Web viewI will provide the encomienda characteristic and you provide the term. Pure-bred Spanish ---peninsulare. Spanish descent, born in colonies---creole

AP WORLD CONCEPT REVIEW

1. What common quality does both the French and Russian revolutions possess?

The radical phase of both revolts was promulgated by foreign invasion

2. What common component did the Chinese and Mexican revolutions possess?Land distribution

3. Who are the more prominent prophet’s of the Quran?Mohammad, Jesus, Ibraham, Moses, Noah

4. Describe the basic characteristics of Impressionist painting and provide examplesLandscapes, emphasis on light; Monet and Cezanne

5. What was the primary reason for the decline of the Han and Imperial Roman empires?Corruption and invasion

6. What were the primary causes of WWII in Europe?Treaty of Versailles, economic conditions, appeasement, rearmament, lebensraum

7. What is the primary characteristic of the Neolithic “revolution?”Settled communities

8. What are the characteristics of mercantilism?Colonization; Import raw, export finished; government subsidization; mother country becomes self-sufficient

9. What is the most significant political difference between Han China and classical India?The Chinese recognized bureaucracy and meritocracy

10. Why did the Chinese government stop their voyages of discovery in the early 15th century?Internal dissension, Japanese pirates; construction of the Grand Canal

11. Prior to the Voyages of Discovery, what regions of the world did the Middle East trade with?Africa, South Asia, East Asia

12. What 16th-century language was created as the result of two societies colliding?Swahili

13. Judaism is based on a covenant between God and __________.The people

14. I will name the timeframe, you identify the manufacturing center of the world:

500 BCE --- Mediterranean

0 --- Mediterranean

500 CE --- Nowhere

1000 --- China

1500 --- China

15. What regions of the world had the greatest influence on southeast Asia in the year 1000?India and China

16. Trade brought which faith to Indonesia?Islam and Hinduism

17. What classical civilization helped dar al-Islam in its medical research?Greece

18. What does renaissance Italy and the Abbasid dynasty have in common?In both cultures political fragmentation accompanied cultural creativity

19. What east Asian culture was never conquered by the Mongols?Japan

20. Why was the Spanish able to defeat the Aztec Empire?Dissension within the Aztec Empire

21. What ethnic group dominated Anatolian politics in the 11th century?Ottoman

22. What are the Christians of Ethiopia called?Coptic

23. Chinese respect for authority is called ___________.Filial Piety

24. What were the Muslims of north Africa called?Bedouins

25. Who was the real power broker in Japan between 1600-1854?The Shogun

26. Why did Christianity not receive wide acceptance in China?Evil spirits, hell

27. What were the two most profitable products produced by slave labor in the New World?Tobacco and sugar

28. I will provide the encomienda characteristic and you provide the termPure-bred Spanish --- peninsulareSpanish descent, born in colonies --- creoleSpanish and native intermarriage--- mestizoEuropean and African intermarriage --- mulattoFree blacks --- Gens de Coleur

29. What religion is centered on the elimination of desire and suffering?Buddhism

30. What do Francis Xavier and Ignatius Loyola have in common?Jesuit missionaries

31. What treaty was created to stop Portuguese and Spanish bickering in the New World?The Treaties of Tordesillas

32. Which group was the minority and which group was the majority in Mughal India?Majority = Hindu; Minority = Muslim

33. The political terms “left” and “right” were first used in which revolution?French

34. What common characteristic is possessed by the causes of both the Ottoman and Mughal empires?Both were created by nomadic norseman

35. What topic might social historians study?Family, gender relations, demographic studies, religious development

36. What region of the world discouraged interaction with foreign countries in the 17th and 18th centuries?East Asia

37. Besides the New World, identify three Spanish possessions in the 16th century.Iberian possession, Spanish Netherlands, southern Italy

38. What Asian products were supplied by New World silver to Europe between 1450-1750?Silk, porcelain, spices

39. What Christian group was condemned at Nicaea and believed that Christ had two personasNestorians

40. When global slave trade declined in the 19th century, in which continent did it increase?Africa

41. What did 19th-century western liberals see as the role of women?The mother of citizens; (Cult of Domesticity); purveyor of morality

42. Who was the wealthiest person in the world in the 14th century?Mansa Musa

43. More than anything else, what was the key to European global dominance in the 19th century?The Industrial Revolution

44. Identify three “pax”s in historyRomana Mongolica Britannia

45. Identify two regions where slavery was abolished in the 1860s.Russia and United States

46. I will identify the century, you identify the country that dominated the Atlantic during that time:16th: Spain17th: Dutch18th: British19th: British20th: U.S.

