AUICK First 2006 Workshop 1 City Planning System and the Environment i n J apan United Nations Centre for Regional Development and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport UNCRD / MLIT 2006 Shoichi ANDO Dr. General Information about Japan 1 ・ Total land area; 377,873k ㎡ (as of end of Mar. 2001) ・ Total population; 126,285,000 ・ Population density; 334 person/k㎡ Tokyo Nagoya Osaka Kawasaki Yokohama Sendai Chiba Sapporo Hiroshima Fukuoka Kita-kyusyu Kobe Kyoto 47 Prefectures 3,226 Municipalities Major Cities 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 General Information about Japan 2 Change of Population in Japan 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 P o p u l a t i o n Population Distribution 1950 2000 (Projection) (Actual count) 83 million 126 million (Thou. person) (million) (million) Males 65 and over15-64 0-14 Females Males Females 65 and over15-64 0-14 (age) (age) General Information about Japan 3 Net Increase/Decrease of Population Moving in/out of Three Metropolitan Region Tokyo Nagoya Osaka M5 over Earthquakes last 70 years Depth General Information about Japan 4 Administrative Organization in Japan Central Government 47 Prefectures 3,226 Municipalities 672 Cities (12 Designated Cities) 1,987 Towns 567 Villages (as of Mar. 2003) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Local Governments …Approving City Planning depending on local circumstance. Extensive, fundamental City Planning is approved by prefecture Other City Planning is approved by municipalities …Setting standards and system concerning City Planning. M inistry o f Agric ultu re, Fo restry a nd F ishe ry M inistry o f Environmen t
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Authorizing Body of City PlanningCity Planning Law
All4.District Plan
・Local roads other than the left
・Parks and greenery other than the
left
・ Public sewerage with drainage
area covering one municipalities
・National Roads, PrefecturalRoads,
Expressways
・Large-width municipal roads as part of
wide-area networks
・National Parks
・Large-scale parks with extensive
coverage
・Public sewerage with drainage area
covering multiple municipalities
3.Urban Facilities
a.Roads
b.Parksand
greenery
c.Sewerage
・Land Use Zone other than the left
・Other additional zonings such as
Fire Protection District, Height
Control District, Specified Block etc.
・Land Use Zone within important
district included National plans, such as
metropolitan regions
2.Zones and
Districts
All1.Area Division
Approval of the municipality Approval of the prefecture
All4.District Plan
・Local roads other than the left
・Parks and greenery other than the
left
・ Public sewerage with drainage
area covering one municipalities
・National Roads, PrefecturalRoads,
Expressways
・Large-width municipal roads as part of
wide-area networks
・National Parks
・Large-scale parks with extensive
coverage
・Public sewerage with drainage area
covering multiple municipalities
3.Urban Facilities
a.Roads
b.Parksand
greenery
c.Sewerage
・Land Use Zone other than the left
・Other additional zonings such as
Fire Protection District, Height
Control District, Specified Block etc.
・Land Use Zone within important
district included National plans, such as
metropolitan regions
2.Zones and
Districts
All1.Area Division
Approval of the municipality Approval of the prefecture
Concept of Land Use Planning
City Planning Area
Area Div isi on
Urbanization Control Area (UCA)
Urbanization Promotion Area (UPA)
Quasi-City Planning Area
Development is Promoted in UPA
Development is controlled by the Land
Development Permission System in UCA
City Planning Area Area that needs improvement, development and conservation
as a integral part of a city.
・ Population is more than 100,000 people.・ Be applicable to the above within about 10 years.・ Population of the central city area is more than 3,000 people.・ There are tourist resources such as a hot spring.
・ Many buildings were lost due to the disaster, etc.
Master Plan
Improvement, Development and Conservation policy of a CityPlanning Area that is prepared by the prefectural government.
(Contents)
・Object of City Planning (Basic concept of town-making and town image of the area)
・ Area Division and policy on Area Division・Policies on major decisions on City Planning (Land use, improvement of Urban
facilities, Urban redevelopment projects, improvement/preservation of the naturalenvironment)
Area Division
The Area Division, delineation of Urbanization Promotion
Area (UPA) and Urbanization Control Area (UCA), is in
order to prevent urban sprawl and to realize building up
according to a plan.
