Jefferson’s 2 nd Term By Neil Hammond Millbrook High School.

Jefferson’s 2Jefferson’s 2ndnd Term Term

By Neil HammondMillbrook High School

Parallels With WashingtonParallels With Washington• Like GW, TJ had a miserable 2nd term.

He left office a weary, defeated man

Threats to the UnionThreats to the Union• The LA Purchase

had doubled the size of the nation

• Some New England Federalists talked openly about leaving the union

• Hamilton refused to be the NE Feds champion…so they courted Aaron Burr (VP). – Duel– Burr flees to LA to build a western empire

War in Europe Affects War in Europe Affects American PoliticsAmerican Politics

• 1790s…Jay’s Treaty…x,y,z Affair

• 1802-1815 Napoleonic Wars (France v GBR) threatened American commerce–Napoleon cut off trade with

Britain–Britain blockaded Europe–US caught in the middle


• American shipping boomed initially as a result of the war. American shippers needed men– High wages lured hundreds of sailors from

British ships (merchant & navy)

• Impressment…the British navy started stopping ships and searching for deserters…deserters were IMPRESSED (taken back to Royal navy ships). The US objected, believing some Americans had been impressed…was GBR just gaining conscripts?


• Between 1802 and 1811, British officers seized nearly eight thousand sailors, including many American citizens. In 1807, American anger over these seizures turned to outrage when a British warship attacked the U.S. Navy vessel Chesapeake, killing three and wounding eighteen

Jefferson’s Response: The Jefferson’s Response: The EmbargoEmbargo

• All American ships were prohibited from leaving American ports until France and Great Britain repealed their restrictions on US trade

• What 1760s / 1770s protest was this based upon?

• What effect would this have on the economy?

Jefferson’s Response: The Jefferson’s Response: The EmbargoEmbargo

• The Fallout:

• Exports fell from $108 million (1806) to $22 million in 1808

• What might some shippers do?

• How could the government enforce the embargo?

• Cartoon activity

Americans and Westward Americans and Westward MovementMovement

• 1783 GBR gave up its claims to the trans-Appalachian region, but Native Americans didn’t

• Americans viewed Native Americans as conquered peoples:– 1) Destroy cultures– 2) Assimilate (Knox)– This debate lasted until 1900 and continues

to an extent today


• Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784)

• Treaty of Grenville (1795)

• Jay’s Treaty (1794)– British

presence in NW reduced


• The Treaty of Grenville led to migration to modern-day Ohio (a state in 1803…100,000 settlers by 1805)

• Thousands more moved West into modern day Illinois and Indiana…conflict

• Assimilation? The US govt. encouraged Native Americans to join American society (farming, families, Christianity), but most Native Americans preferred to cling to old ways (old religions, clan membership)


• Native American resistance slowed the advance of white farmers and planters but did not stop it. Between 1790 and 1820, settlers continued to pour across the Appalachian Mountains and to move southward along the Atlantic coastal plain. This migratory surge transformed America's farm economy.

• Two great Southern migrations during this period. New Englanders also moved West…


• 1) Chesapeake to TN & KY

• A 2nd movement occurs to Illinois as rich planters secured control of TN & KY


• 2) Exodus from the Carolinas to AL & MS based on cotton boom

• 3) Stream of migrants from NE– Revolutionized farm

economy– Wheat comes from

west– NE…potatoes– Middle...improve-

ments

Madison and the War of Madison and the War of 18121812

• TJ left office in 1808 a defeated man

• Madison tried to tweak TJ’s economic policy with the Non-Intercourse Act– Lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for

those on Britain / France

• Mason’s Bill #2– All embargoes lifted against France / Britain– IF either France / Britain stopped attacking American

shipping, the US would reinstate the embargo against the OTHER country

– France promised to stop attacks…so the US placed an embargo on England…but France was bluffing…but by the time the US saw this, war had come with Great Britain

Tenskwatawa and Tenskwatawa and TippecanoeTippecanoe• Westward movement into Ohio and Indiana caused

problems with Native Americans. Rookie Democratic-Republican politicians from the West had no doubt who was at fault: Great Britain. They accused GBR of aiding Indians in the Ohio River Valley

• In 1809, bolstered by British guns and supplies, the Shawnee war chief Tecumseh [ta-KUM-sa] and his brother, the prophet Tenskwatawa [tens-QUA-ta-wa], revived the Western Confederacy.

• William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, defeated Tecumsah at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

The Causes of the war of 1812: The Causes of the war of 1812: War Hawks War Hawks• Aggressive politicians pushed for war

• Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC) pushed for war. Like other Republican war hawks from the West and South, they supported the acquisition of territory in British Canada and Spanish Florida. With national elections approaching, Madison demanded British respect for American sovereignty in the West and neutral rights on the Atlantic. When the British were slow to respond, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war. In June 1812, a sharply divided Senate voted 19 to 13 for war, and the House of Representatives concurred, 79 to 49.

The Causes of the war of 1812: The Causes of the war of 1812: War Hawks War Hawks• The US went to war over violations of its

shipping rights, but:

• 1) Federalists who represented NE shippers voted against the war

• 2) The Middle and NE states voted Federalist in 1812 election

The Causes of the war of 1812: The Causes of the war of 1812: War Hawks War Hawks

• The election of 1812 results question the traditional picture of the 1812 War as caused by issues of the sea…it was a “western war with eastern labels”

• Americans were not ready to fight the war for several reasons:

− The army had fewer than 7,000 troops and little equipment.

− The navy had only 16 ships.

− Americans were deeply divided over the war.

− Paying for the war posed a problem.

The War of 1812

• American leaders planned to attack Canada from three directions—from Detroit, from Niagara Falls, and up the Hudson River valley toward Montreal.

• All three attacks failed.

The Invasion of Canada

The War of 1812

The War of 1812The War of 1812

• The British strategy for the war had three parts:

− The British navy would raid American cities along the coast.

− They would march south into New York from Montreal, cutting New England off from the rest of the country.

− They would seize New Orleans and close the Mississippi River to western farmers.

The War Ends (cont.)

• In August 1814, the British set fire to the White House and the Capitol and then prepared to attack Baltimore.

− The militia successfully defended Baltimore.

− Francis Scott Key wrote what would later become the national anthem of the United States when he saw the American flag still flying above Fort McHenry at dawn.


• In December 1814, Federalists from the region met in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss possible secession from the United States.


− Moderate delegates refused to support such extreme action.

• Hartford Resolutions

• Instead, the Hartford Convention called for several constitutional amendments to increase the region’s political power.

• The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a national hero and inspired a surge of nationalism among Americans.

• The Federalist party appeared divisive and unpatriotic and gradually ceased to exist.


The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

• On December 24, 1814, the negotiators signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812.

• No territory changed hands!

• The treaty did NOT mention impressment!


• The American victory over the British in the War of 1812 produced an American claim to the Oregon Territory and increased migration of American settlers into Florida, which was later acquired by treaty from Spain.

Jefferson’s 2 nd Term By Neil Hammond Millbrook High School.

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