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JAERI-M—93-160

JP9312111

J A E R I - M 93-160

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOPS ON

THE UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON BEAMS

July 9 and 13, 1992, Bangkok and Jakarta

September 1993

(Ed.) Shoichi SATO

B * R ^ * W * M Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

JAERI-M

93-160

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOPS ON

THE UTILlZATION OF ELECTRON BEAMS

July 9 and 13. 1992. Bangkok and Jakarta

September 1993

(Ed.) Shoichi SA TO

日本原子力研究所

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

JAERI-~1-93-160

JP9312111

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JAI-.RI-M reports are issued irregularly. Inquiries about availability of the reports should be addressed to Information Division

Department of Technical Information, Japan Atomic Hnergy Research Institute. Tckai-mura. Naka-gun. Ibaraki-ken 319-1 1, Japan.

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Inquiries about availability of the reports should be addresseJ 10 Information Division

Department of Technical Information. Japan Atomk Energy Research InstIlute. TGkai・

mura. Naka.gun. Ibaraki・ken319-1 1. Japan.

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JAERI-M 93-160

Proceedings of the Workshops on the Utilization of Electron Beams July 9 and 13, 1992, Bangkok and Jakarta

(Ed.) Shoichi SATO

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Watanuki-cho, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken

(Received July 20, 1993)

Workshops organized by JAERI in cooperation with OAEP, BATAN and JAIF on the utilization of electron beam (EB) were held in Bangkok and Jakarta on 9 and 13 July 1992, respectively. The proceedings contain 13 papers presented at the Workshops. Welcome remarks, opening address and closing remarks are also recorded. At the first part of the Workshops, general view on the application of electron accelerators and introduction of electron accelerators v<=re made. Potential applications of electron accelerators to polymer processing, sterilization of medical products, flue gas purification, treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge and bio-resources were introduced from Japanese participants. Potential application of electron accelerators to polymer processing and food irradiation in Thailand and Indonesia were also discussed.

Keywords: Electron Accelerator, Electron Beam, Industrial Application, Polymer, Curing, Economical Aspects, Food Irradiation, Flue Gas, Wastewater, Sludge, Bioresources, Sterilization

JAERI-M 93-160

Proceedings of the Workshops on the Utilization of Electron Beams

July 9 and 13， 1992， B~ngkok and Jakarta

(Ed.) Shoichi SATO

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment


Watanuki-cho， Takasaki-shi， Gunma-ken

(Received July 20， 1993)

Workshops organized by JAERI in cooperation with OAEP， BATAN and

JAIF on the utilization of electron beam (EB) were held in Bangkok and

Jakarta on 9 and 13 July 1992， respectively. The proceedings contain 13

papers presented at the Workshops. Welcome remarks. opening address and

closing remarks are also recorded. At the first part of the Workshops，

general view on the application of electron accelerators and introduction

of electron accelerators '"・~re made. Potential applications of electron

accelerators to polymer processing. sterilization of medical products，

flue gas purification， treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge and bio-

resources were introduced from Japanese participants. Potential applica-

tion of electron accelerators to polymer processing and food irradiation

in Thai1and and lndonesia were a1so discussed.

Keywords: Electron Accelerator， Electron Beam， Industrial Application，

Polymer， Curing， Economical Aspects， Food lrradiation， Flue

Gas. Wastewater. Sludge. Bioresources. Sterilization

JAERI-M 93-160

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JAERI-M 93-160

電子線の利用に関するワークショップ論文集

1992年7月9. 13日バンコク.ジャカルタ

日本原子力研究所高崎研究所

(編)佐藤章一

(1993年7月20日受理)

電子線の利用に関するワークショップが，原研とタイ原子力庁 COAEP).インドネシア原子

力序 (BATA~) ならびに日本原子力産業会議の協力のもとに，バンコクで平成4 年 7 月 9 日お

よびジャカルタで13日に開催されたc 本論文集はワークショップにおいて発表された13の論文を収

録したものであるc さらに，開会の挨拶，閉会の辞なども併せて収録した。ワークショップの最初

の部分では電子加速器利用の概要，電子加速器の紹介が行われた。さらに，高分子工業への電子加

速器の利用，医療用具の減殺菌，排ガスの浄化，廃水ならびに汚泥の処理，および生物資源への電

子線の利用が述べられたc また，タイならびにインドネシアにおける高分子工業や食品照射への電

子加速器の利用の可能↑生についても議論された。

高崎研究所:干370-12 群馬県高崎市綿貫町 1233

"

JAERI-M 93-160

EDITORS

Chief Editor

Shoichi Sato Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

Editors

Jindarom Chvajarernpun Of f i ce of Atomic Energy f o r Peace ,

Tha i land

Mirzan T. Razzak N a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency,

I ndones i a

Shoji Hashimoto Japan Atomic Energy Research

I n s t i t u t e

Tamikazu Kume Japan Atomic Energy Research

I n s t i t u t e

«/|V

]AERI-M 93ー160

EDITORS

Chief Editor

Shoichi Sato Japan Atomic Energy Research

Insti七ute

Editors

Jindarom Chvajarernpun Office of A七omicEnergy for Peace，

Thailand

Mirzan T. Razzak National Atomic Energy Agency，

工ndonesia

Shoji Hashimoto Japan Atomic Energy Research

工nsti七ute

Tamikazu Kume Japan Atomic Energy Research

工ns七i七ute

JUV

Jffrz

JAERI-M 93-160

PREFACE

The Workshops on the utilization of electron beam (EB), organized by JAERI in cooperation with OAEP, SATAN and JAIF, were held in Thailand and Indonesia on 9 and 13 July 1992, respectively following to the First Workshops in 1990.

Dr. S Sato, Dr. W. Kawakami, Dr. K. Makuuchi, Dr. S. Hashimoto and Dr. T. Kume of JAERI, Mr. S. Takahashi of JAIF, Mr. K. Tomita and Dr. M. Takehisa of Radia Ind. Co. Ltd., Dr. Y. Sasaki of Yazaki Co., Mr. A. Kuroyanagi of Nisshin Electric Co. Ltd., Mr. M. Suzuki of Nisshin-High Voltage Co. Ltd. and Mr. T. Doi of NKK Corporation participated from Japan.

The Workshop in Thailand entitled "Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators" was held in the Central Plaza Hotel, Bangkok. About 140 persons participated from OAEP and other government offices, universities and companies. It was mentioned from Mr. Suchat Mongkolpantha that the information exchange through the cooperation between Thailand and Japan is very meaningful to promote research and development in Thailand and potential for the application of electron accelerators in Thailand were discussed.

The Workshop in Indonesia entitled "Second Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators" was held in the

V

JAERI-M 93-160

PREFACE

The Workshops on the u七三lizationof electron beam (EB)，

organized by JAER工 in cooperation with OAEP， BATAN and JAIF，

were held in Thailand and Indonesia on 9 and 13 July 1992，

respec七ivelyfollowing to七heFirs七 Workshopsin 1990.

Dr. S Sato， Dr. W. KawaKami， Dr. K. Makuuchi， Dr. S.

Hashimoto and Dr. T. Kume of JAERI， Mr. S. Takahashi of JAIF， Mr.

K. Tomita and Dr. M. Takehisa of Radia Ind. Co. Ltd.， Dr. Y.

Sasaki of Yazaki Co.， Mr. A. Kuroyanagi of Nisshin Electric Co.

L七d.，Mr. M. Suzuki of Nisshin-High Voltage Co. Ltd. and Mr. T.

Doi of NKK Corporation par七icipa七edfrom Japan.

The Workshop in Thailand entitled "Workshop on Industrial

U七ilizationof Electron Accelerators" was held in the Central

P1aza Ho七e工， Bangkok. Abou七 140persons participated from OAEP

and other governmen七 offices，universities and companies. 1七

was men七ioned from Mr. Sucha七 Mongkolpan七ha七ha七七heinformation

exchange through the coopera七ionbetween Thailand and Japan is

very meaningful to promote research and deve10pment in Thailand

and poten七ial for七heapp1ica七ionof electron acce1erators in

Thailand were discussed.

The Workshop in 工ndonesiaentitled "Second Workshop on

工ndus七rialU七ilizationof Elec七ronAccelerators" was he1d in the

V

JAERI-M 93-160

Hotel Indonesia, Jakarta. About 90 persons participated from BATAN and other government offices, universities and companies. It was mentioned from Dr. Nazir Abdulla that National Atomic Energy Agency concerns very much with the radiation technology into industrial line in Indonesia and BATAN going to built an EB machine with a medium energy of 2 MeV. A low energy electron accelerator was already installed in Indonesia and strong interest was shown from many participants. Many questions and discussions were made about the possibility of the utilization of electron accelerators in Indonesia.

S. Sato Editor in Chief

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment JAERI

VI

]AERI-M 93-160

Hote1 工ndonesia，Jakarta. About 90 persons participated from

BATAN and other government offices， universities and companies.

工七 was mentioned from Dr. Nazir Abdu11a that Na七iona1 Atomic

Energy Agency concerns very much with the radiation technology

into industria1 1ine in Indonesia and BATAN going to built an EB

machine wi七h a medium energy of 2 MeV. A low energy electron

acce1erator was a1ready ins七a11ed in 工ndonesia and s七rong

interes七 wasshown from many participants. Many questions and

discussions were made abou七 thepossibi1i七Yof the u七ilizationof

e1ectron acce1era七orsin Indonesia.

S. Sato

Editor in Chief

Takasaki Radiation Chemis七ryResearch Es七ablishment

JAER工

VI

JAKK1 M 93 160

g * S « # > ? J Photo. 1 Registration at the Central Plaza Hotel, Bangkok

Photo. 2 Secretary-General of OAEP delivering his welcome remarks

Photo. 3 A view of workshop participants in Thailand

VII

Ji¥EI{1 :-'1 93 160

Photo. 1 Registration at the Central Plaza Hotel， Bangkok

Photo. 2 Secretary-General of OAEP delivering his welcome remarks

Photo. 3 A view of workshop participants in Thailand

VII

JAKKI M 93 160

k >

Photo. 4 A snapshot at lunch break

Photo. 5 An interview for TV news program

Photo. 6 Director Generals of BATAN and TRCRE jointly opening the Workshop

J:\EI~I ¥1 93 160

Photo. 4 A snapshot at lunch break

Photo. 5 An interview for TV news program

Photo. 6 Director Generals of BATAN and TRCRE

jointly opening the Workshop

VIII

JAICKI M 93 160

Photc. 7 A staff of BATAN delivering the Organization Committee Report

Photo. 8 A view of Workshop participants in Indonesia

Photo. 9 Discussions during coffee break

IX l>

j:\ EI~1 ¥1 93 160

Photc. 7 A staff of BATAN delivering the Organization Committee Report

Photo. 8 A view of Workshop participants in Indonesia

Photo. 9 Discussions durtng coffee break

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JI1111

VA

JAERI-M 93-160

Con ten t s

1. Opening 1

1.1 Welcome Remarks 3 Suchat Mongkolphantha, Secretary-General of OAEP

1.2 Welcome Remarks 6 Nazir Abdullah, Acting Director General of BATAN

1.3 Opening Address 10 S. Sato, Director General of TRCRE, JAERI

1.4 Opening Remark 12 M. Takehisa, Executive Director of Radia Ind. Co. Ltd.

1.5 Organization Committee Report 15 Mirzan T. Razzak, CAIR, BATAN

1.6 Progress and Development of EB-irradiation in Japan 18 Y. Sasaki, Advisor of Yazaki Co., JAIF Representative

2. Presented Papers 21 2.1 General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization 23

S. Sato 2.2 Introduction to Industrial Electron Accelerators 24

M. Suzuki 2.3 Economical Aspects of Industrial Electron Accelerators ..... 41

T. Doi 2.4 Polymer Processing with Electron Accelerators 60

K. Makuuchi 2.5 Potential Application of Electron Accelerators in Thailand . 61

C. Siri-Upathum 2.6 Food Irradiation with Electron Accelerators 70

C. Banditsing 2.7 EB Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge 81

S. Hashimoto 2.8 Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators 95

W. Kawakami 2.9 Potential Industrial Application of Electron Accelerators

in Indonesia 108 Mirzan T. Razzak

2.10 Progress in Electron Beam Curing in Indonesia 118 F. Sundardi

XI

JAERI -M 93-160

Contents

1. Opening 1

1.1 Welcome Remarks •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3

Suchat Mongkolphantha， Secretary-General of OAEP

1.2 Welcome Remarks •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6

Nazir Abdullah. Acting Director General of BATAN

1.3 Opening Address •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10

S. Sato， Director General of TRCRE. JAERI

1.4 Opening Remark ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12

M. Takehisa， Executive Director of Radia Ind. Co. Ltd.

1.5 Organization Committee Report •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15

Mirzan T. Razzak， CAIR. BATAN

1.6 Progress and Development of EB-irradiation in Japan •••••••• 18

Y. Sasaki. Advisor of Yazaki Co.， JAIF Representative

2. Presented Papers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21

2.1 General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization

S. Sato

2.2 Introduction to 1ηdustrial Electron Accelerators

M. Suzuki

23

24

2.3 Economical Aspects of lndustrial Electron Accelerators 41

T. Doi

2.4 Polymer Processing with Electron Accelerators •••••••••••••• 60

K. Makuuchi

2.5 Potential Application of Electron Accelerators in Thailand 61

C. Siri-Upathum

2.6 Food lrradiation with Electron Accelerators •••••••••••••••• 70

C. Banditsing

2.7 EB Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge ••••••••••••••• 81

S. Hashimoto

2.8 Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators ••••••••••• 95

W. Kawakami

2.9 Potential Industrial Applicntion of Electron Accelerators

in lndonesia ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 108

Mirzan T. Razzak

2.10 Progress in Electron Beam Curing i.n lndonesia •••••••••••••• 118

F. Sundardi

XI

JAERI-M 93-160

2.11 Sterilization with Electron Accelerators 132 M. Takehisa

2.12 The Possibility of using Electron Beam Machine for Food Preservation in Indonesia 143

Nazly Hilmy 2.13 Application of Electron Accelerators to Bio-Resources 152

T. Kume 3. Closing , 165 3.1 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop 167

Suchat Mongkolphantha, Secretary-General of OAEP 3.2 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop 169

Nazly Hilmy, Director of CAIR

Supplement 1. Agenda (1): Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators 173

Supplement 2. Agenda (2): Second Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators 175

Supplement 3. List of Participants 177

XII

JAERI-M 93-160

2.11 Sterilization with Electron Accelerators

M. Takehisa

2.12 The Possibility of using Electron Beam Machine for Food

132

Preservation in lndonesia •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 143

Nazly Hilmy

2.13 Application of Electron Accelerators to Bio-Reoources •••••• 152

τ. Kume

3. Closing ...........~.......................~................... 165

3.1 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop ••••••••••••••• 167

Suchat Mongkolphantha， Secretary-General of OAEP

3.2 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop ••••••••••••••• 169

Nazly Hilmy， Director of CAIR

Supplement 1. Agenda (1): Workshop on Industrial Utilization of

Electron Accelerators ••••••••••••••••••• 173

Supplement 2. Agenda (2): Second Workshop on Industrial Utilization

of Electron Accelerators •••••••••••••••• 175

Supplemenc 3. List of Participants •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 177

XII

JAERI-M 93-160

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2.5 ^^fcfcjtsm^n^^lijfflo^gtt 61 C. Siri-Upathum

2.6 n?mm&K&z,'k3MM 70 C. Banditsing

2.7 ^ T K ^ ^ W - T ^ ^ i E o m i ^ ^ S 81 ^*BSD

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2.9 ^>K^->Ticfctt-5mâi*^©Xli?iJfflOprtl& 108 Mirzan T. Razzak

xni

]AERI-M 93-160

目次

L 開会 ....・H ・-…・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ l

1. 1 歓迎の辞 ....・H ・.....・H ・....・H ・-…....・H ・........・H ・...・H ・..……....・H ・-……・…・….....・H ・... 3

タイ原子力庁長官， Suchat Mongkolphantha

1.2 歓迎の辞・…H ・H ・...・H ・.....・H ・...・H ・.........・H ・...・H ・-…・…・……....・H ・-…...・H ・....・H ・... 6

インドネシア原子力庁長官代理， ~azir Abdullah

1.3 開会の辞・・H ・H ・......・H ・..……………H ・H ・-……………...・H ・.....・H ・......・H ・.......・H ・..…・ 10

日本原子力研究所高崎研究所長，佐藤章一

1.4 開会の辞 ...・H ・・H ・H ・......・H ・..…...・H ・H ・H ・"…...・H ・..…………...・H ・..…...・H ・"……… 12

ラジエ工業専務取締役，武久正昭

1.5 組織委員会報告・H ・ H・-…....・H ・....・..，….....・H ・....….~..........・H ・.....・H ・-……-…・・H ・H ・.... 15

インドネシア原子力庁， Mirzan T. Razzak

1. 6 日本における電子線照射の進歩と発展 …....・H ・....…....・H ・....・H ・....・H ・....・H ・....・H ・ 18

矢崎総業(株)顧問，佐々木泰一

2. 発表論文 ....・H ・....・H ・...・H ・.....・H ・....・H ・-…・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 21

2. 1 電子加速器利用の概要 ....・H ・....・H ・-…・・H ・H ・.....・H ・…....・H ・-…....・H ・....・H ・....・H ・-…. 23

佐藤章一

2.2 工業用電子加速器の紹介・H ・H ・..…...・H ・..…....・H ・....・H ・...・H ・..…...・H ・.....・H ・......・H ・. 24

鈴木光顕

2.3 工業用電子加速器の経済性 ….，.・H ・......・H ・......・H ・...・H ・...・H ・....・H ・.......・H ・.....・H ・..... 41

土井猛

2.4 電子加速器による高分子加工 …...・H ・......・H ・H ・H ・.....・H ・H ・H ・.....・H ・......・H ・H ・H ・...・H ・60

幕内恵三

2.5 タイにおける電子加速器利用の可能性 ...・H ・......・H ・.......・H ・-…H ・H ・....・H ・...・H ・..….. 61

C. S i r i -Upathum

2.6 電子加速器による食品照射 ...・H ・H ・H ・..…・・H ・H ・.......・H ・......・H ・...………...・H ・.....・H ・.. 70

C. Banditsing

2. 7 廃水ならびに下水汚泥の電子線処理 ...・H ・.....・H ・.....・H ・...・H ・H ・H ・..…...・H ・.....・H ・.... 81

橋本昭司

2.8 電子加速器による排ガスの浄化 …...・H ・.....・H ・.....・H ・..…....・H ・.....・H ・...…...・H ・..…・ 95

川上和市郎

2.9 インドネシアにおける電子加速器の工業利用の可能性・H ・H ・H ・H ・-…....・H ・...・H ・H ・H ・.108

Mi rzan T. Razzak

XIII

JAER1-M 93-160

2.10 -f ^ K ^ v T S C f c t f S S ^ ^ T ' / v r O i t ^ 118

F. Sundardi 2.11 e?/DiSSgrcJ:£BS 132

rnxsm 2.12 -f>K*->7i=fc«t*ftaiH«^©*:Fai«g*"jfflORrsitt 143

\azly Hilmy 2.13 ^mnM^-om^mmônm 152

3. fflg 165 3.1 1-?> a •;?£)£ t#>tffl&<Dm 167

9 4 Wrf-fl?rWU, Suchat Mongkolphantha 3.2 7-*:>3-y7°©££a6£P^£©S$ 169

Y y VZ-sTrnttfrCAl RH^S , Nazly Hilmy

m&nni ?Jic&ifzniFi]a&$52:m$mr7-?->3v-7y'ny?i* 173 SSfiftm 4 > V*i/Tizlsttsn¥1^&J3lffimnz®'7-J' * a ?7 175

7°nr5A «j£«*43 7 - i " > 3 - y ^ # j n # ' ; x h 177

XIV

JAERI-M 93-}印

2.10 インドネシアにおける電子線キュアリングの進歩 ...・H ・.....・H ・.，……………………… 118

F. Sundardi

2.11 電子加速器による滅菌 '"・H ・.....・H ・....・H ・...・H ・..……H ・H ・...・H ・H ・H ・..………...・H ・..… 132

武久正昭

2.12 インドネシアにおける食品照射への電子加速器利用の可能性 ………………………… 143

Nazly Hilmy

2.13 生物資源への電子加速器の利用 …...・H ・..…...・H ・..…...・H ・H ・H ・..……・H ・H ・...・H ・..…..152

久米民和

3. 閉会 …....・H ・....・H ・.....・H ・-…....・H ・....・H ・...・H ・.....・H ・........・H ・....・H ・・・H ・H ・....・H ・....・H ・...165

3. 1 ワークショップのまとめと閉会の辞 H ・H ・...・H ・..…...・H ・.....・H ・.....・H ・..……………… 167

タイ原子力庁長官.Suchat Mongkolphantha

3.2 ワークショップのまとめと閉会の辞 …...・H ・..…...・H ・..…………...・H ・.....・H ・......・H ・.169

インドネシア原子力庁CAIR所長.Nazly Hilmy

補足資料 1 タイにおける電子加速器工業利用ワークショッププログラム ……...・H ・..……… 173

補足資料2 インドネシアにおける電子加速器工業利用第2回ワークショップ・H ・H ・.....・H ・..175

プログラム

補足資料3 ワークショップ参加者リスト ...・H ・..…...・H ・..…...・H ・......・H ・.....・H ・H ・H ・......・H ・..177

XIV

file:///azly

JAERI-M 93-160

1. OPENING

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]AERI-M 93-160

1.0PENING

JAERI-M 93-160

1.1. Welcome Remarks

Suchat Mongkolphantha

Secretary-General Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Thailand

Dr. Sato, Dr. Sasaki, Honored Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

The Government of Thailand has indeed good reason to welcome the holding of this Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators. Before I go any further, please let me extend a warm welcome to those who come a long way to join us here, the distinguished group of experts and scientists as well as decision makers from the governmental institutes and private sectors from Japan. I also wish to welcome all of distinguished participants, who are present here to assess and exchange views on electron accelerator utilization and its future direction.

