JAXA input to the IGOS-P Integrated Global Observations of the Land (IGOL) Theme Ake Rosenqvist, Chu Ishida Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Earth.

JAXA input to the IGOS-P Integrated Global Observations of the

Land (IGOL) Theme

Ake Rosenqvist, Chu IshidaJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

Earth Observation Research and Applications Center (EORC)

IGOLFAO/Rome, Sept. 13-15, 2004

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JAXA Earth Observation missions of relevance to IGOL:

Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1)• Operational 1992-1998• L-band (23.5 cm) Synthetic Aperture Radar• Regional data observation strategy (tropical & boreal

zones) implemented during last 3 years of mission 1996-1998.

IGOL relevance:• Continental-scale JERS-1 SAR Global Forest Mapping

project (GRFM/GBFM)

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)• Launch: Autumn 2005• L-band SAR and optical sensors

IGOL relevance:• ALOS Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative• Global data observation strategy implemented

JAXA & IGOL

Mainland South-East Asia

Dual-season (1997/1998)

South America/AmazonDual-season

(1995/1996)

Equatorial AfricaDual-season (1996)

Boreal North AmericaDual-season

(1997/1998)

Central AmericaSingle-season

(1996)

JERS-1 Tropical & Boreal Mosaic Data Sets

To be released 2004/2005:SiberiaEurope

Insular SE-AsiaAustralia

IndiaChina

South AfricaSouthern S. America

Free of charge for science (i.e. IGOL) and education

• Continental-scale baseline mosaic data sets from mid 1990’s

• Consistent in space and time• 100 m ground resolution

Kuparuk River Basin

Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta

K. C. McDonald and E. Podest, JPL

Open Water Classification

Maps of open water area derived from the 100 m resolution summer-time JERS-1 SAR mosaic. The open water maps were derived using an unsupervised, single-pass clustering classification scheme. JERS-1 imagery and associated classification maps of 80km x 80km (6400 km2) regions within the Kuparuk River Basin on Alaska’s North Slope, and the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska are shown.

This work was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

JERS-1 SAR mosaicApplication example:

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PRISMAVNIR-2

PALSAR

Velocity

NadirPALSAR: Polarimetric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar

PRISM: Panchromatic 2.5 m along-track stereo

AVNIR-2: Multi-spectral 10 m scanner (NIR/R/G/B)

Advanced Land Advanced Land Observation Observation

Satellite (ALOS)Satellite (ALOS)

Mission sensors

PALSAR PRISM

AVNIR-2 Launch Autumn 2005Repeat Cycle 46 daysSwath 70 kmObservation strategy

Global, systematic

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The ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative

The Kyoto & Carbon Initiative is an international collaborative project, involving ~20 research groups from 13 countries. The Initiative forms the continuation and extension of the JERS-1 SAR GRFM/GBFM project into the era of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite.

K&C aims to support information needs posed by the “3 C’s”: • The terrestrial Carbon cycle science community (CO2 & CH4 sources and

sinks); • Multinational Environmental Conventions and Declarations:

• UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol (Forest and Land Cover Change);• Ramsar Convention (wetland characteristics and disturbances);• UN Millenium Declaration & UNCCD (water supply and desertification)

• Environmental Conservation

K&C project output:• Validated thematic products, generated by the K&C Science Team• Global, 50 m resolution SAR mosaics

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K&C support to the new IGOL Theme can be foreseen

K&C Project organization

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AdvisorsCarbon: S. Quegan, C. Dobson

Conventions: Y. Yamagata;M. Finlayson

Product Team 1

Product Leader 1

Product Team 2

Product Leader 2

...

Forest Theme.

Theme Coordinator:Richard Lucas (UW-aber)

Wetlands Theme.Theme Coordinators:Laura Hess (UCSB)

John Lowry (ERISS)

Desert & Water Theme.

Theme Coordinator:Philippe Paillou (OAB)

Mosaic Products Theme.

Theme Coordinator:Bruce Chapman (JPL)

Project LeadJAXA EORC

K&C product development

1. Methodology development - Year 1-3 Development of algorithms and methods required to support the specific information

requirements identified (e.g. annual biomass change, wetland flooding extents, irrigated rice spatial distribution, etc.);

2. Regional prototype demonstration - Year 1-3 Operational demonstration of the methodology to a regional/semi-continental scale

geographical region. Delivery of prototype product within 3 years of the ALOS launch.

3. Continental/global-scale extrapolation - Year 4+ Regional/continental-scale application of the methods and work approaches developed

to other, or larger, geographical regions

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High resolution E.O. data archives - inconsistent and fragmented

• Technology driven missions• Acquisitions on request

• Non-commercial - PI focus (individual & local)• Commercial - customer requests (individual & local)---> Frequent coverage over specific sites - but poor coverage

over others• "Global coverage” background missions:

• Temporal component ignored.

Required for high resolution E.O. (and for IGOL!):

A comprehensive and systematic data acquisition strategy with regional-global emphasis on a repetitive and long-term basis.

The need for systematic E.O. observation strategies to support IGOL

This is a response to public, political and scientific calls for systematic data observations and consistent data archives

The Kyoto Protocol: All Parties shall ”co-operate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce uncertainties related to the climate system, [and] the adverse impacts of climate change...". [Kyoto Protocol, Art. 10d]

IGOS-P:“The vision for a carbon cycle observing system is to contribute to the integrated understanding and human management of the carbon cycle, through systematic, long-term monitoring of the exchanges of GHGs, and the associated changes in carbon stocks”. [IGOS-P Carbon Cycle Observation Theme: Terrestrial and Atmospheric Comp. Feb., 2001]

To,be implemented for ALOS: A Global Systematic Observation Strategy

Objective of the ALOS observation strategy: Establishment of a systematic archive for ALOS, in which spatially and temporally consistent time series of data can be found for any arbitrary point, or region, on the Earth.

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The ALOS Systematic Observation Strategy -Factors considered

Spatial consistency over regional scales• Semi-continental wall-to-wall coverage

Temporal consistency over regional scales• Acquisitions within a short time window (1-2 cycles)

Accurate timing• Regional seasonality drives window selection

Consistent sensor configuration• Limitation of the PALSAR operational modes

”Long-term” repetition continuity• Semi-annual repetition to EOL.

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ALOS Acquisition StrategyObservation plan concept

2006 2007

Siberia NW A1Siberia N-central A2

Siberia NE A3Kanchatka A4Siberia SW A5

Siberia S-central A6Siberia SE A7

Caspian Sea A8Central Asia A9Himalayas A10China East A11

Korea A12Japan A20-35India B1

Peninsular SE-Asia B2Insular SE-Asia B3

PNG C1Australia N&E C2Australia arid C3Australia S&E C4New Zealand C5

Greenland D1Iceland D2

Europe N D3Europe SW D4

Europe central D5Europe E D6

Middle East D7Arabia D8

Morocco E1Sahara W E2Sahara E E3W. Africa E4

C. Africa W E5C. Africa E E6

Somalia E7Botswana E8S. Africa E9

Madagascar E10QE Islands F1

Alaska F2

5 6 7 86 7 8 9 10 11 12

14 15 162 3

9 10 11 12 134

Year

MonthSatellite cycle

17 8

HH 41.5 deg.

HH+HV; 41.5 deg.

Polarimetric; 21.5 deg.

Large geographical observation unitsAcquired during fixed and limited

time windows.

Only one observation mode during each 46-day cycle

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ALOS Acquisition Strategy - PALSAR Ascending (~22.30)2-3 global wall-to-wall coverages/year

05 2006 2007 2008 2009

5 6

Siberia NW A1Siberia N-central A2

Siberia NE A3Kanchatka A4Siberia SW A5

Siberia S-central A6Siberia SE A7

Caspian Sea A8Central Asia A9Himalayas A10China East A11

Korea A12Japan A20-35India B1

Peninsular SE-Asia B2Insular SE-Asia B3

PNG C1Australia N&E C2Australia arid C3Australia S&E C4New Zealand C5

Greenland D1Iceland D2

Europe N D3Europe SW D4

Europe central D5Europe E D6

Middle East D7Arabia D8

Morocco E1Sahara W E2Sahara E E3W. Africa E4

C. Africa W E5C. Africa E E6

Somalia E7Botswana E8S. Africa E9

Madagascar E10QE Islands F1

Alaska F2Canada NW F3Canada SW F4Canada SE F5

US W F6US E F7

Central America F8Caribbean Islands F9

Amazon Basin G1Brazil East G2

S. America Mid G3S. America South G4

Antarctica H1-4

YearMonth

Satellite cycle1

3 4 7 87 8

139 10 11

9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

12 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 4 5 62 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 529 30

Cal/val period

HH 41.5 deg.

HH+HV; 41.5 deg.

Polarimetric; 21.5 deg.

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ScanSAR Wetlands 2005 2006 2007 2008

Descending 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

West SiberiaLena DeltaVolga DeltaAmurEast Asia paddyIndia paddyMainland SE-AsiaInsular SE-AsiaPNGNorth AustraliaPripet-BiebrzaNiber BasinCongo BasinOkavango-MozambiqueASF maskBOREAS SSAQuebec-EvergladesAmazon BasinPantanal

Descending (~10.30):

* Priority to PRISM & AVNIR-2

* PALSAR mode: ScanSAR (100 m, HH)

* Focus on wetland & CH4 intensive monitoring

Draft - Nov. 2003

ALOS Acquisition StrategyPALSAR Descending

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ALOS Acquisition StrategyPRISM & AVNIR-2

PRISM: Triplet stereo mode (2.5 m; panchromatic; B/H=1.0)

AVNIR-2: • Nadir view default• Simultaneous with PALSAR on

selected sites (34° off-nadir)

Base plan (PRISM + AVNIR-2) :• Full annual global coverages• Repetition during ALOS life-time• Regional time windows based on cloud statistics• Additional user requests feasible (AVNIR-2)

2005: 0601- 2005: 0717- 2005: 0901- 2005: 0917-

2005: 1202- 2006: 0117- 2006: 0304- 2006: 0419-

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ALOS Observation Strategy - Summary

PALSAR ascending (22.30)• Default mode: Dual-pol (HH+HV, 20m)• 2-3 Global coverages annually

• Summer/dry season (41.5° HH+HV); • Winter/rainy season (41.5° HH)

• Global InSAR coverage (34°) every 1-2 yrs• Pol-InSAR campaigns every 2 yrs

PALSAR descending (10.30)• Default mode: ScanSAR (100 m, HH)• 1 Global ScanSAR coverage annually• Intensive wetlands & CH4 monitoring

• 46-day repeat during a full annual cycle (13 months)

• Geo-sites 2 desc obs/3 years

PRISM & AVNIR-2 (descending)• 1 Global coverage annually as base mapping• PRISM: Triplet stereo, 2.5 m• AVNIR-2: Nadir view•AVNIR/PALSAR synergy (34.3°) over selected areas• Capacity available for additional AVNIR-2 observations.

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JAXA support to IGOL - Summary points

• Both JERS-1 and ALOS missions ought to be of relevance to IGOL

• Continental-scale, 100 m resolution JERS-1 SAR mosaic data available for the entire boreal and tropical belt at no cost.

• Long-term, regional-scale consistent data required for IGOL: JAXA is taking unprecedented steps to implement a comprehensive data observation strategy for ALOS.

• The international ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative aims to produce validated, regional-scale thematic land products and data sets.

• Hence - if interest exists, significant potential for IGOL support form JAXA can be foreseen.

References

Systematic Data Acquisitions - A Pre-requisite for Meaningful Biophysical Parameter Retrieval? Rosenqvist, A., Milne A.K. and Zimmermann, R., 2003. Communications, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 1709-1711, July, 2003.

Initiating the ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative. Rosenqvist, A., Ogawa T., Shimada M. and Igarashi T. Proc. IGARSS’01, Sydney, Australia. July 9-13, 2001.

Support to Multi-national Environmental Conventions and Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Science by ALOS and ADEOS-II – the Kyoto & Carbon Initiative. Rosenqvist A., M. Shimada, T. Igarashi, M. Watanabe, T. Tadono and H. Yamamoto. Proc. IGARSS’03, Toulouse, France. July 21-25, 2003.

IGOS-P Carbon Cycle Observation Theme: Terrestrial and atmospheric components. Cihlar J., et al. (Eds.). Report to IGOS-P by the Terrestrial Carbon Theme Team, IGOS-P, 2001.

Remote Sensing and the Kyoto Protocol: A Review of Available and Future Technology for Monitoring Treaty Compliance. Rosenqvist, A., Imhoff, M., Milne A.K. and Dobson C. (Eds.). ISPRS Workshop Report (159 pp.). Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Oct. 20-22, 1999.

A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol. Rosenqvist, A., Milne A.K., Lucas R., Imhoff, M. and Dobson C , Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp 441-455, Oct. 2003.

The SAHARASAR project: Potential support to water prospecting in arid Africa by SAR. Paillou P., and Rosenqvist A. Proc. IGARSS’03, Toulouse, France. July 21-25, 2003.

The Use of Spaceborne Radar Data to Model Inundation Patterns and Trace Gas Emissions in the Central Amazon Floodplain. Rosenqvist, A., Forsberg, B, Pimentel, T., Rauste Y. and Richey J., International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 1303-1328, 2002.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Irrigated Rice in JERS-1 L-band SAR Data. Rosenqvist A., International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 1567-1587, 1999.

ALOS Kyoto & Carbon Initiative homepage:http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/kyoto/kyoto_index.htm