ABSTRACT: The human sacrum is a wedge shaped bone with its base uppermost and formed by fusion of five sacral vertebra below the lumbar region. Its superior wide base articulate with fifth lumber vertebra at lumbo sacral angle & its blunted caudal apex articulate with coccyx. Sacrum consists of four pairs of Sacral foramina. When first coccygeal vertebra fuses with the apex of sacrum, this process is known as sacralization of coccygeal vertebra. This Sacrum present with five pairs of sacral foramina. It may be either developmental or congenital will affect the stability of the spine and its bio-mechanics. This anatomical variant is important during surgical procedures at the sacrococcygeal region, pediatric surgeries and obstetrics. KEY WORDS: Sacralization,coccyx,lumbar vertebra and spinal block INTRODUCTION: Sacrum consists of four pairs of Sacral foramina. Coccyx is a small triangular bone formed by fusion of four rudimentary coccygeal vertebras. Body of last sacral vertebra articulates with body of first coccygeal vertebra [1]. When first coccygeal vertebra fuses with the apex of sacrum, this process is known as sacralization of coccygeal vertebra [2,3]. It may be either developmental or congenital will affect the stability of the spine and its bio-mechanics.
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ABSTRACT:
The human sacrum is a wedge shaped bone with its base uppermost and formed by fusion of five sacral vertebra below the lumbar region. Its superior wide base articulate with fifth lumber vertebra at lumbo sacral angle & its blunted caudal apex articulate with coccyx. Sacrum consists of four pairs of Sacral foramina.
When first coccygeal vertebra fuses with the apex of sacrum, this process is known as sacralization of coccygeal vertebra. This Sacrum present with five pairs of sacral foramina. It may be either developmental or congenital will affect the stability of the spine and its bio-mechanics. This anatomical variant is important during surgical procedures at the sacrococcygeal region, pediatric surgeries and obstetrics.
KEY WORDS:
Sacralization,coccyx,lumbar vertebra and spinal block
INTRODUCTION:
Sacrum consists of four pairs of Sacral foramina. Coccyx is a small triangular bone formed by fusion of four rudimentary coccygeal vertebras. Body of last sacral vertebra articulates with body of first coccygeal vertebra [1]. When first coccygeal vertebra fuses with the apex of sacrum, this process is known as sacralization of coccygeal vertebra [2,3]. It may be either developmental or congenital will affect the stability of the spine and its bio-mechanics.
CASE REPORT:
During routine osteology demonstration class of undergraduates MBBS students of ANIMS, Visakhapatnam, India. We observed one of the sacra showing fusion of body of first coccygeal vertebra to apex of the sacrum. The transverse process of first coccygeal vertebra was fused with inferior angle of sacrum on both sides, coccygeal cornua of first coccygeal vertebra was also fused. [fig.1 & fig.2] This complete fusion of coccygeal vertebra with sacrum generated the formation of fifth sacral foramina. Anterior surface of sacrum, there are no special features except the fifth pair of foramina.
Figure 1. Ventral aspect Figure 2. Dorsal aspect
(SF1: first pair of sacral foramina; SF5: fifth pair of sacral foramina; TP: transverse process of coccyx; CC: coccygeal cornua)
DISCUSSION:
Normally sacrum is formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and it contains 4 pairs of sacral foramina. At the cranial end of sacrum there is fifth lumbar vertebra, which when fused with the first sacral vertebra is known as sacralization of lumbar vertebra. Similarly at the caudal end, first coccygeal vertebra when fuses with the apex of sacrum is known as sacralization of coccygeal vertebra. Both these condition leads to fifth pair of sacral foramina [2,3].
The appearance of sacrum with five pairs of foramina may be a developmental or congenital defect. Vertebra are derived from the sclerotome portion of the somites. Patterning of the shapes of the different vertebra is regulated by HOX GENES. So, probably mutation of HOX GENE leads to sacralization of coccygeal vertebra. Sacralization of coccygeal vertebra may predispose to coccygeal pair as this area of the spine is mechanically different to normal [4].
In lumbo-sacral spine disorders caudal epidural block is performed. In this procedure sacral cornua are identified. In case of sacralization of coccygeal vertebra, it will be difficult to identify the sacral cornua [5].
Normally coccyx is mobile and during second stage of labor, backward movement of coccyx increases the antero-posterior diameter of pelvic outlet, which facilitates delivery. Due to fusion, coccyx becomes fixed and there is no increase in antero-posterior diameter of pelvic outlet. This may leads to prolonged second stage of labor and perineal tears and foetal distress [6].
Thus clinically, the sacralization of coccygeal vertebra is important which demands correct clinical and radiological assessment prior to spinal block and interventional procedures.
REFERENCES
1. Borley NR. True pelvis, pelvic floor and perineum. In: Standring S editor. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 40th Ed., London, Churchill Livingstone.2011; 724-728.
2. Kanchan T, Shetty M, Nagesh KR, Menezes RG. Lumbosacral transitional vertebra: clinical and forensic implications. Singapore Med J. 2009 Feb;50(2):e85-87.
3. Platzer W. Color Atlas of Human Anatomy. Volume1: Locomotor System. 6th Ed., Stullgarl, Thieme.2008;11.
4. Sadler TW. Langman’s Medical embryology. 11th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2010:142.
5. Sekiguchi M, Yabuki S, Satoh K. An Anatomic study of the sacral hiatus: a basis for successful caudal epidural block. Clin J Pain. 2004; 20:51-54.
6. Singh R. Sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina. Int J Anat Var.2011.4; 139-140.
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