Japan_agriculture_sustainable and Development in Agriculture

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Republic of Rwanda

THE STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT IN

BUGESERA DISTRICT, EASTERN PROVINCE IN

THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

Location Map of the Study Area

0 5 10 15km

Burundi

Eastern Province

1567

Lake Cyohoha North

30°00’ 30°10’ 30°20’

2°30’

2°20’

2°10’

2°00’

1524

Rwanda

1459

Paved Road

Earth Road

Minor Road

Attitude

Genocide Memorial

Legend Bugesera District boundary

State boundary

Ntarama Sector (Quick Project Site) Lake Papyrus

Lake Sake

Lake Bilira

Lake Mugesera

Lake RweruLake Cyohoha South

Lake Gaharwa Lake Kilimbi

Lake Mirayi

Lake Rumira

Lake Gashanga

1650

1856

1544

1772

1614

1734

N

2°30’

2°20’

2°00’

2°10’

30°20’ 30°10’ 30°00’

Location Map of the Candidate Pilot Projects

30°00’ 30°10’ 30°20’

2°10’

2°00’

2°20’

2°30’

2°00’

2°10’

2°20’

2°30’

0 5 10 15km

Burundi

30°00’ 30°10’ 30°20’

N

1614

1772

1544

1734

1856

1650

Lake Gashanga

Lake Rumira

Lake Mirayi

Lake Kilimbi Lake Gaharwa

Lake Cyohoha South Lake Rweru

Lake Mugesera

Lake Bilira

Lake Sake

1459

1524

Lake Cyohoha North

1567

Legend Paved Road

Earth Road

Minor Road

Attitude

Genocide Memorial

Bugesera District boundary

State boundary

Ntarama Sector (Quick Project Site) Lake Papyrus

Rwanda

Pilot Project Site

Marshland Development

Hilly Terrain Development

Nyirabahanga Marshland

Muzi Cyeru Marshland

Cyato-Gatoro Marshland

Hilly Terrain Development

Nyaburiba Marshland

Eastern Province

Summary

Based on the Minutes of the Meeting on Progress Report (1), The JICA Study Team has conducted the 2nd fieldwork of Phase 1 for the Study in Rwanda from 23rd October 2006 to 2nd March 2007. Main activities during the period are summarized as below.

1. Explanation and Discussion on the Progress Report (1) and Endorsement on Minutes of the Meeting

Meeting of first field survey results compiles in PR (1) was held on 7th September 2006 in the presence of Steering Committee members and minutes of the meeting were concluded on 8th September 2006. (Refer to Annex V)

2．Attendance of the Handing over Ceremony and site Survey for QP by the Minister of

MINAGRI Handover ceremony for Quick Project (QP) was carried out with great éclat in the presence of the Minister of MINAGRI and about 80 persons concerned with the project. At the end of the handover ceremony, the Minister visited the 4 QP sites and learned with keen interest from the model farmers about the project outputs, which were highly appreciated.

3．Site Inspection by JICA Monitoring Mission（January 8th to 12th 2007） Ph.D. Asanuma, Nagoya University and Ph.D. Hayashi, Nihon University as JICA monitoring mission members inspected the QP sites and exchanged the ideas on the current situation in the Study Area and orientation of agriculture development in Rwanda with the representatives of MINAGRI, RADA, RARDA as well as Bugesera Mayor, etc. At the wrap-up meeting held on 12th January 2007 at Rwanda JICA office, precious comments were given on upcoming implementation of the Pilot Project. .

4．Workshop organized by JICA Study Team- GTZ in Bugesera District (Feb. 7th to 9th ‘o7) In collaboration with the JICA Study Team and GTZ, workshop to formulate log frame for Bugesera District 2007 Action Plan was held in the presence of Directors of Units in the District and Sector Executive secretaries. The JICA Study Team presented the lessons learnt from QP, objectives and contents of the Pilot Project as well as the basic concept of draft Action Plan proposed by the JICA Study Team.

5. Implementation and Monitoring & Evaluation of QP Constructed facilities and propagation effect are summarized as below.

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Project Name Outputs Remark i) Introduction of Modern Cow Distribution to 18 model households 2carf were borne ii) Construction of rainwater

storage tank at household 1）Conventional Type 2 places 2）Brick Type 89 places 3）Wooden Type 11 places Total 102 items

Proposed by JICA Study Team Propagation effect: 2 tanks of brick type were constructed at Ruhuha vocational training center.

iii) Introduction of shallow well irrigation system

1）Cyugaro Cell 3 places 2）Kanzenze Cell 2 places 3 Kibungo Cell 5 places Total 10 places

Propagation effect: applied by orphanage in Kigali city

(iv) Road side irrigation system 1）Cyugaro Cell 5 places 2）Kanzenze Cell 2 places 3 Kibungo Cell 11 places Total 18 places

Socio-Economic survey and Monitoring & evaluation for QP were carried out as follow.

Items Target area/project time Socio-Economic Survey I Introduction of modern cow,

rainwater storage facilities, and shallow well irrigation system

End August –September , 2006

Socio-Economic Survey II Introduction of Road side irrigation system

End January -February beginning

Interim Monitoring -ditto- December 2006 to January 2007 Evaluation Cyugaro、Kanzenze、Kibungo Cells 22nd ,26th and 30th January, 2007 6．Process of formulation of Pilot Project (PP) components 1) Discussion with Bugesera District Regarding the selection of site and project components for PP, discussions with Bugesera District were carried out respectively on 9th and 12th January 2007. Candidate sites and components of PP were agreed as table below. Sites & Components of PP confirmed between Bugesera District and the Study Team

Project Name and Target Area Quantity Cost（US＄） A. Multiplication/distribution of improved seeds for rice production

Target area：Nyaburiba Marshland in Ruhuha Sector １place

B. Land reclamation of Pilot farm for rice production Target area：one place per Cell in Ntarama Sector

3 places

C. Small scale farm pond construction for Hilly Terrain Development, （10x10x2.5m）1 unit/Umudugudu level

22 places

D. IGA & Improvement of life style Follow-up of 4 QP, Construction of public rainwater storage facility, Simple purified water device for marshland water, Solar cooker, Bio-gas system, Oil press & Extractor. Above-mentioned components should be decided by workshop at cell level.

Unit

E. Rough Cost Estimation 280,000

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2) Project Components Proposed by each Cell and the Study Team After review of QP implementation, candidate sites and components for PP were decided through a series of workshop in the presence of concerned organs. Taking due consideration of the workshop results and budgetary allocation, the Study Team proposed the draft project site and project components.

Workshop at 3 Cells and Ntarama Sector Place Date Participants

Cyugaro 22nd January ‘07 10:00-15:30

20 persons、Kayenze Umudugudu was absent.

Kanzenze 26th January ‘07 10:00-14:30

19 persons、Gasagara、KarumunaUmudugudu were absent

Kibungo 30th January ‘07 10:00－15:30

23 persons、Nyarunazi Umudugudu was absent

Ntarama 5th February ‘07 10:00-14:00

3 Cells and Sector representatives31 participants

Project Components Proposed by each Cell and the Study Team

Component Cyugaro Kanzenze Kibungo Proposed by Umudugudu (order of priority)

1) Modern goat rearing 2) Rearing of chicken 3) Introduction of

improved Banana stems (Poyo)

4) Vegetable planting (tomato, carrot, onion, egg plant)

1) Bee keeping 2) Modern Goat rearing 3) Fruit trees planting 4) Vegetable planting 5) Rabbit rearing 6) Pineapple planting

1) Vegetable planting (tomato, carrot, cabbage)

2) Pineapple Planting 3) Modern goat rearing 4) Bee keeping

Proposed by the Study Team

i) Simple water purified device for marshland water, ii) Introduction of solar cooker, iii) Introduction of bio-gas system, iv) construction of public rainwater facility

3) Workshop at Ruhuha Cell（Nyaburiba marshland） Workshop was held on 8th February 2007 at Ruhuha Cell to formulate project components for the project for multiplication and distribution of improved seeds for rice production. Details of workshop and proposed project components are summarized in the tables below.