47. What was the most dynamic ism of the 19th century?

Nationalism48. Controlled nationalist forces (also called the Kuomintang) in China in the first half of the 20th century:

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), 49. Who promoted industrialism in late 19th-century Japan?

Meiji reformers50. What is the term for the expulsion of Moors from Spain between 1000-1492?

The Reconquista51. The last colony in the mainland of the New World to become independent was __________.

Brazil52. Who was the Egyptian president that nationalized the Suez Canal and favored Pan-Arabism?

Gamal Nasser53. Why did East Asian economies become powerhouses in the 1980s and 1990s?

Producing quality products for export54. What is the primary difference between Chinese and Japanese emperors?

The Japanese emperors were primarily figureheads55. What sub-Saharan nation has the greatest percentage of its population with European ancestry?

South Africa56. What gathering of European nations justified the imperialistic carving of Africa?

The Berlin Conference57. Besides India, what countries were created by the British independence of that region?

Pakistan58. The precursors of the Aztecs between the 8-12 centuries was

The Toltecs59. What discouraged mechanization in imperial Rome?

slavery60. What enabled sailors to sail into the wind?

The lateen sail61. What was England’s biggest import in the 19th century?

Cotton62. What caused the Bantu diaspora?

Knowledge of agriculture and iron63. Why did Russia enter the Russo-Japanese War?

To get Manchuria64. What Chinese ism demands unquestioned loyalty to superiors?

Daoism65. What two religions allow for female monasticism?

Buddhism and Christianity66. Where was the only successful slave insurrection in history?

Haiti67. Which Chinese dynasty developed the examination system?

Tang68. What did the cultures of Africa contribute to the cultures of the Americas?

Folklore religion music crops69. What classical Greek philosopher advocated “may the force be with you?”

Aristotle70. I will name the cultural practice that inhibited women, you identify the region or country:

Footbinding ChinaWhite Face Paint JapanCorsets western Europe

71. Which region of the world experienced the most dramatic decline in urbanization at the end of the foundations era?Western Europe

72. What aided 19th century European expansion into Asia and Africa?Military technology medical improvements steamship

Industrial revolution73. What similarities exist between Aztecs and Incans?

Regional trade human sacrifice military conquest74. Why was Japan more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachment?

--absence of natural resources --reform orientation of Japan--island --aggressive foreign policy of Japan

75. What similarities do you see in the Social Contract Theory and the Mandate of Heaven?They both justified revolution

76. Who dominated the Mediterranean Sea in the 16th century?Italy and the Ottoman Empire

77. What 12 century- empire extended from Korea to eastern Europe?Mongol

78. Pol Pot is identified with what Asian revolution?Khmer Rouge

79. How far west did Zheng He get?East Africa

80. What common characteristics did both Russia and Japan possess on the eve of WWI?Rapid industrialization

81. How did Spain govern its New World properties?Through appointed viceroys

82. What common characteristics were possessed by European colonizers in the New World and Southeast Asia?Both used forced labor

83. What product did both Asia and Africa want from Europe in the 19th century?weapons

84. What improved European life expectancy between 1450-1750?New World food

85. What was the common characteristic between the Ottoman and the Austro-Hungarian empiresTheir multi-ethnicities

86. What is the basic ideological difference between Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin?Lenin believed a communist revolution needed professional leadership

87. What similarities existed between Gandhi and Mao?Both sought the support of the peasantry

88. What distinguished European presence in Africa prior to 1870?Limited to coastal regions

89. Historically, what has been the relationship between communism and gender equality?Communism has encouraged it

90. What three commodities characterized the Second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the 19th century?Steel, electricity, chemicals

91. What were the two largest cities in North America in 1491?Teotihuacan and Cahokia

92. What common goal was shared by the American Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenThe protection of private property

