January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa 1 New Technologies in Reproduction Donald G. Levis, PhD Ohio Pork Industry Center The Ohio State University 122C Animal Sciences Building Columbus, OH 43210-1095 Telephone: 614 292 1351 Cell: 614 404 7248 E-mail: [email protected]Web site: http://porkinfo.osu.edu
55
Embed
January 28, 2004Iowa Pork Congress Des Moines, Iowa 1 New Technologies in Reproduction Donald G. Levis, PhD Ohio Pork Industry Center The Ohio State University.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
1
New Technologies in Reproduction
Donald G. Levis, PhDOhio Pork Industry CenterThe Ohio State University
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
2
Pork producers definitely need to keep an open mind about
research and new technology!"Everything that can be invented has been invented."
Charles H. Duell, Commissioner, U.S. Office of Patents, 1899.
"There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home."Ken Olson, President, Chairman, and
Founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977.
There are no “silver” bullets to replace excellent management!
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
3
Most important factor to increase reproductive efficiency is PEOPLE
High quality workers are:• Thinkers• Self-motivated• Team players• Problem solvers• Have good observation skills• Have self-confidence• Pay attention to details• Eager to learn
Workers are not robots!
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
4
Instead of making decisions about the value of reproductive technologies on farrowing rate or litter size, base your decision on fecundity index (farrowing rate x litter size) or actual number of pigs produced and economics.
Evaluating Reproductive Technologies
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
5
Try to prevent making erroneous conclusions from:• Testimonials
– How many people broadcast their failures?• Trials with a small number of animals per
treatment• Improperly conducted field trials
– Do you know what an improperly conducted field trial looks like?• Factors known to influence the results are
not controlled (confounded).• Real effects of the treatments are not
known.
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
6
Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters1. Estimate the number of sows to inseminate
per treatment (seek assistance)2. Parity is about the same for both treatments3. Genetics is the same for both treatments4. Inseminate as close as possible an equal
number of sows per day per treatment5. Use the same type of semen for both
treatments (genetics, age, extender, etc.)
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
7
Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued)6. Make sure an equal number of doses of
semen for each type of catheter are stored in the same cooler
7. Make sure the same number of services per sow per type of catheter is used
8. Make sure the same sow is always inseminated with the same type of catheter
9. Make sure the same technician inseminates the same number of sows with each catheter
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
8
Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued)10. Make sure the weaning-to-estrus interval is
the same for each type of catheter11. Make sure the number of recently weaned
sows, late cycling sows, & repeat breeders are the same for each type of catheter
12. Make sure the breeding technician writes the catheter code on the breeding card
13. If possible, collect pertinent data on a weekly basis for individual sows
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
9
Factors to help ensure a true difference is detected between two insemination catheters (continued)14. Prepare a set of instructions to be strictly
followed by breeding technicians15. Educate the people about the purpose and
value of experiment16. Have someone help statistically analyze the
data.
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
10
A lot of field trials have too few of animals per treatment to detect a true difference• Want to detect .2 piglets per litter
difference between two treatments• Standard Deviation is 2.97• Want a 95% probability of detecting
a correct answer• Number of animal per treatment is
753 sows
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
Items Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3Input Cervical Intrauterine IntrauterineAverage number of inseminations/female/estrus (without gilts) 2 2 2Farrowing interval, days 7 7 7Number of farrowing crates per group 54 54 54Estimated average yearly farrowing rate, % 79.20% 75.00% 87.50%Estimated average litter size born live per litter 11.42 10.76 9.58Preweaning death loss, % 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%Cost of each A.I. Catheter, $ $0.17 $0.79 $0.79Time to perform each insemination, minutes 4.00 4.00 4.00Labor cost per hour for inseminators, $ $10.00 $10.00 $10.00Number of sperm cells per dose, billion 3.00 1.50 1.00Volume of dose, mL 100 50 30Cost of semen per dose, $ $6.00 $6.00 $6.00Gilts inseminated per group, % 15.00% 15.00% 15.00%Average number of inseminations/female/estrus (without gilts) 2.00 2.00 2.00Estimated profit per weaned pig, $/head $8.00 $8.00 $8.00