Venue Date Perticipants Contents Ruhuha Cell

8th February 2007

Representatives of Cooperative, Ruhuha Sector, and Cell, JICA Study Team, Representatives of JICA Rwanda office, RADA, ISAR

-Cost sharing between cooperative and JICA Study Team -Supporting from RADA and ISAR

The draft components of the PP shown on Table below were almost finalized by consulting with Dufatanye cooperative board members including the President on February 15, 2007.

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Possible Components Specification

1 Seed multiplication farm

・3ha： Seed production on promising rice varieties are carried out on one ha of each upper, middle and lower stream of the paddy fields of Nyaburiba Marshland.

2 Drying yard of paddy

・One site of 30m*30m concrete drying yard for paddy with partially shed structure Improved rice seeds

・Six cultivars are supplied by ISAR free.

Chemical fertilizers

・Necessary amount of compound fertilizer (17-17-17) and urea for 3 ha

3 Inputs

Agro-chemicals ・Necessary amount for seed treatment and control

4

Farming implements

・Pedal type -thresher ・Manual type sprayer (15 Lt) ・Winnower ・T- shape leveler ・Rotary weeder ・Plastic sheets

5 Supporting Activity

・Planting trees on escarpment of both wings in the paddy fields ・Soil conservation work ・Dredging of irrigation cannel ・Technical guidance of rice cultivation

7. Steering Committee Meeting and Workshop for donors and related governmental agencies concerned

Steering committee meeting was held on 21st February 2007 at MINAGRI conference room and also Workshop with development partners and concerned government agencies was held on 22nd February 2007 at Novotel hotel conference room to explain/ discuss the lessons learnt from QP, aims and contents of the PP as well as the basic concept for draft Action Plan in Bugesera District.

8. Submission of Draft Interim Report (1), ItR (1) Bugesera District Development Plan will be formulated at the end of May, 2007 in cooperation with the District, MINALOC and GTZ. Considering such situation, the Study Team submitted the draft ItR (1) to the concerned agencies on 27th February 2007 so as to reflect our study results in the formulation of District Development Plan

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Abbreviations and Acronyms (E):English (F):French A/P (E) Action Plan ACORD (E) Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development, NGO ADB (E) African Development Bank (AfDB) (F) Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD) ATDT (E) Agricultural Technology Development and Transfer CD (E) Capacity Development CDC (E) Community Development Committee CDF (E) Common Development Fund CDP (E) Community Development Plan (PDC) (F) Plan de Developpement Communautaire CEPEX (E) Central Public Investment and External Finance Bureau (F) Bureau Central des Investissements Publics et des Financements Extérieurs CGIAR (E) Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research COMESA (E) Common Market for Eastern and South Africa DDP (E) District Development Plan DFID (E) Department for International Development EDPRS (E) Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EFU (E) External Finance Unit EIA (E) Environmental Impact Assessment EIS (E) Environmental Impact Study EMP (E) Environmental Management Plan EU (E) European Union FAO (E) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FARG (E) Fund to Assist Genocide Survivors FMD (E) Foot and Mouth Disease GoR (E) The Government of the Republic of Rwanda GDP (E) Gross Domestic Product ICT (E) Technology of Information and Communication IEE (E) Initial Environmental Examination IFAD (E) International Fund for Agricultural Development (FIDA) (F) Fonds International de Développement Agricole IOO (E) Implementation and Operation Order ISAR (E) Institute of Agronomical Sciences in Rwanda (F) Insutitute des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda KIST (E) Kigali Institute of Science Technology and Management (F) Institut des Sciences Technologie et de Gestion de Kigali KIST - CITT (E) KIST Center for Innovations and Technology Transfer LLDC (E) Least less-developed countries MINADEF (E) Ministry of Defense MINAFFET (E) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation MINAGRI (E) Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC (E) Ministry of Local Government, Community Development and Social Affairs MINECOFIN (E) Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

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MININFRA (E) Ministry of Infrastructure MINITERE (E) Ministry of Land, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines M&E (E) Monitoring and Evaluation NAP (E) National Agricultural Policy NIS (E) National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (F) Institute National de la Statistique du Rwanda OCIR (F) Office Des Cultures Industrielles du Rwanda OJT (E) On the Job Training PADEBL (F) Projet d’Appui au Développement de l’Elevage Bovin Laitier PAFOR (F) Projet d’Aménagement des Forets du Rwanda, NGO PASAB (F) Projet d’Appui à la Sécurité Alimentaire au Bugesera (Project of Caritas, NGO) PCM (E) Project Cycle Management PDL-HIMO (E) Labour Intensive Local Development Programme (F) Projet de Développement Local - Haute Intensité de Main d’œuvre PDM (E) Project Design Matrix PO (E) Plan of Operation PP (E) Pilot Project PRSP (E) Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (F) Document de Stratégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté PSTA (E) The Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (SPAT) (F) Plan Stratégique de Transformation Agricole QP (E) Quick Project RADA (E) Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority RAQCA (E) Rwanda Agricultural Quality Authority RARDA (E) Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority RDC (E) Rural Development Cluster REAP (F) Responsable de l’eau et de l’Assainissement de Province REMA (E) Rwanda Environment Management Authority RGPH (F) Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat RHODA (E) Rwanda Horticultural Development Authority RNE (E) Royal Netherland Embassy RSSP (F) Projet d’Appui au Sectur Rural (E) Rural Sector Support Project Rwf (E) Rwanda Franc (1 dollar US=560Rwf) SWAP (E) Sector Wide Approach SWG (E) Sector Working Group SWOT (E) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TIG (F) Travaux d’ Interet Général (E) Woks of General Interest UNCDF (E) United Nations Capital Development Fund UNDP (E) United Nations Development Program UNEP (E) United Nations Environment Program USAID (E) United States Agency for International Development WS (E) Workshop

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Glossary

Gacaca (Gacaca courts): Participatory community based on courts to prosecute and try genocide crimes. They should reveal the truth about the 1994 Rwandan genocide, to give punishment to perpetrators and to reconcile the torn out Rwandan Community. Ibimina (ikimina): Tontine. A group of people carrying out different activities together for their common interests. In rural area, most of ibimina conduct farming activities. Others, especially in urban areas may constitute of a revolving fund among members or a fund that can be invested in common activities. The Ikimina differs from the association; the former is an informal agreement among a group of people while association requires statutes and legal recognition. Ibimina are promoted in rural areas since they can constitute of what is called solidarity guarantee to access to loan from micro finance institutions. Kugurizanya: To lend money each other. It may be inkind or in terms of labor force meaning X can cultivate for Y on Monday and on Tuesday Y can do the same for X. Nyumbakumi: ‘Nyumbakumi’ used to be an informal organ at the very grass root level, not a legal entity. As the Swahili name means, it comprises ten houses. It was initially established by the community for security purposes. Shortly after the genocide, there was much concern about security and each ten households had to organize themselves and control their security. The newcomer among those ten households had to report to the head of those ten households. This informal organ is realized to be helpful for cell and sector authorities in mobilizing the cell population for useful community activities such as Umuganda, elections and other administrative matters. The recent institution of UMUDUGUDU entity under the cell comprising more than 50 households, will take over the community role formerly held by Nyumbakumi Ubudehe Traditionally, Ubudehe consists of community mutual help through collective cultivation works. A villager who had a big plot to be cultivated could seek the help of his neighbors. Currently, such scheme is promoted to allow collective activities within poverty alleviation among local community. In this development, with support of EU, MINECOFIN developed and piloted an approach for poverty alleviation through Ubudehe. Following successful implementation in Butare province, the Rwandan Government has now adopted it as a national scheme. (Source: Project for Support to Operationalisation of the Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation, Appraisal Report, Working Paper 3, Institutional Support to Agricultural Sector, IFAD, July 2005) Umudugudu: (imidugudu) First of all, umudugudu is a mode of resettlement in agglomeration to avoid traditional scattered settlement in an effort to secure land use. The practice was widespread shortly after the genocide especially in eastern province. Today, with the territory reform, there is another concept of Umudugudu that is the smallest grassroots administrative Unit under the Cell, comprising at least 50 households. Umuganda: Community mobilization for manual works of public interest. Activities such as rehabilitation of roads, erosion control devices, tree planting among others are usually carried out within Umuganda framework. Currently, Umuganda takes place countrywide last Saturday of every month Umusanzu: Any community contribution outside legalized taxes or other formally fixed and compulsory contribution. The Cell can mobilize the population for the rehabilitation of the meeting room for example. Each resident may contribute from 200 Rwf and above depending one’s financial situation. The contributed amount is called Umusanzu. Likewise, apart from the recognized school fees, parents may decide to contribute umusanzu for the classroom construction. Membership fee for associations is as well called “Umusanzu in Kinyarwanda”.

