- 1. Vol. XIII No. 1January - March 2011 News Letter OIL
TECHNOLOGISTS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA WESTERN ZONE Inside This Issue
The Soap Opera Green Trend Be Natural Mushrooms cosmeticmagic
Biomass & Surfactants Ecofriendly Soaps Jatropha - alive
andKickingThis news letter is for free circulation only to the
membersof OTAI-WZC/o. Department of Oils, Oleochemicals &
SurfactantsInstitute of Chemical Technology Tel.:
91-22-32972206/91-22-24146526(Formerly UDCT)Fax:
+91-22-24124017Nathalal Parekh MargEmail:
[email protected] (East), Mumbai-400 019 Website:
www.otai-westernzone.orgINDIA.11Vol. XIII No.1 January - March
2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)
2. OIL TECHNOLOGISTSASSOCIATION OF INDIA WESTERN ZONE EDITORIAL
ADVISORY BOARD A.K. GUPTA RAJEEV CHURIS.N. TRIVEDI B.R.
GAIKWADEDITORV.V. RAOEDITORIAL BOARDAMIT PRATAP D.N. BHOWMICK B.V.
MEHTA2OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 3.
From the Editorss Desk New year and new adventures. OTAI and IHPCIA
work- ing in tandom will show new avenues in technology and
economics. Exciting events will blister the new road maps. Come
December - An International Conference on Soaps, Detergents and
Cosmetics will unveil the splendour of progress in the field in
India and all over the world. The stage will be set for mutual
exchange of technologies and commerce. There will be good ex-
change of ideas from abroad but India will show case its own
progress. The lead team is leaving no stone unturned to make it a
grand spectacle. Hard thinking and ambitious ideas will sizzle in
the event. Do you want to pitch in? Get on the phone. Now or E-mail
your ideas to OTAI- Western Zone. Hurry. Time is running out. 3
3Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 4. Trade
& CommerceDISTRESSINGat farming as a profession? 45% of farmers
want to quit farmingIf farmers are committing suicide, why
shouldSwaminathanthey come to farming? Farming sector is facing a
number of problems. Unless we attend to them, the younger
generation will not take to farming. I Prof M.S. Swaminathan, the
father of Greenhave asked the students to look at different
as-Revolution and Chairman of National Commission pects of
agriculture in order to bring in technologyon Farmers (NCF) that
called for revamp of poli- and value addition into the system.
Besides, wecies to revitalise agriculture, says agricultural sec-
need to minimise risks and increase support ser-tor in India is
entering a state of serious crisis.vices such as insurance and
credit. Quoting figures from National Sample SurveyFor different
reasons more and more farmersOrganisation, he says half of the
farmers in the are moving out of farming activity. Reports of
shiftcountry want to quit farming. Prof Swaminathan,in land use
patterns from agriculture to non-agri-who was here to deliver the
Convocation Addressculture are also causing a serious concern.
Howat the Acharya N.G. Ranga Agriculture University do you view
this problem?here on Thursday, called for the creation of spe-cific
mitigation policies for each of the 128 agro- About 45 per cent of
farmers interviewed by Na-climatic zones. In an interview, he
speaks on thetional Sample Survey Organisation wanted to
quitcurrent problems Indian agriculture faces andfarming. The
pressure on land is increasing andpossible solutions to tackle
them. average size of land holdings is dwindling. Farm- ers are
getting indebted and temptation to sell Farmers continue to commit
suicide. Hundredsprime farm land for non-farm purpose is growingof
tenant farmers are reported to have committed as land prices go up
steeply. We need to improvesuicide in the last few days. Why this
crisis con- productivity and profitability of small holdings.tinues
to haunt farmers?How is climate change going to impact agricul- We
are entering a state of agrarian crisis. Thisture sector and what
could be the strategies tocrisis has many dimensions. It is not a
single orminimise risks?simple cause that is responsible for this.
There isthe problem of high investments in some crops.We need to
set up Climate Risk ManagementThere are problems peculiar to
rain-fed and irri-Research and Training Centre in each of the
128gated lands. Farming has become unviable. Theagro-climatic
zones. We also should evolve poli-NCF has recommended cost of
production pluscies for each of these zones and develop codes50 per
cent. At present, they are giving 15 per cent for drought and flood
management.more as against manifolds more in other indus-tries such
as pharmaceuticals.Calamity relief mechanism too needs a change.
The traditional way of sending Central teams toProbably, the Food
Security Act would force theassess the damages and bargain with
States onGovernment now to look at this issue seriously.relief will
not work. This is not a way to deal withUnless we revitalise
farming and make our farm-calamities. Money never reaches farmers
on timeers enthusiastic it is difficult to feed 100 crore to invest
in the next cropping season.people and 100 crore farm animals. It
is going tobe a difficult period.Tenant farmers seem to be the
worst hit as cri- sis hits agriculture sector. How do you view
thisYouth are shying away from agriculture. Whyproblem and what are
your suggestions to over-is this happening and how do we make them
look come this? 4OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) Vol. XIII No.1 January -
March 2011 5. It is a very serious problem. Tenancy reforms with
those of the corresponding quarter of the pre-need to get focus as
part of agrarian reforms. The vious year because of the
acquisitions made byissues of owner cultivation, tenant
cultivation, ab- the company since then.sentee landlords should get
immediate focus.They should have a security of tenancy. Also, we
Enhanced penetration and improved volumesare seeing increase in
contract cultivation. Thishave driven our sales growth. Continuing
focusalso requires changes in regulation. It must be aon optimizing
our category mx is also enablingwin-win situation (for owners and
producers).us to improve our profitability, GCPL Chairman Adi
Godrej said. We need to have new systems of manage-ment. We need to
put all pieces together. We dontThe companys international
operations havehave an integrated approach. In the West, they also
performed strongly during the period, he said.call it farm to fork.
So many Ministries and depart-ments are there to take care of
water, rainwater,The company is eyeing acquisitions and in
thefoodgrains and food processing. How are we go- next 12 months,
we hope to complete some, heing to deliver it as one offering to
farmers would said.hold the key. The FMCG major is scouting for
acquisition None of these problems are
insurmountable.opportuni-ties all over the developing world
besidesThey are problems created by us and we can findIndia, the
companys chairman said.solutions. It is right time to abandon
indifferenceto agrarian problems.(Courtesy : Soaps, Detergents
& Toiletries Review/December 2010)The Hindu Business Line, 31st
December,2010. TAKE GOOD CARE(Courtesy : AICOSCA Newsletter,
December,2010). Historic food safety & child nutritionlaws in
US DO YOU KNOW THE ailing US food safety system moved closerGodrej
consumer products Q2 profit to towards its biggest overhaul in more
than 70grows to Rs. 131 Cryears after the House of Representatives
passed legislation that would increase inspections and give
regulators the power to recall tainted foods.FMCG players Godrej
Consumer ProductsThe Bill, named the PDA Food Safety(GCPL) reported
a net profit of Rs.131 crore for Modernisation Act, would empower
the US Foodthe second quarter ended September 30,2010.and Drug
Administration (PDA) to order a food recall when a company refuses
the agencys re-The company had a net profit of Rs.83 crore in quest
to do so voluntarily. It requires the PDA tothe quarter ended
September 30,2009, Godrejinspect food facilities more often, expand
its ac-Consumer Products said in a statement. cess to food facility
records, and requires food producers and processors to identify
possibleThe company also said its board of directors hazards and
develop prevention plans. The legis-has declared a second interim
dividend of Re 1 lation also aims to make imported food safer byper
share for the financial year 2010-11.calling for more inspections
of foreign food pro- duction facilities and requiring importers to
verify During the period under review, the companys the safety of
foreign suppliers and imported food.net sales stood at Rs.575.59
crore in the corre-sponding quarter last fiscal. The company said
The legislation would be the largest overhaul offigures for the
current quarter are not comparable US food safety laws since 1938,
when Congress gave the PDA the authority to give the safety of 5
5Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 6. food,
drugs and cosmetics. Since then the foodis a gigantic task and the
UPA governments ef-supply has grown into a vast network
dependentforts to bring in a Food Security Act has met withon more
fresh foods and imported products, butroadblocks. Indias mid-day
meal programme inoversight laws have largely failed to keep
pace.schools is the biggest in the world, but is mired
incorruption. As the country boasts of 9% GDP This is a big victory
for consumers that finally growth, it is of paramount importance
that we lookbrings food safety laws into the 21st century, saidinto
food security, food safety and child nutrition.lean Halloran, the
director of food policy initiative While half of India lives in
ostentatious luxury, weat Consumers Union. For a long time we
havecannot allow the other half to go hungry and mal-been saying
that we needed to do a better job ofnourished.making sure our food
is safe, and under this Bill,we will, she said. pn
vnair@saffronmedia. Inyet another significant move President
Barack(Courtesy : Ingredients South Asia, 1-15Obama has signed the
Healthy, Hunger-Free KidsJanuary 2011)Act into law. Flanked by
cabinet officials, top Demo-crats, and schoolchildren, Obama said
thatacross the country, too many kids dont haveTHE SOAP OPERAaccess
to healthy meals. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act will expand the
number of childrenSoaps business holds the key to gosin school
lunch programmes by 115,000. increaseprospectsthe reimbursement
rate to school districts formeals by six cents, and replace the
junk foodavailable outside the cafeteria, such as in vend- JWALIT
WAS & KIRAN KABTTA SOMVANSHIing machines, with more healthful
options. The$4.5 billion expansion of the school lunchHindustan
Unilevers (HUL) strategy to launch newprogramme, which feeds 16
million children, products in existing categories with higher
pro-gained bipartisan support in the Senate.yet initially motional
budget appears to have worked. Thestalled in the House before
passing mostly alongcompany reported substantial improvement
inparty lines.overall sales volumes and margin for the Septem-ber
2010 quarter. In fact the numbers were the Today is a great day for
kids throughout ourbest in the last three quarters.country as they
will soon have healthier, and morenutritious food in their schools,
said US secre- Though on a year-on-year basis, HULs num-tary of
agriculture Tom Vilsack. As we continuebers were lacklustre, what
caught the Streets at-to focus on the twin issues of childhood
obesitytention was a better rate of growth in volumes andand
hunger, we will increase access to good, qual-operating profits
compared with the previousity meals in school cafeterias so the
nutritional quarters growth. Volumes, for instance, rose 14%needs
of ouryoungsters are better met. The Presi- in the September
quarter from the year-ago level.dent and First Lady have advocated
strongly for This was better than the 11 % growth in the
Junepassing the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act ofquarter. Also,,
operating margin before deprecia-2010, and this Bill, along with
the resources and tion was 16.3% as against 15.5% in the last
quar-the powers provided under it, are going to allowter. The