Urbanization Promotion Area (UPA)・is already urbanized
・should be developed within 10 years.
Urbanization Control Area (UCA)・whose urbanization should be controlled.
・general development activities are
restricted in principle.
Land Use Classificationin City Planning and Agriculture
City Planning Area
Urbanization
Promotion Area
(UPA)
Agricultural Use Promotion Area
Agricultural Land Area with High Quality or Agriculture Infrastructure Implemented Area
(Systems) ○ Mild regulation and induction based on notification and admonition regarding construction of buildings,etc.
○ As to designs and colors of buildings and structures, it is possible to order change by establishing anordinance.
○ Establishment of “public facilities important for landscape,”and special cases under the “MultipurposeUnderground Conduit Law”
○ Regulation, such as on changing the character of agricultural land, strengthening of measures for landpeople stopped cultivating, promotion of forestry business
Landscape Planning AreasLandscape Planning Areas
Landscape DistrictsLandscape Districts
○ Designation of districts for aggressive formation offavorable landscape using city planning methods
○ The first comprehensive regulation on designs,colors, height, lot area, etc., of buildings andstructures
○ Such actions as piling of wastes and changing theland character can also be regulated by establishingan ordinance.
Buildings and treesBuildings and trees
important for landscapeimportant for landscape
LandscapeLandscape
agreementagreementMaking detailed rules onlandscape based onagreement by residents
Landscape formationLandscape formation
organizationsorganizations
The chief of a landscape administrative
organization designatesan NPO
corporation or public-interestc orporation.
Landscape formation organizations
conduct management of buildings and
trees important forlandsc ape, acquisition
of rights to use land that peoplehave
stopped cultivating, and others.
S o f t - a s p e c t s u p p o r t
Landscape councilsLandscape councils
Administration, residents, publicfacility administrators, etc., conductconferences, and make rulesregarding landscape.
(Areas other than city planning areas can also be designated.)
Use of deregulation measures
(City planning)
Collaboration with the Outdoor
Advertising Materials Law
[Image of a cityscape]
[Open caféproject example]
[Image]
[Image of efforts at a shoppingstreet]
[Image of a
completed pocketpark, etc.]
Designation and aggressive protection ofbuildings, structures, and trees important
for landscape
It Is Possible to Choose Regulation and InductionMethods According to Characteristics of Regions
Areas ar e set u p inlandscape planning. Areas ar e set u p inlandscape planning.
Procedures according to city planning in ci ty planning
and semi-city-planning areas, and corresponding
procedures in other areas (semi-landscape districts)
Procedures according to city planning in ci ty planning
and semi-city-planning areas, and corresponding
procedures in other areas (semi-landscape districts)
Aimi ng to cond uct m ild r egulat ionand induction based on notificationand admonition.
Landscape DistrictsIntroduction of a landscape authorizationsystem regarding items requiring discretion,such as forms, colors, and designs ofbuildings, etc.
Securing of numerical items (height ofbuildings, position of wall surface, lowestlimit of lot area) by building constructionauthorization.
It is possible to stipulate regulation on othernecessary items, such as changing landcharacter, by an ordinance, and implement it.
It is possible to order change regardingcertain items stipulated in an ordinance,when necessary.
It is also possibl e to decide separatestandards and actions applicable tonotification, within the region.
Specific standards and actions applicableto notifications are decided by alandscape administrative organization.
Landscape Planning Ar eas
Aimi ng to indu ce for matio n of f avorab le
Landscape rather aggressively.
Public Facilities Important for Landscape
Public facilities important for landscapePublic facilities important for landscape(Paragraph 5 of Sub(Paragraph 5 of Sub--Section 2 of Section 8)Section 2 of Section 8)
Landscape administrativeLandscape administrativeorganizationsorganizations Public facility administratorsPublic facility administrators
(Roads, rivers, city parks, beaches, ports and harbors, etc.) • It is possible to request designation of public
facilities that are important for landscape
(attachment of a draft report) (Section 10)
Planning on respective public facilitiesPlanning on respective public facilities
• Formation and improvement according to
landscape planning (Section 47)
• Special cases of permission (Sections 49
to 54)Permission for exclusive use according to the standardsprovided in landscape planning
Special cases in the MultipurposeSpecial cases in the Multipurpose
Underground Conduit Law concerning RoadsUnderground Conduit Law concerning Roads
Important for Landscape (Section 48)Important for Landscape (Section 48)
When necessary for landscape, it ispossible to designate a road that requires
construction of m ultipurpose underground
conduits.