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Tables and Figures

Tables

Table 1.1.1 The Original Time Schedule on the Baseline Survey .................................................... 1-1 Table 1.1.2 Major Survey Categories of Questionnaires on Household Level ............................... 1-2 Table 1.1.3 Additional Survey Items proposed by JICA Team ...................................................... 1-2 Table 1.1.4 Summary of the Revised Questionnaires in Household Level .................................... 1-3 Table 2.1.1 Population and Population Density of Each Sector (2006) ......................................... 2-1 Table 2.1.2 Main Water Sources for Domestic Use ........................................................................ 2-3 Table 2.1.3 Percentage of Farming Type by Sector ........................................................................ 2-6 Table 2.1.4 Marshlands and Cultivated Crops ................................................................................ 2-8 Table 2.1.5 Staple Crop Production ................................................................................................ 2-9 Table 2.1.6 Major Vegetable Production ...................................................................................... 2-10 Table 2.1.7 Major Fruit Production .............................................................................................. 2-10 Table 2.1.8 Number of Students by Course in Vocational School in Ruhuha .............................. 2-14 Table 2.1.9 Number of Small Livestock by Sector ....................................................................... 2-20 Table 2.1.10 Sales of Cheese and Butter ........................................................................................ 2-21 Table 2.1.11 Forest area in Bugesera District ................................................................................. 2-23 Table 2.1.12 Tree Planting Activities ............................................................................................. 2-24 Table 2.1.13 Locations of Fishing Practice .................................................................................... 2-25 Table 2.1.14 Type and number of cooperatives .............................................................................. 2-31 Table2.2.1 Summary of Constraints and Potential for Sustainable Rural and Agricultural

Development in Begesera District ............................................................................ 2-53 Table 2.3.1 Components to be necessary for Agricultural and Rural Development

and its Interrelation .................................................................................................... 2-56 Table 3.1.1 Preliminary Demarcation of Responsibilities for Modern Cow Distribution .............. 3-2 Table 3.1.2 Plan of Operation (Modern Cow Distribution).............................................................. 3-3 Table 3.1.3 Summary of Technical Training Program .................................................................... 3-4 Table 3.1.4 Check List on Progress of Preparing Modern Cow Rearing ....................................... 3-7 Table 3.1.5 Outline of the Workshop Program ............................................................................... 3-8 Table 3.1.6 Major Duties of Vet-Technicians assigned to the QP .................................................. 3-8 Table 3.1.7 Major Symptoms caused by Stresses ........................................................................... 3-9 Table 3.1.8 The Results of Pregnancy Diagnosis on the Heifers distributed

to the 18 Model Farmers ........................................................................................... 3-10 Table 3.1.9 Actual Materials and Work Sharing ............................................................................3-11 Table 3.1.10 Implementation Process of Installation of Household Rainwater Storage ................ 3-13 Table 3.1.11 Results on Installation of Household Rainwater Storage ........................................... 3-13 Table 3.1.12 Implementation Process of Introduction of Shallow Well Irrigation System ............ 3-14 Table 3.1.13 Results on Introduction of Shallow Well Irrigation System ...................................... 3-14 Table 3.1.14 Implementation Process of Introduction of Road Side Irrigation System ................. 3-16

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Table 3.1.15 Results on Introduction of Road Side Irrigation System ........................................... 3-16 Table 3.2.1 Numbers of Beneficiaries by QP and QP Outline ...................................................... 3-18 Table 3.2.2 Outline of Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 3-19 Table 3.2.3 Numbers of Sampled Farm Households ...................................................................... 3-20 Table 3.2.4 Standing Points of Annual Income ............................................................................ 3-20 Table 3.2.5 Standing Points of Annual Expenditure....................................................................... 3-21 Table 3.2.6 General Characteristics of the household .................................................................. 3-22 Table 3.2.7 QPs’ Income (Part I) .................................................................................................... 3-24 Table 3.2.8 QPs’ Income (Part II)................................................................................................... 3-24 Table 3.2.9 QPs’ Income (Part III) ................................................................................................. 3-24 Table 3.2.10 QPs’ Income (Part IV) ................................................................................................. 3-25 Table 3.2.1 Total Annual Income by QP ....................................................................................... 3-25 Table 3.2.12 Seasonal Crop Pattern on the Period of 2005-2006..................................................... 3-25 Table 3.2.13 Expenditure (Part I) ..................................................................................................... 3-28 Table 3.2.14 Expenditure (Part II) .................................................................................................... 3-28 Table 3.2.15 Expenditure (Final Part) .............................................................................................. 3-29 Table 3.2.16 Balance income/expenditure ...................................................................................... 3-30 Table 3.3.1 Some Points paid Attention prior to Project Implementation .................................... 3-34 Table 3.3.2 Water Source in Ntarama Sector ................................................................................ 3-36 Table 3.3.3 Distance to Watering Point ........................................................................................ 3-37 Table 3.3.4 Amount of Water Being Consumed ........................................................................... 3-37 Table 3.3.5 Disease Possibly Caused by Water ............................................................................ 3-38 Table 3.3.6 Priority of the Four Components by Cell .................................................................. 3-39 Table 3.3.7 Preliminary Demarcation of Responsibilities for Household Rainwater Storage ...... 3-40 Table 3.3.8 Number of Participants for Demonstration in each Cell ............................................ 3-42 Table 3.3.9 Comparison between Conventional and JICA proposal method of Rainwater Storage .................................................................................................................................... 3-45 Table 3.3.10 Materials to be used for A Rainwater Storage ......................................................... 3-45 Table 3.3.11 Priority of the Four Components by Cell ................................................................. 3-50 Table 3.3.12 Selected Sites for Shallow Well Irrigation System .................................................. 3-50 Table 3.3.13 Types of Facility on Shallow Well Irrigation System .............................................. 3-51 Table 3.3.14 Priority of the Four Components by Cell ................................................................ 3-55 Table 3.3.15 Concept of Monitoring on the Quick Projects ......................................................... 3-61 Table 3.3.16 Monitoring & Evaluation of the Quick Projects (As for water related components) 3-62 Table 3.3.17 Activities of the Model HHs based on the Agreement during the Mid-term Workshop .................................................................................................................................... 3-63 Table 3.3.18 Results of Monitoring Survey on Utilization of the Rainwater Storage .................. 3-64 Table 3.3.19 Evaluation with Leaders on Installation of Household Rainwater Storage ............. 3-65 Table 3.3.20 Results of Monitoring Survey on Utilization of the Shallow Well Irrigation System 3-66 Table 3.3.21 Evaluation by Leaders on Introduction of Shallow Well Irrigation System ............ 3-66 Table 3.3.22 The Number of Sites introducing the Road Side Irrigation System ........................ 3-67