performance of the soaps and detergentsUS FDA to be much more
effective and aggres-business, the segment contributing almost
45%sive in responding to obesity and hunger chal-to HUL sales, has
long remained a sore point forlenges for Americas kids. the
company. This is because of the difficulty topass on the full
impact of rising raw material costs In India, more than 30-35% of
our population,to consumers. In the September quarter,
however,especially, children below Syears are malnour-it increased
prices of products in the category.ished. Child nutrition is a
major concern for our This resulted in a higher year-on-year growth
inplanners, but are handicapped by the sheer size sales and better
margin compared with the previ-of the problem. Feeding a population
of 1.2 billion ous quarter. Other revenue segments for HUL in-6OTAI
NEWS LETTER (WZ)Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 7. clude home
products (28.7%), beverages (12%)time item, which includes the sale
of property.and processed foods (4.6%), Compared with the Going
ahead, food inflation is likely to ease givenyear-ago quarter, the
sales growth in the homethe better monsoon season. This should aid
prof-products and processed food segments has been itability and
increase the companys topline. Thegood but not as impressive as the
soap & deter- companys stock increased by 1.4% after the
re-gent and beverages categories. This can besults announcement. In
the last two months, It hasmainly attributed to the highly
competitive natureincreased 14.5%. Given that HULs earnings perof
the industry and slow industry growth. In termsshare has remained
stagnant over the last fewof segment-wise net profits; of the four
catego-quarters, the stocks current valuation seems tories, only
processed food category has shownhave factored in the possible
future growth. Whileincrease in profitability. Despite growth in
sales, the company has delivered improved numbers inthe remaining
categories have showed decline in the September quarter, the
performance of itsprofits mainly due to higher input costs. This
ex-soaps and detergents business will determine theplains the 170
basis points decline in the overallextent i its future turn
around.operating margin. Despite lower operating mar-gin, net
profit grew by 32% mainly due to one- (Courtesy : Soaps, Detergents
& Toiletries Review/December 2010)77 Vol. XIII No.1 January -
March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 8. TechnologyINTERESTINGSEARCH New
Developments inLack of Research-fit Development Cotton Technologies
effort in cottonseed and cottonseed processingBy Fred Bourland,
University of Arkansas, USAHUGE amount of Research work is being
car- ried out on cotton not only in India but all overCOTTONSEEDS
were once considered as athe world. However, it is conspicuous by
it ab-byproduct of cotton fiber production. Now, cotton- sence in
case of cottonseed even though itseeds are important sources of oil
and protein.forms two third portion of the seed cotton. WeHowever,
utilization of cottonseed has been hin- are more interested in
immediate researchdered by the present of gossypol, which
renderswork on removal of Gossyol from cottonseedthe seed inedible
by non-ruminant animals. Con-meal which will open flood gates of
demandsiderable work in the 1970s led to the develop- both within
and outside the country especiallyment of glandless cottons. These
glandless cot-as poultry feed & fish meal. All over the
worldtons did not accumulate gossypol in glands thatcattle feed is
assessed on the basis of proteinare associated with most plant
parts. However, contents. However, in India the preference isthe
removal of these gossypol glands made thefor oil content inspite of
the fact that researchplant vulnerable to a wide array of insects
andresults glaringly reveal that oil in oil cake is ofpests that
feed on leaves and stems. little use to the cattle. Oil is required
for gen- eration of energy. The cattle themselves gen- Using
biotechnology, Texas A&M University has erate the required
energy while rumination. Thusnow developed cotton lines that
produce gland- we are wasting almost 6 to 7 lakh tonnes ofless seed
on glanded plants. This technology may precious cotton seed oil
every year. It is a tragicfurther increase the value of cottonseed
and helphappening in India, that the cottonseed oil caketo address
the protein needs of millions of hungry with protein content as low
at 20-22% (6-7 per-people now and into the future. Gin trash was
also cent oil) is sold on par or at higher rate thanonce considered
as a byproduct of cotton pro-cottonseed meal (DOC) with protein
content asduction and was usually burned. New technology high as 40
to 42 percent with negligible oil con-is now being developed to
greatly expand the use tent.to gin trash.As per the research
carried by the NationalThese include: Dairy Development Board
(NDDB) Anand. Pro-* Recycling back into the soil as a mulch on
fields/ tein, content in cottonseed meal is of By-passgardens or as
mushroom compost type i.e it by-passes rumen, i.e. first compart-*
Mixed with water and grass seed and sprayedment of cattles stomach
and therefore preventon the sides of roads to control erosion
degeneration and thus the maximum amount* Pressed into briquettes
to be burned as fuel of protein is absorbed by the cattle.
Education* Slathered on walls for noise control of cattle feeders
to use proteinous cottonseed* Mixed with construction materials and
used toextraction instead of traditional cottonseed cakemake
decking for homes and adoption of scientific processing by the
cot-* Used for the inner lining of bathtubs and othertonseed
processors is an urgent need in thecontainers.larger national
interest. (Courtesy : AICOSCA Newsletter,(Courtesy : AICOSCA
Newsletter,November, 2010)September, 2010) 8OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)
Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 9. CURIOUSmore allergies
observed among people who use different textile products made from
them. Stud- ies conducted in everyday conditions reportedly
Scientific basis for natural fibres showed that garments made of
natural cellulosicbeing better than sysntheticsfibres like cotton
or linen have a positive influencefor clothing on physiological
parameters of the human body level of immunoglobulin. The lowest
level of body Ever since their advent a few decades ago, syn-
temperature and increase of immunoglobia dur-thetic fibres have
been offering stiff competition ing sleeping in cotton or linen
bedding is said toto cotton. Initially, they proved to be
attractive be- have proved that such raw materials have a
posi-cause of their easy care and wash and wear prop- tive
influence on human rest and steep quality.erties. Subsequently,
quite a number of new syn- Further, wearing cotton paijamas
positively influ-thetic fibres came to be developed through re-
enced the activity of setacions glands that im-search which
entailed huge amounts of invest-prove resistance to skin allergies.
It is also statedments by chemical industries. Cotton came to that
wearing polyester clothes can be a reasonlose ground and its market
share in the global use for desynchronisation of muscle motor units
andof fibres for clothing came down substantially.thus, an increase
in fatigue among users. Cloth- ing made of natural cellulosic
fibres is said to have However, later on, cotton could regain some
been found to positively influence the human bodylost ground as
some of the problems with cloth-ensuring well being without causing
fatigue.ing made of synthetic fibres came to light. It wasnoticed
that they caused skin allergies to some(Source : ICAC Recorder
September 2010).people besides some other minor ailments.
Also,(CAI, Cotton Statistics & News 5thcottons superiority over
synthetic came to be October, 2010)better appreciated because of
its unique proper-ties such as moisture absorption and
weaving(Courtesy : AICOSCA Newsletter,comfort. It was the preferred
fibre for inner wear September, 2010)garments, kids clothes, sports
wear, etc. Morerecently, cotton also entered the fashion
wearmarket. Fashion designers came to use cotton, AWAITespecially
finer cottons, for some of their cre-ations. All these enabled
cotton to withstand fur- GM soyabean not now : Monsantother
onslaught from synthetic and could even re-gain some of the lost
market share. It is estimatedthat presently cottons market share in
the global Biotech major Monsanto is testing a Bt (Bacillususe of
fibres for clothing is around 40 per cent.thuringiensis) corn that
offers protection against insects and weeds but it is not looking
to intro- It now appears that research undertaken at dif- duce
genetically modified (GM) soyabean orferent centres in countries
like Poland and Japanpulses. The company is also readying to
intro-has established the scientific basis why natural duce a new
variety of GM cotton that incorporatesfibres are better than
synthetic fibres in clothing. the properties of its Bollgard II and
Roundup ReadyThe ICAC Recorder of September 2010 carries afex
cotton.detailed article on the subject. Some of the high-lights of
this article are mentioned below for infor- The Bt corn that is
being tested now has dualmation.technology. The new cotton variety
has charac- teristics of the Bollgard II and the Roundup Ready One
of the results from the study of the reac-Flex, said Dr Gyanendra
Shukia, Director, Cor-tions to human body from the use of synthetic
fi-porate Affairs, Monsanto India Ltd, in an interviewbres is said
to have been that they may lead to ato Business Line.higher
tendency to fatigue. Due to the use of con-siderable amounts of
man-made fibres in clothes The reason why Monsanto is not ready to
bringand bed, bed linen, there are said to have beenin GM soyabean,
one of its popular offerings in 9 9Vol. XIII No.1 January - March
2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 10. the US, is that there is no system in
the country A GMO is an organism whose genetic materialthat can
help the company recover its costs. is altered using genetic
engineering techniques.Soyabean or pulses or rice are open
pollination These techniques use DNA molecules from dif-varieties
and hence farmers do not buy their hy- ferent sources that are
combined into one mol-brids, he said. ecule to create a new set of
genes. This DNA is then transferred into an organism, giving it
modi-But the company is prepared to bring in thesefied or novel
genes.crops as well as know-how in other crops underpublic-private
partnership. Developing crops un-(The Hindu Business Line, 10th
October, 2010).der such partnership will help us. We will
helpdevelop technology and hand it over to the gov- (Courtesy :
AICOSCA Newsletter,ernment. In such circumstances, we will get com-
October, 2010)pensation for our work, he said. We are looking at a
free market in which the BE NATURALintellectual property rights
will be recognised andwhere the system will favour innovation that
willGreen trend drives personal carehelp farmers, Dr Shukia said,
elaborating on rea- ingredients marketsons for not looking beyond
the introduction of Btcorn. Anna IbbotsonOn the moratorium
announced by the Govern- The natural personal care industry has
continuedment on Bt Brinjal, he said it had slowed down to gain
momentum over the past year despite aresearch on GM crops a bit. I
dont say that people crippling global recession. Driven by
consumerhave stopped research but things are at a pointdemand not
only for natural products but also forwhere clarity is required. We
hope facts that aresustainable manufacturing processes
amongscientifically-based will prevail, he said. brand marketers,
the naturals market is expected to maintain a healthy growth rate
over the nextDr Shukia said Monsanto is of the view that therefew
years. This is great news for raw materialsis no sense in making
labelling of products manu-suppliers who now face a tremendous
opportu-factured from genetically modified organisms nity to
innovate and develop key raw ingredients(GMOs) mandatory in India.
