actual length of
the overland flow path. It is
the distance from the source of the overland flow to a point
where it enters a major flow
concentration. This definition is particularly relevant for
forested or vegetated catchments
areas where the overland flow seldom exists on hill slopes
(Bonnel and Gilmour, 1978;
Bruijnzeel, 1990). In forested catchment areas the subsurface
storm flow is more dominant
than the overland flow and the latter only exists at limited
areas near the channel margins or
on shallow soil as the return flow or saturated overland flow
(Bruijnzeel, 1990).
Consequently, the overland flow path in forested catchment is
expected to be shorter than
the slope length identified from the map. The slope length and
gradient were calculated from
topographical map of the study area. Upon obtaining the L and S
value, the topographical
factor (LS) value was calculated for each soil series using the
formula as provided by
Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as follows:
LS = (0.065 + 0.045 S +0.0065 S2) x (L/22.13)0.5 (3)
Where L is slope length in m and S is slope gradient in percent.
The variation in value was
caused by variation in gradient and length of slope. The
vegetation covers factor (C)
represents the ratio of soil loss under a given vegetation cover
as opposed to that bare soil.
The effectiveness of a plant cover for reducing erosion depends
on the height and continuity
of the tree canopy as well as the density of the ground cover
and the root growth. The
vegetation cover intercepts raindrops and dissipates its kinetic
energy before it reaches the
ground surface. In the current study, the C values were
extracted from the Morgan (2005)
estimates and assigned to the corresponding land cover based in
the 2002 land use map of
the Malaysian Department of Agriculture (2006). The P factor
depends on the conservation
measure applied to the study area. In Malaysia the most common
conservation practice is
contour terracing in rubber and oil palm plantations. In this
study, it was assumed that
contour terracing practice on slopes was carried out for both
rubber and oil palm plantation.
In the current study, the value of P was assigned by overlaying
the slope map and land use
map. The rubber and oil palm plantation on slopes were assigned
a P value according to the
slope steepness while other agricultural activities were given a
value of 1, assuming no
conservation practices were adopted. The calculation of the soil
erosion based on the USLE
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model showed that are series had low rates of soil loss, ranging
from 0.26 to 1.43
ton/ha/year or an average of 0.65 ton/ha/year, 0.06 to 0.17
ton/ha/year, with an average of
0.10 ton/ha/year, 0.66 to 2.65 ton/ha/year, with an average of
1.61 ton/ha/year, 1.27 to 9.57
ton/ha/year, with an average of 4.23 ton/ha/year and 0.17 to
0.90 ton/ha/year, with an
average of 0.53 ton/ha/year respectively. Forested areas were
mostly in the western and
northern parts of the Jeneberang catchment area and human
activities were localized in the
eastern and southern regions. The steepest slopes were in the
western and northern parts of
the catchment area. Relatively, low steep areas were located in
the eastern and southern
parts of the study area. Soil series were located in the
forested area with low C values
(0.001) and low erosion yields. Similar results were also
reported by Shallow (1956) for
areas under natural forests. Soil Loss Tolerance Rates (Ministry
of Environment, 2003) were
prepared for standard evaluation of soil loss in the study area.
The Series had a moderate
rate of soil loss, ranging from 0.56 to 144.90 ton/ha/year
averaging 47.41 ton/ha/year and
1.11 to 102.05 ton/ha/year, averaging 42.62 ton/ha/year. These
soil series were located in
the oil palm, rubber and forested areas; hence the value of
erosion yield was moderate. The
soil series had a moderately high rate of soil loss, ranging
from 1.25 to 97.86 ton/ha/year,
averaging 57.16 ton/ha/year and 3.35 to 100.46 ton/ha/year,
averaging 57.93 ton/ha/year.
The LS factor values and the K values for the soil series were
found to be higher than those
of the others. The soil series had a high rate of soil loss,
ranging from 21.44 to 348.75
ton/ha/year or an average of 130.26 ton/ha/year. On the basis of
the land use map, the soil
series was covered with the oil forest vegetation. Most of the
soil series were covered with
the plantations and had high erosion soil series which had very
high erosion yield, ranging
from 79.99 to 319.75 ton/ha/year, or an average of 180.49
ton/ha/year. The C value for the
Kedah soil series was considered very high (0.20) because it was
located under rubber, oil
palm and shifting cultivation areas. (Tania Del Mar Lopez et
al., 1998) mentioned that soil
erosion varied with the land use pattern and the highest values
are in areas of bare soil and
lowest in forest areas.
2.4. Public Participation
Achieved remarkable progresses in water resources development
untill 2025 through
government led development projects. However, the institutional
development to sustain this
progress got insufficient attention. From the lessons learned
before the multidimensional
crisis, it has been recognized that the severe crisis had been
due to the chronic neglect of
the farmers roles in almost the entire process of development,
rehabilitation, and routine
operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructures. In an
attempt to resolve the
dilemmatic situation to maintain sustainable rice production on
the one hand, while keeping
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pace the productivity level with the increasing population
growth on the other, an emphasis
has been given to irrigation development and management based on
participatory approach.
The program had been set up to reduce central government's
burden on Operation and
Maintenance (O&M) costs aiming for sustainable irrigation
O&M by virtue of Participatory
Irrigation Management (PIM) approach. Under the said program, a
number of policy
adjustments on water resources had been enacted. Further to
this, PIM attempts have also
been carried out including: turning over to the Water User
Association (WUA) of small
irrigation schemes; encouragement of Irrigation Service Fee
(ISF). Irrigation Management
Transfer (IMT); Participatory design and construction program;
field laboratories for visual
process of learning by doing, and other such government
initiatives. However, it turned up
that the attempts has been going very slowly and yet, still
tended to be least sustainable.