[Images]
Road
Beach Port
River
Landscape planning based on the Landscape LawLandscape planning based on the Landscape Law
Agreement
Conference
Request
Respect• Items regarding formation
and improvement
• Standards on permission(more stringent prefecturalstandards for permission forexclusive use)
Image of a Region Applicable to Landscape LawBuildings important for landscape
Outside the city planning area
Inside thecity planning
area
Landscapeplanning area
Landscapedistrict
Urbanizationcontrol area(UCA)
Urbanizationpromotionarea (UPA)
Landscapedistrict
Buildings important for landscapeBuildings importantfor landscape
Public facilitiesimportant for
landscape
Treesimportant for
landscape Area planning to
develop a landscapeagriculture
promotion region
Natural park Semi-landscapedistrict
Images of effects by the Landscape Law (City area)
A shopping street can beactivated through pr omoting a senseof
uniformity,r egarding colors of shop windows and awnings,installation of wagons,etc., by establishing a landscape
agreement through initiativeby ther egion.
It becomes possibleto present advertisingmaterials in harmony with the cityscape,
through stipulating installation standards foroutdoor advertising materials in alandscapeplan,and restricting designs and colors.
It is possibleto inducethec reation of buildings that
are in harmony with the surroundings, by restricting
designs, colors, etc.,in alandscape planning areaand a landscape district.
In a landscapedistrict, application of slant linerestriction can beexcluded by stipulating height ofbuildings, wall surface position,etc., enabling formation
of a unified skyline.
Pavement, guardrails,boulevard trees, etc., can bearranged according to landscapeplanning, by
positioning roads as public facilities important forlandscape.
It becomes possible to positivelyprotect buildings that will belandmarksof the region,by positioning buildingsthat are important for forming favorablelandscape, as such buildings.
Street liveliness can be created by using a landscape
council, when installing open cafés,etc., in publicspace.
Huge and garishadvertising materialsthat do not match thecityscape
Buildings whosedesigns and colorsare not unified
Un-unified skyline dueto slant line restriction
Road space without a pleasantfeeling or sense of uniformity
to better understand the causes and countermeasuresto better understand the causes and countermeasures
Risk comparison among the cities Sources of Earthquake Lethality Potential are
diverse in each city.
What Delhi needs to do to reduce its r isk is
different from what San Salvador needs to do.20
PNYPNY PatankaPatanka NewNew--Life ProjectLife ProjectRehabilitation after Gujarat Earthquake of JanuaryRehabilitation after Gujarat Earthquake of January
2001, focusing on non2001, focusing on non--engineered constructionengineered construction
Training
Education
Awareness
Confidence
Partnership with:
EDM, NCPDP,
NGOs Kobe,
NSET-Nepal,
and SEEDS
2001 India
21
Afghanistan Train ing and Afghanistan Train ing and
Livelihood InitiativeLivelihood Initiative
Objectives
To develop guidelines(Persian) for earthquake
safer construction practice To conduct training of
masons and engineers
To recover livelihood
With national governments, Kabul University, SFL, CODE, and NSET
2003 Afghanistan
22
Shake TableShake Table DemonstrationDemonstration
Build People’s confidence/ Simple and effective means,Enhance understanding of performance of simple struct ures,Incorporate people into process of transferring technology
Stone with mud
mortar structure
Comparison of
resistance to
Earthquake
between
Normal vs.
Retrofitted
2001 India
23
2001 India
24
Improvised Shake TableImprovised Shake Table
DemonstrationDemonstration
For reconstruction of Exhibition at WorldConference in Bam, Iran, Nov. 2004 and
World Conference on Disaster Reduction(WCDR) in Kobe, Jan. 2005