However, it supportsthat not only meet formulators and
consumersother options such as individuals making a per-demand for
naturalness but also offer the perfor-sonal decision not to consume
food containingmance required to be on par with their
syntheticgenetically modified ingredients or
companiescounterparts.voluntarily labelling their products as not
contain-ing GMOs. On a global scale, the natural personal care
market is approaching $300 billion at the retail Pointing out that
that the Food and Drug Ad-level, with the BRIC countries (Brazil,
Russia, In-ministration (FDA) of the US has determineddia, and
China) and Argentina expanding theirthat genetically-modified crops
do not differ from share at a rapid rate. In Europe, still the
largestnon-GM crops and products containing GMOSregion, the natural
personal care segment postedneed not be labelled, he said: FDA does
re- nearly 14% growth in 2009, compared to the over-quire the
product to be labelled if the ingredient all market at just 4%. In
the United States, theis a potential allergen or somehow changes
the segment peaked at 8%still quite robust consid-nutritional
properties of the food. To date, no ering the overall performance
in the industry as aapproved biotech crop is either an allergen,
orwhole.has any significant nutritional differences fromnon-GM
counterparts. If labelling is made man- GREEN IS GROWINGdatory in
India there ought to be proper infra-structure in place for
companies to comply withA number of key drivers have converged to
spurthe law, he said. growth in the natural personal care market
from10OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 11.
the consumer, retailer, and brand marketer per-house in the
personal care market. LOreal,spective. These forces make the
naturals marketColgate-Palmolive, and Clorox have also recog-quite
attractive to ingredients suppliers: nized the potential, throwing
the power of their mega-marketing machines behind previously un- 1.
Growing environmental awareness amongknown small brands such as
Toms of Maine andconsumers has lead to a global shift in their
de-Burls Bees.sire, behavior, and attitude toward natural
prod-ucts. Going green is no longer considered an ec- THE PROBLEM
OF PERFORMANCEcentric behavior of a small but highly
committedsegment of the population. Now, the average con-Amid all
of this attention, suppliers are workingsumer has become more aware
of his or her im-overtime to develop natural ingredients to
meetpact on the planet and has begun taking steps to the demand.
While great strides have been madereduce that impact wherever
possible.in some ingredient categories to deliver the natu- ral
positioning and the performance required,2. Innovative product
development in the some categories remain a challenge.naturals
category has made green products morewidely available, fueling
consumers demand for Specialty surfactants. Of the $600+
millionmore environmentally friendly products. As green specialty
surfactants market, only about 10% ofproducts become more
accessible and affordable,the raw ingredients available in this
category areit becomes much easier for consumers to adoptnaturally
derived. Natural alternatives for thesethem as a viable alternative
to traditional syntheticproducts, which reduce skin and eye
irritation offormulations.commodity surfactants and boost foaming
prop- erties in hair and skin-care rinse-off products, are 3.
Mainstream acceptance of organics andgaining traction particularly
in the mass-marketlocavore eating habits, whereby consumersproduct
categories. Growth in the naturally derivedsource food products
from their local region, hassegment is expected to reach nearly 4%
CAGRalso prompted greater interest in natural personal (compound
annual growth rate) through 2013. Thecare products. As consumers
strive to avoid pes- leading product in this segment is
alkylticides as well as synthetic growth supplementspolyglucosides
(APG), supplied by Cognis (thein their food, they have also begun
reducing the market leader), Clariant, and Croda.incidence of other
synthetic chemicals with whichthey come into contact. APG are
manufactured from plant-derived ma- terials such as vegetable oils
and starch. 4. Media hype and marketing have also playeda
significant role in the growing green trend. The Specialty
emollients. Among the most widelypowerful combination of brand
marketing tactics, used ingredients in personal care, emollients
areretail promotions, celebrity endorsements, and effective in
facial creams and cleansers, wipes,widespread media coverage has
reinforced con-and other skin-care products for their
moisturiz-sumers awareness of and desire for more sus-ing,
softening, and anti-aging properties. Here,tainable products and
practices. In Europe, wherenaturally derived products have a
stronger shareregulation under the REACH [Registration, Evalu- at
just over 50% of the market, which totals in ex-ation and
Authorization of Chemicals] act makescess of $400 million, and this
market is expectedavailable the certification seal for products
that to grow by more than 3.5% CAGR through 2013.meet certain
requirements, this adds to the mar- By their very nature, these
ingredients are moreketing appeal of natural products. As a result
ofreadily available, accessible and affordable tothese factors,
major global marketers have derive from natural sources, such as
mineral andstepped up efforts to meet consumer demand and vegetable
oils, and there is a general movementcapitalize on the market
opportunity, as evidenced in the industry away from synthetics and
animal-by key acquisitions that have brought some niche based
ingredients (such as lanolin).naturals brands mainstream. Estee
Laudersstring of acquisitions that began with Aveda in Conditioning
proteins. Similarly in condition-1997 has made the company a
naturals power-ers, there is a strong shift away from
animal-based1111Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER
(WZ) 12. to plant-derived proteins for the likes of skin andbuilt a
green portfolio, much work remains to behair products. Now more
than 60% of the condi- done to solve the problems of performance,
avail-tioning market consists of plant-derived products, ability,
and pricing that make the naturals propo-supplied in large part by
Croda and Cognis, thesition a significant barrier, especially in
the hair-clear market leaders. Despite their broader ac-care and
cleansing product lines.ceptance, botanical proteins remain less
eco-nomical to produce leading many manufacturersWith the naturals
trend well-entrenched aroundto consider fish-based proteins as
possible alter- the globe, ingredients suppliers are eyeing
thenatives, as well as milk- and silk-based proteins, burgeoning
opportunity in the Asia-Pacific region.which have also shown some
potential.Some, Cognis included, have already established
production facilities, particularly in China, to lever- Hair
fixative polymers. Even more than sur- age the anticipated growth
here and compete di-factants, fixative ingredients used in hair
sprays rectly with local domestic suppliers.and other hair styling
products prove to be a sig-nificant challenge when it comes to
developing As suppliers and formulators strive to reducean
effective, viable natural alternative. Synthetics,the amount of
science in their products tosuch as vinyl, acrylic, and
polyurcthane polymers, achieve a more natural slant, there is an
overallmake up 99% of the active ingredients on the movement toward
a more collaborative, interac-market. It seems that, with the
possible excep-tive relationship. Working together to develop
mul-tion of cornstarch-based formulas, devising thetifunctional
ingredients that solve multiple perfor-fixative properties from
natural ingredients to meet mance challenges not only helps reduce
the num-the hair-styling demands of consumers is a for-ber of
ingredients in the product, which imparts amidable challenge. more
natural position, but also works to reduce the overall cost of
productionwhich benefits both Substantiated specialty actives.
Members ofparties, as well as, ultimately, the consumer.this unique
class of ingredients, backed by scien-tific testing, are 100%
naturally derived and usedAnnoIbbotson (Anna.lbbotson@by
formulators specifically to make performanceklinegroup.com) is
industry manager with K//neclaims in the skin-care product
category. Driven &, Company. Reprinted with permission.largely
by the demand for anti-aging properties,this category is expected
to post a healthy CAGR(Courtesy : inform, November 2010,of 7% over
the next three years as the enormous Vol. 21 (11)baby boomer
population turns to these productsto stave off the signs of aging.
These ingredients,NEVER SAY NEVERincluding peptides, bio-tech
actives and enzymes,and their associated claims are key to formula-
JATROPHAtors in the luxury, high-end mass market, profes-sional,
and specialty trade classes as they caterto this mature population,
which typically enjoys aSecond thoughts on jatropha in Indiahigher
level of disposable income.INNOVATION IS THE KEY TO GROWTHIndia
established a mandate in 2009 that by 2017 it would be able to
supply at least 20% of its The growth in the naturals market
presents aoil consumption with home-grown biofuels. To thisunique
opportunity for raw ingredients suppliers end, the government has
been encouraging theto carve out a strong position as a leader in
this cultivation of Jatropha curcas as a source ofindustry. To do
so would likely require a block- biodiesel feedstock.buster R&D
[research and development] break-through to discover and develop a
viable naturalThe Inter Press Service (IPS) reports,
however,alternative to one of the more vexing performancethat
Suneel Parasnis, Asia coordinator of Privateissues, such as
surfactants or fixatives. WhileFinancing Advisory Network, said,
Biofuels havejust about every player in the supplier market has
failed because of unavailability and high price of12OTAI NEWS
LETTER (WZ)Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 13. stock feed for
biodiesel processing plants all over claims Simply Organic and
Naturally Organic.India. These claims were challenged by Herb UK,
whichargued that they were misleading because they Federal planners
in India initially bought into theimplied the products met an
independent organicidea that jatropha can grow well and produce
oil- standard.rich seeds when grown on waste land. The ideawas
attractive because it avoids the question of After studying a
response from Simply Organic,using land for growing food vs.
growing fuel. Inincluding the submission of documentation and2003,
potentially 36 million hectares of land werecertification from some
US-based certifiers, theidentified as being ideal for jatropha
growth in In-ASA upheld the complaint.dia, much of it government
waste and forest land,land in railroad rights of way, and in hedges
andWhile noting that the US organic certificationwindbreaks around
private farms.provided by the advertisers covered a list of
in-gredients, the ASA said it had not seen any docu- In response to
governmental land and tax in- mentation that set out which
ingredients were usedcentives, many Indian farmers and oils compa-
in the Simply Organic product range, or thatnies were growing
jatropha by 2006. Enthusiasmshowed whether those ingredients were
coveredhas waned, however, as farmers have found thatby the
certified list. The Agency also noted that ajatropha produces
better yields on fertile, irrigated certificate of analysis
provided by the advertiserland. Application of fertilizer increases
yields stillwas out of date, concluding that the status of
thefurther.advertised product range was unclear. Smallholders are
finding that jatropha can sur-vive on waste land, but not in
volumes that pro-The ASA has instructed the company not to useduce
enough yield to support the needed inputs. the ad again in its
current form.Another issue is impatience. The IPS interviewedK.