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Table 3.3.23 Evaluation by Leaders on Introduction of Roadside Side Irrigation System ........... 3-68 Table 3.3.24 Results of the Three Water-Related Components of the QP .................................... 3-69 Table 3.3.25 Participation of RARDA Staff to JICA QP .............................................................. 3-71 Table 3.3.26 QP Joint Management Activities ............................................................................. 3-72 Table 3.3.27 Participation of District Office Staff and Other Donors to JICA QP ....................... 3-72 Table 3.3.28 Ways of Thinking About Capacity ........................................................................... 3-75 Table 3.3.29 Capacity Development Situation ............................................................................. 3-76 Table 3.3.30 The Results of Impact Assessment on Modern Cow Distribution ........................... 3-77 Table 3.3.31 Contents of the QP Follow-up ................................................................................. 3-80 Table 4.1.1 MTEF in Bugesera District from 2006 to 2007 ......................................................... 4-1 Table 4.1.2 Bugesera District Development Budget from 2007 to 2009........................................ 4-2 Table 4.2.1 Summary of the District Performance Contract in 2007 ........................................... 4-2 Table 4.2.2(1) Economic Development Components in Performance Contract ................................ 4-6 Table 4.2.2(2) Economic Development Components in Performance Contract ............................... 4-7 Table 4.2.2(3) Economic Development Components in Performance Contract .............................. 4-8 Table 4.4.1 Road Map to formulate Bugesera District Development Plan ................................... 4-4 Table 4.5.1 Summary of the CDF Project for Bugesera District in 2006 CDF ............................ 4-5 Table 5.2.1 Estimated cost of financial resources for Performance Contract ............................... 5-8 Table 5.3.1 Basic Concept for Sustainable Rural and Agricultural Development in Bugesera District based on the lessons learnt through QP and PP implementation 5-10 Table 5.3.2 Draft Action Plan for Sustainable Rural and Agricultural Development in Bugesera District ...................................................................................................5-11 Table 6.3.1 Cost Estimate at each Project Component................................................................. 6-28 Table 7.1.1 Technology Transfer Items to Sector and Cell Officers............................................... 7-2 Table 7.1.2 Technology Transfer Items for Environment Aspect ................................................... 7-3 Table 7.1.3 Technology Transfer Items to RARDA Staff............................................................... 7-3 Table 7.2.1 Schedule and progress on the Technology Transfer to local government officers ...... 7-4 Table 7.2.2 Schedule and progress on the Technology Transfer to Environmental Specialist ....... 7-4 Table 7.2.3 Schedule and progress on the Technology Transfer to RARDA Staff ......................... 7-4 Table 8.1 Work Plan for Phase II................................................................................................ 8-2

Figures

Figure 2.1.1 Distribution of Land Ownership by Size ................................................................... 2-2 Figure 2.1.2 Percentage of HHs with Boiling Water before Use .................................................... 2-3 Figure 2.1.3 Percentage of HHs Spending more than 2hours/day for Fetching Water ................... 2-4 Figure 2.1.4 Percentage of HHs Producing for Market .................................................................. 2-5 Figure 2.1.5 ercentage of HHs by production type .......................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2.1.6 Rice Production .......................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 2.1.7 Households with Coffee Cultivation .........................................................................2-11 Figure 2.1.8 Percentage of HHs Forming Associations .................................................................2-11 Figure 2.1.9 Households Benefited from Selected Seeds ............................................................. 2-12

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Figure 2.1.10 Number of HHs using Chemical Fertilizer ............................................................ 2-12 Figure 2.1.11 Enrollment Rate for Primary School ...................................................................... 2-13 Figure 2.1.12 Illiteracy Rate by Sector ......................................................................................... 2-14 Figure 2.1.13 Child Birth and Infant Mortality Rates by Sector .................................................. 2-15 Figure 2.1.14 Households Having Difficulty to Have Daily Meals ............................................. 2-16 Figure 2.1.15 Distribution of Cattle by Sector ............................................................................. 2-17 Figure 2.1.16 Number of Cattle per Household ........................................................................... 2-17 Figure 2.1.17 Cow milk production ............................................................................................. 2-18 Figure 2.1.18 Sales of Cow Milk ................................................................................................. 2-18 Figure 2.1.19 Number of Cow Sold during the Last 12 Months .................................................. 2-18 Figure 2.1.20 Number of Goat per Household ............................................................................. 2-19 Figure 2.1.21 Number of Goats Sold during the Last 12 Months .................................................. 2-19 Figure 2.1.22 Number of Hen per Household .............................................................................. 2-20 Figure 2.1.23 Number of Rabbit per Household .......................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2.1.24 Number of Hives .................................................................................................... 2-22 Figure 2.1.25 Honey Production .................................................................................................. 2-22 Figure 2.1.26 Households Annually Planted more than 20 Trees ................................................ 2-24 Figure 2.1.27 Fish Production ...................................................................................................... 2-25 Figure 2.1.28 Orphans by Living Condition ................................................................................ 2-26 Figure 2.1.29 Number of Orphans by Sector ............................................................................... 2-26 Figure 2.1.30 Number of Widower/Widow per 1,000 HHs ......................................................... 2-27 Figure 2.1.31 Percentage of Unsheltered Households Caused by Genocide ................................ 2-27 Figure 2.1.32 Percentage of Unsheltered Households Caused by Genocide ................................ 2-28 Figure 2.1.33 Vulnerable Women-headed Household .................................................................. 2-29 Figure 2.1.34 Flowchart of Grain Storage and Sale Cooperative Scheme ................................... 2-30 Figure 2.1.35 Composition of Household Income ....................................................................... 2-33 Figure 2.1.36 Types of Roofing Materials .................................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2.1.37 Types of Wall Materials ......................................................................................... 2-34 Figure 2.1.38 Location of Households ......................................................................................... 2-35 Figure 2.1.39 Types of Light ........................................................................................................ 2-35 Figure 2.1.40 Means of Acquisition of Firewood ......................................................................... 2-36 Figure 2.1.41 Percentage of Households Having Soil Erosion .................................................... 2-38 Figure 2.1.42 Percentage of Households Having Flood Problem ................................................ 2-38 Figure 2.1.43 Percentage of Households Having Water Pollution Problem ................................. 2-39 Figure 3.1.1 Proposed Model Cowshed Design ........................................................................... 3-6 Figure 3.1.2 Overall Implementation Schedule in 2006 FY ........................................................3-11 Figure 3.1.3 Location Map of the Three Water Related Project ............................................... 3-17 Figure 3.2.1 Income from seasonal crop .................................................................................... 3-23 Figure 3.2.2 Total Annual Income .............................................................................................. 3-24 Figure 3.2.3 Expenditure ............................................................................................................ 3-28 Figure 3.2.4 Balance income/expenditure .................................................................................. 3-30

iv

Figure 3.2.5 Amount of water fetched per day by season (Lt) ..................................................... 3-32 Figure 3.2.6 Frequency of water fetching per day by season ..................................................... 3-32 Figure 3.2.7 Time taken for a round-trip of water fetching by season ....................................... 3-32 Figure 3.3.1 Process of Constructing the Rainwater Storage ....................................................... 3-46 Figure 3.3.2 The Design of Household Rainwater Storage proposed by JICA Study Team ...... 3-47 Figure 3.3.3 Normal Seasonal Calendar and Cropping Pattern in Ntarama Sector .................... 3-49 Figure 3.3.4 Present Monitoring Framework ............................................................................. 3-59 Figure 3.3.5 Present AI Operation System ................................................................................. 3-59 Figure 3.3.6 Proposed Framework of Revolving Mechanism .................................................... 3-60 Figure 3.3.7 Flow of Agricultural Extension through Farmers-to-Farmers ................................ 3-68 Figure 5.1.1 Relation among the QP, draft A/P and PP .................................................................. 5-9 Figure 6.2.1 Possible Sites for Agricultural Development of Pilot Project ................................ 6-24 Figure 6.3.1 Overall Paddy Field Layout in Nyaburiba Marshland ........................................... 6-25 Figure 6.3.2 Pilot Project – Marshland Agricultural Development ............................................ 6-26 Figure 6.3.3 Pilot Project – Hilly Terrain Agricultural Development ........................................ 6-27 Figure 6.3.4 Organization Chart for Pilot Project Implementation ............................................ 6-19 Figure 6.3.5 Implementation Schedule of Seed Multiplication and Distribution for