93. What late 19th-century characteristic of imperialism was shared between Asia and Africa?Competition between European powers

94. What did the Kamikaze (Divine Wind) and the Protestant Wind have in common?They both frustrated the enemy invader of an island nation

95. What three characteristics drove discrimination in Latin America in the 19th century?Skin color former slave status ethnicity

96. I will name the founder, you name the faith:Ahura Mazda ZoroastrianismIbrahim JudaismSiddhartha Gautama BuddhismLao-tze DaoismKung Fu-tzu ConfucianismMohammad IslamVardhamana Jainism

97. What are the two primary reasons for the rise in population during the 20th century?The Green Revolution and improvements in public health

98. What is being described in this quote”“And what, oh priests, is the noble truth of the path leading to the cessation of misery? It is . . . right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, right concentration.”

Buddhism99. What common characteristic is present in the lives of many leaders of mid-to-late 20th century African decolonization?

They spent time in prison100. What common characteristic is shared by the Haitian and American revolutions?

They both granted equality to their citizens101. Who determined current political boundaries in Africa and the Middle East?

European powers102. What product linked Great Britain, India, and China in the 19th century?

Opium103. What nation experienced the greatest war-related deaths in WWII?

The Soviet Union104. What do Ho Chi Minh, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah have in common?

They all opposed colonial rule105. What economic priorities did India and China make in the decade after WWII?

Industrial development106. What major difference existed between British, American, and Japanese industrialization?

Japanese industrialism was sponsored by the state107. What has been happening to worldwide family size since the end of WWII?

It has been decreasing108. Cite 5 epidemics in the last 500 years

Epidemics in 16th-century MesoAmericaThe Cholera epidemicInfluenza, 1918Spread of syphilisSpread of AIDS

109. Which countries in north Africa retained a Christian presence following the spread of Islam?Egypt and Ethiopia (Coptic)

110. What common quality existed in labor relations in Russia and the U.S. in the 1860s?They both eliminated slavery in that decade

111. What common characteristic did both Asian and European philosophies possess in the pre-modern world?They were rooted in religion

112. What common characteristics exists in the decline of both the Roman and Abbasid empires?There was a growing reliance on mercenary armies

113. What commonality exists in the formation of the Muscovite Russians and the Ottoman Turks?The decline of the Ottoman Empire

114. Why is population increase omnipresent in modern agricultural societies?Children are seen as an important source of labor

115. What commonalities exist in the spread of Christianity and Buddhism? They developed out of other faiths They were aided in spread by trade networks Developed monastic orders Venerated high spiritual merit

116. What European nation experienced rapid economic growth during WWII?The Soviet Union

117. What similarities exist between the Aztec and Incan civilizations?Both had innovative agricultural techniques

118. When did most African colonies become independent?After WWII

119. Who said this? “I contend we are the first race of the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory means the birth of more of us who otherwise would not be brought into existence.”A) A French revolutionary in 1792B) A Russian Marxist in 1917C) A British imperialist in the 1880sD) A Chinese communist in 1949E) An American patriot in 1776

120. What common goal was shared by early 20th-century revolutionaries in China and Mexico?

Land reform121. What connection exists between Machiavelli and Arthasastra?

Both defined the relationship between the ruler and the ruled (Arthasastra was an early Indian political philosopher)122. Which of the following American crops toured the world the fastest during the Columbian Exchange?

Corn potato peanut tomato123. What is extraterritoriality?

Foreign exemption from local laws124. Who was the earliest Egyptian ruler, credited with uniting the Upper and Lower kingdoms?

Menes125. What story, written 4000 years ago, describes a king’s quest to achieve immortality

The Epic of Gilgamesh126. Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han

Shang, Zhou, Qin, HanSui, Tang, SongSui, Tang, SongYuan, Ming, Qing, RepublicYuan, Ming, Qing, RepublicPRC

127. What East Asian kingdom never became a part of the Mongol Empire?Japan

128. What crop was the staple of the poor in 17th-19th century Europe?potato

129. What common trait was shared by Renaissance Italy and the Abbasid Empire?Both combined political fragmentation with cultural creativity

130. What were the most important contributions of Napoleon? Napoleonic Code Spreading nationalism Confederation of the Rhine Concordat of 1801 Created model school system