Kotesh-war Rao of Nandan Biomatrix Ltd. (Courtesy : inform,
November 2010,(Hyderabad, India), which has developed patentsVol.
21 (11)on higher oil-yield genotypes of jatropha. He said,One of
the biggest problems is having farmersTHE REVERSEpull out of
jatropha before fruit-bearing starts bythe third year.... For the
next 35 years they needonly tend and harvest but they run out of
patience. Method for producing phospholipid The report is available
at http://ipsnews net/news.asp?idnews=52890.Sakai, M., et al.,
Kabushiki Kaisha YakultHonsha, US7695944, April 13,2010. (Courtesy
: inform, November 2010, Vol. 21 (11)A method for producing a
phospholipid usingtransphosphatidylation, which comprises
homog-enizing a mixture of a raw material phospholipid,BEWAREa
hydroxyl-containing acceptor phospholipase D,and water in the
absence of an organic solvent toobtain a homogenized mixture; and
subjecting the Organic hair care claims misleadinghomogenized
mixture to a transphosphatidylationreaction at 15-65C. The
homogenized mixturehas a lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal
structure. AnThe UKs Advertising Standards Agency (ASA)
hasobjective phospholipid can be obtained from theruled that an
advertisement for hair care
productshomogenizedmixturethroughdescribed as naturally organic was
likely to betransphosphatidylationn without using an
organicmisleading to consumers.solvent or calcium.The magazine ad
for US-based natural and or- (Courtesy : inform, November
2010,ganic beauty brand Simply Organic contained theVol. 21 (11) 13
13 Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 14.
KNOW HOW NOW, AIRCRAFTBiodiesel production from Biofuel could be
clearedJatropha curcas: A reviewfor aircraft useParawira, W., Sci.
Res. Essays 5:1796-1808,Graham Warwick2010. IN just five years, the
aviation industrys decades-Biodiesel has attracted considerable
attention long reliance on petroleum-based fuels has beenduring the
past decade as a renewable, biode-turned on its head. The future
lies in fuels fromgradable, and nontoxic fuel alternative to
fossilsources that range from animal fat to microal-gae.fuels.
Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetableBut with the technology in
hand, the question nowoils (both edible and nonedible) and from
animal is whether biofuel producers can raise the invest-fat.
Jatro-pha curcas Linnaeus, a multipurpose ment needed to launch
commercial-scale produc-plant, contains high amounts of oil in its
seeds tion.that can be converted to biodiesel. Jatopha curcasis
probably the most highly promoted oilseed crop Approval of biofuels
for use in aircraft, expectedat present in the world. The
availability andby mid-2011, is a critical step. A standard for
jetsustainability of sufficient supplies of less expen- fuels using
synthesized hydrocarbons has alreadysive feedstock in the form of
vegetable oils, par- been crafted and the first annex, covering
syn-ticularly J. curcas, and efficient processing tech-thetic
paraffinic kerosene (SPK) produced via thenology to biodiesel will
be crucial determinants ofFischer-Tropsch (F-T) process, was
approved lastdelivering a competitive biodiesel. Oil contents,year.
But a second annex covering bio-SPKalsophysicochemical properties,
and the fatty acid called hydrotreated renewable jet fuel
(HRJ)iscomposition of J. curcas reported in the literatureeagerly
awaited, as these promise to reduceare provided in this review. The
fuel properties ofaviations greenhouse gas emissions.Jatropha
biodiesel are comparable to those of fos-sil diesel and conform to
the American and Euro-For an industry that has used one jet fuel
forpean standards. The objective of this review is to decades,
development of the new D7566 specifi-give an update on the J.
curcas L. plant, the pro- cation by standards organization ASTM
Interna-duction of biodiesel from the seed oil and researchtional
has moved surprisingly quickly. But it hasattempts to improve the
technology of converting not been easy, requiring substantial fuel
and en-vegetable oil to biodiesel, and the fuel propertiesgine
testing to ensure synthetic kerosenes areof the Jatropha biodiesel.
The technological meth- truly drop-in replacements for
petroleum-basedods that can be used to produce biodiesel arejet
fuel.presented together with their advantages and dis-advantages.
The use of lipase as biotechnologi- As expected, the proposal to
amend D7566 tocal solution to alkali and acid catalysis of
transes-include bio-SPK did not pass a ballot of ASTMterification
and its advantages are discussed. members in June. Opponents,
mainly the engineThere is need to carry out research on the detoxi-
manufacturers, argued that more data are neededfication of the seed
cake to increase the benefits on different fuels from different
manufacturers andfrom /. curcas. There is also need to carry
outmore engine testing is required. One reason islife-cycle
assessment and the environmental im-that most of the fuel tested
came from Honeywellpacts of introducing large-scale plantations.
ThereInternationals UOP, which won a Pentagon con-is also still a
dearth of research about the influ-tract to supply HRJ for
qualification testing, saysence of various cultivation-related
factors and theirTim Edwards, who is leading biofuels research
atinteractions and influence on seed yield. Many the US Air Force
Research Laboratory (AFRL;other areas that need to be researched on
Jatro- Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio).pha curcas L.
are pointed out in review. After the vote, the Air Force agreed to
share (Courtesy : inform, November 2010,fuel to allow additional
commercial engine dem- Vol. 21 (11)) onstrations. The service is
also conducting biofuel14OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) Vol. XIII No.1
January - March 2011 15. tests on military derivatives of
commercial en-would build the refinery, says Todaro.gines, which
will help with certification. These in-clude flight tests of the Fl
17 derivative of Pratt & Eventually, to kick-start the market,
SustainableWhitneys PW2000 turbo-fan on the C-17 airlifter.Oils
decided to form AltAir as an independent com-An aircraft flew in
August with all four engines fu- pany. The business plan is to
build add-on unitseled by a 50:50 blend of conventional JP-8 and at
traditional refineries. With 100-million-gallonHRJ [made from] from
beef tallow.capacity, these bolt-on facilities will each cost a
couple of hundred million dollars and provide Data from the
additional fuel and engine test-about 10% of the fuel required
annually at an av-ing will be presented to ASTM members, and a
erage-sized airport, he says.re-ballot in December 2010 is expected
to suc-ceed. This should lead to approval early next yearWhile the
near-term focus is on plant oils andof an annex to the D7566
synthetic-fuel standard animal fats as feedstocks, aviation is
enamoredallowing bio-SPK to be used in aircraft in blendsof algae
because it promises high oil yields fromof up to 50% with
conventional jet fuel. This will small land areas and does not
compete with foodbe a pivotal event, as certification is expected
tofor land or water. Work is underway scaling upremove a
significant barrier to investment in large- algae production in
both open ponds and closedscale facilities to produce HRJ fuels in
economicbioreactors, in a bid to drive down costs, but
Sanquantities.Francisco-based Solazyme says it is ready to move
into commercial-scale oil production using Nothing matters until
you get that approval,a different algae pathway (for more
informationsays Tom Todaro, chief executive officer (CEO) on
Solazyme, see inform 27:373-375,2010).of AltAir Fuels (Seattle,
Washington, USA) andchairman of the board of Sustainable Oils
Solazyme has adapted the fermentation pro-(Bozeman, Montana, USA),
which produces oilcess used to produce ethanol, replacing yeastfrom
camelina, a plant that largely does not com-with algae. Sugars
produced from a wide rangepete with food crops for land or water.
The prob- of feedstocksswitchgrass, corn stover, sugarlem is the
availability of financing, not camelina.cane, municipal waste, and
cellulosic biomassWe cant get the money until the fuel is
certified, are fed to the algae, which convert the sugar tohe says.
oil. The oil is then extracted from the algae and converted to HRJ
using UOPs process.AltAir Fuels is the first to license UOPs
pro-Solazyme has delivered 1,500 gallons of algal HRJcess to
produce HRJ. The Seattle-based com-to the US Navy for engine
testing.pany signed memorandums of understanding with14 airlines in
December 2009 to negotiate the pur- The company says it is on track
to be cost-chase of up to 750 million gallons (2,800
millioncompetitive with petroleum-based fuel in 18-24liters) of
camelina-derived fuel. This is to be pro- months, targeting $60-$80
a barrel. We shouldduced at a facility in Ana-cortes, Washington,
and be producing quantities that can fill some demandwould replace
about 10% of the fuel consumed in the aviation market in the next
three years, saysannually at Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport.CEO Jonathan Wolfson.Once ASTM approves the fuel, we can
begin thepermitting process, he says, adding that con- Solazyme is
talking to airlines about long-termstruction will take 18 months.
supply agreements and to refining partners about establishing a
supply chain. We are working with The creation of AltAir
illustrates the challenges numerous partners to provide a rapid
path to com-of starting biofuel production. Sustainable Oils
mercialization that includes access to feedstockworks by signing
contracts with farmers to growand financing, he says, noting the
addition of UScamelina that it will buy back at an agreed price.
agribusiness Bunge as a strategic investor is anFarmers grow a
specific strain of camelina de- indicator of how we are thinking
about feedstockveloped by biotechnology company Targeted... we are
confident that the supply will be there.Growth. Sustainable Oils
extracts the oil fromcamelina seeds, but we hoped someone else
After playing a key role in the rapid progress of1515Vol. XIII No.1
January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 16. biofuels from idea to
reality, UOP is turning its at-pacity to supply natural oils
without going to bio-tention to new processes and feedstocks. mass
and other carbon sources, argues Rekoske. Weve made [bio-SPK] fuels
from about 12 dif-ferent types of natural oils, says Jim
Rekoske,One of the most promising new pathways,vice president and
general manager of UOPsEdwards says, is being called alcohol
oligomer-renewable energy business. We are confident ization. This
starts with an alcohol, like ethanolwe can look at an oil and say
what yield of jet fuel or butanol; removes the oxygen; and grows
hy-you will get from that feedstock. drocarbons from the molecules.