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
12
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3Calculations Cervical Intrauterine IntrauterineNumber of farrowings per year 52.1 52.1 52.1Number of sows inseminated per group 68.2 72.0 61.7Total number of females inseminated per year 3555 3754 3218Total number of females inseminated per year (without gilts) 3022 3191 2735Total number of inseminations per year (without gilts) 6044 6382 5471Total cost of catheters per year, $ $1,027 $5,042 $4,322Total cost of labor per year, $ $4,029 $4,255 $3,647Total cost of semen per year, $ $36,263 $38,294 $32,823Total cost of catheters, labor and semen per year, $ $41,320 $47,591 $40,792Total number of pigs weaned per year 28,940 27,267 24,277Total profit from pigs $231,519 $218,139 $194,217Net profit (total profit - catheter, labor and semen), $ $190,200 $170,548 $153,425Difference: Scenario 1 - Scenario 2 $19,651Difference: Scenario 1 - Scenario 3 $36,775Difference: Scenario 2 - Scenario 3 $17,124
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
13
Problem – Results of research trials can change over time
65
70
75
80
85
90
A B C - A B C - A B C
Extender
Far
row
ing
rate
, %
Jun – Dec 1998 Jan – Jun 1999Jan – Jun 1998
x
yx
xx
y
xx
x
About 1,000 matings for each extender during each time period
xy within time period (P < .05)
W. L. Flowers, 2001
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
14
Are there “new” technologies in swine reproduction that can now be used economically by commercial pork producers?• Estrous synchronization of cyclic gilts - Yes• Estrous detection procedures - Maybe• Artificial insemination procedures – Maybe• Reducing sperm numbers - Maybe• Sexing of boar semen – No• Embryo transfer - No• Cloning - No
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
15
Intra-Uterine Insemination
• Intra-uterine “body” insemination (IUBI)
• Deep intra-uterine “horn” insemination (DIUHI)
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
16
Suggested beneficial aspects of intra-uterine body AI:
• Less back-flow
• Fewer sperm cells per dose
• Smaller volume required
• Less time needed to inseminate
• Less boars will be needed to produce sperm cells
• Genetic cost will be lower?
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
17
Uterus is hostile to sperm
Traditionalplacement of sperm cells
Intra-uterinebody placement of sperm cells
PhagocytosisMassive influx of polymorphonuclearleucocytes at 30 minutes to 3 hours after spermatozoa enter uterine horn
Site of fertilization
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
18
8 inches
Uterinebody
Goldenpig
DeepGoldenpig
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
19
947 999 996
592
1001 993
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
One Two Three
Sperm cells per dose, billion
Fec
undi
ty in
dex
IUBI (80 mL) Cervical (80 mL)
Fecundity index of sows inseminated with a cervical or IUB catheter
2 pigs 3 pigs355 pigs
Watson and Behan, IMV Swine News Bulletin, August 2001
N=19 N=76N=112
FR, 92.5LS, 10.8
FR, 90.5LS, 11.0
FR, 91.8LS, 10.9
FR, 86.9LS, 10.9
FR, 91.1LS, 10.9
FR, 65.8LS, 9.0
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
20
Influence of semen cost on net profit
Method of AI
Sperm cells per dose, billion
Cost of semen per dose
$6.00 $5.50 $5.00
Estimated yearly net profit
IUBI One $333,155 $338,255 $343,356
Cervical Two $343,202
Cervical Three $342,644Farrowing rate: 1 B = 86.9%; 2 B = 91.8%; 3 B = 91.1%Litter size is 10.9 for all cases.Weekly farrowing, 100 farrowing crates per week, 10% preweaningdeath loss, 4 min per insemination, $10 per hr of labor, 15% of group is gilts, 2 inseminations per estrus, over-breed
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
29
Litter size born alive by type of catheterCervical catheter = 10.7 pigs per litter; Parity = 3.97 ± 1.65Absolute catheter = 11.9 pigs per litter; Parity = 4.35 ± 1.54
10.411.4
10.1 10.3 10.1 10.5
14.5
12.1
14.1
10.1 10.111.2
02468
10121416
2 3 4 5 6 7
Parity
Nu
mb
er o
f p
igs/
litte
r
Cervical catheter Absolute catheter
718N =
4 14 6 7 8N =14 9 8 515
Swine Vet Center, Dec. 30, 2003.
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa
30
Farrowing rate by type of catheterItem Number bred Farrowing rate,
%
Cervical catheter
~ 80 80%
Absolute catheter
~ 50 94%
What is the exact number of sows bred? 67 farrowed with cervical catheter 48 farrowed with absolute catheterWhat is the actual farrowing rate?
January 28, 2004 Iowa Pork CongressDes Moines, Iowa