131. What two religions travelled to Indonesia (Spice Islands) via trade?Hinduism and Islam

132. Who denounced Josef Stalin as a “cult of personality”Nikita Khrushchev

133. What was the Japanese equivalent of the French medieval knight?The Samurai

134. Where was the greatest manufacturing region in the world between 1000-1450China

135. How did the European Industrial Revolution impact the rest of the world? Search for raw materials Search for hinterland Tourism European rivalry

136. In what region of the world do the greatest number ofMuslims live --- South and Southeast AsiaChristians live --- Western Hemisphere and EuropeHindus live --- South Asia

137. How are Mao and Gandhi similar?Both sought the support of the peasants

138. What is the major difference between Viking and Arab expansion?Vikings attacked rural communities while Arabs attacked urban communities

139. What additional country was created out of Indian independence in 1948?Pakistan

140. Which of the following is out of place in time?Confucius Laozi Mohammad Siddhartha Gautama Socrates

141. What was the last country in the New World to abolish slavery?Brazil

142. What belief is described by the following characteristics:Loyalty to rulerFilial obedience to fatherRespect for eldersChastity for wives

Confucianism143. What was the papal decree that separated the Portuguese possessions from the Spanish possessions in the New World?

The Treaty of Tordesillas144. What did the Han and Roman empires have in common?

Centralized governments145. Where was the early Soviet Union’s NEP more successful?

agriculture146. Where was Stalin’s Five Year plans more successful?

industrialization147. Who is associated with the invention of moveable type?

Gutenburg148. What were the effects of the Russo-Japanese War?

Growing confidence in Japan Growing distrust of Japan with the western world Russia lost Sakhalin and Kurile islands and Port Arthur Humiliation for Russia and creation of Duma

149. Who backed the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal in the mid-1950s, forcing France and Britain to back down?Soviet Union (U.S. remained mum)

150. How did goods typically travel in the Atlantic triangular trade?European Guns to Africa, slaves to New World, raw products to Europe

151. What similarity existsbetween Cheng He and Vasco da Gama?Both made it to east Africa

152. Who were the Gang of Four?Survivors of Mao’s regime, led by his wife

153. What Constantinople (Istanbul) cathedral was converted to a mosque?Hagia Sophia

154. What did quinine and steam enable?The Scramble for Africa

155. Who said “L’etat cest Moi?”Louis XIV (“I am the state”)

156. What connection exists between nirvana and Moksha?Buddhist (nirvana) and Hindu beliefs in the liberation from suffering

157. I will name the religious edifice, you identify the religion:Hagia Sophia --- ChristianAngkor Wat --- HinduBorubador --- BuddhistKaaba --- Muslim

158. I will name the religious document, you tell me the religion:Upanishads --- HinduismRamayana --- HinduismAvesta --- ZoroastrianismBhagavad Gita --- HinduismCity of God --- ChristianQuran --- IslamTalmud --- Judaism

159. I will tell you the book, you tell me the author:The Influence of Sea Power On History --- Alfred Thayer MahanThe Little Red Book --- Mao ZedongTao Te Ching (The Way) --- Lao TzuRubaiyat --- Omar KhayyamTale of the Genji --- Lady Mraski

160. Tell me the combatants at each of the following battles:

Plassy British and FrenchLepanto Ottoman and ItalianTsushima Russian and JapaneseOmdurman British and SudaneseConstantinople Byzantine and OttomanManzikert Saljuqs and Byzantine

161. What were Latin American strong men in government called?caudillo

162. What commonality do Sierra Leone and Liberia share?They both were havens for freed slaves from America (Liberia) and Britain

163. What do Hinduism and Buddhism share?A belief in karma

164. What do members of the Indian National Congress, the Carbonari, and the Young Turks share?A nationalistic spirit

165. Describe the Bantu migrationsA hooked route from central west Africa south over and up the east coast

166. Identify the Cold War Yugoslavian leader who uniquely enjoyed semi-independence from Soviet domination.Marshall Tito

167. What was the “Golden Horde?”The Mongol Empire in Russia

168. What common quality do Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo share?They both travelled extensively in Asia at about the same time

169. What common quality is shared by Ibraham and Ikhnaten?They both introduced monotheism to their cultures

170. What Cuban revolutionary travelled to other Latin American countries, hoping to spread revolutionary and communist ideals?171. Che Guevara172. What was the eastern European equivalent of NATO during the Cold War?