Gevo, Virent, and Swedish Biofuels are among the companiesUOPs
process is completely feedstock flex- working on this catalytic
renewable jet pathway.ible, Rekoske says, and can convert any
natural Brazilian biotechnology company Amyris, mean-oil with
hydrocarbon chains of appropriate lengths while, is pursuing an
advanced fermentation pro-into jet fuel. A flexible process allows
you to sourcecess that goes direct from cellulosic biomass tothe
cheapest available oil. The challenge now,liquid fuel using
specially tailored microorganisms.he says, is in bringing together
three different in-dustriesagriculture, refining, and transporta-
Richard Altman, executive director of the Com-tionto reach
long-term agreements that will pro-mercial Aviation Alternative
Fuels Initiative, saysvide the confidence needed to scale up
feedstock the catalytic, fermentation, and pyrolysis renew-and fuel
production. Thats the process that is able jet pathways are
competing to be the nexttaking time.process approved by ASTM in the
2013 timeframe. ASTM, meanwhile, has formed a task Feedstock
flexibility will allow an HRJ fuel pro- force to look at fully
synthetic fuels, called SKA,ducer to switch to a higher-yield
feedstock. If the for synthetic kerosene with aromatics.question
is, do you want to invest in growingcamelina if you can be
supplanted in five years bySynthetic parafhnic kerosenes are
limited toalgae, the answer is long-term agreements with 50% blends
by the need for aromatic hydrocar-customers and refiners. Its just
negotiation, says bons found in conventional jet fuel, but
synthe-Rekoske. He believes there has been significantsized
aromaticsor changes to engine seal ma-progress, with two groups
close to definitive sup- terials could allow 100% synthetic fuels.
Weply agreements with airlines.are doing a lot of work on fully
synthetic fuels, says Edwards. Honeywell and the FAA are work- With
approval for bio-SPK now within sight, in- ing to determine by
2013-2014 the minimum aro-terest is shifting to more advanced
biofuels, andmatics required in engines, says Rekoske, add-there is
growing excitementand debateovering that 100% synthetic is still
the goal.which pathways will be next to be approved. Partof our
work is to figure out what is next, whats the Graham Warwick is
senior editor, technology,most mature, says AFRLs Edwards. It
startsfor Aviation Week. He can be contacted via emailwith people
sending us fuels. Were working on at [email protected].
Reprinted withdifferent feedstocks, different processes, and fully
permission.synthetic fuels. (Courtesy : inform, December 2010, Much
of the work is focused on processes forVol. 21 (11))producing jet
fuel from ligno-cellu-losic feedstockssuch as forest, agricultural,
and municipal waste, JATROPHA ALIVE & KICKINGwhich is available
in huge quantities. UOP is work-ing on upgrading pyrolysis oil to
liquid fuel. Fast EU to build jatropha processingpyrolysis is the
rapid decomposition of biomass plant in Ghanain the presence of
heat and absence of oxygen.The resulting bio-oil can be upgraded to
fuel. We THE European Union (EU) announced a projectare looking at
a variety of different things for next- to produce bio-energy at
Walewale, in the Westgeneration fuels. But there is a tremendous
ca-Mamprusi District of Ghana, on October 7. The16OTAI NEWS LETTER
(WZ) Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 17. project is funded (2
million) for five years.MEXICO TO JATROPHAUnfertile lands in the
Wale-wale area will beplanted with jatropha, and the seeds will be
pro- KUO Group signs agreement forcessed in-country to obtain crude
oil and by-prod- bioenergyucts. ANTONIO Brufau, chairman of Repsol,
an inte- According to Giuseppe Enne, project coordi- grated
international oil and gas company head-nator of the Ghana Jatropha
Project and thequartered in Madrid, Spain, and FernandoNucleo
Ricerca Desertificatione of the UniversitaSenderos Mestre, chairman
of the KUO Group,de Sassari (Italy), an appropriate and
cost-effec-one of Mexicos largest conglomerates, signed antive
expeller for jatropha oil extraction will be con-agreement on
October 28 to create a joint com-structed
(http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/ pany called Kuosol,dedicated to the
development?p=8812). Several governmental and non-govern- of
bioenergy from the cultivation of Jatrophamental organizations
within the country are col- curcas,laborating with the Ghana
Jatropha Project toimplement the plans.Both Repsol and the KUO
Group will have a 50% stake in Kuosol; the total investment is
esti- The project aims to improve Ghanas sustain-mated at $80
million. The headquarters of Kuosolable renewable energy, to create
income-gener- will be in Mexico, and its activities are
envisionedating activities, and to mitigate land degradation to
range from farming to industrial installations.effects in rural
area in the country.Its main objective will be to use integrated
biom- ass plantations of 7. curcas oil to generate biofu- San
Nasamu Asabigi, Deputy Northern Regionalels and bioenergy in a
sustainable manner.Minister of Ghana, said jatropha could be an
al-ternative to reduce the energy crisis facing theIn 2008, the KUO
Group began a pilot project incountry. He added, About 69% of the
total energythe Yucatan state of Mexico to produce
bioenergyconsumed in Ghana is from the already depleted from
nonedible second-generation crops on landforest, 10% from
electricity, and 21% from im- not suitable for agriculture. The
first phase wasparted petroleum. developed with more than 300
hectares of J. curcas oilseeds to obtain an oil to produce biodie-
sel. The project allows the KUO Group to harnessJATOIL SHIPMENTS
vacant lots formerly used for pork-raising, to re- use recycled
water, rich in nutrients, for irrigation Jatoil schedules regular
shipments^ of on its farms, and to provide easy access to car-crude
jatropha oil bon credits under the Clean Development Mecha- nism
(CDM) of the 2007 Kyoto Protocol.AFTER purchasing more
oil-producing fields,Jatoil Ltd. (Pyrmont, New South Wales,
Australia) The immediate objectives of the Kuosol com-announced
plans in October to make regular pany are (i) to plant and
cultivate 10,000 hectaresweekly shipments of crude jatropha oil
from itsof jatropha in Yucatan, Mexico, principally on
third-plantations in Central Java (Indonesia) to a power party
lands; (ii) to harvest 44 million liters of crudestation customer
in the Netherlands. The oil for bio-fuels; and (iii) to develop an
integratedcompanys 70%-owned joint venture (JV), PT use of biomass
from forest plantations, cogen-Jatoil Waterland, purchased an
additional 522eration of steam and electricity for self-supply,
withhectares (ha) of three- to four-year-old jatrophasurplus
production sold.trees near its 1,000 ha plantation, which in
Julypro-duced Jatoils first shipment of second-gen- It is estimated
that agricultural development willeration biofuel for a consortium
of airline compa- be completed in the next three years, allowing
in-nies for use in commercial operations (informdustrial production
to st in 2013.27:555, 2010). A company statement indicated
theacquisition of these additional hectares effectively(Courtesy :
inform, December 2010,doubles the JVs current capacity of 700
metric Vol. 21 (11))tons over the next 12-18 months.1717 Vol. XIII
No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 18. DARE ITbel
brands during the recession; commodity and supply costs are
unpredictable; and regulation has toughened. Detergent industry
faces the futureNonetheless, participants and speakers alike
remained upbeat. Despite slow growth in devel-Catherine Watkinsoped
markets, opportunities abound in develop- ing countries such as
China and India. LatinTHE French proverb suggesting that the
moreAmerica is a more difficult challenge because ofthings change,
the more they stay the same could loyalty to local brands.be
applied to the seven AOCS World Conferenceson Detergents held in
Montreux, Switzerland. Al-Developing markets were the only place in
thethough the speed of change in 2010 is exponen- world last year
where growth in the laundry seg-tially faster than the speed of
change in 1977 whenment was acceptable, Schmitz noted. Automaticthe
first conference was held, many of the busi- washing machines are
gaining traction in Chinaness realities facing the global fabric
and homeand Eastern Europe, he added, but competi-care industries
remain the same. tion among product manufacturers in emerging
markets is brutal. Regulatory and environmental pressures,
avail-ability and pricing of raw materials, poor margins, Looking
to the future, Schmitz found that therethe fickle consumer, a
volatile economic environ-is still room for global consolidation in
the laundryment, mature markets, the perpetual search for market.
The top three players could control overinnovationthese are
constants of the industry 60% of the market in the next five years,
hethat have not changed over the years. Nonethe- said.Perhaps the
greatest challenge for the indus-less, in light of the global focus
on sustainability try is discontinuous innovation, which opensby
both consumers and regulators, everything has doors for private
label goods, Schmitz said. Thechanged. lasting solution is
innovation, he concluded. Held October 4-7, 2010, the Montreux
meeting Also sounding the call for innovation was Chriswas billed
as providing New Strategies in a Dy- DeSoiza, vice president of
Milliken Research Corp.namic Global Economy. Indeed, the new nor-
(Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA), who spokemal of recession and
volatile commodity costs about the future of the textile business.