As for Thailand has given high priority to industrial development. Emphasis is placed on study and research of modern and advance technologies to achieve considerably impressive industrial growth. The utilization of electron accelerators.

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]AERI-M 93-160


SuchatA1ongkolphantha

Secretary-General

Office of A七omicEnergy for Peace， Thailand

Dr. Sato，

Dr. Sasaki，

Honored Guests，

Ladies and Gentlemen，

The Government of Thailand has indeed good reason七owelcome

the holding of 七his Workshop on Indus七rial Utiliza七ion of

E工ec七ronAccelerators. Before 1 go any further， p工easelet me

extend a warm welcome to those who come a long way七o join us

here，七hedis七inguishedgroup of exper七s and scien七istsas well

as decision makers from the governmental institutes and private

sectors from Japan. 工 a工sowish to welcome all of distinguished

par七icipants，who are present here to assess and exchange views

on electron accelerator utilization and i七s fu七uredirec七ion.

As for Thailand has given high priori七y 七o industrial

developmen七 Emphasisis placed on study and research of modern

and advance 七echnologies to achieve considerably impressive

industrial growth. The u七ilizationof elec七ronaccelera七ors，

。d

JAERI-M 93-160

which has been developed and proven beneficial in the developed countries, has been introduced into Thailand and generally accepted for its importance to the development in a wide range of industries, namely plastic products, radiation curing of surface coating, radiation cross-linking of wires and cables, sterilization of medical products, vulcanization of natural rubber, food irradiation, flue gas purification, and radiation treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge.

Considering that industry and technology have become inseparably related, and considering also that we live in a time of such rapid technological changes, the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP), in cooperation with the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (JAIF), organizing this workshop to welcome the proven awareness and demonstration of electron accelerator advantages. This is also to promote the transfer of the technology encouraging maximum benefits from its utilization in the future.

Ladies and Gentlemen, Bilateral cooperations are playing increasingly significant

roles. Apart from the Implementing Arrangement between OAEP and JAERI on the research cooperation in the field of radiation processing which has made significant progress satisfactorily, this workshop is a good case in point. With a network of information and experience, Japan has the capabilities to assist neighboring countries in numerous areas and range of

- 4 -

]AERI-M 93-160

which has been developed and proven beneficial in the developed

countries， has been in七roduced into Thailand and generally

accepted for its importance to the deve10pment in a wide range of

industries， namely plastic products， radiation curing of surface

coating， radiation cross-1inking of wires and cab1es，

sterilization of medical produc七s，vu1canization of na七ura1

rubber， food irradiation， f1ue gas purification， and radiation

treatment of wastewa七erand sewage sludge.

Considering that industry and techno1ogy have become

inseparab1y re1ated， and considering a1so that we live in a time

of such rapid七echno1ogicalchanges，七heOffice of Atomic Energy

for Peace (OAEP)， in cooperation with the Japan A七omicEnergy

Research Institute (JAERI) and Japan Atomic Industrial Forum

(JAIF)， organizing this workshop to welcome the proven awareness

and demonstration of e1ectron accelerator advantages. This is

a1so to promo七e 七he 七ransferof 七hetechnology encouraging

maximum benefits from its utiliza七ionin the future.


Bi1ateral cooperations are playing increasingly significant

ro1es. Apar七 fromthe Implemen七ingArrangemen七 betweenOAEP and

JAERI on the research cつopera七ionin the field of radiation

processing which has made significan七 progress satisfac七ori1y，

this workshop is a good case in point. Wi七h a network of

informa七iOlland experience， Japan has七hecapabili七ies七o assist

neighboring countries in numerous areas and range of

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JAERI-M 93-160

circumstances and Thailand is not as exception.

On this auspicious occasion, I would like to compliment the Government of Japan, JAERI and JAIF who have contributed their time, resources and energies to make the workshop a reality. I wish you a very pleasant and fruitful stay in Thailand. And I wish all of you a great success.

Thank you.

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jAERI-M 93-160

circumstances and Thailand is not as exception.

On七hisauspicious occasion， 1 would like to compliment the

Government of Japan， JAER工 andJAIF who have contributed their

七ime，. resources and energies to make the workshop a reali七y. 1

wish you a very pleasant and fruitful stay in Thailand. And 1

wish all of you a great success.

Thank you.

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JAERI-M 93-160


Nazir Abdullah

Acting Director General National Atomic Energy Agency, Indonesia

Dr. Sato, Mr. Takahashi, Ladies and gentlemen,

I was very happy today to have all of you in this conference room. This is the second joint Workshop BATAN/JAERI/JAIF on the Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators. Since the first workshop two years ago, there are many progress had been achieved.

First of all, I would like to inform you that Indonesian government has paid a great attention on the development of radiation technology in Indonesia. At present. National Atomic Energy Agency has two pilot scale gamma rays irradiators with total power of 225 kCi Cobalt-60 gamma ray source and one pilot scale Electron Beam Machine of 300 keV.

The gamma rays irradiators were used mainly for research and development of sterilization technique and for food preservation

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JAERI-M 93-160


Nazir Abdullah

Acting Direc七orGenera1

Nationa1 Atomic Energy Agency，工ndonesia

Dr. Sato，

Mr. Takahashi，

Ladies and gen七1emen，

1 was very happy today七o have a11 of you in this conference

room. This is the second joint Workshop BATANjJAER工jJAIFon the

工ndus七ria1 U七i1iza七ion of E1ectron Acce1erators. Since 七he

first workshop七woyears ago， there are many progress had been

achieved.

First of a11，工 wou1d1ike to inform you that Indonesian

government has paid a grea七 attentionon 七he deve10pmen七 of

radiation七echno1ogyin Indonesia. At present， Nationa1 Atomic

Energy Agency has two pi10七 sca1egamma rays irradiators with

七0七a1power of 225 kCi Coba1t-60 gamma ray source and one pi10七

sca1e E1ectron Beam Machine of 300 keV.

The gamma rays irradiators were used main1y for research and

deve10pmen七 of steri1iza七iontechnique and for food preservation

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JAERI-M 93-160

as well as for modification of natural rubber latex.

We have known that the radiation sterilization technique is very helpful for our medical and pharmaceutical industries. One private company, INDOGAMA, has operated a new gamma ray irradiator at Bekasi area and ready tried to take over the former BATAN's service actively in the field of radiation sterilization. The new gamma ray irradiation facilities with an initial of power 400 kCi Cobalt-60 gamma ray source have been commissioned last month and its ready to be operated commercially.

An electron accelerator is another type of irradiation source which is very important for the production of polymer cross-linked products such as wire and cable insulation, heat shrinkable film and tube, polyethylene foam and rubber tire.

The electron accelerators or in more familiar we called electron beam machine is also useful for flue gas and sludge treatment. The two application are very important to demonstrate the contribution of radiation technology in environmental pollution control program.

I believe, this workshop will be capable to open our interest and even create a new idea about the application of EB machine as a new tools in our industrial line. A mutual interaction among the participants and of course the useful discussion between participants and speakers will make everything

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JAERI-M 93-160

as well as for modification of natural rubber latex.

We have known that the radia七ionsterilization technique is

very he1pfu1 for our medica1 and pharmaceu七ica1industries. One

private company， INDOGAMA， has opera七ed a new gamma ray

irradiator at Bekasi area and ready tried to take over the former

BATAN's service ac七ive工y in七hefield of radia七ions七eri1ization.

The new gamma ray irradiation faci1ities with an ini七ialof power

400 kCi Coba1t-60 gamma ray source have been commissioned 1ast

month and i七sready七obe opera七edcommercial1y.

An e1ec七ron accelerator is another type of irradiation

source which is very important for 七he produc七ion of po1ymer

cross-1inked produc七s such as wire and cable insula七ion，heat

shrinkab1e film and七ube，polye七hy1enefoam and rubber七ire.

The electron acce1era七orsor in more fami1iar we ca1工ed

e1ectron beam machine is a1so usefu1 for f1ue gas and sludge

七reatmen七. The two application are very importan七七0

demons七rate the contribution of radiation techno1ogy in

environmen七a1po11u七ioncontro1 program.

工 be1ieve， this workshop wi11 be capab1e to open our

in七eres七 andeven create a new idea about the app1ication of EB

machine as a new too1s in our industrial 1ine. A mutua1

in七eraction among the participants and of course the usefu1

discussion between participants and speakers will make everything

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JAERI-M 93-160

understandable and be more benefit each other.

Today we have our friends from Japan and China who will energize your idea about radiation technology. In addition, the speakers from BATAN will also give you some information about their activities in this field. BATAN is ready to cooperate with all of you to gain a benefit of the irradiation technology.

I would like to convince you that BATAN is not only made effort to introduce the application of Nuclear Power Plant in Indonesia as an alternative to overcome the shortage in electrical energy, but also made effort to introduce appropriate radiation technology in our modern industrial sector.

National Atomic Energy Agency concerns very much with the radiation technology into industrial line in Indonesia. In order to accelerate the technology transfer in appropriate manner, we are going to built an EB machine with a medium energy of 2 MeV later this year. The EB machine will be located at the Center for the Application of Isotopes and Radiation, Psar Jumat, Jakarta.

The EB machine is purchased from China and it is planned to be used as the research & development as well as a demonstration plant and to produce heat resistant cross-linked wire & cable insulation, sterilization, heat shrinkable film for packing material etc. man power training facility. In this opportunity.

- 8 -

JAERI-M 93-160

understandab1e and be more benefit each other.

Today we have our friends from Japan and China who wi11

energize your idea about radiation techno1ogy. 工n addition，七he

speakers from BATAN wi11 a1so give you some information about

七heiractivi七iesin七his field. BATAN is ready to cooperate

with a11 of you to gain a benefit of the irradiation techno1ogy.

工 wou1d1ike to convince you that BATAN is not on1y made

effor七七o introduce七heapp1ication of Nuc1ear Power P1ant in

工ndonesia as an a1ternative 七o overcome the shor七age in

e1ec七rica1energy， but a1so made effor七七o in七roduceappropria七e

radiation七echnologyin our modern industrial sec七or.

National Atomic Energy Agency concerns very much wi七h 七he

radia七ion七echno1ogy into indus七rial 1ine in Indonesia. 工n

order to acce1erate七he七echno1ogy七ransferin appropriate

manner， we are going to built an EB machine with a medium energy

of 2 MeV 1ater七hisyear. The EB machine wi11 be 10ca七eda七

七heCenter for the Application of Isotopes and Radiation， Psar

Juma七， Jakar七a.

The EB machine is purchased from China and it is p1anned七o

be used as the research & deve10pmen七 aswe1l as a demons七ra七ion

p1ant and to produce heat resistan七 cross-linkedwire & cable

insu1ation， S七eri1iza七ion，hea七 shrinkab1e fi1m for packing

ma七eriale七c. man power training facility ・ Inthis oppor七unity，

- 8 -

JAERI-M 93-160

I would like to invite all of you, scientists, engineers, entrepreneur to joint us in the development of radiation technology in Indonesia and therefore makes significant profit for our country.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I appreciate very much for a nice cooperation of our colleagues from Japan to jointly organize this workshop and I do hope the workshop will be useful and radiation technology will be developed in our industrial line in the near future.

Also, I appreciate for China's delegation to participate in this workshop. I hope during your brief stay here in Indonesia, all of our colleagues from Japan and China will be a pleasant, enjoyable and fruitful one.

I now have much pleasure in declaring open the BATAN/JAERI/JAIF Second Workshop on the industrial utilization of electron accelerator and wish you all every success.

Thank you.

- 9 -

jAERI-M 93-160

工 would like to invite all of you， scientis七s， engineers，

entrepreneur to joint us in the development 0王 radiation

technology in 工ndonesia and therefore makes significant profiで

for our coun七ry.


工 apprecia七e very much for a nice cooperation of our

colleagues from Japan to join七lyorganize this workshop and 工 do

hope七heworkshop will be useful and radia七iontechnology will be

developed in our industrial line in the near fu七ure.

Also， 1 appreciate for China's delegation じo participa七e in

七hisworkshop. 工 hopeduring your brief stay here in Indonesia，

all of our colleagues from Japan and China will be a pleasant，

enjoyable and fruitful one.

1 now have much pleasure in declaring open the

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF Second Workshop on七heindus七rialutilization of

elec七ronaccelera七orand wish you all every success.

Thank you.

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JAERI-M 93-160

1.3. Opening Address

S. Sato

Director General Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment


Mr. Suchat Mongkolpantha, Secretary-General of OAEP, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

On behalf of JAERI, JAIF and members of Japanese delegation, I would like to express our gratitude to OAEP for their excellent preparation and hosting of this Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators. This Workshop was organized jointly by OAEP, JAIF and JAERI to exchange information on the status of research and development in the field of industrial application of radiation, mainly from electron accelerators. By the combined presentations from industries and research institutes, as is realized in the program of this workshop, I believe the mutual understanding in both countries will be promoted further, to the progress of radiation chemical industry.

As we observe the situation in manj countries, the use of

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JAERI-M 93-160

1.3. Opening Address

S. Sato

Direc七orGeneral

Takasaki Radia七ionChemistry Research Establishment

Japan Atomic Energy Research工nstitute

Mr. Suchat Mongkolpan七ha，Secre七ary-Generalof OAEP，

Dis七inguishedGuests，


On behalf of JAER工， JAIF and members of Japanese delega七ion，

工 wouldlike to express our grati七udeto OAEP for七heirexcellent

prepara七ion and hos七ing of 七his Workshop on 工ndustrial

Utilization of Elec七ron Accelera七ors. This Workshop was

organized join七lyby OAEP， JA工F and JAER工七oexchange information

on 七he sta七us of research and development in the field of

industrial application of radia七ion，mainly from elec七ron

accelera七ors. By七hecombined presen七a七ionsfrom industries and

research institutes， as is realized in the program of 七his

workshop，工 believethe mu七ual unders七anding in both countries

will be promo七edfurther，七o 七heprogress of radiation chemical

indus七ry.

As we observe the situa七ionin ma!q countries， the use of

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JAERI-M 93-160

r a d i a t i o n a s an impor tan t and very c h a r a c t e r i s t i c energy form i n

i n d u s t r i e s h a s been i n c r e a s i n g . In J apan , t h e r e a r e a b o u t 200

e l e c t r o n a c c e l e r a t o r s f o r u s e i n c o m m e r c i a l p r o c e s s i n g and

r e s e a r c h .

We r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of a t o m i c e n e r g y i n

g e n e r a l c a n be p r o m o t e d e f f i c i e n t l y , o n l y by i n t e r n a t i o n a l

c o o p e r a t i o n . Today, t h e p r o g r e s s of n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y i n one

c o u n t r y i s s t r o n g l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t i n o t h e r

c o u n t r i e s . I t ' s a l s o t h e p o l i c y of t h e Atomic Energy Commission

of J a p a n a n d o u r i n s t i t u t e t o p r o m o t e t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l

c o o p e r a t i o n wi th Asian c o u n t r i e s . The c o o p e r a t i o n between OAEP

and JAERI i n t h e f i e l d of r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g i n t h e sewage

s l u d g e t r e a t m e n t t e c h n o l o g y w i l l be r e p o r t e d i n t h i s m e e t i n g ,

r e s u l t i n g from t h e OAEP-JAERI c o o p e r a t i o n . And i t i s our common

u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t JAIF has been c o n t r i b u t i n g v e r y much t o t h e

exchange of i n fo rma t ion from t h e i n d u s t r i a l s t a n d p o i n t , i n c l u d i n g

o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h i s workshop.

I am conv inced t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h i s workshop w i l l

b e u n d e r s t o o d by a l l t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , a s an e f f e c t i v e and

meaningful o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e advancement of t echno logy t r a n s f e r

t o i n d u s t r y .

Thank you very much f o r your a t t e n t i o n .

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JAERI-M 93-160

radia七ionas an important and very characteristic energy form in

indus七rieshas been increasing. 工n Japan， there are about 200

e1ectron acce1era七ors for use in commercial processing and

research.

We recognize that the app1ication of atomic energy in

genera工 canbe promoted efficien七1y，on1y by internationa1

coopera七ion. Today， the progress of nuc1ear indus七ryin one

coun七ry is strong1y linked with 七he deve10pment in other

coun七ries. 工t'sa1so七hepo1icy of七heA七omicEnergy Commission

of Japan and our institute to promo七e the interna七iona1

coopera七ionwi七hAsian coun七ries. The coopera七ionbetween OAEP

and JAER工 in the fie1d of radiation processing in 七he sewage

sludge treatment 七echnologywi11 be repor七ed in this meeting，

resu1七ingfrom七heOAEP-JAER工 coopera七ion. And i七 isour common

understanding 七hat JAIF has been contributing very much七o the

exchange of information from the industria1 standpoint， inc1uding

organization of this workshop.

1 am convinced七ha七七hesignific己nceof this workshop wi11

be understood by a11 七hepar七icipants，as an effective and

meaningful opportunity for the advancemen七 of七echno10gytransfer

to indus七ry.

Thank you very much for your attention.

'・a-唱

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JAERI-M 93-160

1.4. Opening Remark

M. Takehisa

Executive Director, Radia Ind. Co- Ltd.

Dr. Nazir Abudllah, Acting Director General of BATAN, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great honor and pleasure for me to deliver a brief opening remark on behalf of JAIF mission to the second workshop on industrial utilization of electron accelerators.

Firstly, I would like to refer a recommendation adopted at the panel discussion chaired by Mrs. Nazly Hilmy held in the first electron beam workshop in 1990.

There are 4 items, among which "there is a need to establish and maintain cooperation between Japanese industrial society and Indonesian industrial society" and "needs of workshop at regular intervals" were taken note for me, in addition to BATAN industry interaction and public education of atomic energy. I fully agree the recommendation for effective evolution of the radiation technology in industry.

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]AERI-M 93-160

1.4. Opening Remark

M. Takehisa

Executive Direc七or，Radia工nd. Co. Ltd.

Dr. Nazir Abudllah， Acting Director General of BATAN，

Distinguished Guests，


工七 is a great honor and pleasure for me 七o deliver a brief

opening remark on behalf of JAIF mission to the second workshop

on industrial utilization of electron accelerators.

Firs七ly，1 would like to refer a recommendation adopted at

the pane工 discussion chaired by Mrs. Nazly Hilmy held in 七he

firs七 elec七ronbeam workshop in 1990.

There are 4 items， among which "七hereis a need七oes七ablish

and main七aincooperation between Japanese industrial society and

Indonesian industrial society" and "needs of workshop at regular

in七ervals" were七akennote for me， in addi七ion七o BATAN industry

interaction and public education of atomic energy. 工 fully

agree七herecommenda七ionfor effec七iveevoluセionof the radiation

七echnologyin industry.

q'u

'EA

JAERI-M 93-160

I found that many attendants from Indonesian industries are in this second workshop on a series of electron beam application based on the recommendation. I appreciate efforts of BATAN and JAERI people who are committing to realize the 2nd workshop.

The one of significance of this workshop is that Japanese mission consists of both governmental, JAERI, and industrial, JAIF, sectors. For Indonesian side, I appreciate BATAN's effort for excellent preparation publicize the potential application of electron beams in various fields to industries which resulted in many attendants from the sector.

I would like to point out that there are some differences for information evaluation in governmental and in industrial sectors. I myself spent a long time in the former sector, now I am in the latter sector for almost 4 years. I am planning to talk electron beam sterilization not only from technical points but also from broad view points based on my experience in industry, and I expect all JAIF member will present a talk with industrial sense.

I really expect that the BATAN/JAERI/JAIF organized workshop will be useful for profitable evolution of industrial electron beam utilization in Indonesia. I also expect more commitment of Indonesian industrial sector to the workshop in the future.

- 13 -

jAERI-M 93-160

1 found that many attendants from lndonesian industries are

in this second workshop on a series of e1ectron beam app1ication

based on the recommendation. 工 appreciateefforts of BATAN and

JAER工 peop1ewho are committing to rea1ize the 2nd workshop.

The one of significance of this workshop is七hatJapanese

mission consists of both governmenta1， JAER工 andindus七ria1，

JAIF， sectors. For工ndonesianside，工 appreciateBATAN's effort

for exce11en七 preparationpub1icize七hepo七en七ia1app1ication of

e1ec七ronbeams in various fie1ds七o industries which resu1七edin

many a七tendantsfrom the sector.

工 wou1d1ike七o point ou七七ha七 thereare some differences

for informa七ion eva1uation in governmen七a1 and in indus七ria1

sectors. 1 myse1f spent a 10ng time in the former sector， now :

am in the 工a七七ersector for a1most 4 years. 1 am p1anning七0

ta1k e1ec七ronbeam steri1ization not on1y from technica1 points

bu七 a1so from broad view points based on my experience in

industry， and工 expecta11 JAIF member wi11 presen七 a ta1k wi七h

industria1 sense.

1 rea11y expect tha七七heBATAN/JAERI/JAIF organized workshop

will be useful for profitab1e evolution of industrial electron

beam u七ilizationin工ndonesia. 1 a1so expect more commitmen七

of Indonesian industria工 sec七orto the workshop in the future.

- 13-

JAERI-M 93-160


I hope this workshop would be not only effective means for long lasting cooperation in radiation application between both countries but also this workshop is effective for strength a mutual understanding and friendship for both countries.

Thank you very much for your attention.

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JAERl-M 93-160

Ladies and Gent1emen，

工 hopethis workshop wou1d be no七 on1yeffective means for

long lasting cooperation in radiation application between both

countries but a1so this workshop is effective for strength a

mutual understanding and friendship for both coun七ries.

Thank you very much for your atten七ion.

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JAERI-M 93-160

1.5. Organization Committee Report

Mirzan T. Razzak

Head, Radiation Processing Division Centre for Application of Isotopes and Radiation

National Atomic Energy Agency, Indonesia

Yang terhormat Dr. Nazir Abdullah, Acting Director general BATAN

Dr. Shoichi Sato, Director General Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment, JAERI

Dr. Takehisa, JAIF Mr. Takahashi, Manager International Nuclear Cooperation Centre, JAIF

Honorable Deputy D i r e c t o r General.BATAN

D i s t i n g u i s h e d g u e s t s .