The Warsaw Pact173. What did the Domino Theory and Containment possess as common goals?

Stopping the spread of communism174. What common characteristic is shared by Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh?

They are both worshipped as anti-imperialists in Asia175. What did Mongo Park and Nigel Bruce “discover?”

Park: the source of the Niger RiverBruce the source of the Blue Nile

176. What was the Price Revolution?Inflation in Europe following the influx of precious metals from the New World resulting in surplus coinage enabling investment and mercantilist practices

177. What moved in the Columbian Exchange?Food: potatoes, maize, goats, chickens, pigs, wheat, bananas, tomatoesDisease: smallpox, influenza, measles, syphilisPeople: entrepreneurs, missionaries, slaves, ne’r do wells, indigenous populations

178. What were the trading post empires?“Gas stations” buil;t by Europeans to establish commercial relations, i.e. Gao, Capetown, Calicut

179. What comparisons can be made between feudalism in Japan and Europe?Chivalry and Bushido (Code of Ethics)Knights and SamuraiLord and daimyoKing and emperor (frequently figureheads)

180. How did the Quran help and hurt women?Helped: improved security, denied women as mere propertyHurt: Emphasized male dominance, male inheritance, descent through males, up to 4 wives, veiling

181. What were the two most pervasive diseases in history?Small pox and measles

182. I will give you the clue, you identify the faith:The world’s oldest religionSpoke to the needs of the average people

Identified in the Bhagavad GitaSalvation achieved through obeying the laws of the casteHinduism

183. What was the oldest civilization in Mesoamerica?Olmecs

184. What is it?Believes events on earth and in heaven are directly connectedPower to rule comes from heavenly powersRuler is linked between heaven and earthCan be compared to the European concept of divine rightFirst used by the Zhou DynastyThe Mandate of Heaven

185. What incident saw the French back away from the British in the Scramble for Africa?The Fashoda Incident

186. What distinguishes Paleolithic from Neolithic?Domestication of animalsCultivastion of cropsSettled communities

187. What was Potosi?Silver mine in western South America

188. What inventions encouraged European exploration during the Voyages of Discovery?The Lateen sails, the astrolabe, caravels, cartographic improvements, and inventions from the Chinese (magnetic compass and sternpost rudder)

189. What is the connection between the Monroe Doctrine and the Brezhnev Doctrine?The Monroe Doctrine told the rest of the world to stay out of America’s backyard and the Brezhnev Doctrine told the rest of the world to stay out of the Soviet Union’s backyard

190. Be aware that any answer dealing with manufacturing and industrialization prior to 1800 is probably wrong191. When there is a question involving art, pick the answer most familiar to you192. What was the first European country to establish a colony in Asia?

Portugal193. What river was used by the Ottoman Empire to invade Europe?

Danube194. I will identify the century, you tell me the most powerful country in Europe at the time:

1500 --- Ottoman1600 --- Spain1700 --- France1800 --- France1900 --- England

195. Which would a mercantilist most prefer to import:Finished goods or raw goods

196. What was the “Third Rome” after Constantinople?Moscow

197. What do the latifundia and the yangban have in common?They represent the Roman and Chinese landed gentry

198. What do the following ideas represent?Economic determinismDialectical materialismLabor theory of valueUltimate classless revolutionMarxism

199. What was the first industry to be developed by the Industrial Revolution?textiles

200. How does Mao Tzu’s relationship with Mencius compare to John Locke’s relationship with Thomas Hobbes?Each pair discussed the relationship between the government and the people

201. Place the following Muslim dynasties in the correct chronological orderAbbasid (2)Ottoman (3)

Ummayyad (1)202. Who came from Middle Asia and conquered early northern India

Indo-Aryans203. What was the first novel ever written?

Tale of the Genji by Lady Murasaki204. Hammurabi’s Code came from what ancient civilization?

Babylon205. What connection exists between Xhu Xi (12th century China) and Leonardo da Vinci (15th century Italy)?