Sevenfigured prominently during the three-day meeting,cents of
every dollar spent globally is on clothing/as did sustainability,
innovation, collaboration, andtextiles, he said; Asia is the number
one consumerthe promise of emerging markets. of textiles and
apparel. Furthermore, developing countries produce more than 60% of
all apparelBIG BUSINESS and textiles. Annual retail sales for the
global laundry careTextile trends that DeSoiza feels will affect
fab-category have reached $65 billion, Bill Schmitz of ric care
include customized three-dimensionalDeutsche Bank told
participants, comprising $49printed apparel as well as
electroluminescentbillion in detergent sales, $9 billion for fabric
soft-materials or stimuli-sensitive polymers. A technol-eners, and
$6 billion for laundry aids.ogy developed by Milliken for food
service uni- forms, called BioSmart, could be extended to other For
consumer products companies like Themarkets. When clothing treated
with the Bio-SmartProcter & Gamble Co. (P&G), the laundry
care process is laundered with chlorine bleach, recep-category
represents a significant percentage tor sites bind the chlorine to
the surface of the(30%) of revenue. But the industry is under
pres-fabric, killing bacteria on contact.sure, P&G head Bob
McDonald noted: Annualgrowth decreased to 4% in 2009, compared
toSUSTAINABILITY HOW-TO5% the previous three years; established
brandsin North America lost market share to private la-Kasper
Rosteds call for truly sustainable busi-18OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)
Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 19. ness models was answered in
part by Martin Wolf cycle becomes something that is important forof
Seventh Generation, Inc. (Burlington, Vermont,the industry to
address.USA). As the companys director of product sus-tainability
and authenticity, Wolf provided a Quinn laid out the inescapable
equation: Con-sustainability how-to for attendees. (Seventh Gen-
sumers equate the amount of foaming action witheration is a
self-declared socially responsiblethe cleaning power of a
detergent. But foam re-company that produces a variety of
household,quires extra rinsing to remove and thereforelaundry, and
cleaning products.) wastes water. (Consumers also still believe
that bigger packs sold at the same price as concen-We look at the
supply chain to understand trated versions give better value, which
slowswhere our materials are coming from, focusingadoption of
compacts.)first on palm kernel oil sustainability, he noted.But the
company goal is not just sustainable prod-We need to be bolder, he
said, and formu-ucts but rather sustainable relationships,
gover-late for superior cleaning without foam for [laun-nance,
social justice, and equity. dering] without rinsing. But is this a
step too far for industry? Several speakers examined how the
Japaneseculture approaches eco-consciousness. Emile Regardless of
whether the industry takes thatIshida of Tohoku University defined
nature tech-step in the future, Quinn called upon his col-nology as
technology for the creation of a spiritu- leagues to roll out
concentrates now fasjsr andally ^.rich life using the least energy
and fewest better, in collaboration if possible.materials. He gave
as an example a small, effi-cient wind generator currently under
development CHINA AND THE RISE OFTHE RESTin Japan that is based on
the wing of a dragonfly.The generator has a rotor with a diameter
of only The optimistic tone of the conference was due200500
millimeters, according to Ishida.in part to the growth prospects
for fabric and home care in emerging markets. Koichi Nakamura of
the Japan Soap & Deter-gent Association (JSDA) gave details of
how the For example, India currently spends only $3
pereco-consciousness of the Japanese has helped capita on household
cleaning products, whereasshape buying habits. For one, the market
share China spends only $6. Compare those figures toof refill-able
liquid detergents in Japan has reachedthe US and Western European
average of $60about 80% in 10 years. (Consumers first buy aand the
cause for optimism is clear. As Deutscheplastic container of
detergent; refills are packaged Banks Bill Schmitz noted the
Chinese detergentin pouches.) For another, JSDA members
havecategory would grow from $5 billion to $22 billionreduced the
amount of plastic packaging by 15% if Chinese consumption were
equal to that offrom levels used in 1995. The issue of water use
Russias.looms large in any discussion of sustainabil-ity infabric
and home care. (P&Gs McDonald noted,When we think of China, we
tend to forgetThere are some places where water is more about
innovation and creativity, said Max vonexpensive than
detergent.)Zedtwitz, a professor at Tongji University in China, who
advised participants not to underestimate the Life cycle analyses
of laundry products intellectual sophistication of that country. I
wouldclearly show that the majority of water use oc-not be
surprised if the first person to set foot oncurs in the users home
and not in the manu- Mars is Chinese, he added.facture of products.
Unilevers Randy Quinn,executive vice president of laundry,
suggested Chinese expenditures on research and devel-that
approximately 70% of the water used inopment (R&D) have grown
at eight times the pacelaundering clothes by hand or machine is of
US expenditures; Chinese R&D spending likelywasted in rinsing.
Adding up the billions of will reach 2.5% of GDP (Gross Domestic
Prod-washes in water-scarce countries (which soon uct) by 2020. In
2008, Guangdong province alonewill be virtually every country), and
the rinsefiled more patent applications (103,883) than Ja-1919Vol.
XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 20. pan
(38,408), the United States (27,656), andCo-sponsors of the meeting
included the Ameri-Germany (10,145). can Cleaning Institute; the
International Associa-tion for Soaps, Detergents, and Maintenance
Prod- The numbers are staggering: More than 10 mil-ucts (AISE); the
Comite Europeen des Agents delion students take the college
entrance exams Surface et leurs Intermediates Organiquesevery year,
von Zedtwitz said, and between five (CESIO); the Japan Oil Chemists
Society; andand six million freshmen enter college each year. the
Japan Soap and Detergent Association. Par-Furthermore, more than
50% major in engineer- ticipating organizations include the China
Asso-ing, science, or medicine.ciation of Surfactant Soap &
Detergent Industries,the Italian Chemical Society, the Oil
Technologists Send your most challenging R&D problems
Association of India, the Swiss Cosmetic andto China, von Zedtwitz
urged. Many companies Detergent Association, and the UK Cleaning
Prod-already have; more than 1,200 foreign-owned R&D ucts
Industry Association.centers had been set up in China by 2009,
henoted.Catherine Watkins is associate editor of informand can be
reached at [email protected]. Here are more statistics from Chor
Pharn Leeand the Futures Group in Singapore: The global(Courtesy :
inform, December 2010,middle class will increase from 430 million
in 2000 Vol. 21 (11))to 1.15 billion in 2030. In 10 years, the No.
1 En-glish-speaking country in the world will be China.By 2025,
five of the top 10 most populous cities WONDER STORYwill be in
South Asia (Karachi, Pakistan; Dhaka,Bangladesh; and Delhi,
Calcutta, and Mumbai inIndia). In 2030, 221 Chinese cities will
have popu- International Symposium on thelations of more than one
million; Europe has 35 Role of Soy in Health Promotion andtoday and
the United States has nine.Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment
But the story does not begin and end in Asia,the Futures Group
notes. The Persian Gulf states Mark Messina and Virginia Messinaare
reinventing their petrochemical industries andwill earn $9 trillion
in the next 14 years from petro-COMMERCIAL soybean production in
the Unitedleum. States began in the 1930s. Today, the UnitedStates
grows more soybeans than any other Many questions remain. Chinas
working popu- country and is responsible for nearly one-third
oflation is expected to peak in 2015. Will China getthe worlds more
than 200 million metric tons pro-old before it gets rich? Indias
working population duced annually. The United States also leads
thelikely will peak in 2035. Will India become the new way in
developing innovative soy products for hu-contender? Perhaps the
answers to these ques- man consumption and in investigating health
ef-tions will be clearer by the time the industry meetsfects of
these new products, as well as those ofagain in Montreux in
2014.the more traditional soyfoods such as miso,tempe, soymilk, and
tofu. Nearly 2,000 peer-re- The far-ranging program, which also
coveredviewed papers from research related to soy andsmarter ways
of conducting R&D andhealth are published
annually.neuromarketing, was organized by an executiveFor four days
this past October in Washington,committee comprising J. Keith
Grime, president, DC, the latest of this research was presented
andJKG Consulting, LLC, USA; and co-chairs Tho-discussed by
scientists from around the globe atmas H. Mueller-Kirschbaum,
corporate senior vicethe 9th International Symposium on the Role
ofpresident, Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Germany; and Soy in Health
Promotion and Chronic DiseaseManfred Trautmann, vice president and
general Prevention and Treatment. Presentations ad-manager, BU
Detergents & Intermediates, Clariantdressed emerging research
areas as well as is-International, Switzerland. sues that are
vigorously debated within the re- 20OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)Vol. XIII
No.1 January - March 2011 21. search community. These included the
choles-mors. There was also a 30% reduction in tumorterol-lowering
effects of soy protein and the use recurrence in the study by Kang,
which took placeof soyfoods by women with breast cancer. A ses- in
Harbin (China); however, benefits were limitedsion was also devoted
to findings regarding equol,to postmenopausal women with
estrogen-sensi-a compound that is not found in soybeans but is tive
tumors and there was no effect on mortality.produced by intestinal
bacteria from the soy iso-flavone daidzein.The results of these two
Chinese studies areimpressive, but the findings are from a
populationHighlights from the symposium are presented of women who
are likely to have consumedbelow. A more in-depth report will
appear in thesoyfoods for all or most of their lives. BeforeJournal
of Nutrition. Westernoncologists can recommend soyfoodsfor the
specific purpose of improving prognosis, itSOY AND BREAST CANCER
will be necessary to demonstrate that they applyto non-Chinese
women who have not consumed The influence of soy intake on breast
cancer soy prior to their diagnosis.prognosis continues to be a
contentious issue be-cause of its potential public health impact.
Sev- CHOLESTEROL REDUCTIONeral presenters at the symposium directly
ad-dressed this issue. Gertraud Maskarinec from the In 1999 the US
Food and Drug AdministrationCancer Research Center of Hawaii
(Honolulu, (FDA) approved a health claim for soyfoods andUSA) and
Seema A. Khan, Northwestern Univer-coronary heart disease, which
was endorsed asity Feinberg School of Medicine (Chicago,
Illinois,year later by the American Heart AssociationUSA),
discussed recently conducted clinical stud- (AHA). However, over
the past 5 years, the cho-ies; Xiao Ou Shu, Vanderbilt University
(Nashville, lesterol-lowering effects of soy protein have
beenTennessee, USA) and Xinmei Kang, from the challenged, most
notably by the AHA. In their mostCancer Hospital of Harbin Medical
Universityrecent position paper published in 2006, the
AHA(Heilongjiang, China), presented findings fromin essence
withdrew its support of the healthepidemiologic research. claim.