This has been partially suspected by the fact that the economy
of the farmers and farming
conditions under the fragmented land ownership, which in fact,
are already small, has been
marginalizing.
To facilitate resolving the problems, the newly enacted Water
Law No. 7/2004, together with
the Government Regulation No. 20/2006 about Irrigation,
prescribe that the O&M
responsibility for primary and secondary canals belongs to the
Central Government,
Provincial as well as Local Autonomous Government with certain
role sharing criteria settled
down by the Government Regulation on Irrigation Management. For
reducing the burden of
the farmers, they assigned responsibility to operate and
maintain the tertiary canals through
their water users associations (WUA). This paper intends to
discuss a series of practices,
problems, and perspectives on participatory irrigation
management under the small land
holding condition, the implication of the new policies on
technical and traditional irrigation
schemes, institutional and legal aspects of O&M, as well as
the role of WUAs. These
include technical, institutional, and financial, as well as
regulatory instruments, and other
such measures toward sustainable PIM implementation. Community
empowerment,
monitoring and involvement in water resources management are
generally carried out
through the forum of Jeneberang river basin water resources
management coordination.
Other activities that involve the community are land
reforestation and rehabilitation carried
out through the forum of the National Movement for Water
Safeguard Partnership. These
activities are carried out in watersheds with critical lands,
such as in Jeneberang watershed,
Tamangroya Sub-watershed in Gowa regency. These activities are
carried out on a regular
basis and are coordinated by the work groups established in many
places. The activities
carried out in the preparation of water resources information
system for example (a)
Coordinating with the PJLRBO, water resources management service
of South Sulawesi,
and other relevant offices that are required to follow the
norms, standards, guidelines and
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manuals of information system management. (b) Updating data and
information periodically
as part of the effort to maintain the accuracy of water
resources data and information. (c)
Accessing specific water resources information. (d) Coordinating
with legal entities,
organizations, institutions, and individuals that carry out
water resources information
management activities.
2.5. Land and Water Resources Conservation
Land and the water resources conservation aspect of the water
resources management in
Jeneberang river basin is broken down into the following (1)
Sub-aspects: water resources
protection and conservation, water preservation, water quality
and water pollution control. (2)
Efforts of conservation are carried out through several
activities as follows: Maintaining the
continuity of water infiltration and water catchment area
functions, controlling the utilization
of water sources, Recharging water in water sources, Managing
sanitation infrastructures
and facilities, Protecting water resources in relation to
development activities and land
utilization in areas around water sources, controlling land
cultivation in the upstream area,
Managing the riparian area of water sources, rehabilitating
forests and lands, and Preserving
protected forests, nature reserves and conservation areas. (3)
The water resources
utilization aspect of the water resources management in
Jeneberang River Basin is broken
down into the following sub-aspects of water resources for
administration, provision, water
use, development and exploitation. (4) Control of water
destructive power aspect of the
water resources management in Jeneberang River Basin is broken
down into the following
sub-aspects is sub-aspect of waters damaging ability prevention,
Sub-aspect of waters
damaging ability management, Sub-aspect of waters damaging
ability recovery.
In related with flood management and the results of the analysis
on flood discharge with 5-
year recurrence interval, the watersheds that need to be
prioritized in terms of flood control
are those watersheds with flood discharge greater than 100
m/sec. Flood control consists of
both direct and indirect efforts. Direct control is carried out
by utilizing irrigation
infrastructures, such as embankment construction, river
normalization and multipurpose dam
construction. Indirect control is more emphasized on risk
management, in addition to critical
land rehabilitation in upstream area by means of planting trees.
In related with erosion and
sedimentation management is prioritized on controlling the
landslide materials of
Bawakaraeng and preventing sedimentation in downstream area,
especially the reservoir.
Materials from the landslide are estimated to amount to 250-300
million m. It is estimated
that until 2008, as much as 140 million m have flown and settled
along the Jeneberang river
and the surrounding area, and as much as 90 million m are still
deposited in the upstream
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area near the caldera. There are still materials in a volume of
145 million m that are in an
unstable condition and have the potential to cause a
collapse.
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by
dry-land farming which
covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands
to 219.74 km. This condition
causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the
Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in
agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of
river channels to accommodate
river water discharge. It is recommended that the Jeneberang
catchment area must be
improved by conservation development, public participation is
very usefull for develop the
forestation to anticipate land slide, erosion and to manage the
jeneberang catchment area
for greenhouse gas effect control and irrigation
development.
4. REFERENCES
A. Hafied A. Gany, (2007). Problems and Perspectives of
Participatory Irrigation
Management under the Small Land-Holding Condition with a Special
Reference to
Indonesian Practice. Tehran, Iran: ICID Publisher.
Anonym, (2012). Nos. 7 of 2004 Indonesia Law on Water Resources.
Jakarta, Indonesia:
DGWR Publisher.
K. Holmes, J. Simons, B. Marillier, N. Callow, and P. Galloway,
(2010). Water Erosion
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K. Meusburger, D. Bnninger and C. Alewell, (2010) Estimating
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6. FIGURES:
Ref.: Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization
Fig. 1 : Geology of Bawakaraeng including the Jeneberang River
Basin
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Fig. 2 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (1)
Fig. 3 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (2)
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Fig. 4 : Sediment Volume of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed
Fig. 5 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation
Development for Save Bili Bili
Dam and Irrigation Development (1)
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Fig. 6 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation
Development for Save Bili Bili
Dam and Irrigation Development (2)