Lad ies and Gentlemen, Good Morning,

As chai rman of Organ iz ing Committee of t h i s f u n c t i o n , i t i s

my p l e a s a n t d u t y t o welcome a l l of you t o t h i s s e c o n d j o i n t

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF workshop on i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n of e l e c t r o n

a c c e l e r a t o r .

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且ERI-M93-1印

1.5. Organization Committee Report

Mirzan T. Razzak

Head， Radiation Processing Division

Centre for Application of工sotopesand Radia七ion

National Atomic Energy Agency， Indonesia

Yang七erhorma七 Dr. Nazir Abdullah， Acting Director general BATAN

]コr. Shoichi Sa七0，Director Genera1 Takasaki Radiation Chemistry

Research Es七ab1ishmen七， JAER工

Dr. Takehisa， JAユ:F

Mr. Takahashi， Manager Internationa1 Nuc1ear Cooperation Centre，

JA工F

Honorab1e Deputy Director Genera1.BATAN

Dis七inguishedguests，

Ladies and Gent1emen， Good Morning，

As chairman of Organizing Committee of this func七ion，it is

my p1easant du七Y to we1come a11 of you to this second joint

BATAN/JAER工/JA工Fworkshop on indus七ria1application of e1ectron

accelerator.

Ea --A

JAERI-M 93-160

First of all, let me report about the composition of the participants:

1. 16 Participant from Japan, 2. 30 Participant from Indonesian Companies, 3. 16 Participant from Research Institute, Universities and

government officials, 4. 43 Participant from BATAN

Total becomes 105 p a r t i c i p a n t s .

Todays workshop w i l l have 10 speakers i . e . 7 speakers from Japan

and 3 speakers from Indonesia.

I t i s d i v i d e d i n t o 3 s e s s i o n . In s e s s i o n 1, we have 3

s p e a k e r s from J a p a n who w i l l t a l k a b o u t g e n e r a l v iew and

economical aspect of i n d u s t r i a l a c c e l e r a t o r . In s e s s ion 2, we

have one speaker from Japan and 2 speakers from Indonesia. They

w i l l t a l k a b o u t t h e p o t e n t i a l and t h e r e a l i n d u s t r i a l

a p p l i c a t i o n s of EB p rocess ing . In sess ion 3 , we a r e going t o

have two speakers from Japan and one speaker from Indonesia. In

t h i s s e s s i o n we may have i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e e m e r g i n g

app l ica t ion or the most promising appl ica t ion of EB a c c e l e r a t o r .

I do hope, a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s could g e t some idea about t h e

f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n of EB a c c e l e r a t o r in Indones ia and I would

- 1 6 -

JAERI-M 93-160

First of a11， 1et me report about七hecomposition of the

par七icipan七s:

1. 16 Par七icipantfrom Japan，

2. 30 Participant from 1ndonesian Companies，

3. 16 Participan七 fromResearch 1nstitute， Universities and

government officials，

4. 43 Participant from BATAN

Total becomes 105 participan七s.

Todays workshop will have 10 speakers i.e. 7 speakers from Japan

and 3 speakers from 1ndonesia.

工七 is divided into 3 session. 1n session 1， we have 3

speakers from Japan who wi11 ta1k about genera1 view and

economica1 aspec七 ofindus七ria1acce1erator. 1n session 2， we

have one speaker from Japan and 2 speakers from 1ndonesia. They

wi1工七a1k about 七he poten七ia1 and the rea1 indus七ria1

app1ications of EB processing. 1n session 3， we are going 七0

have七wospeakers from Japan and one speaker from 1ndonesia. 1n

七his session we may have informa七ion abou七 the emerging

app1ication or七hemost promising app1ication of EB acce1era七or.

工 dohope， a11 par七icipantscou1d get some idea abou七七he

fu七ureapplication of EB accelerator in工ndonesiaand 1 would

po --A

JAERI-M 93-160

like to invite all of you to be active in discussions.

It is my duty to acknowledge the support given by the JAIF, JAERI, CAIR-BATAN and several other to realize this workshop. Since the Honorable Director General BATAN, Mr. Djali Ahimsa is still in Vienna, it is also my duty to express my appreciation to the Honorable Acting Director General BATAN, Dr. Nazir Abdullah to take time off to officially open the function and give us the benefit of his advice.

Thank you and have a nice workshop.

-17-

]AERI-M 93-}伺

1ike七o invite a11 of you七o be active in discussions.

工t is my duty to acknow1edge the support given by the JAIF，

JAER工， CAIR-BATAN and severa1 other to rea1ize七hisworkshop.

Since the Honorab1e Director Genera1 BATAN， Mr. Dja1i Ahimsa is

sti11 in Vienna， it is a1so my duty to express my apprecia七ionto

the Honorable Acting Director General BATAN， Dr. Nazir Abdullah

七o take七imeoff to 0~ficia11y open七hefunc七ionand give us the

benefi七 ofhis advice.

Thank you and have a nice workshop.

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JAERI-M 93-160

1.6. Progress and Development of EB-irradiation in Japan

Y. Sasaki

Advisor, Yazaki Co., JAIF Representative

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen,

Thank you very much for your kind greet ing and warm welcome.

I t i s a p l e a s u r e t o be h e r e t o have t h e workshop on t h e

U t i l i z a t i o n of E l e c t r o n Beams. On b e h a l f of Japan Atomic

I n d u s t r i a l Forum, I would l i k e to speak some remarks.

Allow me, I would like to introduce myself in short.

I am a member of Yazaki Corporation, a commercial company in Japan, which mainly manufactures automobile parts such as electric wires and also meters for that.

I feel good familiarity with you and your country, because now our corporation has five factories in around of Bangkok since establishment of the first factory in 1962 and about 7,500 Thai peoples are working with us there, and also they contribute your country by exporting some of their products.

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]AERI-Mヨ3-160

1.6. Progress and Development of EB-irradiation in Japan

Y. Sasaki

Advisor， Yazaki Co.， JAIF Represen七a七ive

Mr. Chairman，


Thank you very much for your kind greeting and warm welcome.

工t is a pleasure to be here 七o have 七he workshop on the

Utiliza七ionof Electron Beams. On behalf of Japan A七omic

工ndustrialForum， 1 would like七o speak some remarks.

Allow me， 1 would like七o introduce myself in short.

工 ama member of Yazaki Corporation， a commercial company in

Japan， which mainly manufac七ures automobile parts such as

elec七ricwires and also meters for七hat.

工 feelgood familiari七Y wi七hyou and your country， because

now our corporation has five factories in around of Bangkok since

estab1ishment of七hefirst factory in 1962 and about 7，500 Thai

peoples are working wi七h us七here，and also七heycontribute your

country by exporting some of七heirproduc七s.

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JAERI-M 93-160

Since the famous finding of cross-linking reaction of polyethylene by Professor A. Charlesby in 1950, wide research works in this field have been deployed in the world ambitiously. These researches have given us much important information on the progress of radiation utilization in science and industries.

In Japan, the study-group in this field was organized in 1955 and development researches were initiated in 1957. Since then, various research works have been deployed looking for many kinds of the application year by year steadily.

Since the first EB-machine used in Japanese industry, it has passed about 30 years. So far, many researchers and engineers have grappled to overcome with the many difficulties and troubles encountered in the development process.

Nowadays, the total number of EB-machine for radiation processing including researches and developments in Japan are estimated over 180 sets.

Meanwhile, along with the progress or the development of fundamental and industrial researches, EB-machine and irradiation facilities have been improved very much year by year through mutual collaboration among researchers and engineers and we can now have the excellent EB-machine and irradiation facilities.

Nowadays, we can enjoy new high quality materials such as

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JAERI-M 93-160

Since七hefamous finding of cross-1inking reac七ionof po1y-

ethylene by Professor A. Charlesby in 1950， wide research works

in七his field have been deployed in the wor1d ambitious1y.

These researches have given us "much importan七 informationon七he

progress of radiation u七i1iza七ionin science and industries.

In Japan， the study-group in this field was organized in

1955 and deve10pment researches were initiated in 1957. Since

七hen，various research works have been dep10yed 100king for many

kinds of the app1ica七ionyear by year steadily.

Since七hefirs七 EB-machineused in Japanese industry， it has

passed about 30 years. So far， many researchers and engineers

have grapp1ed to overcome wi七h 七hemany difficu1ties and troub1es

encoun七eredin七hedeve10pment process.

Nowadays， the to七a1 number of EB-machine for radiation

processing inc1uding researches and deve10pmen七s in Japan are

estima七edover 180 sets.

Meanwhile， a10ng wi七h the progress or the development of

fundamen七a1and industria1 researches， EB-machine and irradia七ion

faci1ities have been improved very much year by year through

mu七ua1co11abora七ionamong researchers and engineers and we can

now have七heexce11en七 EB-machineand irradiation faci1ities.

Nowadays， we can enjoy new high qua1ity materia1s such as

-19 --

JAERI-M 93-160

cross-linked urethane and fluoro elastmer produced by a high technology as a radiation irradiation in every day life. In future, EB-machines will be more and more necessitated according to the excellent performance of cross-linked products and for many potential applications.

I believe that these accumulated knowledge and techniques will explode into the big leading industry someday in future.

I hope these our accumulated knowledge, experiences and

technologies will be transferred to your country successfully

through this workshop and benefit each other.

It is our pleasure to have this kind of meeting.

Thank you.

- 20 -

]AERI-M 93-160

cross-linked ure七hane and fluoro elastmer produced by a high

七echnologyas a radiation irradiation in every day life. 工n

fu七ure， EB-machines will be more and more necessitated according

to the excellent performance of cross-linked products and for

many potential applications.

工 believe七ha七七heseaccumulated knowledge and techniques

will explode in七0 七hebig leading industry someday in future.

工 hopethese our accumulated knowledge， experiences and

七echnologieswill be transferred七o your coun七rysuccessfully

七hどoughthis workshop and benefi七 eachother.

工七 is our pleasure 七ohave 七hiskind of mee七ing.

Thank you.

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JAERI-M 93-160

2. PRESENTED PAPERS

-\tu

JAERI -M 93-160

2. PRESENTED PAPERS

-21-μ

JAERI-M 93-160

2.1. General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization

S. Sato

Takasaki R a d i a t i o n Chemist ry Research Es t ab l i shmen t Japan Atomic Energy Research I n s t i t u t e

As radiation sources, electron accelerators have become widely used for processing of polymer products and other materials, along with cobalt-60 gamma sources which are used mainly for sterilization of medical products. With increasing reliability and availability of the electron accelerators (EB machines), their merits over gamma sources are recognized: variable energy ranges, high energy utilization efficiency, high outputs and no generation of radiation when switched off.

EB machines are used industrially for manufacturing of heat-resistant wires and cables, foamed polyolefins, heat-shrinkable tubes and sheets, for pre-vulcanization of tire rubber components, and also for a few kinds of surface curing (hardening of surface coatings). It is noted that the major chemical reactions involved are all crosslinking reactions of polymers. There are of course other radiation chemical reactions applied: polymerization, grafting reaction, and decomposition of polymers.

By absorption of radiation energy, active species are formed in materials. Selective reactions of these active species can be applied practically for a number of processes. The removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in flue gases from coal-burners, heavy oil-burners and municipal garbage incinerators have been under process development recently in Japan and some other countries. Sterilization or pasteurization of medical products and other organic materials may also be considered decomposition or modification of biological polymers such as DNA, protein or enzyme.

New radiation chemical products are in the process of industrial application, including radiation vulcanization and grafting of natural rubber latex, production of selective adsorbent materials for uranium in sea water, and those for deodorant use, and battery separator membrane by grafting technique, and several others.

Development of efficient X-ray conversion techniques of high energy electrons will further stimulate wider uses of the EB machines.

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JAERI-M 93-160

2.1. General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization

S. Sato

Takasaki Radia七ionChemistry Research Establishmen七Japan Atomic Energy Research Institu七e

As radiation sources， electron accelerators have become widely used for processing of polymer products and other materials， along with cobalt-60 gamma sources which are used mainly for sterilization of medical products. With increasing reliability and availability of the elec-tron accelerators (EB machines)， their merits over gamma sources are recognized: variable energy ranges， high energy utilization efficiency‘

high outputs and no generation of radiation when switched off.

EB machines are used industrially for manufacturing of heat-resis-tant wires and cables， foamed polyolefins， heat-shrinkable tubes and sheets， for pre-vulcanization of tIre rubber components， and also for a few kinds of surface curing (hardening of surface coatings). It is noted that the major chemical reactions involved are all crossli此 ingreactions of polymers. There are of course other radiation chemical reactions ap-plied: polymerization， grafting reaction， and decomposition of polymers.

By absorption of radiation energy， active species are formed in materials. Selective reactions of these active species can be applied prac-ticaIly for a number of processes. The removal of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in flue gases from coaJ-bumers， heavy oiJ-bumers and municipaJ garbage incinerators have been under process development recently in J apan and some other countries. Sterilization or pasteurization of medical products and other organic materiaJs may aJso be considered decomposi-tion or modification of biological polymers such as DNA， protein or en-zyme.

New radiation chemical products are in the process of industrial application， including radiation vulcanization and grafting of natural rub-ber latex， production of selective adsorbent materials for uranium in sea water， and those for deodorant use， and battery separator membrane by grafting technique， and several others.

Development of efficient X-ray conversion techniques of high en-ergy electrons will further stimulate wider UseS of the EB machines.

。dn'u

JAERI-M 93-160

2.2. Introduction to Industrial Electron Acceleratrors M. Suzuki

N i s s i n - H i g h V o l t a g e C o . , L t d .

I.INTRODUCTION

I t was in 1960's tha t radiation was industr ial ly i r radiated to improve materials. For twenty and several yea r s from then till now, an electron accelerator (hereinafter refer red to as "EB system") which is a principal radiation source has been making rapid p rog re s s as principal pa r t of large scale industr ia l installations capable of economically and stably producing a large quant i ty of products . Nissin-High Voltage Co., Ltd. (NHV) is a worldwide collective manufacturer of EB sys tems covering all energy regions rang ing from low energy to high energy in indust r ia l u ses . Hereinafter, both c u r r e n t s t a t u s of utilization of EB's in the world and tha t of EB systems of NHV are in t roduced .

II. UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON BEAM 1. Utilization of low-energy electron beam

Fields utilizing low-energy EB systems for production or for research and development a re as shown in Fig. l . Low-energy electron beam has a e n e r g y of 150 to 300 keV in general . As a resul t , the utilization there-of is centralized to processing, i.e., what is called conver t ing on the surface of thin layers , such as improvements of films and surface of shee t s and cur ing of liquid re s ins on base materials, e.g., films, pape r s , metallic pla tes , e tc .

In part icular , it is fields of p roduc ts obtained by utilizing cur ing of so-called liquid res ins such as top coats produced for the purpose of obtaining gloss and protection on the surface of base materials, pr int ing inks , adhesives for lamination and b inders for magnetic media, and fields of p roduc ts obtained by utilizing graft polymerization techniques such as supe r absorben t non-woven fabrics and flame r e t a r d a n t cloths tha t have made rapid p rog res s in r ecen t years .

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JAERI-M 93-160

2.2. Introduction to Industrial Electron Acceleratrors

M.Suzuki

Nissin-High Voltage Co.， L七d.

1 . 1NTRODUCTION

It was in 1960's that radiation was industrially irradiated to improve materials.

For twenty and several years from then till now， an electron accelerator

(hereinafter referred to as "EB system") which is a principal radiation source

has been making rapid progress as principal part of large sca1e industrial

installations capable of economically and stably producing a large quantity of

products. Nissin-High Voltage Co.， Ltd. (NHV) is a worldwide collective

manufacturer of EB systems covering a11 energy regions ranging from low

energy to high energy in industrial uses. Hereinafter， both current status of

utilization of EB's in the world and that of EB systems of NHV are introduced.

II. UT1L1ZATION OF ELECTRON BEAM

1. Utilization of low-energy electron beam

Fields utilizing low-energy EB systems for production or for research and

development are as shown in Fig.l. Low-energy electron beam has a energy of

150 to 300 keV in general. As a result， the utilization there-of is centralized to processing， i.e.， what is called converting on the surface of thin layers， such as improvements of films and surface of sheets and curing of liquid resins on base

materials， e.g.， films， papers， meta11ic plates， etc.

1n particular， it is fields of products obtained by utilizing curing of so-ca11ed

liquid resins such as top coats produced for the purpose of obtaining gloss and

protection on the surface of base materials， printing inks， adhesives for lamination and binders for magnetic media， and fields of products obtained by

utilizing graft polymerization techniques such as super absorbent non-woven

fabrics and flame retardant cloths that have made rapid progress in recent

years.

-24一

JAERI-M 93-160

2. Utilization of medium-and h igh-energy electron beams Medium and h igh-energy electron beams (350 to 5,000 keV herein) a re utilized

on a large scale as means indispensable to crossl inking of thin wire insulating materials, foamed polyethylene, hea t -shr inkable tubings , r ubbe r for t i res , and the like. On the o ther hand, as means for sterilization of foods, medical supplies , packaging materials, and the like they a re beginning to counteract gamma rays from cobalt 60 which is unstable in view of supply and pr ice. Fur thermore, in the field of desulfurization and denitrification of exhaust gases cont r ibutory to protection of global environment which has often been proposed in recent years , researches and developments for realization of EB process are being performed extensively in Japan, U.S.A., Europe, e tc .

As is apparen t from Fig. l , approximately 580 EB systems in all belonging to the above energy region have already been supplied to markets covering Japan, North America and Europe since 1960. And in case that EB process on a full scale is realized in the fields of the above descr ibed sterilization, desulfurization and denitrification of exhaust gases , and in view of effective utilization of resources , sterilization and conversion to fertil izer of sewage s ludges , decomposition and conversion to alcohol of biomass resources such as s ta rch and cellulose, and the like, the re can be fu r ther expected substant ia l r ise in demands for EB systems.

III. RELATIONS AMONG ACCELERATION VOLTAGE, DEPTH-DOSE AND APPLICATION FIELDS OF EB

Fig.2 shows the Depth-dose curves for accelerated electrons. The energy of accelerated electrons diminishes after they pene t ra te a certain depth of the i r radiated material. In o rde r to p resen t a penetra t ion capability of electrons, Depth-dose cu rves a re widely used. These determine the relationship between the penetrat ion depth in a material of uni t specific gravi ty and the relat ive dose given to the material. Regarding the maximum thickness of a t reated material, in many cases a th ickness which cor responds to 60% of the relat ive dose on a Depth-dose cu rve is chosen. In the case of cur ing, 80% is selected. When the material has a densi ty of p , measurement in the horizontal axis of the Depth-dose curve should be devided by p .

- 25 -

]AERI-M 93-160

2. Utilization of medium-and high-energy electron beams

Medium and high-energy electron beams (350 to 5，000 keV herein) are utilized

on a large scale as means indispensable lo crosslinking of thin wire insulating

materials， foamed polyethylene， heat-shrinkable tubings， 1'ubber fo1' tires， and

the like. On the other hand， as means for sterilization of foods， medical

supplies， packaging materials， and the like they are beginning to counteract

gamma rays from cobalt 60 which is unstable in view of supply and price.

Furthermore， in the field of desulfurization and denitrification of exhaust gases

contributory to protection of global environment which has often been

proposed in recent years， researches and developments for realization of EB

process are being performed extensively in Japan， U.S.A.， Europe， etc.

As is apparent from Fig.l， approximately 580 EB systems in all belonging t.o the

above energy region have already been supplied to markets covering Japan，

North America and Europe since 1960. And in case that EB process 011 a full

scale is realized in the fields of the above described sterilization，

desulfurization and denit1'ificat.ion of exhaust gases， and in view of effective

utilizatiol1 of resources， sterilizatiol1 and cOl1version to fertilizer of sewage

sludges， decomposition and conversion to alcohol of biomass resources such as

starch and cellulose， and the like， there can be further expected substantial

rise in demands for EB systems.

111. RELATIONS AMONG ACCELERATION VOLTAGE， DEPTH-DOSE AND APPLICATION

F1ELDS OF EB

Fig.2 shows the Depth-dose curves for accelerated electrons. The energy of

accelerated electrons diminishes after they penetrate a ce1'tain depth of the

irradiated material. 1n order to present a penetration capability of electrons，

Depth-dose curves are widely used. These determine the relationship between

the penetration depth in a material of unit specific gravity and the relative

dose given to the material. Regarding the maximum thickness of a treated

material， in many cases a thickness which corresponds to 60% of the relative

dose on a Depth-dose curve is chosen. 1n the case of curing， 80% is selected.

When the material has a density of p， measurement in t.he horizontal axis of the

Depth-dose curve should be devided by ρ.

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JAERI-M 93-160

Fig.3 shows the optimum thickness for double bombardment (both s ides irradiation) . Thicker materials can be t rea ted by lower acceleration voltage irradiation from both s ides . Fig.4 shows the relation between acceleration voltage and application, and the

relation between dose and application.

IV. EB SYSTEMS 1. Low-energy EB system

The low-energy EB system(commercial name of NHV : Area beam type EB system "CURETRON") is a processing system tha t accelerates thermal electrons which a r e emitted from an electron gun having a filament a r rangement of t he length appropr ia te for the width of i r radiated art icles by applying a high DC voltage and then i r rad ia tes a flat electron beam taken out of a th in metal foil into air . I t is principally composed of DC power supply unit , acceleration unit , conveyance unit, control unit, and the like.

Shielding against bremss t rah lung X-rays which are generated upon irradiation of electron beam is easily done since the energy of electron beam is as low as not more than 300 keV. Accordingly, self-shielding method where the acceleration unit and irradiat ion chamber a re shielded from X-rays with lead plates and steel plates is employed. Therefore, this system is small-sized and compact.

Fig.5 and 6 show Area Beam Type EB systems, "CURETRON". The total number of the systems supplied is shown in the pa r t s , where symbols, "CURE" and "R & D", a re noted, of Fig.7.