Paddy in Nyaburiba Marshland ............................................................................. 6-29 Figure 6.3.6 Implementation Schedule of Land Reclamation for Paddy field

in Ntarama Marshland ........................................................................................... 6-30 Figure 6.3.7 Implementation Schedule of Farm Ponds in Hilly Terrain Development .............. 6-31 Figure 6.3.8 Implementation Schedule of IGA and Improvement of Life Style ........................ 6-32 Figure 6.4.1 Schedule for Monitoring and Study Tour in PP and QP ......................................... 6-33

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

CHAPTER 1 BASELINE SURVEY

1.1 Survey Method, Schedule and Contents

(1) Introduction

JICA Study Team sounded out a joint survey of the baseline survey with GTZ which had planned to carry out a whole household and Sector/Cell office interview surveys in Bugesera District, in collaboration with NIS, MININFRA, MINECOFIN, and UNICEF, and basically agreed each other in late June, 2006. JICA Study Team participated in the kick-off work shop on the explanation of GTZ baseline survey held in Bugesera on June 28, for grasping the whole survey scheme. Moreover, reviewing the questionnaires for household and Sector/Cell levels drafted by GTZ, JICA Study Team proposed additional survey items from the view of JICA Development Study. GTZ agreed with JICA proposal to conduct together with GTZ baseline survey on July 17, 2006. The method and Results on the baseline survey are as follow.

(2) Survey Methods and Schedule

Eight enumerators were recruited in each Cell for the baseline survey and briefed prior to commencement. Household interview was done based on Nyambakumi basis, an informal inhabitant group at a grass root level under the Cell office which comprises of around of 30 households. Simultaneously, the interview survey on Sector and the Cell office level were made as well. Collected questionnaires were computerized by spending two months with 100 operators in the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and examined via 10 days intensive workshop under 20 participants including GTZ, NIS, Sector Heads and Planning Div of District Office. The time schedule on the baseline survey was vastly delayed with more than two months due to unexpected time-consuming operation for data input. Thus, the final output of monograph on Bugesera District in English version is scheduled in late January, 2007.

Table 1.1.1 The Original Time Schedule on the Baseline Survey Schedule Survey Activity 1 August 2 Distribution of Questionnaires to all Sector and Cell Offices 2 August 4 Small workshop is held in each Sector so as to brief the baseline

survey 3 August 5 Numbering of the Households for survey 4 August 7-21 Start data collection by interviewing 5 August

21-September 4 Start data input to PC and completion

6 September 4 – 15 Data analysis 7 September 15-30 Reporting 8 End of September Completion of Report for the result of Baseline Survey

Source: Discussion result between JICA Study Team and GTZ, 2006

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THE STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN BUGESERA DISTRICT, EASTERN PROVINCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

(3) Contents

1) Household Level Questionnaires

The questionnaires drafted by the GTZ comprise the 10 categories as follow.

Table 1.1.2 Major Survey Categories of Questionnaires on Household Level No Survey Category 0 General Situation of Households in Nyambakumi 1 Education 2 Health 3 Social Affairs 4 Agriculture 5 Livestock 6 Small Scale Investment and Loan 7 Employment 8 Communication within the Household 9 Housing and Settlement 10 Vulnerable Group

Source: GTZ, 2006

Based on the original questionnaires contents, JICA Study Team proposed additional survey items

based on the view of JICA Development Study and summarized as below. In this process, the 149 questions were supplemented over the three categories including newly created, “Perception on Environmental Protection” (See the ANNEX II.1.1).

2) Sector and Cell Level

The questionnaires consist of the three categories which comprise education, health and water for the Sector levels. Meanwhile the questionnaires for the Sector/Cell level originally consisted of the five categories (Agriculture and Livestock, Infrastructure and Trade, Transporting of goods and communication, Number of Roads, Association and Cooperatives). JICA Study Team proposed the six additional questionnaires as below table and accepted by the GTZ (See the ANNEX II.1.2).

Table 1.1.3. Additional Survey Items proposed by JICA Team No Category of Survey 1 Name and area of wetlands and marshlands by the Cell 2 Number of vet-technicians and pharmacies by the Cell 3 Number of nursery centers and species by the Cell 4 Number (site) of soil erosion and area by the Cell 5 Number (site) of water pollution and area by the Cell 6 Number (site) of illegal tree cutting and area by the Cell

Source: JICA Study Team, 2006

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

CategoryNo of supple.,survey items Remark

3. Social affairs 3.1 Water used in the household 15 Supplemented 3.5 Garbage removal 1 Supplemented4. Agriculture 4.1 Land/Plots 4 supplemented 4.2 Agriculture Inputs 2 supplemented 4.3 Agricultural tools 12 Newly created sub category 4.3 Total last year production 8 supplemented 4.4 Sowing season (A. B, C) by crop 18 Newly created sub category 4.5 Harvesting Season (months) by crop 27 Newly created sub category 4.6 Soil Conservation 3 supplemented 4.8 Income sources 12 Newly created sub category 4.9 Marketing for surplus crop harvest 5 Newly created sub category 4.10 Agricultural & Irrigation Facilities 4 Newly created sub category 5.4 Animal Production 1 supplemented 5.5 Farmer's Association 1 Newly created sub category 5.6 Access to Agricultural Extension service 16 Newly created sub category11 Perception on Environmental Protection Newly created category11.1 Household facing enviromental problems by 13 Newly created sub category11.2 Willingness to participate reforestations 3 Newly created sub category

4 Newly created sub category

Total Survey Items supplemented by JICA 149Surce: JICA Study Team, 2006

Table1.1.4 Summary of the Revised Questionnaires in Household Level

11.3 Way of using drinking water fetched from river/pond/rain water

1.2 Overall Results

Overall raw Excel data converted from the SPSS file was submitted to the JICA Study Team on late November, 2006. Reviewing the Excel data, some of the questionnaires proposed by JICA Team in household level was mistranslated into the local language and found as no sense in results. Meanwhile the collected questionnaire on Sector/Cell level was found in many unfilled questions, specially concentrated on the questions related to agriculture and livestock sectors. Considering the time constraints on analysis of baseline survey results, these raw data prior to finalizing data process was forced to use for analysis of constraints and potentials on Bugesera District, and of which details were discussed in the next chapter.

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

CHAPTER 2 CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Current Situation

2.1.1 Demography

The population of Bugesera in 2006 is approximately 270,000. The average population density of the district is 205 persons/km2 ranging from 91 persons/km2 in Rweru and 396 persons/km2 in Ruhuha Sectors (Table 2.1.1). In the south western part of the district surrounded by the Cyohoha North and South Lakes and the Akanyaru River, the population density is relatively higher than other areas. Due to the existence of a prison, the population density of Rilima is also high.