Although they acknowledged the rolesoyfoods can play in
heart-healthy diets because The clinical studies addressed markers
ofof their fatty acid profile, the AHA concluded, onbreast cancer
risk. Maskarinec examined the ef- the basis of 22 studies, that soy
protein loweredfects of soyfood intake (~2 servings/d) on nipple
LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol by onlyaspirate fluid
volume in a 12-mo crossover study3%. However, the AHAs review of
studies did not(6 mo per phase) that included 96 healthy
pre-include a comprehensive statistical analysis.menopausal women,
and Khan looked at breast Based on a meta-analysis presented at the
sym-cell proliferation in high-risk pre- and postmeno-posium, David
Jenkins of the University of Torontopausal women aged 25 to 55 y by
examining cells (Ontario, Canada) found that soy protein
loweredobtained by fine needle aspiration, before and
af-LDL-cholesterol by almost 50% more than theter 6 mo of
isoflavone supplementation (100 mg/ AHAs estimate for a total
average reduction ofd). These markers were not affected in either
4.3%. Furthermore, when the analysis was lim-study, which suggests
that soy was not associ-ited to the 11 studies in which the soy and
controlated with breast cancer risk. diets were evenly matched,
LDL-cholesterol wasreduced by 5.2%. James W. Anderson, Univer- In
the epidemiologic studies, soy intake was as- sity of Kentucky
(Lexington, USA), presented simi-sociated with improved prognosis
among womenlar findings on the basis of a meta-analysis of 20with
breast cancer. Shu reported that recurrenceparallel trials
published since 1995.and mortality were reduced by about 30%
amongShanghai breast cancer patients who consumed The FDA is
currently evaluating the evidencethe equivalent of at least 2
servings/d of soy. Pro-related to the soy protein health claim, and
thetective effects were noted in both pre-and post-results of these
two meta-analyses suggest thatmenopausal patients and in patients
with both their 1999 decision will be affirmed. In
contrast,estrogen-sensitive and hormone-independent tu-the European
Food Safety Authority (EFSA) re- 21 21 Vol. XIII No.1 January -
March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 22. cently rejected a petition for
a soy protein healthSelf Determination Dossier for SE5-OH.claim
similar to the one approved by the FDA.However, as explained by
Janice Harland,In regard to efficacy, Takeshi Aso, Tokyo
Medi-HarlandHull (Gloucester, United Kingdom), EFSA cal and Dental
University (Japan), described theconsidered only four of the 23
studies included in results of three Japanese studies showing
thatthe petition. These were studies that used iso-equol alleviates
hot flashes. Evidence was alsolated soy protein (ISP) from which
the isoflavones presented suggesting that equol may exert/skel-were
extracted (ISP-) as the intervention product. etal benefits (Yuko
Tousen, from the Japanese Na-This restriction was adopted in order
to determine tional Institute of Health and Nutrition) and
promotewhether soy protein specifically was responsible
cardiovascular health (Takeshi Usui, Clinical Re-for cholesterol
reduction. However, sincesearch Institute, National Hospital
Organizationisoflavones are naturally associated (via hydro- Kyoto
Medical Center).gen bonding) with the protein in soybeans andISP-
is produced for experimental purposes only, EMERGING RESEARCH
AREASthis approach has limited practical implications.The issue is
currently under discussion between In some cases, research
presented in Wash-European authorities, EFSA, and those who sub-
ington provided the most definitive data to date inmitted the
petition. support of long-existing hypotheses. For example, Mindy
Kurzer, University of Minnesota (Minneapo- Finally, Arash
Mirrahimi, Claire E. Berryman, lis-St. Paul, USA), presented the
results of a sys-and Li Wang, from The Pennsylvania State
Uni-tematic review and meta-analysis, which includedversity
(University Park, USA), provided estimates 17 studies, that showed
isoflavone supplementsof the extent to which substituting soyfoods
for reduced both the frequency and severity of hotcommonly consumed
protein sources in the USflashes. However, there were also several
pre-diet may lower blood cholesterol as a result ofsentations that
addressed emerging areas of re-differences in fatty acid intake.
Using NHANES search regarding soy and health.(National Health and
Nutrition Examination Sur-vey) III population data, they estimated
LDL-cho- For example, Robin van den Berg, Unilever, pre-lesterol
levels were lowered by 4.3% when 24 g sented the results of a 14-wk
clinical study thatsoy protein (essentially the amount of soy
protein showed an isoflavone-contain-ing beverage re-established by
the FDA for cholesterol reduction)duced facial wrinkles and
increased collagen syn-from soyfoods replaced 24 g protein from
animalthesis in postmenopausal women. Animal dataproducts. Taken
together, these findings suggest presented by Thomas Badger,
Arkansasthat soyfoods can lower LDL-cholesterol by ap- Childrens
Hospital (Little Rock, United States),proximately 9%, which in turn
will theoretically suggested that soy may have a role in helping
tolower the incidence of heart disease by 9 to 18%.prevent
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, an emerg- ing public health
concern as rates of obesity in-EQUOLcrease among children and
adults. Finally, Grzegorz Wegrzyn, University of Gdansk (Poland),
Equol is a bacterially derived product of the soy-described
clinical work indicating that the soybeanbean isoflavone daid-zein
that is believed to have isoflavone genistein could play a role in
treatmentpotential health benefits. Only approximately 25%of
children with mucopolysaccharidoses, an in-of Westerners host the
gut bacteria capable of herited metabolic disorder caused by
geneticconverting daidzein to equol. Presentations at the mutations
leading to dysfunction of one of thesymposium greatly expanded
knowledge of theenzymes involved in the degradation ofsafety and
efficacy of this compound. For ex-glycosamino-glycans in
lysosomes.ample, Belinda Jenks, Pharmavite, LLC(Northridge,
California, USA), discussed a wideCONCLUSIONSarray of safety
studies that have been conductedusing SE5-OH, an equol-rich product
producedThe diversity of presentations at the ninth inter-via
fermentation of soy hypocotyledon. There now national soy symposium
is a testament to the con-exists a Generally Recognized As Safe
(GRAS) tinued interest in understanding the health effects22OTAI
NEWS LETTER (WZ) Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 23. of
soyfoods and soybean components. Not all considered as hazardous
waste. As per as envi-research areas will ultimately prove
fruitful, but theronment problem, we cannot thrown this
glycerolsymposium in Washington certainly supports theas a waste.
Hence, it is beneficial to use this wasterole that soyfoods can
have in improvin| standard effluent for the production of soaps and
detergentsWestern diets.and it is called as eco-friendly soaps and
deter-gents made by biodiesel processing. This glyc- (Courtesy :
inform, December 2010, erol can also be used for the manufacture of
Vol. 21 (11))epichlorohydrine & propylene glycol.FRIENDLY
Keywords : Biodiesel, wastewater, soap & de-tergents.
FORMULATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY(Courtesy : Seminar on Recent Trends in
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS FROMOils and Oleochemicals, Western Zone
OTAI,BIODIESEL PROCESSING Nagpur). Ashishkumar A. Kanoje &
GREAT FUTURE Avinash M. BalbudheDepartment of Chemical
Technology,BIODIESEL: FUEL FOR FUTURE Laxminarayan Institute of
Technology, NagpurABSTRACT DeepakYadav, Suraj AhujaChemical
Technology, LIT-NAGPURWITH the boom in population and
industrializa-tion their exerts a great pressure on petrochemi-
ABSTRACTcal industries to produce large number of fuel tosatisfy
the social need. In this context, productionTHE world is confronted
with twin crises of fossilof biodiesel from edible and non-edible
oil sources fuel depletion and environmental degradation .Thehas
been identified as a major remedy for dieselcontinuous increasing
demand for energy and di-production. Biodiesel can be simply
produced by minishing tendency of petroleum recourses hasthe
process of transesterfication of vegetable oilled to search for
alternative clean renewable nwith excess methanol in the presence
of suitabledomestic fuel biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil
orcatalyst like sodium methoxide. During this pro-animal based
fuel, consisting of long chain alkylcessing of biodiesel a stage
comes in which boil- esters.ing water or hot water is added to the
crudebiodiesel for the purification. Attempt should beBiodiesel is
produced from vegetable oil by pro-taken to treat this waste water
coming after thecessing like blending, microemulsification
,pyroly-purification of crude biodiesel. Because after ev-sis n
transesterification . Among which theery purification, waste water
should be removed transesterification is attractive and widely
ac-this contains glycerol and untreated methanol cepted technique.
The purpose ofwhich are useful byproduct. The byproduct glyc-
transesterification is to lower the viscosity of oil.erol is fed
for the further purification and then pureglycerol can be utilized
is the manufacture of soapBiodiesel seems to be real fuel for the
future, itand detergents. Soap is the sodium salt of fattyhas
become more attractive recently because ofacid and detergents can
also make from this the environmental benefits like it is
renewable, bio-wastewater obtained during biodiesel
processing.degradable, non toxic and essentially free fromThis lead
to the conversion of waste effluent tosulphur and aromatic content.
It does not contrib-value added products. uted to rise of the level
of carbon di-oxide andconsequently to the green house effect.For
every 100 liters of biodiesel that we will madecontains about 20-25
liters of glycerol and this glyc-India is expected to be the worlds
fourth larg-erol contains 25% of methanol. This should be est
consumer of energy by 2020, and will rely on 23 23 Vol. XIII No.1
January - March 2011OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ) 24. heavily on crude
imports to satisfy the demandpetrochemical origin, thus it is
non-biode-for oil. Biodiesel play an important role in reduc-
gradable and causes harm to the environ-ing crude import by 18
percent. ment. With taking care of environmental fac-tors todays
need is the use of renewableKeywords: resource like oils, fats and
biodiesel wastefor surfactants production. Bio-surfactants 1.
Fossil fuel are obtain from renewable resources and are 2.
Transesterification preferred because of their renewability and 3.
Environmental benefitsecofriendly nature. Most of the bio surfac-
4. Crude imports tants are obtained from oils and fats or
theirderivatives. Karanja bio-diesel waste
mainlyConclusions:contains crude glycerol and some amount ofsoap,
monoglyceride, diglycerides, oil, me- For making this future fuel
realistic all we havethyl alcohol, water and traces ofto do is keep
maximum target of non edible seedsunsaponifiable matter. Crude
glycerol can bein degraded or fellow land to make the availability
purified and used for the manufacture of theof raw material in bulk
for commercial production.monoglycerides, diglycerides and other
es-ters. These are mainly used as emulsifier,References: wetting
agents, pesticides, fungicides andacticides etc.1. Biodiesel -
Handling and use guidelines, Thirdedition 2006, US Department of
Energy. In India Bio-fuel programme was intro-duced in 2003,
Karanja and Jatropha oil have2. Progress and recent trends in
biofuels,been identified as potential crop used for theProgress in
Energy and Combustion Science 33production of bio-diesel which will
go up to(2001 pp. 1-18, 13 million tones by 2012, thus the
biodieselwaste which is mainly crude glycerol will be(Courtesy :
Seminar on Recent Trends inproduced in huge quantity, nearly 1.3
millionOils and Oleochemicals, Western Zone OTAI,tones and it was
mandatory to blend 5% of Nagpur). biodiesel in petrol and diesel.
The require-ments of the surfactants are increasing in allsectors
with the rising socio-economic stan- WASTE TO WEALTHdard of the
countries. Hence the productionof the petrochemical-based
surfactants isincreasing continuously as the
technologiesBIO-SURFACTANTS FROM KARANJAare already available.
However, with respect BIODIESEL WASTEto the rising concern for the
environment andhealth issues, the synthesis of surfactantsC. S.
Madankara, Subalaxmi Pradhana, Lalitderived from renewable
resources is timelyPrasadb, S. N. Naika* and important.aCentre for
Rural Development and Technology,Keywords: b Centre for Energy
Studies, Karanja; Biodiesel; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi,
Glycerol;Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016,
IndiaTransesterification;Biodiesel waste.ABSTRACT (Courtesy :
Seminar on Recent Trends inMOST of the Surfactants are produced
from LABS Oils and Oleochemicals,(Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate).
It is havingWestern Zone OTAI, Nagpur). 24OTAI NEWS LETTER (WZ)
Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 25. MORE THAN A SOAP MUSHROOMS
- A SOURCE OF COSMETIC MAGIC THE mushrooms apart from being a
delicacy to serve at the dinner table has many unusual
pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties. Dr Allan Onions ofHoneywill
& Stein reveals some well-kept secrets of the fabulous fungi.
Apart from being served in restaurants, sauted rooms came to the
fore and their use was initiallyin garlic butter most people know
little about mush-recorded.rooms. The exception perhaps being the
minoritywho have a fringe interest in those varieties with In the
first century, the physician Nicander elo-hallucinogenic properties
- the magic mushrooms quently spelled out the dangers of eating the
wrongof the 1960s generation. varieties, Dioscorides making similar
referencesome hundred years later, Greeks and Romans There are over
1,500 varieties of fungi growingwere partial to mushrooms, and at
least one Ro-in the UK today. These range from edible fieldman
Emperor, the infamous Gladius, succumbedmushroom (Agaricus
campestris), the hallucino-to the toxins of Amanita ceasarea,
albeit with thegenic Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) and Liberty
helping hands of his scheming wife Agrippria andCap (Psilocybe
neolanceolata) a resident of a local witch Locuste. However, the
beneficialHampstead Health, to the deadly poisonous De- medicinal
properties of mushroom were alsostroying Angel (Amanita virasa) and
the aptly named recognised and recorded by Dioscorides who de-Death
Cap (Amanita phalloides). scribed Agaricus, actually a Fomes app,
as beingeffective against colds, sores, fractures, asthma
Worldwide, over 64,000 have been identified. etc.Fungi are unique
amongst the plant kingdom, inthat they possess no chlorophyll. Thus
they can- In more modern times, the first serious attemptnot take
part in photosynthesis for their metabo- to classify mushrooms was
made by French bota-lism and have to resort to other means in order
tonist Clusius. The famous herbals written by Gerardlive. and
Cupeper hardly give mushrooms a mention. Many enjoy symbolic or
parasitic relationshipswith other plants whilst others are free
growing,generally on decaying matter, from which they de-rive their
nutrients. As they contain no chlorophyll,they do not take in CO,
and give off O, as do greenplants, but respire in the opposite way,
similar toanimals, as net consumers of oxygen.HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVESAs with most plants, different peoples fromaround the
Globe have over the ages investigatedKawaratake, is known in the UK
as the turkey-tail mush-not only the culinary attributes of fungi,
but also room. In Japan, it is drunk in the form of a tea for
thetheir medicinal and cosmetics properties. treatment of flu,
colds, asthma, bronchitis and is muchsought after as a tonic for
general debility. It is also used inmany food delicacies.
Cosmetically, Kawaratake is used inThere is some debate as to when
we first startedthe Far East for treating areas with weak
connective tissue,eating mushrooms, no one seems to know forin
massage formulations, the treatment of acne and on irri-sure.
Indications are that nomadic hunters as longtated erythema due to
the effects of excess UV rays. Sug-gested cosmetics applications
include after-sun, anti-acneago as the last Ice age feasted on
various localproducts, and massage formulations and
antl-cellulitefungi but it was during classic times that
mush-products.2525Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011OTAI NEWS
LETTER (WZ) 26. Matsutake (Trlcholoma matsutake) is the Korean
PineMushroom, known locally in Korea as Song-Yi. It is recom-mended
for the corporation in sensitive facial lotions, Reishi mushroom is
recommended for use in sensitive fa-moisturising products,
sensitive skin products, haircare, cial lotions, moisturisers and
sensitive skin products. Thebath and shower products where the
stimulating effects of Reishi mushroom itself has enjoyed an
elevated position inthe pine fragrance can be utilised. the Far
East, where it is considered a Taoist elixir of life (themushroom
of deathlessness) and once reserved for the Em-peror, it has a long
association with longevity and increasedGrieve, on the other hand,
in A Moden Herbal (I), spiritual energy.gives fungi a good airing,
referring to medicinal andeven pharmaceutical status for several
speciesincluding the Giant Puff Bali (Lycoperdon gigantea)The
Koryak people of Eastern Sibena believedwhich apart from forming
part of the diet for somespirits known to them, as Wapag man
inhabitednative American tribes has been used in the UK to the
plants. These spirits of the woods were be-arrest haemorrhage.
lieved to have left the fungi for the benefit of man-kind to enable
them to learn something of tempo- The hallucinogenic properties of
mushrooms ral world.have been associated with Shamanism in
manyparts of the world. Nomadic hunters of NorthernOne well
reported story relates to times of shortEurope and Asia have been
reported as using Fly supply of the fungus and to a strange kind of
peck-Agaric (amanita muscaria) to induce shamanistic ing order in
which the most senior shaman takestrances.the potion into his
trance and then urinates into acup which is then drunk by the next
senior sha-man. Apparently, the hallucinogen, is quickly ab-sorbed
into the urine via the kidneys. It continuesto be passed around in
the group in this fashion. In Central and South America also, this
localmagic mushroom is utilised for shamanistic pur-poses. Elderly
women of the tribes employPsliocybe mexicana, a relative of the
afore men-tioned Hampstead Health variety, to aid in the
pre-scription of magic and cures. The Psilocybe spe-cies contain
two psilocin. Although chemically re-lated to LSD they possess only
approximately 1 %of its psychotropic activity (2). Nearer to home,
it is believed that witches of theMiddle Ages were well aware of
the psychotropicKnown as the Deer Mushroom in the USA,
Cordycepseffects of certain mushrooms. It is believed the
actsabolitera, is known in Japan as Semitake. It is tradition-ally
used in Japan as a food and medicinal mushroom, used of riding on
broomsticks is actually a representa-for the treatment of general
debility, post-partum debility tion of their use of sticks to
administer mushroomand as a natural antibiotic. 26OTAI NEWS LETTER
(WZ) Vol. XIII No.1 January - March 2011 27. potions and already, a
well documented route fordrugs to enter the bloodstream quickly.
But as with many things botanical, it is the in-habitants of the
Pacific Rim that seem to have stud-ied more deeply the beneficial
properties of mush-rooms. Perhaps the best known Japanese
mushroomis the Shiitake (Lentinus edodes). It is cultivatedon oak
logs with which it enjoys a parasitic rela-tionship. In the Far
East it is revered. Foodwise, itis stir fried, cooked in soups,
canned or pickled. Itis nutritious and rich in essential amino
acids.Mannentake (Ganoderma lucidum) is mainly a food source In
both China and Japan, it is considered amushroom which for
medicinal applications are as a tonicrevitalising tonic whilst some
consider it to enhance for general debility and as a natural
antibiotic. The richsexual performance. It is prescribed to
reducemushroom oil, extracted from the waxes affords a fatty
oilwhich is used sparingly in seasoning foods. Medicinally, itblood
pressure and cholesterol, to treat anaemia, is used to treat and
remove warts, swellings and to smoothdiabetes and cancer possibly
via a stimulation of the coarse and chapped skin.the immune system.
The chemical lentinan resistscarcinogen, an attribute shared by
many fungaltions and anti-cellulite products.carbohydrates.
Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) is the Ko-ENERGISING PROPERTIES
rean Pine Mushroom, known locally in Korea asSong-Yi. This edible
fungus is much sought afterIn the Far East a holistic approach
prevails forin Japan due to its unique fragrance, a sweet pineboth
health and beauty and a Shiitake mushroomlike odour with earthy
mushroom undertones. Astea isone means used to strengthen,
vitalise, such it provides a natural flavouring and
fragranceenergise and tone the body. (3) to festive season
delicacies where it is used asthe main ingredient. It grows in a
symbiotic rela- Coriolus versicolor, Kawaratake, is known in the
tionship with pine trees.UK as the turkey-tail mushroom. In Japan,
it isdrunk in the form of a tea for the treatment of flu,
Chemically, the pine-like fragrance is providedcolds, asthma,
bronchitis and is much sought af-by concentrations of alpha and
beta-pinene,ter as a tonic for general debility. It is also used in
cembrene and S-matsutake alcohol.