Both taught the value of the individual (da Vinci was the embodiment of the Renaissance Man and Zhu was the founder of Neo-Confucianism)

206. What is presentism?207. What is the diffusion theory?

The spread of ideas208. Identify the ancient river valley civilizations in India

Harappo and Mohenjo-Daro209. Identify 5 ancient river valley civilizations

Indus Tigres-Euphrates Nile Ganges Yangtze210. Identify the British diplomat forced to kowtow before the Chinese emperor :

Lord McCartney211. What were the early 19th-century reforms in the Ottoman Empire called?

Tanzimat212. What is the relationship between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?

In China, the GLF was an attempt to industrialize the country in the 1950s through cottage industry development and the CR was an attempt to purge Communist China of western influence

213. Who wrote the Wealth of Nations?Adam Smith

214. Who Wrote “Essays on Population”Thomas Malthus

215. Who wrote “The Iron Law of Wages”David Ricardo

216. In the late 1920s, what was the aim of the Kellogg-Briand pact?An attempt to outlaw war

217. Who said the Treaty of Versailles was too easy and who said it was too hard?Victors said too easy and defeated said too hard

218. What common mistake was made by both Napoleon and Hitler?Russia

219. What three reason account for population growth in non-industrialized countries?Decrease in infant mortality rateChildren seen as source of laborDecline in death rate

220. What similarities existed between colonies in Brazil and colonies in Georgia?Slavery Plantation System Land Intensive

221. What artistic designs represent different religious faithsGeometric designs represent IslamWheel represents Hinduism and Buddhism

222. What connection exists between the Ming Survivalists and the Kuomintang?Both escaped to Formosa (Taiwan)

223. What common trait is shared by Kung Fu-tzu, Buddha, Socrates, and Jesus?Neither wrote anything down

224. What connection exists between Ashoka and his relationship with Buddhism and Constantine and his relationship to ChristianityBoth used religion to unite their people

225. Usually a “trigger” phrase gives away the meaning of a quote226. Identify four major causes of WWI

Nationalism Entangling Alliances Arms Build-up Revenge

International confrontations New Kid On The Block (teach Gemany its place)

227. Neutral countries in WWNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Switzerland

228. Neutral countries in WWIISwitzerland, Spain, Sweden, Ireland, Portugal

229. What caused the death of most combatants in the Crimean War?malaria

230. Which European countries had revolutions in 1789, 1848, and 1871?France

231. Family size decreases as industrialization occurs232. Typically, the lower class is interested in economic issues and the middle class is interested in ideas and values233. What connection exists between the relationship between Confucius and Mencius and the relationship between Plato and Aristotle?

Master and Disciple234. What is the Out of Africa thesis?

The idea we are all descended from groups of primates who emigrated out of Africa millions of years ago235. What is the relationship between opium and slaves?

One represents European trade with the Old World and the other represents European trade with the New World236. Identify two rulers who remained non-aligned during the Cold War:

Sukarno (Indonesia) Nehru (India) Nasser (Egypt)237. Identify the Eastern and western termini of the Silk Road:

Tsian and Baghdad (or Damascus, or Constantinople, or Persepolis)238. What is the connection between the battles of Lepanto and the Spanish Armada?

Both were more significant psychological losses than strategic losses by forces expected to win239. Who is the “expected one?”

The Mahdi240. What was the Mughal Dynasty?

Period of Muslim rule in India241. Whose theories were largely disproved by Albert Einstein?

Isaac Newton242. Who was the Father of . . .

Modern Turkey --- Kemal AtaturkIndependent Latin America --- Simon BolivarModern China --- Sun Yat-sen

243. The Incan “written language” is calledQuipo

244. What connection exists between Aristotle’s “Golden Mean” and China’s “Middle Way?”They both emphasize avoidance of extremes

245. What is the relationship between The Iliad and the Mahabbarata?Both are epic tales of wars fought between gods and men, stories of knightly chivalry

246. I’ll name the revolutionary, you name the country:L’Ouverture --- HaitiSimon Bolivar --- South AmericaMahatma Gandhi --- IndiaMuhammad Ali Jinnah --- PakistanJomo Kenyatta --- KenyaKwame Nkrumah --- GhanaJulius Nyerere --- Tanzania