2.Medium-and h igh-energy EB systems

EB systems belonging to th is energy region ranging from 350 to 5,000 kV a re what is called scanning type where spot-l ike electron c u r r e n t tha t a re accelerated in an acceleration tube is scanned within the width of i r radiated ar t icles . In the same manner as the low-energy EB system, these systems are

- 26 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Fig.3 shows the optimum thickness for double bombardment (both sides

irradiation). Thicker materials can be treated by lower acceleration voltage

irradiation from both sides.

Fig.4 shows the relation between acceleration voltage and application， and the

relation between dose and application.

N. EB SYSTEMS

1. Low-energy EB system

The low-energy EB system(commercial name of NHV : Area beam type EB

system "CURETRON") is a processing system that accelerates thermal electrons

which are emitted from an electron gun having a fi1ament arrangement of the

length appropriate for the width of irradiated articles by applying a high DC

voltage and then irradiates a f1at electron beam taken out of a thin metal foil

into air. It is principally composed of DC power supply unit， acceleration unit，

conveyance unit， control unit， and the like.

Shielding against bremsstrahlung X-rays which are generated upon

irradiation of electron beam is easily done since the energy of electron beam is

as low as not more than 300 keV. Accordingly， self-shielding method where the

acceleration unit and irradiation chamber are shielded from X-rays with lead

plates and steel plates is employed. Therefore， this system is small-sized and

compact.

Fig.5 and 6 show Area Beam Type EB systems， "CURETRON". The total number

of the systems supplied is shown in the parts， where symbols， "CURE" and "R &

D"， are noted， of Fig.7.

2.Medium-and high-energy EB systems

EB systems belonging to this energy region ranging from 350 to 5，000 kV are

what is called scanning type where spot.-1ike electron current that are

accelerated in an acceleration tube is scanned wil.hin the width of irradiated

articles. In the same manner as the low-energy EB syst.em， these systems are

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JAERI-M 93-160

principally composed of DC power supply unit , acceleration tube unit , conveyance unit, control unit , and the like.

(1) Principle and construct ion Pig.8 and Fig.9 show a principle and construction of the EB system (also called

EPS : Electron Processing System). This system produces thermal e lec t rons from cathode in a high vacuum, accelerates (give energy to) them in an acceleration tube by means of a high voltage electric field into a beam of high energy electrons, and th is electron beam which is taken out in the open a i r after passing th rough a titanium foil is i r radiated to a material. As a resu l t , the irradiated material undergoes a chemical reaction. Fig.10 ~ 14 show the main components of the EB system.

(2) Shielding against X-rays X-rays generated as bremss t rah lung when electrons collide with material a r e

quite high in penet ra t ing power and harmful to the human body. Therefore, the shielding against X-rays is necessary . Fig.15 shows an example of concrete-shielded type X-ray shielding room for

the EB system of 800kV and h igher energy . Fig. 16 shows 800kV 35mA self shielded type EB system for the crossl inking of

wire and cable insulations. This EB system is designed for reduced floor space and is able to be readily relocated to meet the needs of changing product ion lines. NHV has succeeded in producing such selfshielded EB system up to 800kV.

(3) Electric power efficiency of the EB system The DC power supply of NHV's EB system adopts a Cockcroft-Walton ci rcui t

and the high frequency power supply applies the solid s ta te i nve r t e r s . The frequencies of the i n v e r t e r s a r e 1kHz or 3kHz. 1kHz is for system up to 1.5MV and 3kHz is for above 1.5MV. Therefore, this system produces good electric power efficiency. The electric power conversion efficiency from the wall (commercial 50 or 60Hz) to the beam power is 85% for the system up to 1.5MV and 75% above 2MV as shown in Fig.17. (4) 5MV EB system Fig. 18 shows a 5MV 30mA EB system delivered to Radia Industry Co., Ltd. in

Japan for the sterilization of the medical supplies . The DC power supply uses a Cockcroft-Walton circuit with pressur ized S F 6 gas in the vessel using a

- 27 -

JAERI -M 93-160

principally composed of DC power supply unit.， acceleralion tube unit.，

conveyance unit， control unit， and t.he like.

(1) Principle and construction

Fig.8 and Fig.9 show a principle and construction of the EB system (also called

EPS : Electron Processing System). This syst.em produces thermal electrons

from cathode in a high vacuum， accelerates (give energ.y to) them in an

acceleration tube by means of a high voltage electric field into a beam of high

energy electrons， and this electron beam which is taken out in the open air

after passing through a titanium foil is irradiated to a material. As a result，

the irradiated material undergoes a chemical reaction.

Fig.lO ~ 14 show the main components of the EB system.

(2) Shielding against X-rays

X-rays generated as bremsstrahlung when electrons collide with material are

quite high in penetrating power and harmful to the human body. Therefore，

the shielding against X-rays is necessary.

Fig.15 shows an example of concrete-shielded t.ype X-ray shielding room for

the EB system of 800kV and higher energy.

Fig.16 shows 800kV 35mA selfshielded type EB system for the crosslinking of

wire and cable insulat.ions. This EB system is designed for reduced floor space

and is able t.o be readily relocated to meet. t.he needs of changing production

lines. NHV has succeeded in producing such selfshielded EB system up to

800kV.

(3) Electric power efficiency of the EB system

The DC power supply of NHV's EB system adopts a Cockcroft-Walton circuit

and the high frequency power supply applies the solid state inverters.

The frequencies of the inverters are 1kHz or 3kHz. 1kHz is for system up to

1.5MVand 3kHz is for above 1.5MV. Therefore， this system produces good

electric power efficiency. The electric power conversion efficiency from the

wall (commercial 50 or 60Hz) t.o t.he beam power is 85% for the syst.em up to

1.5MV and 75% above 2MV as shown in Fig.17.

(4) 5MV EB system

Fig.18 shows a 5MV 30mA EB system delivered to Radia lndustry Co.， Ltd. in

Japan for the sterilization of the medical supplies. The DC power supply uses a

Cockcroft-Walton circuit wit.h pressurized SFG gas in lhe vessel using a

-27一

JAERI-M 93-160

relatively low frequency which provides low loss and stable operation. Therefore, this EB system has a high electric power conversion efficiency and a high reliability. This 5MV 30mA EB system can also genera te in tense X-rays equivalent to a 2.5

million cur ie cobalt 60 source by using X-rays t a rge t .

The total number of the EB systems of th i s energy region supplied is shown in the pa r t s , where symbols except "CURE" and "R & D", a re noted, of Fig.7. I t shows remarkable increases in the fields of wires, t i r es and foams.

V. POSTSCRIPT The application field of electron beam irradiat ion is expected to expand and

develop toward 21 s t cen tu ry , because of i t s many merits which o the r sources such as thermal r ays , ultraviolet r a y s , gamma r a y s , e tc . do not have.

(July, 1992)

- 2 8 -

JAERI-M 93-160

rc!atively low frequency which provides low loss and stable operation.

Therefor~ ， this EB systern has a high electric power conversion efficiency and

a high reliability.

This 5MV 30rnA EB systern can also generate intense X-rays equivalent to a 2.5

mi11ion curie cobalt 60 source by using X-rays target.

The total number of the EB systems of this energy region supplied is shown in

the parts， where syrnbols except "CURE" and "R & D"， are noted， of Fig.7. It

shows remarkable increases in the fields of wires， tires and foarns.

v. POSTSCRIPT The application field of electron bearn irradiation is expected to expand and

develop toward 21 st century， because of its rnany merits which other sources such as therrnal rays， ultraviolet rays， garnrna rays， etc. do not have.

(July， 1992)

-28-

JAERI-M 93-160

• Electric wires and cables • Foamed polyethylene • lleat-shrinkable tubings • Tire rubber sheets

• Ion-exchange membranes

• SteriIi2ation for food, medical supplies and packaging materials

• Disinfection of sewage sludge • Removal of S0 2, NOx from exhaust gas • Decomposition of biomass

Number of EB equipment, sold since 1960 Approx. 130 I Approx. 300 I Approx. 145

• Hard coats for transfer foil and film • Anti-fogged fiIms • Release films / papers • Floppy disks, Video tapes • Glossy papers • Coated metal sheets • Gypsum tiles • Laminated products (Credit cards, Metal sheets,

Furnitures, Metallized papers etc.) • Printing (Printed circuit boards, Juice carton.

Bank notes, Securities etc.) • Super absorbent non-woven fabrics • Flame-resisting fabrics •Heat-shrinkable packaging films •Heat resistant PVC tapes

Number of EB equipment, sold since 1960 Approx. 100 I Approx. 200 I Approx. 120

Japan • North America • Europe

Fig. 1 Relation between EB energy and application fields (including R & D )

- 2 9 -

]AERI-M 93-160

• Electric wires and cables • Foamed polyethylene . Ileat-shrinkable tubings • Tire rubber sheets

5000

• lon-exchange membranes

• Sterilization for food. medical supplies and packaging materials

• Disinfection of sewage sludge

• Removal of 502. NOx from exhaust gas

• Decomposition of biomass 〈〉ぷ〉

Number of EB eQuipment. soJd since 1960 130 I Approx. 300 ___ I Approx. 145

• Hard coats for transfer foil and film • Anti-fogged films • Release films I papers • Floppy disks. Video tapes • Giossy papers • Coated metal sheets • Gypsum ti les

Approx. 300

ω切

dH-op

• Laminated products (Credit cards. Metal sheets. furnitures. Metal I ized papers etc.)

• Printing (Printed circuit boards. Juice carton， Bank notes. 5ecurities etc.)

• Super absorbent non-woven fabrics • flame-resisting fabrics

ロo-Hd』

ω『

ωυυ〈

.Heat-shrinkable packaging films

.Heat resistant PVC tapes

Number of EB equipment， sold sinc怠 1960A仰p仰附ppro肝附ro札 l ω Approx. 200 Approx. 120

150

Europe North America Japan • Fig. 1 Relation between EB energy and application f1elds

(including R & D)

-29ー

JAERI-M 93-160

Depth Dose Curve

100

« m o Q 50 s >

Ti <r

0

\300kv\500l.v\750kV \>W0'>v

100

« m o Q 50 s >

Ti <r

0 O.S 1.0 I.S 2.0 Z.5 3.0 3.S 4.0 4.S

Depth in unit gravity (mm)

100

S t^\\ • O

Q 50 « > m

1.5Mv\ \ ? . 0 M v \ j - 0 M V

0 • . \ \ " ^ 1 0 3 Z 4 6 8 10 12 14 16



F i g . 2

e

o T3

100

80

60

40

Z0

_ _ Optim singl

um thickness for _ e bombardment

/ VJ

> s — "/ s

\ 1 N • S

N • •

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*

0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 O.S 0 . 6 Depth in g r a m s p e r c m

- Optimum thickness for double bombardment with 1 M e V - e l e c t r o n s

0 . 7 0 . 8

A F i g . 3

- 3 0 -

jAERI-M 93-160

Deplh Dose Curve

-例。。

x

自

由 Z ， 6 8 ID IZ 14 15

D申 thin凶 tiravoty (mm)

~

-zua司苛広

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・"。白.‘，z，EE

。 L一一→ふ__L一一一ーJーと::....J_一一一-IQ 20 JQ

Depth in IJrH gravity (mm)

Fig. 2

100

t;l!. 80

.5

" 60

" o 句3

41 40 .~ e司 20 41 a: 。

同一 osph timelue m htmhibcak叶Remg am ht r ト4

~ 卜¥ ~ 、、‘、、、

¥¥

γ 「斗¥ /グ六、

/ 』、¥/

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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

」一 h川吋叩p戸凶t“…tOptimum t山h吋ick乞ne""ror dロubl1!bor町mbar吋drnl!叩ntwith

1 MI!Y-I!ll!ctrono

Fig. 3

-30-

Acceleration Voltage v.s. Application

5000 — 5000 — J 5000 — J

2 0 0 0 - —|

=3-

va 1 0 0 0 -•Wire &. Cable =3-

va 1 0 0 0 -

> - A l t i C I • i T l > -

ratio

_

ratio

i 5 0 0 -i 5 0 0 -i 5 0 0 -

3 0 0 -Exhaust Gas

„ A r. i jnng

2 0 0 - - • (Coating/Lamination 2 0 0 - - • /Printing)

1 0 0 -1 0 0 -

F i g . 4

Dose v.s. Application

en 1 erilizati

o 3

NO

x/De

P.V.C.T o

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NO

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10 -E w ID

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r o - f m .x * 3"

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一〉三回国間=。〉

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uuq

子ιふ:-ray己ー;LilJ

Sterilization

Wire & Cable

Heat Shrinkable Tubing

Aubber Tire

Foamed P.E. Plastics

2000

5000

1000

w ド・4

''a-

o

-

明

-

円以

S

一

L'

負M

.

印

G

一

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500

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---ーーー__ -，~o_a~~g!L_a~~n~~o_n _ _ _ _ /PrintingJ

ーーー『ー----ーーー一一一ーーーーーーーー・・・"・・・・ーーー

300

200

¥00

Fig. 4

JAERI-M 93-160

Fig. 5 Area beam type EB system 200kV 20mA 15cm

Fig. 6 Area beam type EB system 250kV 600mA 160cm

Total Number of EB System 200-

13 OTHERS

| STERILIZER

| TIRE

• CURE

Eg TUBE

| FOAM

H WIRE

• R&D

I I I I I I I I I I n I I I I I 1 I I I -v7J,72'73-7475,76'7T78v79'808r82v83~84'85i86-8T88,89^90^9r92

^ e a r Include "Under Construction" As of April 1,1992

Fig. 7 Aggregate number of EB system

- 32 -

JAERI-M 93-160

11

国手

Area beam type EB system 250kV 600mA 160cm

Fig. 6 m

e

+L

GM

Vd

s

B

VU

m

ec

pFコyl

+L m

叫ao

e2

ku H

v

ak

eo

ro

AAq4

Fig. 5

OTHERS

STERILlZER

TUBE

FOAM

Includc "Undcr Cons町uction"As of April 1，1開2

図• • TIRE

• CURE

図

•

Total Number of EB System

::tnl::

2∞ 180

160

WlRE

R&D

図• jlj ili

o -‘71'72'73'74'75‘76'7ア78'79、80、81'82'83'84'8タ86'8ア88'89、90、91、92

Year

140

包 120

21∞ 2 z 80

4()

ω

20

Aggregate nurnber of EB system

-32 -

7 Fig.

JAKRI-M 93-160

NhM

High Frequency

Inverter

Control Panel

Operation Panel

D.C. Power Supply

Cockcroft-Walton High Voltage Power Supply

Accelerator Tank

Source of

Electron Acceleration

Tube

Scanning Coil

Vacuum System Scanning

Chamber

Ozone | Exhaust i

Blower i j

Window Cooling Blower

Fig. 8 Block diagram of EPS

- 33 -

JAERI-M 93-160

D.C. Power Supply

Cockcroft-Walton High Voltage

Power Supply

lOzone 1

: Exhaust Blower

'--ーーーーー-ーー」

Fig. 8 Bloc.k diagram of EPS

qd

qd

Window' Cooling Blower

E国

JAKRI-M 93-160

l&jj Principle ~df0/d

hiectrons originating from a cathode, and accelerated in hij;h vacuum acceleration lube, emerge

• .-,'. •...- .v.„ ;,...... j into air after passing through a W40f&0$M$£?£r I titanium foil to irradiate material.

— Cathode

- Acceleration tube

" Accelerating electrode

Electron beam

Construct ion of EPS

High frequency power supply

Control cabinet

[yU— Scanning coil

- Scanner chamber

Vacuum pump

Ozone exhaust blower

7 r liradiated material Window (oil

F i g . 9

- 34

JAEI~I-- ;l.1 93-160

Llccl rOllS りrigin<ilinど from a じ;Illw(]じ. ;I¥ld aじ仁じlじralじ【 ill high VaCUlIll1 aじじじleraliりnlube. cmergピinl() ;Iir ;lrtcr 1】a日日III日 lhn川只h a lilaniulll foil 1υlrI・adi;はじ malerial.

pjij断対戦終1J1M~んPrlr!l:1，円léof誠司:地~~r:i4.~E凶~，_:j~~'~丹，~t.:\~~

凶作:r~~~\i~~N物長十ít:l

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....----目---一一一Ozone exhaust

， b!ower L_ _ _ _ __ _ _ ___..1

匂

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一wgr一

一b川

崎

一

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Accelerating eleclrode

Electron beam

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勺，

4同

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@Eoauo

Fig. 9

一34

Window foil Irradiated material

JAKR1 M 93-160

F i g . 10 DC power supply and a c c e l e r a t o r t ank

F i g . 11 High f requency i n v e r t e r

35

Ji¥ERI .:¥1 93 160

111

Fig. 10 DC power supply and accelerator tank

Fig. 11 High frequ巴ncyinverter

35

H.V Rectifier

=p Capacitor

rtn 1 Standard Type

H.F.Transformer

NHVl Rectifier

^Capacitor

H.F.Transformer

Balance Type

Fig. 12 Cockcroft-Walton circuit

国国Redifier

Capacitor

H.V

Capacitor

」〉何回向-ー

ζ8-s

戸苛戸~H.F.Transro H.F.Transrormer

内つStandard Type

ι~ σ3

Balance Type

Cockcroft-Walton circuit 12 Fig・

JAKRI-M 93-160

4-

. : « ^ ^ -

Fig. 13 Scanning chamber

Fig. 14 Control panel

37 -

J:'\EI~I !vl 93-160

Fig. 13 Scanning chamber

••• 4・.. '"

Fig. 14 Control panel

一 37

8£

era

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JAKKI V1 93 160

sSliiSsii'iSiSl lint i-tr

Fig. 16 Self-shielding type EB system 800kV 35mA 60cm

100

o c <u u o O <M a. w

90 100

Fig. 17 The electric power r.onversion efficiency from the wall to the beam power

39

JAEI~I '>1 9:3 160

Fig. 16 Self-shielding type EB system 800kV 35mA 60cm

〉、U C ω .rl

仏 υQ) ..-j

~斗40 4-; o...w

一

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Fig. 17 The electric pow~r ~onversion efficiency from the wall to the beam power

39

JAKRI-M 9 3 - 160

w

1 o CO

> s

- .18

60 •H

- 40 -

JÊI~I -M 93 -160

Ludcdum

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40-

JAERI-M 93-160

2.3. Economical Aspects of Industrial Electron Accelerators T. Doi

NKK C o r p o r a t i o n

1. Introduction Utilization of industrial electron accelerators has been spread

remarkably in many fields of industry in recent years. This popularization was brought by the advantages of electron irradiation ;

(1) Technological capability (2) Economy (3) Compact facility (4) Easy operation, maintenance (5) Safety (6) Environmental protection

At present, electron irradiation is applied to the industrial fields as shown in Fig. 1.1. The output power of electron accelerator is up to 100kW, but in the newly developed fields which are considered to spread in near future, the more output-power wil l be required. For example, some hundreds of kW accelerator are necessary in flue-gas treatment technology.

As processing scale becoms larger, electron irradiation seems to be more advantageous, but that advantages should be evaluated individually.

In this paper, in order to prove the advantages of electron irradiat ion, economical evaluation in comparison w i th several conventional methods of some industrial fields are introduced.

2. Feature of electron irradiation Electron irradiation is energy transfer which causes radio chemical

reactions. Energy and current of electron beam depend on reaction and mass-flow of target materials. Necessary dose in various industrial fields distributes as shown in Fig. 2.1, from few kGy to several hundreds kGy. This is related to electricity consumption of electron accelerator and it's economy.

- 41 -

JAERI-M 93-160

2.3. Economical Aspects oflndustrial Electron Accelerators

T. Doi

NKK Corpora七ion

1. Introduction

Utilization of industrial electron accelerators has been spread

remarkably in many fields of industry in recent years. This

popularization was brought by the advantages of electron irradiation;

(1) Technological capability

(2) Economy

(3) Compact facility

(4) Easy operation， maintenance

(5) Safety

(6) Environmental protection

At present， electron irradiation is applied to the industrial fields as

shown in Fig. 1.1. The output power of electron accelerator is up to

100kW， but in the newly developed fieJds wh1ch are considered to

spread in near future， the more output-power will be requirt"'!d. For

example， some hundreds of kW accelerator are necessary in fJue-gas

treatment technology.

As processing scale becoms larger， electron irradiation seems to be

more advantageous， but that advantages should be evaluated

individually.

In this paper， in order to prove the advantages of electron

irradiation， economical evaluation in comparison with several

conventional methods of some industrial fields are introduced.

2. Feature of electron irradiation

Electron irradiation is energy transfer which causes radio chemical

reactions. Energy and current of electron beam depend on reaction

and mass-flow of target materials. Necessary dose in various industrial

fields distributes as shown in Fig. 2.1， from few kGy to several

hundreds kGy. This is related to electricity consumption of electron

accelerator and it's economy.

-41一

JAERI-M 93-160

Secondary X-rays are emitted as target materials are irradiated wi th electron beam. Electron accelerator and irradiation apparatus are equipped inside of radiation shield for biological protection as shown in Fig. 2.2. For economical evaluation, electron accelerator and radiation shield should be taken into consideration.

Radiation dose rate at the outside of radiation shield is limited to a certain level by Government regulation. It is less than the level of one breast photo by X-ray as shown in Fig. 2.3. In actual plant, radiation dose rate at the outside of radiation shield is less than the regulated value, as same level as natural background.

3. Economical Evaluation One of the most important parameter for the evaluation of

industrial processes is economy. The spread of electron irradiation method is mainly due to economy.

In this chapter, economical advantages of electron irradiation method are introduced from several papers.

Electron irradiation method is compared to conventional method or other radiation processes in view of capital cost, operation cost including amortization and product cost in the field of

(1) Rubber crosslinking (2) Cable crosslinking (3) Paint curing (4) Sterilization of medical products

3.1 Rubber crosslinking (1) Automobile-tire production

About 70% of new rubber is used for automobile-tire production in Japan. More than 80% of radial tire are irradiated with electron beam.

Structure of radial tire is shown in Table 3.1.1. Electron irradiation contr ibutes to reduction of rubber amount , manufactur ing stabilization and quality stabilization.

Rubber sheets are irradiated wi th electron beam in the irradiation facility shown in Fig. 3.1.1.

- 42 -

JAERI -M 93 -160

Secondary X-rays are emitted as target materia!s are irradiated with

electron beam. Electron accelerator and irradiation apparatus are

equipped inside of radiation shield for biological protection as shown

in Fig. 2.2. For economical evaluation， electron accelerator and

radiation shield should be taken into consideration.

Radiation dose rate at the outside of radiation shield is limited to a

certain level by Government regulation. It is less than the level of one

breast photo by X-ray as shown in Fig. 2.3. In actual pJant， radiation

dose rate at the outside of radiation shield is less than the regulated

value， as same Jevel as natural background.

3. Economical Evaluation

One of the most important parameter for the evaluation of

industrial processes is economy. The spread of electron irradiation

method is mainly due to economy.

In this chapter， economica! advantages of electron irradiation method

are introduced from severaJ papers.

Electron irradiation method is compared to conventional method or

other radiation processes in view of capital cost， operation cost

including amortization and product cost in the field of

(1) Rubber crosslinking

(2) Cable crosslinking

(3) Paint curing

(4) Sterilization of medical products

3.1 Rubber crosslinking

(1) Automobile-tire production

About 70% of new rubber is used for automobile-tire production

in Japan. More than 80% of radial tire are irradiated with electron

beam.

Structure of radial tire is shown in Table 3.1.1. Electron irradiation

contributes to reduction of rubber amount， manufacturing

stabilization and quality stabilization.

Rubber sheets are irradiated with electron beam in t!，e irradiation

facility shown in Fig.3.1.1.

42 -

JAERI-M 93-160

(2) Economical evaluation Energy cost (Utility cost / productivity) and product cost of rubber

sheet crosslinking by electron irradiation are compared wi th that of other conventional methods, rotecure, micro-wave, thermal and molten-salt method for contineous process.

Comparison of electron irradiation and rotecure is shown in Table 3.1.2.

Electron accelerator of 1.5MeVx50mA is used to attain lOOkGy of absorbed dose.

Product cost of electron irradiation method is 1/6 and energy cost is 1/6 of rotecure method.

Energy cost comparison is shown in Table 3.1.3. In this table, relative energy costs are shown. Energy cost of electron irradiation method is 1/2 ~ 1/9 of other conventional methods.

From the above, electron irradiation method is much more advantageous than other methods not only in productivity but also economy.

3.2 Cable crosslinking (1) High-voltage cable production

Electron irradiation crosslinking in cable production is popular technology in Japan. There are already 20 ~ 30 accelerators of total power more than 1000kW. But these are only for thin cables not big high-voltage cables.

Cables are stretched under the accelerator and irradiated wi th electron beam as shown in Fig. 3.2.1.

Electron irradiation method of high-voltage cable is considered to be more economical rather than that of thin cable.

In this chapter, energy cost of electron irradiation crosslinking method of high-voltage cable is compared to that of other methods.

(2) Economical evaluation There are several methods for crosslinking of high voltage power

cable. Energy costs of four methods are compared in case of high voltage power cable of 6.6kV, 22mm 2 CV core as shown in Table 3.2.1.

In electron irradiation method, accelerator of 1.5MeVx25mA is used to attain 250kGy.

- 4 3 -

JAERI-M 93-160

(2) Economical evaluation

Energy cost (Utility cost I productivity) and product cost of rubber

sheet crosslinking by electron irradiation are compared with that of

other conventional methods， rotecure， micro-wave， thermal and

molten-salt method for contineous process.

Comparison of electron irradiation and rotecure is shown in Table

3.1.2.

Electron accelerator of 1.5MeV x 50mA is used to attain 100kGy of

absorbed dose.

Product cost of electron irradiation method is 116 and energy co坑

is 116 of rotecure method.

Energy cost comparison is shown in Table 3.1.3. In this table，

relative energy costs are shown. Energy cost of electron irradiation

method is 1/2 -1/9 of other conventional methods.

From the above， electron irradiation method is much more

advantageous than other methods not only in productivity but also

economy.

3.2 Cable crosslinking

(1) High-vo/tage cab/e production

Electron irradiation crosslinking in cable production is popular

technology in Japan. There are a/ready 20 -30 accelerators of total

power more than 1000kW. But these are only for thin cables not

big high-voltage cables.

Cables are stretched under the accelerator and irradiated with

electron beam as shown in Fig.3.2.1.

Electron irradiation method of high-voltage cable is considered to

be more economical rather than that of thin cable.

In this chapter， energy cost of electron irradiation crosslinking

method of high同 voltagecable is compared to that of other methods.


There are several methods for crosslinking of high voltage power

cable. Energy costs of four methods are compared in case of high

voJtage power cable of 6.6kV， 22mm2 CV core as shown in Table

3.2.1.

In electron irradiation method， accelerator of 1.5MeVx25mA is

used to attain 250kGy.

守d

aaτ

JAER1-M 93-160

Energy cost of electron irradiation method is very cheap compared to that of other methods.

For saving energy, electron irradiation method is obviously much more advantageous.

3.3 Paint curing (1) Feature of curing

In the field of paint curing, electron irradiation is applied, but it r. only for high-polymer paint of radical grafting, not for all kinds of paints.

Feature of curing is shown in Table 3.3.1. Electron irradiation method has high productivity but limited to planner painting and special paints. Schematic view of electron irradiation curing apparatus is shown in Fig. 3.3.1. In paint curing, paint must be irradiated wi th electron in special gas atmosphere.

(2) Economical evaluation Curing cost of electron irradiation method is compared to that of

thermal curing method in case of veneer plate product ion, 90cm x 180cm in size and 4000plates per day.

Two cases of different dose 17kGy and 35kGy are investigated in this chapter.

Results are shown in Table 3.3.2. Product cost in case of 17kGy, is less than 1/2 of thermal curing cost, and cost in case of 35kGy, is about 20% less of thermal curing cost.

Electron irradiation method is more economical than thermal curing method if dose is less than about 35kGy.

Another cost comparison of electron irradiation of 20kGy wi th thermal curing by difference of operation time is shown in Table 3.3.3. Electron irradiation is economically superior to thermal curing at any operation t ime. And as productivity increases, electron irradiation becomes more advantageous.

3.4 Sterilization of medical products (1) Medical sterilization

Because of development of medical technology, large amount of medical products should be sterilized. Ethylene-oxide was used for chemical sterilization, but recently it is considered to be harmful. So, sterilization by radiation was remarkably developed.

- 44 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Energy cost of eJectron irradiation method is very cheap compared

to that of other methods.

For saving energy， eJectron irradiation method is obviousJy much

more advantageous.

3.3 Paint curing

(1) Feature of curing

Jn the field of paint curing， electron irradiation is applied， but it i-:

only for high-polymer paint of radical grafting， not for all kinds of

paints.

Feature of curing is shown in TabJe 3.3.1. EJectron irradiation

method has high productivity but limited to planner painting and

special paints. Schematic view of electron irradiation curing

apparatus is shown in Fig. 3.3.1. In paint curing， paint must be

irradiated with electron in special gas atmosphere.


Curing cost of electron irradiation method is compared to that of

thermal curing method in case of veneer plate production，

90cm x 180cm in size and 4000plates per day.

Two cases of different dose 17kGy and 35kGy are investigated in

this chapter.

Results are shown in Table 3.3.2. Product cost in case of 17kGy， is

less than 1/2 of thermal curing cost， and cost in case of 35kGy， is

about 20% less of thermal curing cost.

Eleetron irradiation method is more economical than thermal

curing method if dose is less than about 35kGy.

Another cost comparison of electron irradiation of 20kGy with

thermal curing by difference of operation time is shown in Table

3.3.3. Electron irradiation is economically superior to thermal curing

at anyoperation time. And as productivity increases， electron

irradiation becomes more advantageous.

3.4 Sterilization of medical products

(1) Medical sterilization

Because of development of medical technology， large amount of

medical products should be sterilized. Ethylene-oxide was used for

chemical sterilization， but recently it is considered to be harmful.

So， sterilization by radiation was remarkably developed. -44一

JAERI-M 93-160

In this chapter, sterilization by electron irradiation and gamma-ray irradiation are compared.

Fig. 3.4.1 shows an example of electron irradiation facility for sterilization. Medical products are transported by conveyer through the irradiation facility, and irradiated with electron beam at the accelerator contineously.

(2) Economical evaluation Electron irradiation by electron accelerator and gamma-ray

irradiation by Co-60 source are compared in case of same radiation dose 30kGy.

Results are shown in Table 3.4.1. Gamma irradiation cost is about 4 times more than electron

irradiation cost because of high cost of facility, Co-60 source and low productivity.

4. Conclusion Economical advantages of electron irradiation were evaluated in the

field of rubber crosslinking, cable crosslinking, paint curing and sterilization of medical products.

Some of data referred in this paper are some what old one, but relative comparison wi th conventional methods is possible today. Therefore, economical advantage of electron irradiation process is obviously valid. And as productivity increases, electron irradiation becomes more advantageous.

- 45 -

]AERI-M 93-160

In this chapter， sterilization by electron irradiation and gamma-ray

irradiation are compared.

Fig. 3.4.1 shows an example of electron irradiation facility for

sterilization. Medical products are transported by conveyer through

the irradiation facility， and irradiated with electron beam at the

accelerator contineously.


Electron irradiation by electron accelerator and gamma-ray

irradiation by Co -60 source are compared in case of same radiation

dose 30kGy.

Results are shown in Table 3.4.1.

Gamma irradiation cost is about 4 times more than electron

irradiation cost because of high cost of faciI ity， Co -60 source and

low productivity.

4. Conclusion

Economical advantages of electron ir悶 diationwere evaluated in the

fie!d of rubber crosslinking， cable crosslinking， paint curing and

sterilization of medical products.

Some of data referred in this paper are some what old one， but

relative comparison with conventional methods is possible today.

Therefore， economical advantage of electron irradiation process is

obviously valid. And as productivity increases， electron irradiation

becomes more advantageous.

Fhd

aaz

Tread Belt

Sidewall Utilization of irradiation to tire parts

Parts Decrease of volume

Stabilization of

manufacturing

Stabilization of quality

Inner-liner O O o Carcass o o o Sidewall o o o Belt o Tread o Bead o Rubber tube o ° °

Cross section of radial tire

Table 3.1.1 Effects of electron irradit ion to rubber

」〉阿見-ー

ζ

∞ωi】

町

{

}

Utilization of irradiation to tire parts

Decrease of Stabilization

Stabil ization Parts

volume of

of quality manufacturing

Inner-liner O O O

Carcass O O O

Sidewall O O O

Belt O

Tread O

Bead O

Rubbertube O O O

Sidewall

Tread

中‘。、

Effects of electron irradition to rubber Table 3.1.1

Cross section of radial tire

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.1.2 Ccvparison of electron irradiation method and rotecure method

Items Electron irradiation (1.5MeVx50mA) Double band rotocure

Capital cost $ 620,000 $ 585,000

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Amortization (lOyears) $ 62,000 $ 58,500

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Direct labor $ 36,000 $ 36,000

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Overhead $ 36,000 $ 36,000

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Utilities $ 43,200 (240kVA) $ 42,000 (220kVA) Ope

ratio

n co

st

Maintenance $18,000 $ 6,000

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Total $ 195,200 $ 178,500

Cost($/hr) $32.5 $29.8

Productivity (Ibs/hr) 3,000 500

Product cost(tf/lb) u 6?

Energy cost (Utility/Productivity) $14.4 $84

Parameters • Operation hour/year 6,000 • Amortization period 10years • Labor cost $6/hr • Electricity cost 3tf/kW-hr

Quated from "Proceeding of the 15th Japan Conference on Radioisotopes" Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (1981)

- 47 -

+uo u d 、

c 。+-' ゐ4司.

ω a. O

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.1.2 Cl'!i'parison of electron irradiaLion method and rotecure method

Items Electron irradiation

Double band rotocure (1.5MeV x 50mA)

Capital cost $ 620，000 $ 585，000

Amortization (IOyears) $ 62，000 $ 58，500

Direct labor $ 36，000 $ 36，000

Overhead $ 36，000 $ 36，000

Utilities $ 43，200 (240kVA) $ 42，000 (220kVA)

Maintenance $ 18，000 $ 6，000

Total $ 195，200 $ 178，500

Cost ($/hr) $ 32.5 $ 29.8

Productivity (Ibs/hr) 3，000 500

Product C05t (I，t/lb) 11，t 61，t

Energy cost (Utility/Productivity)

$14.4 $84

Parameters

. Operation hour/year

. Amortization period

. Labor cost

. Electricity c05t

6，000

10years

$ 6/hr

31，t/kW.hr

Quated from "proceeding of the 15th Japan Conference on

Radioisotopes" Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (1981)

47 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3 .1 .3 Comparison of energy cost in rubber c ross l inking

Crosslinking methods Energy cost Product cost

Electron irradiation 1 1

Rotocure 5 . 8 - 8 . 5 6

Micro-wave 5 —

Thermal 2 —

Molten-salt 1.1 - 2 . 3 —

Relative energy costs are shown in this table.


Table 3.2.1 Energy cost of crosslinking methods of HV power cable

Methods Facility Energy cost (¥/kg) Relative cost

Electron irradiation 1.5MeVx25mA Accelerator 2.8 1

Chemical Crosslinking

Vapour CCV facility 43 15 Chemical Crosslinking SFe Gas CCV facility 57 20

Silane crosslinking 26 9

Parameters ° Electricity cost ¥ 20/kw-h oVapour

650kg/Hr, ¥ 6800/t for chemical vapour method


- 48 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.1.3 Comparison of energy cost in rubber crosslinking

Crosslinking methods Energy cost Product cost

Electron irradiation 1

Rotocure 5.8"'" 8.5 6

Micro・wave 5 一

ThermaJ 2 一

Molten-salt 1.1 ..... 2.3 一

Relative energy costs are shown in this table.

Quated from "Proceeding of the 15th Japan Conference on

Radio;sotopes" Japan Atomic Industria! Forum (1981)

Table 3.2.1 Energy cost of crosslinking methods Qf HV power cable

Methods Facility Energy cost

Electron irradiation 1.5MeV x 25mA Accelerator

Chemical Vapour CCV facility

Crosslinking SF6 Gas CCV facility

I Si

Parameters 0 EJectricity cost ￥20/kw.h

。Vapour

(￥/kg)

2.8

43

57

26

ReJative cost

lS

20

9

650kg/Hr，￥ 6800/t for chemical vapour method

Quated from "Proceeding of the 15th Japan Conference on

Radioisotopes" Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (1981)

-48-

Table

Items

Curing time

Facility

Start-up and shut-down

Energy efficiency

Others

JAERI-M 93-160

3 . 3 . 1 Comparison of i

Thermal curing

5 ~ 60min

Long heating furnace

Several hours

0.2%

(D Catalysis, Promoting materials are necessary

@ Solvent recovery

Electron irradiation

0.1 - 5sec

Compact size

Instantaneous

2.5%

(D Planner painting only

@ Restriction in paint selection

- 4 9 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Table 3.3.1 Comparison of feature

Items Thermal curing Electron irradiation

Curing time 5 -60min 0.1 -5sec

Facility Long heating furnace Compact size

Start-up and shut-down Several hours Instantaneous

Energy efficiency 0.2% 2.5%

Others ① Catalysis， Promoting ① Planner painting materials are only

necessary ② Restriction in paint

② Solvent recovery selection

-49ー

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.3.2 Comparison of curing cost

(Uni t : 1000Yen) 1 Thermal

curing Electron irradiation

JIKJJI Thermal curing 17kGy 35kGy

Inve

stm

ent

Building Dry furnace Accelerator Shield

6,000 25,000

28,500 2,850

51,000 5,100

Inve

stm

ent

Total 31,000 31,350 56,100

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Catalysis 7,500 — —

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Steam 420 — —

Ope

ratio

n co

st Electricity — 120 210

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Labor 2,400 1,200 1,200

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Maintenance 620 1,260 2,520

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Taxes (0.77% of invest) 240 240 430

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Amortization (lOyears) 3,100 3,140 5,610

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Total 6,360 5,840 9,760

Interest (5%) 1,550 1,570 2,810

Total 15,830 7,530 12,780

Product cost (¥/plate) 13.2 6.3 10.6

Parameters » Decreased area for electron irradiation process 330m 2 (6M¥) o Dry furnace 25M¥ o Steam 0.4t/h, ¥ 500/kg ° Electricity 20kVA, 35kVA, cost ¥ 3/kW-h o Labor 1.2M¥/year, 2men

- 50 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.3.2 Comparison of curing cost

(Unit: 1000Yen) ーー

Thermal Electron irradiation Item

currng 17kGy 35kGy

Building 6，000 .....

Dry furnace 25，000 c ω +E d

Accelerator 28，500 51，000

4〉J Shield 2，850 5，100

c 一 Total 31，000 31，350 56，100

Catalysis 7，500 一一

Steam 420 一一

Electricity 120 210

+u 帆o d

Labor 2，400 1，200 1，200 c 。44‘匂4 ー Maintenance 620 1，260 2，520 4a 2 。Taxes

240 240 430 (0.77% of invest)

Amortization 3，100 3，140 5，610

(IOyears)

Total 6，360 5，840 9，760

Interest (5%) 1，550 1，570 2，810

Total 15，830 7，530 12，780

Product cost (￥Iplate) 13.2 6‘3 10.6 」ーーーーーー

Parameters

。Decreasedarea for electron irradiation process 330m2 (6M￥)

。Dryfurnace 25M￥

。5team 0.4t/h，￥ 500/kg

。Electricity 20kVA， 3SkVA， cost￥3/kW.h

。Labor 1.2M￥Iyear， 2men

-50一

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3.3.3 Cost comparison for paint curing by difference of operation time

^^~~ -^^ methods operatiorT-^^ time(H/vearT~--^

Electron irradiation Thermal

^ ^~~ -^^ methods operatiorT-^^ time(H/vearT~--^

25mA 50mA Thermal

1000 6.88 5.94 —

2000 4.14 3.50 7.3

4000 2.77 2.28 6.1

7000 2.18 1.75 5.6

Unit: yen/m2

Remarks. Absorbed dose of electron irradiation of 25mA and 50mA are both 20kGy.

Table 3.4.1 Cost comparison in s t e r i l i z a t i o n of medical products

(Uni t :M¥)

Items Electron irradiation Gamma irradiation

Source Output power Penetration Efficiency Productivity (30kGy)

Accelerator 5MeVx3mA

0.35g/cm2/MeV 85% (both side)

1.53t/hr

Co-60 3.7x1016Bq(1MCi)

12g/cm2

30% 0.54t/hr

Capital cost 800 1600

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Amortization OOyears) 80 160

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Maintenance 15 3

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Co-60 — 150

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Electricity (100kWx4300Hr) 9 —

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Water 2 — Ope

ratio

n co

st

Labor 20 15

Ope

ratio

n co

st

Total 126 328

Irradiation cost 1150¥/m3 5050 ¥ /m 3

Quated from "Radiation and Industry" No.33

- 51 -

]AERI-M 93-160

Table 3.3.3 Cost comparison for paint curing by difference of operation time

点取北fs

Electron irradiation

25mA 50mA Thermal

1000 6.88 5.94

2000 4.14 3.50 7.3

4000 2.77 2.28 6.1

7000 2.18 1.75 5.6

Unit : yen/m2

Ftemarks. Absorbed dose of electron irradiation of 25mA and

50mA are both 20kGy.

Table 3.4.1 Cost comparison in sterilization of medical products

(Unit: M￥)

Items Electron irradiation Gamma irradiation

Source Accelerator Co-60 Output power 5MeVx3mA 3.7 x 1016Bq (1MCi) Penetration 0.35g/cm2/MeV 12g/cm2

Efficiency 85% (both side) 30% Productivity (30kGy) 1.53t1hr 0.54t1hr

Capital cost 800 1600

Amortization 80 160 (10years)

Maintenance 15 3

京8 Co-60 一 150

c o Electricity :;伺‘ω コ・

9 一(100kW x 4300Hr)

Q. Water 2 。一

Labor 20 15

Total 126 328

Irradiation cost 1150￥1m3 5050￥1m3

Quated from "Radiation and Industry" NO.33

-51一

JAERI-M 93-160

10

Food irradiation Sterilization

Sewege, sludge treatment

>

D) i . OJ

c c g «3 k .

J« Ol u u <

0.1

Future application

100 1000 Output power (kW)

Fig. 1.1 Industrial fields of electron accelerator

52-

]AERI -M 93-160

Food irradiation Sterilization

10

(〉

ω豆}〉町

cl

‘-。c ω c 。ゆd

勾

‘-ω :: 1 ω u u <t

Present application

Sewege， sludge treatment

Future application

0.1 10 100 1000

Output power (kW)

Fig. 1.1 lndustrial fields of electron accelerator

-52-

Dose (kGy)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

I

Sterilization Polyethylene foam

Curing

PVC cable

PVC tape

Rubber tire

Flue-gas treatment

PE cable

Shrink tube

Fig. 2.1 Necessary dose in various industrial fields

』〉何回州日|富由ω|回目。

Dose (kGy)

10 20 31 0 40 51 0 60 70

E E

' s ' ，，

Sterilization Polyethylene foam PE cable

Curing

' E PVC cable E

PVC tape Shrink tube

Rubber tire • ' ' Flue-gas treatment '

'

' ‘ a

'

' ' 『

c.n w

Necessary dose in various industrial fields Fig. 2.1

JAERI-M 93-160

Natural background level

X-ray

Radiation shield

Accelerator

Target material

Fig. 2.2 Radiation shield of electron accelerator

- 54 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Accelerator

f

e

l--・22

・w，

131v

n

ot-，申，

v' dl+

同

18+

FE

-81V

SIB-t↓

v

m¥ーに

Natural background level

Radiation shield of electron accelerator

-54-

Fig. 2.2

Japanese na tu ra l

tv j^^-r, background

Natura l background in Brazil

(year average)

/

f r o m Television (annual )

Electron i r rad ia t ion fac i l i ty

( restr ic ted area)

Unit: mSv

Fig. 2.3 Radiation dose of everyday-l i fe

-""二与:::~~..-盛，þ，フ

hom Aerospoce 5_・・・・〓司，(ann川 J・E園田5

三匂手ぷ-0.35叩5ν

Japanese rwturill

background

(ycar avCra日e)

U可U可

日fケう日

l同!ョヲii |; (1 time)

Unlt: mSv

Fig. 2.3 Radiation dose of everyday-life

仁，1l1Cercurtc? (apart of body)

』〉

Eh--ζ<.0 しa

g

Continuous irradiation facility for tire rubber sheet

Space for spare accelerator

Accelerator

CT5

I

Scanning horn

> m 73

Winder Fig. 3.1.1 Electron Irradiation facility of rubber sheet

仁ontinuousirradiation facility

for tire rubber sheet

」〉何河【

lgs-50

Space for spare accelerator

Accelerator

Rubber sheet

c.n 。、

、、ミミScanning horn

Winder

Electron irradiation facility of rubber sheet Fig. 3.1.1

JAERI-M 93-160

Accelerator

Fig. 3.2.1 Apparatus of cable irradiation with electron beam

-57 -

JAERI-M 93-}印

Accelerator

Winder Scanning horn

Fig. 3.2.1 Apparatus of cable irradiation with electron beam

句，EU

Coating Reservoir

Chamber

Shielding

Electron Beam Gun

Vacuum Roll Coating Station

Unwind Roll Station

Window (Titanium)

Infeed Collimators

Outfeed Collimators

Rewind Rol Station

>

Fig. 3.3.1 Schematic view of electron irradiation curing

』〉阿wmHl富山田ω150

Electron Beam Gun

Roll Coating Station

留

Rewind Roll Station

Outfeed Collimators

Schematic view of electron irradiation curing

Infeed Col¥imators

Fig. 3.3.1

Unwind RolI Station

Accelerator

Scanning horn

Irradiated products

Conveyer

> S3

to I

Fig. 3.4.1 Electron irradiation faci l i ty

』〉阿見回

lguω

】由。

Accelerator

Scanning horn

Irradiated products

U司~

Electron irradiation facility Fig. 3.4.1

JAKRI-M 93-160

2.4. Polymer Processing with Electron Accelerators K. Makuuchi

Takasaki R a d i a t i o n Chemistry Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t Japan Atomic Energy Research I n s t i t u t e

More than one hundred electron accelerators are put to use to modify polymeric materials in industries in the world. One of the principal effects of radiation on polymers is the formation of radicals through ionization and excitation. Recombination of alkyl radicals formed in main chain of polymer is termed crosslinking. Main chain scission causes degradation of polymers. In general, crosslinking and degradation occur simultaneously in polymers. Graft polymerization is initiated by addition of monomers to the alkyl radical in the presence of monomers. Crosslinking is the most accepted electron beam (EB) processing followed by degradation of polymers and radiation grafting.

The predominant reaction that occurs in polyethylene, polyolerfins and elastomers by EB irradiation is crosslinking. Polyfunctional monomers such as diacrylates and triacrylates are being widely used to enhance crosslinking of polypropylene and poly(vinyl-chloride). The effects of crosslinking on the physical properties of polymers are increases in tensile strength, heat resistance and chemical resistance and decreases in elongation. The industrial applications of crosslinking are as follows:

Wire and cable Heat -shrinkable tubing and film Plastic foams Tires

EB crosslinking are applied to the auto-temperature controlling heater systems that consist of polymers and carbon. Crosslinked polyurethane has been developed to improve hot water resistance of the outside jacket of the sensor cable for anti-lock brake systems. EB crosslinking technique is spread to the engineering plastics such as polyesters and Nylons are also crosslinked with EB to increase the heat stability.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and butyl rubbers are typical polymer that degrade by irradiation. The degraded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is utilized as solid lubricants. Butyl rubbers are reused as raw elastomers.

Numbers of applications of graft polymerization are increasing steadily for the manufacture of functional materials. The battery separators are prepared by grafting acrylic acid onto polyethylene films. Adsorbents that can adsorb ammonia and amines are developed by grafting

sodium p-styrenesulfonate and acrylic acid onto non-woven fabric.

- 60 -

JAERI ー←~ 93-160

2.4. Polymer Processing with Electron Acce)erators

K. Makuuchi

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research lns七i七ute

More than one hundred electron accelerators are put to use to mod-ify polymeric materials in industries in the world. One of the principal effects of radialion on polymers is the formation of radicals through ion-ization and excitation. Recombination of alkyl radicals formed in main chain of polymer is termed crosslinking. Main chain scission causes degradation of polymers. ln general， crosslinking and degradation occur simultaneously in polymers. Graft polymerization is initiated by addition of monomers to the alkyl radical in the presence of monomers. Crosslinking is the most accepted electron beam (EB) processing fo1-lowed by degradation of polymers and radiation grafting.

The predominant reaction that occurs in polyethylene， polyolerfins and elastomers by EB irradiation is cross1inking. Polyfunctional monomers such as diacrylates and triacrylates are being widely used to enhance crosslinking of pυlypropylene and poly(vinyl-chloride). The ef-fects of crosslinking on the physical properties of polymers are increases in tensi1e strength， heat resistance and chemical resistance and decreases in elongation. The industrial applications of crosslinking are as follows:

Wire and cable Heat -shrinkable tubing and film Plastic foams Tires

EB crosslinking are applied to the auto-temperature controlling heater systems that consist of polymers and carbon. Crosslinked polyurethane has been developed to improve hot water resistance of the outside jacket of the sensor cable for anti-lock brake systems. EB crosslinking tech-nique is spread to the engineering plastics such as polyesters and Nylons are also crosslinked with EB to increase the heat stability.

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)， and butyl rubbers are typical polymer that degrade by irradiation. The degraded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is utilized as solid lubricants. Butyl rubbers are reused as raw elastomers.

Numbers of app1ications of graft po1ymerization are increasing steadily for the manufacture of functiona1 materials.百四 batterysepara-tors are prepared by grafting acrylic acid onto polyethylene films. Ad-sorbents that c如 adsorbammonia and amines are developed by grafting

sodium p-styrenesu1fonate and acrylic acid onto non-woven fabric.

-60

JAERI-M 93-160

2.5. Potential Application of Electron Accelerators in Thailand Chyagrit Siri-Upathum

Department of Nuclear Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkom University

1. Infcroducti on

High-energy electron can penetrate and give most of their energies to a material through interaction with the material. The energy given to the material results in excitation and ionization of molecules which lead to chemical reactions. Various chemical reactions induced by high-energy electons can produce new functional materials. Electron beam processing (EBP) is now considered to be industrial procasses with high efficiency, room temperature capability, free of catalyst and good controllability.

EBP has a broad range of applications in industry which lead to maâficture of many products of high quality such as crosslinked wire and cable insulation, crosslinked PE foam, heat shrinkable tube and sheet, ion exchange membrane, battery separator, adhesive tape, computer floppy disc etc. A very useful alternative to conventional curing of coating is also done by EBP. Now EBP has been extended to apply successfully for environmental preservation such as flue gas treatment, waste water treatment, treatment of sewage sludge etc. The applications of EBP in radiation processing, grouping according to levels of development are shown in Table 1. The EB energies for pertinent applications are shown in Table 2.

Although EBP has been developed in USA, Europe and Japan for more than 30 years and has been developed in our neighboring countries like Indonesia and Malaysia for some years, it has not yet been developed in Thailand. R&D in radiation processing, however has been

- 61 -

]AERI-M 93-160

2.5. Potential Application of Electron Accelerators in Thailand

CJ，りlagritSiri-Upathum

Depar七men七 ofNuclear Technology， Faculty of Engineering， Chulalongkorn University

1. Inもroduction

High-energy electron can penet1'ate and give mosも of'もheir

ene1'g'ies to a mal:.eri81 I:.hrough inもe1'ac七ion wi th t.he m8もe1'ia1. The

ene1'gy given 1:.0 the maむeria1resu11:.s in exciもaもionand ionization of'

molecules which lead to chemic81 reactions. Va1'ious chemical

reactions induced by high-energy elecもonscan p1'oduce new functional

materials. Elect1'on beam processing (EBP) is now considered七obe

indust1'ial procasses wil:.h high ef'ficiency， roomもempe1'aturecapability，

free of catalyst 8nd good cont1'o11abiliもy.

EBP has a b1'oad 1'ange of app1ications in indusも1'ywhich 1ead

七o ma. <.tf~c七u1'e of many produc七5 of high qua1ity such as crosslinked

wi1'e and cable insula七ion， c1'osslinked PE f'08m， heat shrinkableもube

and sheet， ion exchange memb1'ane， battery sepa1'ato1'， adhesiveもape，

computer f10ppy disc e七c. A very usef'u1 alter‘naもiveto convenもiona1

cu1'ing of coating is a1so done by EBP. Now EBP has been extendedもo

app1y successf'u11y f'o1' envi1'onmental p1'ese1'vaもionsuch as flue gas

treaもment， waste wate1' t1'eatment， t1'eaもmenも ofsewage sludge e七c. The

applications of' EBP in 1'adiaもionp1'ocessing， g1'ouping acco1'ding 1:.0

levels of' development 81'e shown in Table 1. The EB ene1'gies f'o1'

pertinent applica七ionsa1'e shown in Table 2.

Although EBP has been developed in USA， Europe and Japan fo1' mo1'e than 3O years and has been deve10ped in our neighbor、ingcounも1'ies

like lndonesia and Malaysia for some year‘5， it has no乞 yet been

developed in Thailand. R&D in 1'adiaもionp1'ocessinS'， however、hasbeen

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JAERI-M 93-160

actively conducted in the field of food preservation, environmental preservation (radiation treatment of sludge and waste water), prevulcanize of rubber latex and grafting of cellulose using gamma-ray irradiator at OAEP. In 1984, Gammafcron Co. (now Kendal Gammatron) has commercialized radiation sterilized medical products, also by using gamma irradiator. In 1991, Chulalongkorn University received a UV curing system from IAEA to commence R&D on UV curing of printing ink. The machine is under setting up for testing now.

2. The necessity bo conduct R&D on EBP in Thailand

As the EB unit with its protective shielding have very high capital costs and EBP including its benefits are still very new to the local industries, prior the investment for such machine to the industry, the Government Agency (OAEP) should have a role to support the R&D on EBP. Extensive R&D on EBP connot be done unless an EB machine has been installed. The provision of EB machines (low and medium energies) can be done through technical co-operation or by government's budget. The objective of implementation should be aimed at

1) carrying out R&D on EBP 2) promotion of EBP as means to manufacture products of high

quality with low cost 3) selection of the suitable EBP for local products on value-

added purpose for export 4) development of manpower to support private sector on EBP 5) provision of technical assistance eg. through training

course, work shop.

The R&D on EBP should be emphasized on technology transfer rather than developing our own technology to shorten the time to move forwards to pilot scale production and transfer to the industrial

- 62 -

JAERI -M 93-160

ac七ively conducもed in the field of food prese~vaもion， environmenta1

preservaもion (radiation もreatment of sludge and waste wa七er)， prevulcanize of rubber latex and grafもingof cel1ulose using ga町田¥B-ray

irradiaも01' aも OAEP. ln 1984， GammaもronCo. (now Kendal Gammatron) has

commercialized radia¥:.ion s¥:.erilized medical p~oducもs ， 61so by using

gamma irradiator. In 1991， Chulalongkorn Universiもyreceived a UV

curing systerrl from IAEA to commence R&D on UV curing of printing ink.

The machine is under、seももingup for tes¥:.ing now.

2. The J碍 cessi t.y to conducも R&Don EBP in Thai lw叫

As the EB unit wi七h 七spro七ectiveshielding have very high

oapi七slcosもssnd EBP including 七sbenefi¥:.s sre 5もil1very new ¥:.0 the

loos1 industries. prior 七he inves七ment for such machine もoもhe

industry，七he Gover、nmentAgency <OAEP) Sh01ll d ha ve a 1"01 eもosuppor七

七he R&D on EBP. Exもensive R&D on EBP conno七 bedone unless an EB

machine has been insl:.al1ed. The prcvision of EB machi.les (low and

medium ener'gies) osn be done ¥:.hrough technical co-operation or by

gover可1ffient' s budget. Th9 object i ve of j mp 1 emen七ationshould be aimed

a七

1) carrying ouも R&Don EBP

2) promotion of EBP as mesnsもomanufacture producl:.s of high

qual il:.y wiもh low cosも

3) selec七ionof the sui七ableEBP for loos1 products on value-

added purpose for expor七

4) development of manpowerもosupport privaもesecもoron EBP

5) provision of もechnicalassisもanceeg. through training

coul'se， work shop.

The R&D on EBP should be emphasized on technology trBnsfer

rsther than developing our口wnもechnologyto shorten七heもime七omove

forWBrds to pilot scale production Bnd transferもothe indus七rial

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sectors. This can be done through regional training course and technical assistance in the form of expertise.

3. Potential Industrial Applications of EBP in Thailand

3.1 Curing of surface coating

Considering the established EBP technologies shown in Table 1 and the development of semi-fimish and finish products for export today, reveals that although the conservation of wood and forests has been promulgated, there is still a large momentum of wood products and manufacturing industry. Table 3 shows the export of particle board, fiber board and plywood in 1989. The relative small volume of the export might come from the consumption of furniture manufacturing industry and domestic uses. Table 4 shows the export of wooden furniture and furniture of cane. Although the total export of furniture of about 40,000 ton in 1989, this volume is just sufficient for a commercial EB cured wood coating line with the break-even figure of 40,000 m per year. Another potent i a1 app1i cat i on of EBP for curing on substrate is ceramic tiles, the volume exported in 1989 exceeded 86,000 ton. Cement board, gypsum board are also products which can be put to EBP for curing of surface coating.

3.2 Radiation Cross linking

There is a trend that in the future the cross linked and halogen-free insulated wire and cable will dominate the world market. Many countries in Europe has already standard requirement that the insulation material must be crosslinked to enhance the properties in case of fire. The sheath must also be crosslinked to pass the requirement of hot set test. The crosslinked and halogen-free insulator is also necessary for health and environmental safety standard.

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JAERI-M 93-160

secto1's. This can be done もhrough 1'egional も1'ainingcourse and

technical assisもancein the fo1'm of expe1'tise.

3. Pot目 ltialIndusもrialApplications of EBP in Thail田 d

3.1 Cu1'ing of su1'face coaもing

Gonside1'ing七heestablished EBPもechnologiesshown in Table 1

and the deve1 opment of semi-fimish and finish producもsfo1' export

七odaYt revealsもhaも alもhoughもheconse1'vaもionof wood and fo1'es七s-has

been p1'omulgated，もhe1'e is sti11 a 1a1'ge momentum of wood p1'oducもs

and manufacもuring indust1'Y. Table 3 shows the expo1'も ofparもicle

boar、d，fiber boar、dand plywood in 1989. The 1'ela七ivesmal1 volume of

もhe expo1't might come f1'om the consump七ionof fu1'nitu1'e manufactu1'ing

industry and domestic u.ses. Table 4 shows the exporも ofwooden

furni七u1'e and furniture of cane. Alもhough 七l1e total expo1'七 of

furniture of about 4O，OOO ton in 1989， this volume is just sufficienも

fo1' a commer、cia1EB cured wood coating 1ine with the break-even figure

of 4O，OOO m3

per year、 Ano七he1' poもenもia1applica七ionof EBP fo1'

cu1'ing on subst1'ate is ceramic tiles. the v01ume expor七edin 1989

exceeded 86，OOO もon. Cemen七 boar、d，gypsum boal、dare a1so p1'oducts

which can be put to EBP for curing 0ず surfacecosting.

3.2 Radi.ation Crosslinking

There is s もrend 七ha七 1n the future七hecrosslinked and

ha1ogen-free insulated wi1'e end cable will dominsteもheworld marke七.

Many counb1'ies in Eu1'ope has already standard 1'equiremen七もhaももhe

insulaもion material must be c1'osslinked to enhance the properもiesin

case of fi1'e. The sheath must a150 be crosslinkedもopassもhe

requirement of ho七 set もest. The c1'osslinked and halogen-f1'ee

insulaも01' is alsc necessary fol' health and environment.al safety

sもandard.

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Crosslinking of wire and cable insulation by EBP has advantage over conventional peroxide and si lane crosslinking in many aspects such as process is less complicated, high throughput, room temperature capability etc. It is important, therefore to note that EBP for crosslinking of wire and cable insulator is a potential technique. The plant capacity for such manufacturing is very large as dictated by the EB power of medium energy. The EB machine of 3.0 MV, 30 mA which normally used for this purpose, radiation dose of 25 Mrad is needed eg. for P.E. insulator, through put is roughly 300 t (PE)/ month. In the future, however if the demand for the cable of this kind is higher and locally produced commodity plastic resin : PE.PP, PS are available, crosslinked cable insulator manufacturing might be of interest for the industry.

Radiation crosslinking also finds wide applications in production of polyolefin foam. The production cost, however can be competitive with conventional chemical technique only if the production amount is more than about 100 t/month.

Another potential application of radiation crosslinking is the manufacturing of heat shrinkable tube and sheet. These products are widespread used for packaging, insulation of electrical parts, connector for telecommunication cables, corrosion protection of welding line of steel pipe, etc.

3.3 Pre-curing of tire rubber

Tire manufacturing process can be improved through the use of precured rubber sheet by EBP. In the process, bead insulation, innerliner, tread, sidewal1 and compounding applied to ply are to be irradiated by electron beam to improve their green strength or toughness so that they can withstand the rough handling of the tire building drum. It is one of the potential applications for domestic

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JAERI-M 93-160

Crosslinking of wire and coble insulaもion by EBP has

advantage over、 convenbionalpero託ideand 5ilane c1'os51inking in many

aspecもS slJ:ch as p1'ocess 1S le55 compl icated， highもhroughput，room

temperatu1'e capability P.tc. も 1Simportant， therefo1'eもonoteもha.も

EBP for crosslinking of wire and cable insulatol、isa poten七ia1

technique. The plant capaci七yfor such manufac七uringis very la1'ge as

dictated by the EB power of medium energy. The EB machine of 3.O MV.

3のmAwhich normally used forもhispu1'pose， radiaもiondose of 25 Mrad

is needed eg. fo1' P.E. insulaもor，th1'ough puも i51'oughly 3OOも (PE)!

month. ln 七he fu七ure，however、ifthe demand forもhecable of七his

kind is higher and Iocally produced commodity plastic 1'esin PE，PP，

PS are avai lable， cr0551 inked cable instthtor manufacturing mighも be

of intere5t for七heindust1'Y.

Radiation cros51inking also find5 wide applicaもion5 in

producむion of polyolefin foam. The production cost， however cem be

competitive with conventional chemical technique only if 七he

p1'oducもion amount j 5 mo1'e than abouも lOOも!mon七h.

Another‘ poteotial application of 1'adiation crosslinking is

the manufac七uring of heat shrinkable tube and sheet. These p1'oducもs

a1'e widesp1'ead used fo1' packaging， in5ulaもionof elecも1'icalpa1'もs.

connec七01' fo1' telecommunication cables. corrosion p1'otection of

welding line of steel pipe， etc.

3.3 Pre-cul" i ng of t i I"e l'ubbel"

Til"e manufacもuringprocess can be improved through the use of

p1'ecu1'ed 1'ubber sheet by EBP. In the proceS5， bead insulation， innel'l ine1'.も1'ead，sidewal' and compounding applied to ply 81"eもobe

irradiaもed by elec七I"on beam もo impl'ove their green st1'ength 01'

toughness 50 もhat they can wiもhstandもhe1'ough hand 1 i ng of theもi1'e

building drum. も isone of the poιen七ia1appl icaもiQnsfor domeseic

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JAERI-M 93-160

industry in the future as the export is increasing expecially tires for busesi lorries and motocycles. The total number of exports were about 1.2 million in 1989.

3.4 Other applications

R&D on radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex is now in good progress using gamma irradiator. Its potential products are medical products of non-cytofcoxic and corcinogen-free. EBP can be very useful for large scale production of prevulcanized latex, either for domestic industries or for export to secure higher value added. It has been investigated that for the production rate of greater than 12,000 ton per years the unit cost of production is cheaper than that of using gamma irradiator (Table 5).

4. EBP For environmental preservation

As mentioned earlier, EBP has been successfully extended to use for environmental preservation, a good example is the treatment of industrial flue gases to remove N0 x and S0 a from stack gases. Conventional method of treatment is by wet scrubber and selective catalytic reduction for S0 2 and N0 x respectively. EBP for flue gas treatment is a dry scrubber which can eleminate SO to nearly 100% and N0 x to 85-90JJ. In 1997, all lignite or coal-fired power stations in the country have to be attached with S0 2 scrubber to prevent acid rain. lb is of interest to consider EBP for such purpose.

5. Conclusion

EBP should be of great potential to be used in industries in Thailand in the future. To begin with it, however the Government Agency should have a role to support R&D on EBP and its utilization. The first thing to do is to provide EB machines of low and medium

- 6 5 -

]AERI-M 93-160

indus七ry i n the flt七ureasもheexporも is increasing expeciallyもire5

Tor bU5es. ¥orr1e5 and motocycles. The total number、of'expor七5were

about 1.2 million in 1989.

3.4 0もherapplica七ions

R&D on radiaもionvulca.niza.もionof natural rubber、1a七exis now

in 800d pl"ogre5s using gamma irradiator. 七spotential produoも5a1'e

medica1 product5 of non-cyもoもoxic and c01'cinogen-free. EBP can be

very useful f'or large scale production of prevulcanized 1atex， ei七her

f'o1' domesもic indus七ries 01" for expor七七osecure higher value added.

It ha5 been inves七igatedもhatfo1'もheproducもionrate of greate1' 七han

12，000 もonper year5もheuniち costof production is cheaper、七han七hat

of u5ing gamma irradiator <Table 5).

4. EBP 1"01' envi1'ollllliヨロtslpre5e1'VS"むion

A哩 mentioned earlier， EBP has been successfu11y exもended七O

use for environmenもa1preservation， a good example is theもreatmentof

indusもria1 flue gases もo remove NO and 50_ from stack gases. x --'2

Conventiona1 method of もreaもment is by wet scrubber and selective

caもalytic reducもion for SO_ and NO respecもively. EBP for f1ue 2 ><

g8S treatmenも is a dry scrubber which can e1eminaもe502

to nearly

100r. and NO>c to 85-90~. Jn 1997， a11 1ignite 01" coal-fired power

Sもaもions in the counもry have もo be aももachedwith 502

scrubber もo

prevent acid rain. It is of in七eresももoconsider EBP for such purpose.

5. Conclusion

EBP should be of great poten七ia1to be used in industries in

1・hai1and in もhe futUJ'9. To begin with 七， however、もheGover、nment

Agency shou1d have a ro1eもosupport R&D on EBP and its uもi1izaもion.

The firsももhing七odo i5 もoprovide EB mBchines of ]ow and mediwη

"同

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JAERI-M 93-160

energy to be installed at a Government Agency such as OAEP. This can tie done through the government budget or through a research contract with foreign assistance. The most promising industrial application of EBP in Thailand in the near future, considering from potential export items, may be in the field of curing of surface coating. This is to secure value added and higher quality of semi-finish products like partitioned boards, ceramic tiles, gypsum tiles, fiber board or finish products such as funiture for export.

Table 1 Status of EBP for industrial application

Status Application Field

Established Technologies

- Radiation sterilization - Curing of surface coating - Wire & cable insulation

Pre-curing of tire rubber - Heat shrinkable tube & sheet - Polyolefin foam

Emerging Technologies

- Food irradiation - Treatment of industrial flue gases - Decontamination of animal food - Decontamination of municipal waste

(sewage sludge)

New Development - biomass conversion - Prevulcanize of natural rubber latex - Radiation immobilization of bioactive

materials — , , ... „

66-

JAERIー恥，f 93-160

energyもo be insもal1edat a Gover、nmenも Agencysueh as OAEP. This can

be done through the government budget 01'" もhrough a research contract

with foreign assisもance. The DlOSも promisingindusも1"'161application of

EBP in Thailand inもhenea.1' fuもu1'e，considering from po七entialexporも

iもems，may be inもhefield of curing of surface cosもing.This isもo

secure value added and higher、qualiもyof semi-finish products like

parも1t i oned boar、ds，ce1'amic tiles， gypsum もiles， fiber‘ boa1'd 01'

finish products such as funiもurefor exporも.

Table 1 Status of EBP for industrial application

ー一一一一._.-一一ー一一時ー一-，--一St.a七us

Esもablished

Technologies

Emel"'ging

Technologies

New Deve1 opment

Application Field

Radiaも10nsもeri1 iza七10n

ー Cu1'ingof su1'face coating

Wire & ca.ble insulation

Pre由 curingof七i1'erubbel'"

Heat sh1'inkable tube & sheeも

Polyolefin foam

Food irl"'sdiaもion

Treatmenιof industrial flue gases

Deconもaminaもionof animal food

Deconもsmins'もionof municipsl waste

(sewage sludge)

biomass conve1'sion

P1'evulcanize of naもural1'ubber latex

Radisもionimmobil izaもionof bioactive

mste1'ials

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Table 2 Acceleration voltage and radiation dose required for certain applications

Application field Voltage (KV)

Radiation Dose (Mrad)

Steri1ization Heat shrinkable tubing Wire & cable insulation

PE PVC

Tire rubber, PE foam Treatment of flue gases Curing of surface coating

300 - 5000 200 - 3000

400 - 2000 400 - 2000

300 - 1000

175 - 350

up to 2.5 10 - 25

20 - 30 5 - 1 0 3 - 8

2.5 - 10 1.5 - 5 1 - 8

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]AERI-M 93-160

Table 2 Acceleration voltage and radiation dose requirea for certain applications

Application field Volもage Radiation Dose

(KV) (M1"ad)

Ste1"ilization 3OO -5OOO up to 2.5

Heat shrinkableもubing 2OO -aooo 1O -25

Wi1"e & cable insulation

PE 4OO -2OOO 2O -3O

PVC 4OO -2OOO 5 - 10

TiI'e rubber‘・ 3 -8

PE foam 3OO - lOOO 2.5 - 1O

Treatmenも offlue gases 1.5 -5

Curing of sU1"face coaもing 175 -350 1 -8

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JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3(a) Export of particle board, fiber board and laminated wood

export (1989) value (MT) (million of TB)

Particle board 9,570 61.65 Fiber board 3,231 26.40 Laminated wood & 3,502 119.71 plywood

Table 3(b) Export of glazed and unglazed ceramic tiles

export (1989) value (MT) (million of TB)

Glazed & Unglazed Ceramic tiles 86,463 1,179.72

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]AERI-M 93-160

Table 3(a) Export of particle board， fiber board and laminated wood

expol"t (1989) value

CMT) Cmil1ion of T8)

ト一一一一一一一一一一Partic1e boar、d 9，57O 61.65

Fiber boar、d 3，231 26.4O

Laminated wood & 3，5O2 119.71

plywood

Table 3(b) Export of glazed and unglazed ceramic tiles

exporも (1989) value

(MT> (mi llion of TB)

Glazed & Unglazed

Cel'amic もiles 86，463 1，179.72

一ー

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JAERI-M 93-160

Table 4 Export of furniture in 1989

export (1989) value (MT; (million of TB)

Wooden furniture 35,197.3 1,988.477 Furniture of cane 4,755.262 373.899

Table 5 Cost of RVNRL produced by gamma rays and EB

Co-50 EB

Source 2 MCi 5 MV'i 30 mA Power (KW) 30 150 Efficiency (.%) 40 95 Annual operation (h) 6,000 6,000 Sensitizer n-BA none Vulcanization dose 1 25

(Mrad) Annual production (MT 20,000 12,000 Annual operating cost ¥ 450 M ¥ 250 M Cost/ton 22,500 20,850

- 6 9 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 4 Export of furniture in 1989

一一expOf't (1989) value

(MT> (mi 11 ion of TB)

Wooden furniもure 35.197.3 1.988.477

Fu.l'niもUf'eof cane 4，755.262 373.899

Table 5 Cost of RVNRL produced by gamma rays and EB

Co-6O EB

SOttf'ce 2 MCi 5 MV， 3O mA Power、(KW) 3O 15O

Efficiency (y，) 4O 95

Annua 1 operaもion<h) 6.OOO 6.OOO

Sensiもizef' n-BA none

Vu1caniza七iondose 1 25

(Mf'ad)

Annua1 pf'oduction (MT 2O，OOO 12，OOO Annua1 operating cos七￥ 45O M ￥ 25O M

Cost/ton 22，5目白 2O.B5O

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2.6. Food Irradiation with Electron Accelerators Chettachai Banditsing

Biological Science Division, Office of Atomic Energy for Peace

Abstract

Both gamma rays and energetic electrons are widely used for the sterilization of disposable devices and for food irradiation. Radioactive isotopes (Co—60, and Cs—137) emiting gamma rays have been the predominant energy source of these processes but particle accelerators producing high power beams of energetic electrons are now taking share of this business. The food irradiation processing requires an electron beams of 10 MeV of energy and more than 10 KW of power. The electron beam which suitable for industrial food irradiation processing can be obtained by an electron linear accelerator having a high accelerating field gradient (10—5 MV/m). High -intensity X—ray convertor are also being considered for applications requiring more penetration than electron beams can provide.

1. Introduction

Food irradiation is a physical means of food treatment comparable to processing food by heating or freezing. The process involves exposing food, either package or in bulk, to gamma rays. X-rays, or electrons in a special room and for a specified duration to achieve the technical purpose. The most common and approved sources of gamma rays for food and Industrial processing are cobalt-60 and caesium-137. These are so called radioisotope sources. There are also 'machine' sources which can produce electrons and/or X-rays for food processing as shown in Fig.1.

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jAERI-M 93-160

2.6. Food Irradiation with Electron Accelerators

Chettachai Banditsing

Biological Science Division， Office υf A七omicEnergy王orPeace

Abstract

80th gamma rays and energetic electrons are widely used for the sterilization ot disposabfe devices and for food irradiation. Radioactive isotopes (Co-60. and CS-137) emiting gamma rays have been '.he predomi-nant energy source of these processes but particle accelerators producing high power beams of energetic electrons are now taking share of this business. The food irradiatios pfOcess加9requlres an eJectron beams 01 10 MeVol energy and more than 10 KW 01 power. The electmn beam which suitable for industrial food irradiation processing can be obtained by an eJectron IInear accelerator having a high acceleratlng field gradient れ0-5MVjm). High-intensity X-ray convertor a.re also being considered for applica首onsrequiring more penetration than electron beams can pfO'叫de.

1. Introduction

Food irradiation is a physical means 01 food treatment comparable to processing food by heating or freezing. The process involves exposing food. eJther package or in bulk. to gamma rays. X -rays. or electrons in a speclal room and for a specifled duration to achleve the technical purpose. The most common and approved sources of gamma rays lor food and Industrial processing are cobalt-60 and caesium-137. These are so called radiolsotope sources. nlere are also 'machine' sources which can produce electrons and/or X-rays for food processlng as shown加 Flg.1.

-70 --

JAERI-M 3-160

2..Benefits of food irradiation.

Benefits of food irradiation are to extend the shelf life, decontamination of both pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, disinfection of parasites, disinfestation of insects and inhibition of sprout of agr i cultural produce and products. This technology will not only reducing spoilage losses of food but also increasing trade in a number of food items in many regions.

The cost of irradiation for food preservation should be less than comparable physical methods in view of its lower energy requirement and competative with chemical treatment in significant volume of products is treated in a plant within a given a unit of time. Techno-economic feasibility studies proved that food irradiation is economic efficient and convenient method for processing of food in many countries (Banditsing 1985, Banditsing 1988, Martin 1988, Lustre 1985, Maha 1988, Khan 1988, and Moy 1984.).

3.Sources of radiation

The choice of energy source for a specific application depends on the process requirements such as product configuration and handling pro— ceedure through put rate, minimum dose and max/min dose rate, as well as the user's criteria for capital and operating costs, process versatility, equipment availability and reliability, social acceptability and risks.

4.Penetration

Industrial electron accelerators provide concentrated, high— intensity radiation with limited penetration in solid materials. In contrast, gamma—ray source provide diffuse, low intensity radiation with greater penetration. However, X—ray converter having high penetration is now available.

- 71 -

jAERI -M 3-160

2..BeneIJ極 01food irradiation.

Benell旬。，ffood irradiation are to extend the shelflile. decon-tamination of both pathogenic and spoilage町aicroorganisms，disinfection of parasites， dis加festationof insects and inhlb耐onof sprout of agn-cultural produce and produc脂.This tt招 hnologywill not only reducing spollage losses 01 food but also加creasingtrade in a number of food items in many regions.

The cost of Irradiatlon for food preservation should be less曲 ancomparabJe physical methods加 view01 i陰 lowerenergy req凶rementandcompetative w詑hchemical treatment in sig川目cantvolume of products is treated in a plant within a given a unit of time. Techno-economic feasib耐tystudfes proved that food irrad陥tlonis economlc efficient and convenient method for process加9offood加 manycountries (Bandi陰加g官985，Bandlts加91988. Martin 1988. Lustre 1985， Maha 1988，開lan唱988.and Moy 1984ふ

3.Sources of radlation

The choice of energy source for a specific application depends on the process require町lentssuch as product configuration and handling pro-ceedure through put rate. minimum dose and町laxJmin伽 serate， as well as the user's 削除rJafor capi凶 andoperating costs. proc関 sver:錨閥均，

eq凶pmentavailability and陪Iiab揃旬， social accep旬b揃tyand risks.

4.Penetration

Industrlal electron accelerators pr。叫deconcentrated. hlgh-加tensityradiation with limited penetration加 solidmaterials.加

contrast. gamma-ray source pro凶dedlffuse， low加tensityradiation wi曲greater penetratlon. However. X-ray conve目。rha'叫nghigh penetraUon is now available.

← 71

JAERI -M 93-160

The percentage depth dose distribution in water or unit density materials for single—sided irradiation is shown in Fig.2. In addition the max/min dose ratio versus unit-density product thickness two—sided irradiation of gamma ray and X—ray is shown in Fig.3.

5.Advantages and disadvantages of gamma ray, electron beam.and X-ray.

Comparisons of the advantages and disanvantages of gamma ray, electron beam, and X-ray for radiation processing of medical devices and food have been reported by Cleland 1987 as it is shown in Table 1. Each type of energy sources has a number of advantages and disadvantages which make the choice for new facilities a rather complex issue. Gamma-ray processing in terms of numbers of installations and aggregate experience Is still the dominant technology in this fields. However, utilization of linacs for industrial processing in various fields is also existed in many countries as shown in Table 2.

6.Economics.

Comparisons of X—ray and gamma—ray sources for industrial irradiation process have been reported by Cleland et. al. (1987) and economical evaluation in comparison of sterilization of medical products by electron and gamma irradiation was also conducted by Doi (1992). It was founded that the operating costs (unit cost/ft3) of gammas : X-rays was $ 0.64 : $ 0.52 whereas the irradiation cost electron : gamma was 1150 Y : 5050 Y m 5 .

7.Conclusion.

Food Irradition has been proven to be a safe and wholesome physical means of food treatment by exposing food to gamma rays. X-rays, or electrons to achieve the technical purpose of reducing spoilage loss. Each type of radiations has a number of advantages and disadvantages. Gamma rays processing in terms of numbers of installations and aggregate experience is still the dominant technology in these fields. However, high-power beams of energetic electrons are now taking share of this business.

- 72 -

JAERI -M 93-160

The percentage depth dose distribution加 wateror unit density materials lor slngle-slded irradiation is shown In Flg.2. In addition the max/min dose ratio versus uniト densilyproduct thickness two-sided irradiation of gamma ray and X-ray is shown加 Fig.3.

5.AdYantages and disadYantages of gamma ray. electron beam.and X-ray.

Comparisons 01 the adYantages and disanvantages 01 gamma ray. electron beam. and X-ray lor radiation processing 01 medical de叫cesand food have been reported by Cfeland 1987 as it is shown in Table 1. Each type 01 energy sources has a number of advantages and disadYantages which make the choice lor new lacilities a rather complex issue. Gamma-ray processing in terms of numbe陪 ofinstallations and aggregate experlence Is stifl the dominant technology in this fields. However. ulilization of Ilnacs for industrial processing in various fields is also existed in many countries as shown in Table 2.

6.Economics.

Comparisons of X-ray and gamma-ray sources for industrial Irradia.tion process have been reported by Cleland et. al. (198乃 andeconomlcaJ evaluatlon In comparison of sterilizatlon of medical produc恒by electron and gamma irradlation was also conducted by Doi (1992). It was founded that the operating cos恒 (unitcostf1貨3)of gammas: X-rays was $ 0.64: $ 0.52 whereas the irradiatlon cost electron : gamma was 1150 Y: 5050 Y m 3•

7. Conclusion.

F∞d Irrad耐onhas been proven to be a safe and wholesome physlcal means olf(旭 d甘'eatmentby exposlng food to gamma rays. X -rays. or electrons 10 achieve the technical purpose of reducing spoilage loss. Each type of radiations has a number of adVantages and'disadYantages. Gamma rays pr'ωessing加 termsof numbers of installations and aggregate experlence is stlll曲 edom加anttechnology in these fieJds. However. high-power beams of energetic electrons are now抱 kingshare of白isbusiness.

-72 -

JAER1-M 93-160

Considering of the electron beam processing of food, interesting suggustion which should be taken in account has been given to accumulate of data in commercial plants and pilot plants in USA and France. Meanwhile, linac technology must be prepared for propable development of the demands on larger power rating for processing of the larger volume of food stuffs, higher efficiency of power conversion from wall to beam, and the development of X-ray convenor to accomodate thick samples.

As far as the promoting electron accelerators utilization of food irradiation in development countries is concerned, government organization which responsible for nuclear science and technology R&D should have this facility through the national budget and/or through international agency technical assistance, this machine not only giving opportunity for scientists to gain operation and maintainance of irradiation facility experience but aiso to bridge the food irradiation technology to the private investor through technology transfer process.

- 73

JAERI-M 93-160

Considering 0' the electron beam process加9offood.加terestingsuggustion which should be taken In account has been glven to accumulate of dala in commercial plan陰 andpilot plan胎加 USAand France. Meanwhile.linac technology must be prepared for propable development of the demands on larger power rating for processing of the larger volume of food ~tu筒s. higher efficiency of power conve陪 ionfrom wall to beam. and the development of X-ray convertor to accomodate thick samples.

As far as the promoting el~ctron accelerators utilization of food iπ'adiation 加 developmentcountries is concerned. government organization which陪 sponsiblefor nuclear science and technology R & 0 should have this fac蹴tythrough the national budget and/or through international agency technical assistance. this machine not onJy gi叫ngopporlunUy fOT scienljs也 10gain opeTalion and maintainance of irradiation facility experience but aiso to bridge the food irradialion technology to the private investor through technology transfer process.

一73

JAERI-M 93-160

References

Banditsing, C. 1985. The multipurpose food irradiation plant in Thailand. In Food Irradiation Processing. Proc. IAEA/FAO Symposium, Washington D.C. . 4 - 8 March, pp. 365-377.

Banditsing, C. 1988. Food irradiation for national development J. Nutr. Assoc. Thailand. 1988, 4, 435-443.

Cleland, M.R. and G.M. Pageau. 1987. Comparisons of X-ray and gamma-ray sources for industrial irradiation processes. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B24/25, 967-972.

Cleland, M.R. and G.M. Pageau. 1987. Radiation processing of medical devices and food. In: Preprint of an invited paper for 20 th Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society. 6—12 February, 15 pp.

Doi, T. 1992. Economical aspects of industrial electron accelerators. Proc. OAEP/JAERI/JAIF Workshop on Industrial Utilization of Electron Accelerators, 9 July 1992.

Khan, T. 1988. Commercial trial on radiation preservation of onions under tropical conditions. In: Final meeting of project committee of RPFi phase II. Office of Atomic Energy for Peace. Bangkok 1988.

Lustre, A.O.,Ang, L., Dianco, A., Cabalfin, E.G., and Narvarro, Q.O., Philippines experience in marketing irradiated foods. Proc. ASEAN Workshop on Food Irradiation, Bangkok 1985, Association of South East Asean Nations. Food Handling Bureau, Kualalumper, 1985. 52-59.

Maha, M. 1988. Technology transfer of irradiation of frozen shrimps, dried fish and spices. In: Final meeting of project committee of RPFI Phase II. Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Bangkok, 1988.

Martin, M. 1988. Commercialization storage and transportation studies of irradiated dried fish and fishery products and onions. In: Final meeting of project committee of RPFI Phase II. Office of Atomic Energy for Peace., Bangkok 1988.

Moy, J. 1984. Economic feasibility study:Irradiation of Mexican fruits, in IAEA Project MEX/5/01-01 Report. 42 pp.

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jAERI-M 93-160

References

Banditslng. C. 1985.τhemu附purposefood Irradlatlon plant加 τhailand.In Food Irradiation Processing. Pr，ω. IAEA/FAO Symposium. W箇 hingtonD.C. ，4-8 March， pp. 365-377.

Dandits'ng. C. 1988. Food irradiation for national development J. Nutr. Assoc. Thalland. 1988， 4. 435-443.

Cleland. M.R. and G.M. Pageau. 1987. Comparisons 01 X-ray and gamma-ray sources for加dustrlalIrradlatlon processes. Nuclear Ins加 .men包 andMethods in Physics Research 824/25. 967-972.

Cleland. M.R. and G.M. Pageau. 1987. Radlatlon processlng 01 medlcal de叫C3Sand food. In: Preprint of an invited paper for 20 th Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physfcs Society. 8-12 February，唱5pp.

Dol. T. 1992. Economical aspects 01 Industrial elt:掲:tronaccelerators. Proc. OAEP/JAERI/JAIF Workshop on Industrlal Utilization 01 日曜掲:tronAccelerators. 9 July 1992.

附lan.T.唱988.Commercial trial on radiation pn措 erval旬。n01 onions under 位。picalcond闘ons.加:Flnal mee百四901 project comml位:ee01 RPFI phase 11. Office of Atomic Energy for Peace. Bangkok 1988.

Lustre. A.O..Ang. L. Dianco. A.. Caba附n.E.G.， and Narvarro. Q.O.. Phiー

lippines experience in marketing Irradiated loods. Proc. ASEAN Workshop on Food Irradiatlon. 8angkok 1985. Association 01 South East Asean Nations. Food HandlJng 8ureau.陥.ala加mper.1985. 52-59.

Maha， M.官988.Technology transler 01 irradiatlon ollrozen shrimps， drled fish and spices. In: Final meeting 01 project commlttee of RPFI Phase 11. Off.ce of Atomlc Energy for Peace. 8angkok. 1988.

Martin. M. 1988. CommercializaUon storage and transportation studles 01 Irradiated drled flsh and目sheryproducts and onlons.加:Flnal meeting of project committee of RPFI Phase 11. Offic~ 01 Atomlc Energy for Peace.， 8angkok 1988.

Moy， J. 1984. Economlc fe舗 Ibllitystudy:lrradlatlon 01 Mexican Irul箇.

In IAEA Pr叫曜掲:tMEX/5/01-01 Rep。同.42pp.

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JAKKI-M 93-160

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of gamma-ray, electron beam and X-ray

Radiation 1.Advantages

Gamma-ray (l)The penetrating quality

of radiation permits the treatment of variety of medical and agricultural products packed in shipping cartons.

(2)Steady emission of energy assures the availability of power when need and gives producible results from the treatment process.

(3) Modular source capsules permit matching the power output to the production requirements.

(4)The irradiation process can be monitored by physical means (dosimetry) and controlled

by a single parameter (exposure time).

(5)The efficacy and reliability of gamma—ray processing has been demonstrated in numonus facilities over many years.

(6)This technology is suitable for the underdeveloped countries because the operation and maintainance of irradiation facility does not require highly skilled personel.

Electron beam (1)The radiation intensity

within the beam is very high so the exposure time is very shot and product degradation is minimized.

(2)The product conveyor is simpler and less expensive than in a gamma-ray facility since a single pass or at most two passes through the beam is sufficient.

(3)The power utilization is higher than with gamma rays due to the forward concentration of the beam and its controlled penetration.

(4)Operating exposures can be minimized by running the accelerator only when it is needed.

(5) Process validation proceedures need not be repeated after the accelerator is serviced, provided that tho operating parameters have not changed.

(6)The accelerator can be installed above ground within an ordinary building.

(DAccelerators facilities are licensed by state agencies in the same manner as medical X-ray equipment and the procedure are less than the licensing of large gamma-ray facilities.

(8)The future availability and price of accelerators will be determined by the market place rather than by governmental policies.

(9)The total cost of electron beam processing is less than gamma ray sterilization in facilities with throughput capacities of 1 million cubic feet per year or greater.

X-ray (l)Most of the advantages

of electron beam processing also apply to X—ray processing, w/o the disadvantage of low electron penetration.

(2)The greater penetration of 5 MeV X-rays versus Co-60 gamma rays will reduce the max/min dose ratio in pallet loads of heavy products, especially agricultural commodities.

(3)The forward concentration of the X-rays versus isotopic gamma-rays will reduce the irradiation time, there by reducing product degradation.

(4)The smaller radiation zone will simplify the product conveyor, there by improving its reliabilty and reducing its cost.

(5)The smaller volume of material in the irradiation chamber will increase operating efficiency by reducing the time lost between production lots with different dose requirements.

(6)An X-ray generator can provide the comfort and convenience of a controllable eletrical device with the product penetration and dose uniformity now obtainable only from radioactive materials.

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JAER[-M 93-160

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of gamma-ray， electron beam and X-ray

Aadiation Gamma-ray Electron beam X-ray

1.Advar詑ages 。)The阿南町atingq咽 I町。)Therad凶 lonintensily (1)Most of rt栂 advantagesof radiation permi1s廿砲 w耐lin智満 beamis very high of elec甘onbeampro回 ss耐喝

treatment of var恰，tyof 80世l6expos .... e time is very also apply to X-ray pro-medi国 Iand agriω，ltlI'al shot and prodl胤 degradation 同 ssing，w/o廿裕 dis-prod凶 tspacked in sh恥ー isminim包，ed. a耐 antage01 Iow ele曲。np!::-羽 cartons. per晦tration.

(2)腎裕 prodl応t∞m肉9yor(2)Steady emission of is slmpler ar凶 lessexpen- (2)The greater pene智ationer栂rgyass .... es官時 sive甘首iT'Iin a gamma-ray 01 5 MeV X -rays versus availabiliザofpowerw同 n facility since a single pass Co-60 gamma rays will need ar凶 givesprod凶 ible 。rat mosth￥o passes redu曲甘l6max/min dose results 110m曾l6treatment 甘V"ough甘l6beamis ratio in pallet Joads of 加卸yprocess. 8U何Icler官，. prodl応ts，especial¥y agri-

削除lal∞mmodities.。，)Modular80 .... '伺 (3)The power util回，tion

G申書ulespermlt mat- is hlgher曽祖nw，附E (3)The forward∞m割問釘ationching廿l6power out- gamma rays due to廿砲 01廿晦 X-raysversus is010pic putto曾l6prod，凶tion forward cor時entrationof gamma-rays will reduce世W

requirements. 世l6beam and陶 irradiation time，世l6reby ∞n首olledpenetration reducir司gprodωt~咽radation.

(4)The irradlatlon pro-国 ssc叩 bemon陶 red (4)Operati司 exposぽ'es (4)育時 smallerradiation zone by physぬalmeans canbe minim包:edby will simplify曽裕 prod田 t(dosime町)and∞n加lIedrLn'lir唱曾l6ae<渇lerator col1¥f8yor，世l6reby Improvir喝by a single parameter onlyw同 nit is needed. its reliabilty ar刈 reducing(exposu-e time). I旬 cost.

(5)Pro回 ssvalidation (5)羽鳩柑i岨 cyand pro回 edU'e8need not be 側冒喝事mallervolume of rellablllty of gamma-ray repeated after rtl6 material in rtl6 irradiatlon pro旬 sslnghas been ao明 leratoris servi曲 d， chamber will inore舗申

demor稽tratedin numorous pro凶dedthatthe operatlr羽 effk:lerぉybyfacllltles例町 manyyears. 。perat財布 parameters red田町喝旬、etlmelost

h町 '8notchar司;J8d. b8抑制nprodωt附 110tsw仙

(6)官官istect官官ologyls diHerer畦doaerequirements. suitable for世栂例Thea∞eleratorcan be l.I"1derdeveloped co印刷es ir隠旬lIedabo時 grou刻 (6)An X-ray generator can because曾施。peratlonar凶 wilhin 問。rdinarybuilding. provlde甘l6comfort ar叫m創n悩inat1曲。firradiation conven随nceofa∞ntrollab!efacility does not require σ)Accelerators facilities are 。letri個 Idevi回 W肋骨whighly skl/led perso問1. licensed bys倒防 agencies product penetration and dose

in廿l6same m8T1n&r as 山首formitynow obtain油 lemedi伺 IX-ray equipment 。nlyfrom radioactive 部官d廿狗 proωdU'eare materlals. 'e88伽 m曾l611伺間ingof加 gegamma-ray facil耐偶.

(8)The fI胤...e副 al抱bilityandp同国。fac四 leratorswill be determlned by世W

marketpla曲 rartl6r世1artbygO¥自由mmentalpolicies.

(9)The total cost of electron beam pro同時ingis less世180

gamma ray sterllizatlon In facllities wilh廿官01喝hputcapac削倒。，f1 mllllon CLbic feet per year or greater.

phu 弓，

JAliRl-M 93-160

Table 1 (continued) Radiation

2.Disadvantages Gamma-ray Electron beam X-ray

2.Disadvantages (1)Th* relatively low (1 }The penetrating quality of (1)The cost of X - ray will be intensity of the radiation electrons is less than that of higher than electron beam require* long exposures gamma-rays and some thick processing because of the low during which the quality of objects cannot be processed efficiency for converting the product may be degraded by oxidative

with this kind of radiition. electrons to X-rays.

reactions . (2)Detailed dose of mapping (2)Further development on must be done within the the efficacy and reliability of

(2)The power utilization shipping cartons and inside X- ray processing In a efficiency is low due to the the various p oducts during commercial operation should iaotopic distribution and the process qualification be conducted. excessive penetration of procedures to assure the radiation.

(3)The radiation facility

adequate treatment of all materials.

must be operated (3)The operating parameters continuously to avoid of the accelerator may have wasting the energy of the to be varied to obtain the radioactive sources.

(4)The process validation

optimum dose uniformity and process efficiency.

procedures must be (4)Several machine parameters repeated whenever the in addition to the conveyor source loading is changed. speed must be monitored to

control the quality of the (5)Once built, a large

gamma irradiator with an treatment process.

in-ground storage pool (5)While highly reliable, an and thick concrete walls electron accelerator cannot is a permanent match the dependability of a installation that cannot easily be moved or

radioactive source.

converted to one other (6)The capital cost of an industrial use. industrial accelerator does not

scale down linearly with its (6)The approvals of various beam power rating for low-

federal and state agencies are required for the design.

capacity facilities.

construction and operation (7)The few electron machines of gamma facilities as well now being used for sterilization as for the procurement. have accumulated less ] transportation and installation operating time than the many of the source capsules. gamma—rays facilities.

(7)The growing antipathy of (8)Th* accelerator specifications the public and the news for new processing facilities may media regarding nuclear exceed the ratings of existing installations may impede the equipment, thereby requiring the construction and operation of development of new models with new facilities in some localities.

(8)The persistent emission of energy from the radioactive sources can be a continuing liability in the event of unforeseen equipment m a l function* or deliberate acts of sabotage.

no operating experience.

- 76 -

JAEI~I-M 93-160

Table 1 (continued)

Radiation Gamma-ray EI.ctron b・am X-ray

2.0i・advantag..。)Th・F・I・tiv・/ylow 。)Thepen柑 'atingquality 01 。)Th・co.t0' X-ray will b・int・nolty0' th・radiation .1・ctron・1・1・・・thanthat of high・rthan・lectronb・amv・quir..long・xpo.ur.o gamma-ray. and .om・thick proc...ing b・cau..0' th. 10'" during whlch th・quality0' 。bj・e句 cannotb・proceooed -筒cl・ncyforconv・rtingth・productmay b・ W詑hthi・kind0' radi'ltlon. el・ctron.to X-ray.. degraded by oxidldive

r・action・- 【:2)0・tail・ddo.e 0' mapping (2)Furth・rd・v・lopm・ntonmuat b・don・w民h加 th. th・・鮪cacyand r，・liabllltyof

(2)τh・po_rutlli四 tion .hipplng carton・andin・Id・ X-ray proce..ing In a efficl・ncy抱 lowdue to th・th・V町iou.r: 'oduc'旬 during comm・問凶。pera量ion・houldiltQtopic dietribution and the proc... qualiflcation b・conduct.d.exce.eiv・p・n・，trationof proc.dur.e to ae.ur，・the radiatlon. ad.quate tr・atmentofall

mat.r陥1..。I)Theradiation facility mu.t be op・rat.d 例。Theop・ratingparamet'・mcontinuou・Iyto avold 。.fth・・M・E・ratormay have waating愉・・n・r9)'ofth. to b・var拘dto obtain th・radioactive lIource.. optimum doee unlformity and

procee・・町ici・ncy.(4)Th・proc....valida針。nproc・dure.mu.t b・ (4)8・V・ralmachin・param・terer・p・at，・dwh・n・v・rthe in addltlon to th・conv，・yoreouro・loadlngi・changed. ep・edmuat b・mon民。r.dt。

con加Ith・qu副ity0' th・t句Oncebullt. a larg・ tr・atm・ntDro<:ell・.gamma irradiator w民han in-ground・torag.pool (5)Whil・high/yr・lIabl・.an and thick concret，・ wall. el・e甘onacc・I・ratorcannot ie ap・rmanent match th・d・P・M・bilityof a inetallatlon that cannot radioac:tive eource. .踊l/yb・冊。v・dor 。onv・rt・dto on. oth・F {匂Th・capitalcoat 0' an indu・trialu.e. Indu柑 ialacc・I・ratordoe. not

.c.1・downIin・ar/ywith捻・{唖1)Th. approv・1・ofvario~!. beampow・rrating for low-f・d・raland .tat. ag・nci.1I capacity 'acllitlell. 町・r・quir，・df，町仙・d・・ign.conetruc泊。nand op・ration t乃Th・f.w・1・ctronmacllin.1I 。fgammafacil術elluw.1I nowb・ingu・・dfor IIt，・rilizationae for th. procur.m・nt. h酎・aocumulated1... tran.porta針。nand inetallation 。peratingtim. than th. many 。'the.ourc・cap・ul・・- gamma-ray. facil悩・..{乃Th・growing・ntipathy0' (8)Th・制e・I，rator・p・cifioation・th・pub“e・ndthe n・we lor n・wprocelllling facil付t・・ maymedia reg・rdingnuclear exceed the ratingll 0'・x拘tingIn・tallation・mayimp・d・the equipm・nt.thereby r.quiring th・。one甘uction・ndop・ration0' d・v・lopm・nt0' n・wmod・IlIwithn・wfacll侃f・IIln.om・ no op・r副 ng・xp・巾nce.locallti・・.(8)The p・v・l・t・M・mill討。n。，.ner9)' from th・radloactive.ouroe. o.n b・.oontinulng liabll仕yin th・・v・nt01

un'or・・・・n・qulpm・ntmal-function. or do・IIb・rate“"。f・abotage.

76

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 2 Linacs for industrial processing

FACTORY ENERGY POWER Mfg YEAR APPL OF INST. (MeV)

TWorSW (kw) COM. ICA.

IRT.San Diego 6 - 1 8 TW 2 X 7 ARCO S RISO,Denmark 6 - 1 4 TW 10 HAIMSON 1975 S&R Raychem,Denmark 6 - 1 4 TW 10 Varian 1976 O CARIC, France 7TW 7 C G R - M e V 1967 S Waesaw, Poland 13 TW 9 Efremov R.S Harwell, UK 8 - 1 2 TW 25 Tech.Sys.L. 1985 R.S SPI, France 8 V H F 5 C G R - M e V 1986 F CARIC 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1987 S SCAN-CARIC, 10 TW 25 C G R - M e V 1988 S Sweden Florida-USA 10(E3)TW 10 C G R - M e V 1990 F Florida-USA 5(X-ray) 20 Iowa-USA 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1990 F ChampArdenne 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1990 S SPI, France 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1990 F Molnlycke.Sweden 10TW 2 5 X 2 C G R - M e V 1991 S Karlsruhe, 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1991 F.S West Germany Aerospatial, France 10 TW 20 C G R - M e V 1991 O

S:Sterilization, FrFood, R:Research, O.Cross-linking application

- 77 -

]AERI-M 93-160

Table 2 Linacs for industrial processing

FACTORY ENERGY POWER Mfg YEAR APPL OF INST. (MeV) {刷 COM. ICA.

1WorSW IRT.San Diego 6-叩 τw 2X7 ARCO s RISO.Denmark 6-141W 10 HAIMSON 1975 S&R Raychem.Denmark 6-141W 10 Varian 1976 o CARIC. France 71w 7 CGR-MeV 1967 s Waesaw. Poland 131W 9 Efremov R.S Harwell. UK 8-121W 25 Tech.Sys.L. 1985 R.S SPJ. France 8VHF 5 CGR-MeV 1986 F CARIC 10τw 20 CGR-MeV 1987 s SCAN-CARIC. 101W 25 CGR-MeV 1988 s Sweden Florlda -USA 10(E3)1W 10 CGR-MeV 1990 F Florida -USA 5(X-ra帥 20 lowa-USA 101W 20 CGR-MeV 1990 F ChampArdenne 10TW 20 CGR-MeV 1990 s SPI. France 官01W 20 CGR-MeV 1990 F Molnlycke.Sweden 10τw 25X2 CGR-MeV 唱991 s Karlsruhe. 10TW 20 CGR-MeV 1991 F.S West Germany Aerospatial. France 101W 20 CGR-MeV 1991 o

S:Sterilization. F:Food. R:Research. O:Cross-linking application

巧

d巧，

ELECTRON BEAM SCANNING HORN

Fig. 1 A linac facility for research of food processing by electrons. It has two beam lines and scanners. One for direct electron irradiation at 10 MeV and another for generation of and processing by 5 MeV X-rays. Energy of electrons incident on samples is limited within a narrow range by a bending magnet.

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TREATMENT OF PALLETS 、

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X-RAY SCANNING HORN

ELECTRON BEAM SCANNING HORN

A linac facility for research of food processing by electrons. It has two beam lines and scanners. One for direct electron irradiation at 10 MeV and another for generation of and processing by 5 MeV X-rays. Energy of electrons incident on samples is limited within a narrow range by a bending magnet.

1 Fig.

JAERI-M 93-160

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Fig. 2 Percentage depth dose distribution in water or unit density materials for single-sided irradiation: (A) 10 MeV X-rays: (B) 5 MeV X-rays: (C) 60Co gamma-rays: (D) 137Cs gamma-rays.

- 79 -

]AERI-M 93-160

DEPTH DOSE DISTRI8UTION

SINGLE SIDE -UNIT DENSITY

↑zωυg凶仏

100

90

60

60

50

70

40

30

20

10

9

8

7

6

5

X-RAYS A 10 MeV 4

5 MeV X-RAYS B

Co-60 GAMMAS C 3

Cs-13アGAMMASD

2

THICKNESS-CM

。 70 60

Percentage depth dose distribution in water or unit density materials for single-sided irradiation: (A)_lO MeV X-rays: (B) 5 MeV X-rays: -(C) 60Co gamma-rays: (D) 137Cs gamma-rays.

-79-

50 40 30 20 10

Fig. 2

JAERI-M 93-160

10 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r

MAX/MIN DOSE RATIOS OPPOSITE SIDES-UNIT DENSITY

A 10 MeV X-RAYS

6 5 MeV X-RAYS C C o - 6 0 GAMMAS D Cs-137 GAMMAS

Fig. 3 Max/min dose ratio vs unit-density product thickness for two-sided irradiation: (A) 10 MeV X-rays: (B) 5 MeV X-rays: (C) *>°Co gamma-rays: (D) 1 3 7 C s gamma-rays.

- 80 -

jAERI-M 93-160

10

MAX/MIN DOSE RATIOS

OPPOSITE SIDES-UNIT DENSITY

10 MeV X-RAYS A

9

8

7

5 MeV X-RAYS

Co-60 GAM MAS

Cs-137 GAMMAS

B

C

D

(Z-2}O¥{X42}O

6

5

4

3

2

THICI<NESS -CM

o o 70

Max/min dose ratio vs unit-density product thickness for two-sided irradiation: (A) 10 MeV X-rays: (B) 5 MeV X-rays: (C) 60Co gamma-rays: (D) 137Cs gamma-rays.

-80一

60 50 40 30 20 10

Fig. 3

JAER1-M 93-160

2.7. EB Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge S. Hashimoto

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

ABSTRACT Ionizing radiation is useful for decomposition of pollutants

in wastewater and disinfection of solid waste as sewage sludge. For application of electron beam, quite different technologies from those of gamma-ray are required because of short penetration range and high dose rate of electron beam. In this report, differences of irradiation effect between gamma-ray and electron beam and irradiation technologies are introduced from a viewpoint of application of electron beam to environmental conservation.

1. Introduction Applications of ionizing radiation to environmental conservation are well known. There are several effects of radiation on pollutants as follows;

1) Removal of pollutants by oxidative degradation. 2) Elimination of toxicity, color and smell of pollutants and

addition of biodegradability by changing chemical structure. 3) Inactivation of dangerous microorganisms and parasites. 4) Improvement of precipitation and filtration properties of fine

particles of pollutant. Recently, an electron accelerator has been evaluated as a practical and economical radiation source because of large output power. But, penetration range of electron beam is usually very short and dose rate is very high compared with gamma-ray from cobalt-60. These properties require quite different technologies from those of gamma-ray for the application of electron beam.

In this report, effects of penetration range and dose rate of electron beam on decomposition of organic pollutants and disinfection of bacteria are discussed. Irradiation technologies for liquid and solid are also introduced from a

81

jAERI-M 93-160

2.7. EB Treatment of'司1astewater and Sewage Sludge

S. Hashimolo

ABSTRACT

Takasaki Radia七ionChemistry Research Establishment Japan A七omicEnergy Research工ns七i七U七e

10nizing radiation is useful for decomposition of pollutants in wastewater and disinfection of solid waste as sewage sludge. For application of electron beam， quite different technologies from those of gamma-ray are required because of short penetration range and high dose rate of electron beam. 1n this report，

differences of ir・radiationeffect between gamma-ray and electron beam and irradiation technologies are introduced from a viewpoint of application of electron beam to environmental conservation.

1. 1ntroduction

Applications of ionizing radiation to environmental conservation are well known. There are several effects of radiation on pollutants as follows;

1) Removal of pollutants by oxidative degradation. 2) Elimination of toxicity， color and smell of pollutants and

addition of biodegradability by changing chemical structure. 3) Inactivation of dangerous microorganisms and parasites. 4) Improvement of precipitation and filtration properties of fine

particles of pollutant.

Recently， an electron accelerator has been evaluated as a practical and economical radiation source because of large output power. But， penetration range of electron beam is usua11y very short and dose rate i8 very high compared with gamma-ray from cobalt-60. These properties require quite different technologies from those of gamma-ray for the application of electron beam.

1n this report， effects of penetration range and dose rate of electron beam on decomposition of organic pollutants and disinfection of bacteria are discussed. 1rradiation technologies for 1iquid and solid are a1so introduced from a

81

JAERI-M 93-160

viewpoint of applications of electron beam to environmental conservation.

2. Treatment of wastewater

Experimental results on decomposition of pollutants by ionizing radiations are summarized in Table 1. Various kinds of organic pollutants are possible to decompose by radiation. ' It is well known that oxygen often shows important roll on the decomposition of organic pollutants. Effect of oxygen on radiation decomposition of phenol in aqueous solution is shown as an example. ' The initial concentration of the phenol was adjusted to be 1CP 3 mol/1. Irradiation dose to decrease the concentration to 1/10 is about 8 kGy in the solution with oxygen, but, more than 30 kGy is necessary without oxygen. Oxygen is also effective for decoloration of dye in wastewater. '

3. Disinfection of sewage sludge

Ionizing radiation is also useful for disinfection of solid wastes as sewage sludge. Fig. 2 shows reduction of total coliforms in sludge after irradiation by electron beam. In this case, dose rate was adjusted to be the same order of gamma-ray by special irradiation method. Initial value of total coliforms in sludge is about 10 cells/g. The irradiation dose for two log cycle reduction of surviving fraction is about 0.15 kGy in aerobic condition, but, more than 0.75 kGy in anaerobic condition. Oxygen shows very important roll for effective disinfection as same as radiation decomposition of organic pollutants.

4. Important factors for EB irradiation

1) Depth dose

One of the big differences between gamma-ray and electron beam is dose distribution along the pass in the sample to be irradiated. A depth dose curve for gamma-ray from cobalt-60 in the water is shown in Fig. 3. Relative dose decrease exponentially with thickness of water. Half-value layer in water is abrut 11 cm. Fig. 4 shows depth dose curves for electron beam. Dose in water increases at first with increase of thickness and then decreases. