January 16, 2007 January 16, 2007 1 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Apps Mobile Networking & Communication Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Infrastructures Lecture 2 Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
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January 16, 20071 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin,
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Mobile Networking & Communication Mobile Networking & Communication InfrastructuresInfrastructures
Lecture 2Lecture 2
Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering TechnologyElectrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Indiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneIndiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 22
Mobile Networking & Communication Mobile Networking & Communication InfrastructuresInfrastructures
Wireless Mobile Networking: An IntroductionWireless Mobile Networking: An Introduction• Infrastructure Network TopologyInfrastructure Network Topology• Ad Hoc Network Topology Ad Hoc Network Topology
Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures• 1G1G• 2G2G• 2.5G2.5G• 3G3G• Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)
Device ManagementDevice Management
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Cellular Phone SystemCellular Phone System
Base Station Mobile
Station
Mobile Switching
Center
Public Switched
Telephone Network
Base Station
Cell Phone
List of Mobile Network Operators, List of Mobile Network Operators, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators
Wireless Mobile Networking Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)(cont.)
Ad Hoc Network Ad Hoc Network Topology Topology • Single-Hop Peer-to-Single-Hop Peer-to-
PeerPeer• Multi-hop Ad Hoc Multi-hop Ad Hoc
NetworkNetwork
Single Hop Peer-to-Peer Topology
Multi-hop Ad Hoc Topology
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Wireless Mobile Networking Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)(cont.)
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols • RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626• RFC3684RFC3684
MANET Internet Drafts, MANET Internet Drafts, http://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.htmlhttp://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.html, ,
http://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.htmlhttp://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.html National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects, National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects,
Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures
• 1G Analog FM1G Analog FM• 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)Multiple Access)• 2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-
switched connectionswitched connection GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data
packet service on GSM network) packet service on GSM network) EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384 EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384
The Mobile Telephone SystemThe Mobile Telephone System 1 1 G Mobile PhoneG Mobile Phone
• Analog voiceAnalog voice 2 Generation Mobile Phone2 Generation Mobile Phone 2.5 G2.5 G 3 G3 G Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,
11stst Generation Cellular Phone System Generation Cellular Phone System
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)• Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982• Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)• ISM 800-MHz bandISM 800-MHz band
Base Station Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 MHz: 25 channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz band)
Base Station Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 MHz: 25 channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz band)
Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz)Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz) Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signalControl Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal
• No of ChannelsNo of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for
voicevoice Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor
• Reuse factor 7Reuse factor 7• 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell
In England – TACSIn England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1In Japan – MCS-L1
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11stst Generation Cellular Phone System Generation Cellular Phone System
Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982• Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)• ISM 800-MHz bandISM 800-MHz band
Base Station Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz: 25 MHz band)
Base Station Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz: 25 MHz band)
Voice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulationVoice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulation Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signalControl Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal
• No of ChannelsNo of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395
channels for voicechannels for voice Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor
• Reuse factor 7Reuse factor 7• 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell
In England – TACSIn England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1In Japan – MCS-L1
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22ndnd Generation Cellular Telephone System Generation Cellular Telephone System D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)
• IS-136IS-136• TDMA-FDMATDMA-FDMA
GMS (Global System for Mobile GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication)Communication)• TDMA-FDMATDMA-FDMA
Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System (D-AMTS)(D-AMTS)
Cells – geographic regionsCells – geographic regions AMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km acrossAMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km across D-AMPS Cells – SmallerD-AMPS Cells – Smaller Each cell uses some set of frequencies Each cell uses some set of frequencies
not used by any of its neighborsnot used by any of its neighbors
• Backward compatible with AMPS: FDMABackward compatible with AMPS: FDMA• IS-54 (Interim standard 54)IS-54 (Interim standard 54)• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136
Added to each sub-bandAdded to each sub-band Triple the no. of channels Triple the no. of channels
• ISM 800 MHz bandISM 800 MHz band• 824-849 MHz range: Base station 824-849 MHz range: Base station → Cellular phone → Cellular phone
(forward channels)(forward channels)• 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station
(reverse channels)(reverse channels)
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D-AMPS D-AMPS (continue)(continue)
Voice Signal DigitizationVoice Signal Digitization• Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and
compressioncompression• 3 kHz 3 kHz → PCM Digitized →→ PCM Digitized →7.95 kbps digital 7.95 kbps digital
voice channelvoice channel TDMATDMA
• 1 slot – 7.95 kbps1 slot – 7.95 kbps• 3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps• Combined using TDMACombined using TDMA• TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]
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D-AMPS D-AMPS (continue)(continue) Digitized Voice Signal TransmissionDigitized Voice Signal Transmission
• 25 frames per second25 frames per second• 1944 bits per frame1944 bits per frame• Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6 Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6
slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]1 2 3]
• Each channel: 2 slotsEach channel: 2 slots• 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits
control, 101-bits for error correctioncontrol, 101-bits for error correction QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying) QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying)
• 48.6 kbps 48.6 kbps → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog signalsignal
FDMA FDMA • 25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal
Reuse Factor 7Reuse Factor 7
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GMSGMS GMS (Global System for Mobile GMS (Global System for Mobile
Communication)Communication)• Digital mobile telephony system launched in Digital mobile telephony system launched in
Finland in 1991Finland in 1991• TDMA, Digitize and compress dataTDMA, Digitize and compress data• 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band• SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)• Capture 82.4% of all global mobile connectionCapture 82.4% of all global mobile connection• Widely used in Europe and Asia Widely used in Europe and Asia
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GMS GMS (continue)(continue)
BandsBands• 25 MHz band25 MHz band• 124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands
and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, Springer, Springer, http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q456568245556/http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q456568245556/
Bands and ChannelsBands and Channels• Duplex using two bandsDuplex using two bands• ISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHzISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHz• 20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands• 10 channels for each provider10 channels for each provider• Can be used in parallel with AMPSCan be used in parallel with AMPS• 1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)
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IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA (cont.)(cont.) Base Channel SynchronizationBase Channel Synchronization
• Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System)Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System) Forward Transmission (base to mobile)Forward Transmission (base to mobile)
19.2 kbps19.2 kbps• Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) + Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) +
2242 42 pseudo random chip pseudo random chip → Decimator (1 out of 64 bits)→ Decimator (1 out of 64 bits)• 64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA• 1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps• QPSK → 1.228 MHzQPSK → 1.228 MHz• 25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA• Channel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit syncChannel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit sync• Ch 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devicesCh 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devices• Ch 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channelsCh 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channels• Ch 32: give info about the system Ch 32: give info about the system
94 Channels94 Channels 62 Traffic channels 62 Traffic channels 32 Base station access control channels32 Base station access control channels 1.28 Mcps 1.28 Mcps → QPSK → 1.228 MHz→ QPSK → 1.228 MHz
• FDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHzFDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHz
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IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA (cont.)(cont.)
Two Data Rate SetsTwo Data Rate Sets Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor
• Interference from neighboring cells Interference from neighboring cells • Reuse factor 1Reuse factor 1
Soft HandoffSoft Handoff• Every base station Every base station → Pilot channel broadcast→ Pilot channel broadcast• Enable a mobile station to do a soft handoffEnable a mobile station to do a soft handoff
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Signal Modulation TechniquesSignal Modulation Techniques Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures
• 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of 1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols
Data In Data In → Gaussian Filter → FM modulator→ Gaussian Filter → FM modulator Adopted by GMSAdopted by GMS
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Signal Modulation Techniques Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)(cont.)
• 01 - (cos201 - (cos2ππ f fcc t + 135º) t + 135º)
• 00 – (cos200 – (cos2ππ f fcc t + 225º) or (cos2 t + 225º) or (cos2ππ f fcc t -135º) t -135º)
• 11 - (cos211 - (cos2ππ f fcc t + 315º) or (cos2 t + 315º) or (cos2ππ f fcc t - 45º) t - 45º)
1101
00 10
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Signal Modulation Techniques Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)(cont.)
• ππ/4-QPSK – adopted /4-QPSK – adopted by the North American by the North American TDMA digital cellular TDMA digital cellular standard, IS-136standard, IS-136
• Two identical Two identical constellation – rotated constellation – rotated by 45º or by 45º or ππ/4 radians/4 radians
1101
00 10
11
01
00
10
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Frequency Reuse Factor 4Frequency Reuse Factor 4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
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Frequency Reuse Factor 7Frequency Reuse Factor 7
6
7
5
1
2
3
4
6
7
5
1
2
3
4
6
7
5
1
2
3
4
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SIMO and MIMO ChannelsSIMO and MIMO Channels
SIMO (Single Input SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Radio Multiple Output) Radio ChannelChannel• Complex receiver with Complex receiver with
adaptive smart antenna adaptive smart antenna with M antenna elements with M antenna elements
MIMO (Multiple Input MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Radio Multiple Output) Radio ChannelChannel• N mobile antenna elementsN mobile antenna elements• M base station antenna M base station antenna
elementselements
Base Station
Mobile Station
Mobile Switching
Center
Public Switched
Telephone Network
M AntennaElements
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3rd Generation Technologies 3rd Generation Technologies A Combination of TechnologiesA Combination of Technologies
• Audio and VideoAudio and Video• VoIPVoIP• Still & Moving ImagesStill & Moving Images• Digital DataDigital Data• UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service)UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service)
Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Internet SurfingInternet Surfing
Video telephony, Video conferencingVideo telephony, Video conferencing
144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle 384 kbps for access as the user walks384 kbps for access as the user walks 2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home)2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home)
• Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data servicesservices
• 2 GHz band2 GHz band• 2 MHz Bandwidth2 MHz Bandwidth• Interface to InternetInterface to Internet
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3rd Generation Technologies 3rd Generation Technologies IMT-2000 Radio InterfaceIMT-2000 Radio Interface
• IMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMAIMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMA Wideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMAWideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMA Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95
• IMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMAIMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMA CDMA 2000CDMA 2000 New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band