Community Development Jatropha, a promising plant Dr Ir Robert Manurung Bio-Technology Research Center Institut Teknologi Bandung
Dec 18, 2015
Community Development
Jatropha, a promising plant
Dr Ir Robert ManurungBio-Technology Research Center
Institut Teknologi Bandung
The reality of change is inescapable. If we do not change, the inexorable forces and shifts in the external world will force change upon us. Better to change before we are changed.
John Harvey-Jones
Trends Changes in the Real (Inflation Adjusted) Prices of Selected Commodities Since 1950
Source : Fry (2002)
Jatropha plant data (1):
| Latin name: Jatropha curcas (Linnaeus)| Famili: Euphorbiaceae| Plant appearance: shrub/small tree, 3-5 m on height.| Habitat: tropic/sub tropic areas at America, Asia,
Africa| Suitable rainfall: 200 1500 mm/yr| Plant density: 1100-3300 plant/ha| Live up to 50 years| Varieties: Cape Verde, Nicaragua, Ife-Nigeria, non-
toxic Mexico| Productivity 5-25 ton/ha/year| Can be harvested since plant is 5 months old,
productivity is stable after 1 years old
Exploitation of Jatropha:
Source : G.M. Giibitz, M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi (1998), Exploitation of the tropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L.
Genetic modificationGenetic modification with gamma ray irradiation conducted by BATAN, proofed to be able to alter the productivity and maturity age.
Age (days)Genotype Flower Fruit Harvest
Control 93 120 157
J10-04 57 77 99J15-04 72 103 132J20-04 105 135 167J25-04
Jatropha seed (2)
Proximate analysis (%) of Jatropha seed flour
Assay Composition (%)
Crude fatCrude proteinCrude fibreMoistureAshCarbohydrate
47.25 1.3424.60 1.4010.12 0.525.54 0.204.50 0.147.99
Source : E.T. Akintayo (2003), Characteristics and composition of Parkia biglobbossa and Jatropha curcas oils and cakes
Jatropha seed (3)Kernel Shell Meal
Dry matter (%) 94.2-96.9 89.8-90.4 100Constituents(% in DM)
Crude protein 22.2-27.2 4.3-4.5 56.4-63.8Lipid 56.8-58.4 0.5-1.4 1.0-1.5Ash 3.6-4.3 2.8-6.1 9.6-10.4
Neutral detergent fiber
3.5-3.8 83.9-89.4 8.1-9.1
Acid detergent fiber 2.4-3.0 74.6-78.3 5.7-7.0Acid detergent lignin 0.0-0.2 45.1-47.5 0.1-0.4
Gross energy (MJ/kg)
30.5-31.1 19.3-19.5 18.0-19.3
Source : Trabi, M., 1998. Die Gifstoffe der PurgiernuB (Jatropha curcas L.) MSc thesis, Graz University of Technology, Graz.
Jatropha vs Diesel OilSpecification Jatropha Oil Diesel Oil
Specific gravity (gr/mL)
0.9180 0.8410
Sulphur, wt% 0.13 1.2
Calorific value (kcal/kg)
9470 10170
Flash point, oC 240 50
Cetane value 51 50
Source : J. B. KANDPAL and MIRA MADAN (1994), Jatropha curcus : a renewable source of energy for meeting future energy needs
|Thus, the task is, not so much to seewhat no one has yet seen; but to think what nobody has yet thought, about that which everyone sees.|
Erwin Schrodinger (1887 - 1961)
Jatropha seed oil (1)
| Physico-chemical parameters
Parameter Literature (Akintayo, 2003, dan Gbitz, 1999)
ITB-MIRI Assay (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd), Dec 2004
Density at 15oC (g/cm3)Viscosity at 30oC (cSt)Flash point (oC)Sulphur content (ppm)Iodine value (mg iodine/g) WijsAcid value (mg KOH/g)Calorific value (MJ/kg)
0.92017.1-52240Not measured105.2 0.73.5 0.140.7
0.918150.80290
If you want to understand function, studystructure.
Francis H.C. Crick (1916-);co-discoverer of the double helix structure of DNA
Jatropha vs Ricinus seed oilChemically, consists of triglyceride with linear fatty acid chain (unbranched) with/without double bonds, as CPO
O
O
O
H2 C - O - C - (CH2 )16 - CH3
HC - O - C - (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 CH3
H2 C - O - C - (CH2 )7 CH=CHCH2 CH=CH(CH2 )4 CH3
H2C - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3
O OH
H2C - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3
O OH
O OHHC - O - C - (CH2)7 - CH=CH-CH2 - CH - (CH2)5 - CH3
Jatropha seed oil
Ricinus seed oil
Jatropha seed oil (2)
Fatty acid compositionFatty acid Jatropha Palm
MiristicPalmiticStearicArachidicBehenicPalmitoleicOleicLinoleicLinolenic
14:016:018:020:022:016:118:118:218:3
0 0.114.1 15.33.7 9.80 0.30 0.20 1.3
34.3 45.829.0 44.2
0 0.3
0.9 1.539.2 45.83.7 5.10 0.04
NA0 0.4
37.4 44.18.7 12.5
0 0.6
Source : G.M. Giibitz, M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi (1998), Exploitation of thetropical oil seed plant Jatropha curcas L.
Jatropha seed oil (3)
| Suitable for palm-oil substitute on non-food applications
| Highly potential as diesel oil substitute, due to its higher flash point and cetane number; has been proven on 4-stroke Mitsubishi engine (Japan)
Jatropha as fuel (1)Technology development :
Handling Production Cost Production Process
(1) Raw JatrophaOil without Esterification
+/-Higher viscosity compared with light oil etc.
Unknown(could be lower than Bio-diesel)
+Simple
(2) Raw JatrophaOil mixed with diesel Oil
+/- ~ +Subject to mixing
ratio
+/- ~ +Mixing devices are required.
+/- ~ +
(3) Bio-dieselization Esterification
+Lower viscosityProven)
-Production devices and alcohols are required.
-Complicated
Jatropha as fuel (5)Engine performance of straight jatropha oil (BD 100), compared to diesel oil-jatropha oil mix (BD 50), and diesel oil (K100)
Pressure vs time at full load (28 kW)
150
120
-30
Pressure incylinder
Pressure in fuelpipe
Collapse time (milisecond)
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Too often people want the benefits without taking responsibility for sustaining the system that has benefited them.
ZERO DISCHARGE :WHAT, WHY, AND HOW
Zero discharge means more than nothing at all out of the plant.
BIOREFINERY means to perform the overall processes with a minimum loss of energy and mass and to maximise the overall production chain value.
Success is a journey, not a destination.
Ben Sweetland
Seed Kernel
Sterilized seeds
Kernel and shell
Grinded kernel
Shell
Straight jatropha oil
Bio oil
Cake Detoxification Animal feedstockPhorbol ester (Anti-cancer activator& anti leukimia)
?
Phorbol ester (Anti-cancer activator
& anti leukimia)
Sterilized seeds
Grinded kernel
Detoxification
Sterilizer
Separator
Expeller
Crusher Grinder
Pyrolisis
65%
100%
35%
30%
?35%
Reference
| Gubitz, G. M., M. Mittelbach, M. Trabi, Exploitation of the tropical seed plant Jatropha curcas L.,BioresourceTechnology 67 (1999)
| Openshaw, Keith, A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise, Biomass & Bioenergy 19 (2000)
| Sambanthamurthi, Ravigadevi, Kalyana Sundram, Yew-Ai Tan, Chemistry and biochemistry of palm oil, Progress in Lipid Research 39 (2000)
| Kandpal, J. B., Mira Madan, Jatropha curcus: a renewable source of energy meeting future energy needs, Technical Note, Renewable Energy Vol. 6 No. 2
Acknowledgement
The jatropha oil characteristics and engine test is obtained from the project Development of Small Distributed Power Plant Generation Utilizing Jatropha in Indonesia conducted by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc.,. dan West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc. (West JEC), sponsored by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization)
Community DevelopmentTrends Changes in the Real (Inflation Adjusted) Prices of Selected Commodities Since 1950Jatropha plant data (1):Exploitation of Jatropha:Genetic modificationJatropha seed (2)Jatropha seed (3)Jatropha vs Diesel OilJatropha seed oil (1)Jatropha vs Ricinus seed oilJatropha seed oil (2)Jatropha seed oil (3)Jatropha as fuel (1)Jatropha as fuel (5)ZERO DISCHARGE :WHAT, WHY, AND HOWReferenceAcknowledgement