Table 2.1.1 Population and Population Density of Each Sector (2006)

New Organization Population

UMURENGE

SECTOR

AKAGARI

CELL

Area

(km2)Male Female Total

Population

Density

Persons/km2

GGAASSHHOORRAA 5 100.4 7,381 8,287 15,667 156

JURU 5 83.0 9,299 10,440 19,739 238

KKAAMMAABBUUYYEE 5 104.9 8,443 9,440 17,883 171

MAREBA 5 58.1 8,991 10,635 19,625 338

MMAAYYAANNGGEE 5 131.0 7,211 7,577 14,788 113

MMUUSSEENNYYII 4 86.4 10,084 11,329 21,413 248

MMWWOOGGOO 4 53.8 5,768 6,728 12,497 232

NGERUKA 5 95.7 12,333 14,279 26,612 278

NNTTAARRAAMMAA 3 101.4 6,970 7,392 14,361 142

NNYYAAMMAATTAA 5 87.2 8,990 10,498 19,488 224

NYARUGENGE 5 48.0 7,245 8,520 15,765 328

RRIILLIIMMAA 5 84.9 16,883 11,215 28,098 331

RUHUHA 5 44.9 8,099 9,693 17,792 396

RRWWEERRUU 6 221.3 9,477 10,700 20,177 91

SSHHYYAARRAA 5 33.0 4,807 5,400 10,206 309

Total 15 72 1334.0 131,979 142,134 274,113 205

Note: 1) Population at each Sector was calculated based on Census 2002 and estimated increase. 2) Area at each Sector is estimated by JICA Study Team.

2 - 1


2.1.2 Land Resources

Distribution of land ownership by size inBugesera district

0% 50% 100%

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Districtwide

Sect

or

Percentage of households

Landless

<1/2Ha

1/2- 1ha

1-10 Ha

>10Ha

Source: GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey,

The population of Bugesera largely suffers from the poor accessibility to lands. Currently, approximately 30% of households are landless and another 40% owns less than a half-hectare (Figure 2.1.1). The situation is particularly serious in Gashora and Nyamata Sectors; approximately one-half of the population is landless.

Consequently, renting and borrowing farmlands are largely practiced. On average 19% of the population rents lands, while 3% borrows. The percentage of the population with renting lands is relatively high in Goshora and Ngeruka Sectors (30 and 28%, respectively). In general the lease agreement is made on an annual or biannual basis.

Figure 2.1.1 Distribution of Land Ownership by Size

2.1.3 Water Sources for Domestic Use

Various water sources for domestic use are existent in Bugesera: water taps, fountains, lakes, swamps, water tanks, rivers, etc.. On average approximately one third of the population has access to the water supply system through water taps (Table 2.1.2). The access to the water supply system is relatively high in Juru, Mayange, Ngeruka and Rilima Sectors (higher than 50%) and very low in Gashora, Museny, Mwogo, Ntarama, and Rweru Sectors (less than 10 %).

Water from swamps and lakes are also used for domestic water supply. While the lakes are the primary water sources in Gashora Sector (77%), the water of swamps is largely used in Mwogo, Ntarama and Rweru Sectors (73%, 32% and 29%, respectively) (Table 2.1.2). Fountains are the main water sources in Mareba, Musenyi, Nyarugenge, Ruhuha, and Shyara Sectors (particularly high in Musenyi Sector, approximately 90%).

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007 It is considerable that rainwater can be effectively utilized as a water source . However, rainwater storage is utilized by only 0.7% of the population. The installations percentage of rainwater storages is relatively high in Nyamata, Ntarama, and Mwogo Sectors (2.3%, 1.7% and 1.3%, respectively).

Table 2.1.2 Main Water Sources for Domestic Use

Sector Water Tap Fountain Lake/Pond SwampGASHORA 3.3 7.2 77.5 10.2JURU 53.4 4.5 28.8 14.4KAMABUYE 44.3 13.2 40 1.9MAREBA 28.8 51 9.9 9.8MAYANGE 58.2 13.5 25.9 4.2MUSENYI 1.4 89.9 1.6 4.5MWOGO 2.6 7.7 14.6 73NGERUKA 48.8 30.7 16.8 4.3NTARAMA 6.5 27.7 27.9 31.7NYAMATA 30.5 48.8 1.4 11NYARUGENG 23.5 53.4 13.8 3.8RILIMA 68 3.1 21.5 4.1RUHUHA 37.6 58.3 1.6 2.4RWERU 5.7 23.9 43.8 29.2SHYARA 17.1 50.7 11.5 16.3District average 30.4 33.2 21.8 12.9Source: GTZ-JICA Baseline survey, 2006

Percentage of households with boiling water before use

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Sector

Percentage

GTZ-JICA Baseline survey, 2006

Figure 2.1.2 Percentage of HHs with Boiling Water before Use

The use of unclean water for drinking causes health problems. In Bugesera, water is hardly treated before domestic use. On average two thirds of the population use water without treatment. On average only 9% of the population boils water before using (Figure 2.1.2). The percentage of water treatment is low in Gashora, Mareba, Nyarygenge, Ruhuha, Mwogo, and Shyara Sectors. It may suggest that the

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THE STUDY ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN BUGESERA DISTRICT, EASTERN PROVINCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA water problems are most serious in Gashora and Mwogo Sectors, which have high rates of using lake/swamp waters. Moreover, 4% of the population uses commercially treated water.

Time consumption for fetching water

In Bugesera, water sources are located away from villages and the existing water sources are depleted during the dry season. Consequently, fetching water is a heavy burden on farmers’ daily lives. Approximately 7% of the population spends more than 2 hours to fetch water from water sources (Figure 2.1.3). The percentages are larger than 10% in Gashora, Mayange, Nyamata, Rilima, and Rweru Sectors (particularly high in Rweru Sector, larger than 20%).

Approximately one-half of the population feels that water is expensive. Fifteen percent of the population cannot afford paying for transportation of water to their houses. Jerry cans are generally used for water fetching. Most of the households use 1 or 2 jerry cans of water per day. One household generally pays 10-15 RWF for one jerry can of water.

Percentage of households using more than 2hours/day for fetchingwater in Bugesera

0510152025

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Districtwide

Sector

Perc

enta

ge

GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey, 2006

Figure 2.1.3 Percentage of HHs Spending more than 2hours/day for Fetching Water

2.1.4 Infrastructure

1) Road network development

The road network in Bugesera is relatively well established throughout the district but the roads are in fact in poor conditions.

The roads connecting each Sector/Cell are poorly maintained. The roads are supposed to be maintained by communal works for development (Umuganda). The roads are very often gnawed by farmlands, and become muddy during the wet season. The poor road conditions disturb transportation of agricultural products, particularly vegetables that are commercially traded.

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

In the trunk roads connecting Bugesera with Kigali, where the public bus services are operated between Kigali and Nyamata, the roads are under poor conditions due to erosion and worn-out of their surface. The conditions of these roads are expected to be dramatically improved by the on-going Road rehabilitation programs connecting Kigali to Mayange and Gahembe to Kindama. Due to the new road construction, approximately 300 households are forced to move out from their houses. Compensation for these households will be paid depending upon the values of the houses.

A new international airport is planned to be constructed at KARERA (in former Gashora Sector). The route of the access road to the airport is planned to start from Nyamata center. The heavy traffic is then expected in the trunk roads.

2) Energy

In Bugesera, installation of electricity is confined to the centres of Nyamata and Ruhuha Sectors. Electricity is provided to Sector offices, community health centres, schools and some trading centres through solar panels. The radios using solar panels are well distributed.

3) Water supply

As mentioned above, the access to potable water is a serious problem in Bugesera. Although pipe water systems are existent, many facilities need rehabilitation. Water from rivers, lakes and swamps is used without boiling. The water supply system that covers entire Bugesera is under construction by the cooperation of European Union with 18 Million EURO.

2.1.5 Agriculture

Percentage of household producing for market in

Bugesera District

020

4060

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

District average

Sector

Perc

enta

ge


Figure 2.1.4 Percentage of HHs Producing for Market

The economy of Bugesera is largely based on agriculture. More than 80% of the population lives on agricultural activities. Agriculture in Bugesera is mostly for subsistence; on average only 18% of households in Bugesera are producing for market. More market-oriented households are found in Ntarama, Musenyi, and Mayange Sectors, where 38 and 30% of households produce for market, respectively (Figure 2.1.4).

2 - 5


1) Farming types

In Bugesera, mixed farming (crop and livestock production) is the most common farming systems.

Thirty-five percent of households is engaged in mixed farming (Figure 2.1.5). These figures are relatively high in Juru and Musenyi Sectors, 50% and 47%, respectively (Table 2.1.13). On the other hand, approximately one third of households (32%) is engaged only in crop production (without livestock production). In Kamabuye, Shyara, Ngeruka, and Nyarugenge Sectors, more than 40% of households come under this category. The higher percentages of the households which are neither engaged in agricultural nor livestock production are found in Nyamata and Ruhuha Sectors (11.2% and 8.7%, respectively), where large towns are existent.

Percentage of household by production type in

Bugesera district

32%

5%

36%

5%

22%

Agriculture only

Livestock only

Mixed farming

No agriculture/livestock

Others

Figure 2.1.5 Percentage of HHs by production type

Table 2.1.3 Percentage of Farming Type by Sector

Sector Only agricultureOnly livestock Agriculture+livestock No agriculture/livestockGASHORA 21.1 2.2 37.3 1.9JURU 24.3 3.3 50.0 2.1KAMABUYE 44.1 5.3 34.1 2.2MAREBA 39.4 5.8 30.1 1.8MAYANGE 33.6 5.2 38.3 2.5MUSENYI 25.0 3.2 46.6 1.3MWOGO 38.4 5.0 34.4 2.5NGERUKA 40.1 4.6 35.0 1.4NTARAMA 28.1 4.9 33.5 2.6NYAMATA 23.8 4.3 28.4 9.3NYARUGEN 40.3 3.1 34.2 1.5RILIMA 21.5 4.6 41.4 3.4RUHUHA 35.7 5.1 33.5 7.4RWERU 30.9 5.2 28.3 2.1SHYARA 41.6 3.7 31.3 1.5District 32.5 4.4 35.8 0.0

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INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

2) Distribution of marshlands

In Bugesera, approximately 10,000ha of marshlands are existent, but only 4.4% is reclaimed.

Marshlands used for agricultural cultivation are found in Nyarugenge, Shyara, Nyamata, Mareba, Musenyi, Mwogo, Ruhuha, Rweru, Juru, Ngeruka, and Gashora Sectors. Reclamated marshlands are dominated by rice cultivation.

3) Agricultural products

The main crops cultivated in the district are maize, cassava, sweet potato, sorghum, bean, soybean, and peanut. The other crops cultivated in the district include rice, Irish potato, taro, green peas, and vegetables (e.g. cabbage, tomato, eggplants). Rice, maize, and vegetables are cultivated in the marshlands, while maize, cassava, sorghum, soybean, and peanut are cultivated in the hillside.

Banana and pineapple are the most important fruits cultivated in Bugesera providing cash income for local communities. Coffee is an only traditionally exported crop largely concentrated in the southwestern part of Bugesera.

Land use for major crop cultivation

Major Cultivated Crops

Annual crops Maize, Sorghum, Cassava, Sweet potato, Potato,Soybean, Taro, Bean, Peas, Peanut, Sunflower

Fruits/Treecrops

Banana, Pineapple, Coffee, Avocado, Mango, Orange,Guava, Lemon

2Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Sweet potato, Bean, Soybean,Vegetables (tomato, cabbage, onion, eggplant, carrot,

Land Use

1 Hillside

Marshland

Distribution of crop production in Bugesera has the distinctive pattern principally influenced by the availability of the marshlands. Production of beans, maize, and sorghum are relatively well distributed but many crops are concentrated in few Sectors (e.g. cassava in Musenyi; rice in Ruhuha and Mareba; sweet potato in Musenyi, Rweru, and Juru) (Table 2.1.4 and 2.1.5). Rice production is dominant in Ruhuha, Mareba, Nyarugenge, and Shyara Sectors due to the existence of paddy fields in marshlands (Figure 2.1.6). Irish potato is largely produced in Mwogo and Nyarugenge Sectors.

2 - 7


Table 2.1.4 Marshlands and Cultivated Crops

2 - 8

Sector Name Area (ha) Cultivated cropsKadogori 18 RiceTubumba 4 Rice

Nyarugenge, Shyara Ruvubu* 113 RiceRwabusoro 350 MaizeNyakariba 6 RiceNaga 4 RiceKabakemba 10 RiceNyaburiba 26 Rice

Nyamata,Rilima, Mwogo Mwesa 1,350 Vegetable, Bean, Sorghum, SoybeanKamatana 90 Maize, Bean, Soybean, SorghumMuzi 227 Bean, MaizeKirera 10 Sweet potato, BeanRwakibirizi 8 Soybean, Maize, Sweet potato, VegetableKagirazina 16 Maize, Bean, Sweet potato, Soybean

Rwabikwano* 104 RiceRwabikwano 41 Ricen, MaizeGatare* 43 Rice

Mareba,Musenyi, Shyara Murago 1,200 Rice(403ha), Bean, Maize, Soybean, TomatoShyara Musasa 12 Bean, Rice GroundnutShyara Kibumba 45 Bean, Groundnut, Rice

Mwogo 120 Maize, Bean, SorghumRubumba 45 Maize, Bean, SorghumMuramba 120 Maize, Sorghum, TomatoRurenge 35 Not cultivated

Ruhuha, Mareba Gatare* 43 RiceRuhuha, Ngeruka Kibaza* 30 Rice

Ruhuha, Nyarugenge Nyaburiba* 52 Rice

Nyagafunzo 3 Bean, MaizeMpimbiguye 3 Bean, MaizeRwanzunga 4 Bean, Maize

Ngeruka Ikizanye 23 RiceShyara, Mareba,Nyarugenge

Rwintare* 72 Rice

Nzangwa 150 Not cultivatedKirundo 210 Sorghum,Maize, Bean, Soybean, TomatoMazane 60 Sorghum, Maize, Bean, Soybean, TomatoKiborera 80 Sorghum, Maize, Bean, Soybean, TomatoRweru 350 Sorghum, Maize, Bean, Soybean, TomatoKinkondo 85 Sorghum, Maize, Bean, Soybean, Tomato

Juru, Gashora, Rilima Akagera 3,120 MaizeRwansoro 1,230 Maize, Sorghum, Sweet potato, Not cultivated (1100ha)

Nyamigende 20 Maize, Bean, Tomato

Rurambi 104 Maize, Bean, Sorghum, Not cultivated (45 ha)Fantinkanda 6 Sorghum, BeanGahigiri 6 Maize, Bean, SorghumRanch 58 Maize Sorghum

Nyakayenzi 23 RiceJuru Katarara 150 Bean, Sorghum, Maize, Grazing

Mayange Kibugabuga 200 Grazing

Gashora Rweru Mbuganziza 200 Grazing

Total area (ha) 10,279Total reclamated area (ha) 457Source: Planning, Economic Development and Employment unit, Bugesera district, *: Reclamated marshlands.

Nyarugenge

Ngeruka

Juru

Ruhuha

Rweru

Mwogo

Mareba, Ruhuha

Nyamata

Nyarugenge

INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

Table 2.1.5 Staple Crop Production (Unit: kg/year)

Sector Production % Production % Production % Production % Production %GASHORA 551,141 15.7 343,368 4.8 916,090 4.6 35,093 1.6 186,005 2.5JURU 93,567 2.7 961,840 13.6 1,000,966 5.0 14,055 0.6 425,032 5.8KAMABUYE 337,277 9.6 38,163 0.5 975,611 4.9 4,372 0.2 83,615 1.1MAREBA 545,894 15.6 92,579 1.3 2,786,406 13.9 12,604 0.6 1,152,048 15.6MAYANGE 374,493 10.7 76,624 1.1 1,627,865 8.1 25,785 1.2 419,456 5.7MUSENYI 201,002 5.7 2,067,668 29.1 1,951,114 9.7 1,611,164 73.0 1,987,977 26.9MWOGO 42,837 1.2 260,896 3.7 734,657 3.7 25,572 1.2 279,308 3.8NGERUKA 127,159 3.6 203,507 2.9 1,756,320 8.8 78,377 3.6 416,944 5.6NTARAMA 131,135 3.7 549,211 7.7 869,230 4.3 179,355 8.1 535,020 7.2NYAMATA 92,422 2.6 80,643 1.1 2,641,392 13.2 64,812 2.9 703,261 9.5NYARUGENGE 69,500 2.0 287,495 4.1 548,308 2.7 61,193 2.8 104,352 1.4RILIMA 183,155 5.2 37,970 0.5 1,496,445 7.5 3,637 0.2 89,885 1.2RUHUHA 29,641 0.8 509,026 7.2 776,573 3.9 41,639 1.9 151,920 2.1RWERU 398,301 11.4 1,370,909 19.3 1,674,055 8.4 38,167 1.7 794,014 10.8SHYARA 329,585 9.4 215,187 3 265,265 1.3 11,329 0.5 52,232 0.7Total 3,507,109 100 7,095,086 100 20,020,297 100 2,207,154 100 7,381,069 100Source: GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey, 2006.

SorghumBeans CassavaSweet potatoMaize

Rice production in Bugesera District

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Sector

Prod

uctio

n (u

nit:

kg/y

ear)


Figure 2.1.6 Rice Production

4) Vegetable cultivation

Vegetable production is also concentrated in a few Sectors due to the availability of marshlands. Production of cabbage and tomato are concentrated in Juru and Shyara, and Musenyi Sectors, while those of eggplant and Zucchini are dominant in Mareba Sector (Table 2.1.6).

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Table 2.1.6 Major Vegetable Production (Unit: kg/year)

Sector Production % Production % Production % Production %GASHORA 4,170 0.3 401 0.1 3,436 0.9 1,921 0.6JURU 582,523 37.4 29,080 10.0 5,757 1.5 1,303 0.4KAMABUYE 5,800 0.4 8,748 3.0 1,103 0.3 311 0.1MAREBA 8,853 0.6 14,106 4.9 338,173 86.0 334,038 97.3MAYANGE 3,082 0.2 1,580 0.5 1,937 0.5 297 0.1MUSENYI 210,933 13.5 128,446 44.4 4,837 1.2 454 0.1MWOGO 13,806 0.9 35,087 12.1 2,668 0.7 117 0.0NGERUKA 19,347 1.2 7,983 2.8 2,531 0.6 134 0.0NTARAMA 120,431 7.7 12,510 4.3 2,489 0.6 263 0.1NYAMATA 5,385 0.3 6,605 2.3 1,248 0.3 0 0.0NYARUGENG 9,078 0.6 10,661 3.7 8,228 2.1 667 0.2RILIMA 3,144 0.2 4,215 1.5 2,745 0.7 23 0.0RUHUHA 18,064 1.2 12,549 4.3 8,337 2.1 618 0.2RWERU 43,988 2.8 9,851 3.4 6,649 1.7 2,931 0.9SHYARA 508,527 32.7 7,770 2.7 3,117 0.8 257 0.1Total 1,557,131 100 289,592 100 393,255 100 343,334 100Source: GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey, 2006.

ZucchiniCabbage Tomato Egg plant

5) Fruit production

Bananas, pineapple, and avocado are the most important fruits in Bugesera. Production of banana is concentrated in Musenyi Sector, while those of pineapple in Musenyi and Mwogo Sectors (Table 2.1.7). Production of Avocado is relatively high in Mwogo Sector. Mango, orange, and passion fruit are also produced but in a limited scale.

Table 2.1.7 Major Fruit Production (Unit: kg/year)

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Sector Production % Production % Production %GASHORA 35,885 0.6 1,562 1.9 8,491 0.2JURU 584,811 10.3 6,681 7.9 96,255 2.5KAMABUYE 51,470 0.9 3,500 4.2 358,035 9.4MAREBA 84,931 1.5 4,340 5.2 403,976 10.6MAYANGE 18,871 0.3 422 0.5 18,822 0.5MUSENYI 2,546,689 45.0 12,654 15.0 161,045 4.2MWOGO 138,594 2.4 16,967 20.2 856,288 22.5NGERUKA 374,043 6.6 5,720 6.8 206,524 5.4NTARAMA 256,018 4.5 7,795 9.3 28,553 0.8NYAMATA 118,674 2.1 1,441 1.7 460,697 12.1NYARUGENG 320,659 5.7 7,984 9.5 492,694 13.0RILIMA 25,876 0.5 621 0.7 379,910 10.0RUHUHA 507,542 9.0 3,749 4.5 137,443 3.6RWERU 499,510 8.8 7,774 9.2 37,521 1.0SHYARA 98,796 1.7 2,979 3.5 152,939 4.0Total 5,662,369 100 84,189 100 3,799,193 100Source: GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey, 2006

AvocadoBanana Pineapple

INTERIM REPORT (1)

March 2007

6) Coffee production

Coffee was identified as the most suitable crop with regard to regional specialization in Rwanda and is the only traditionally exported crop produced in Bugesera. More than 5,500 farmers cultivate coffee in their farmlands, largely concentrated in Musenyi and Shyara Sectors (Figure 2.1.7). A washing station is existent in Shyara Sector.

Households with Coffee cultivation

0200400600800100012001400

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Sector

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

lds

GTZ-JICA Baselinesurvey, 2006

Figure 2.1.7 Households with Coffee Cultivation

7) Households forming associations

Percentage of Households which belong to associations inBugesera district

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

District average

Sector

Percentage


Since a large part of the population (more of 30%) does not have the lands for crop cultivation, the forming associations to rent lands is an important way to the access to the lands. However, on average only 10.4% of farmers belongs to associations. The figures are relatively high in Mareba, Mayange, Nyarugenge, Musenyi, and Shyara Sectors (Figure 2.1.8), suggesting that association is limited where marshlands can be utilized.

Figure 2.1.8 Percentage of HHs Forming Associations

8) Use of selected seeds

Farmers who were benefited from selected seeds are very few, only 7% for once a year and 1.6% for

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twice a year on average, respectively (Figure 2.1.9). Larger numbers of beneficiaries are found in Mareba, Mayange, Musenyi Sectors.

Households benefited from selected seeds in Bugesera

0

10

20

30

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

District average

Sector

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

lds

Once per annum two times per annum Three times per annum

GTZ-JICA Baseline Survey, 2006

Figure 2.1.9 Households Benefited from Selected Seeds

9) Use of chemical fertilizer

Households using chemical fertilizer in Bugesera

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

GASHORA

JURU

KAMABUYE

MAREBA

MAYANGE

MUSENYI

MWOGO

NGERUKA

NTARAMA

NYAMATA

NYARUGENGE

RILIMA

RUHUHA

RWERU

SHYARA

Sector

Numger of households


In Bugesera, chemical fertilizer is hardly utilized (3.4% of households on average) but organic inputs are used by approximately one-half of the households (Figure 2.1.10). Farmers who use chemical fertilizer are concentrated in Mayange Sector due to Millennium Village project.

Figure 2.1.10

Number of HHs using Chemical Fertilizer

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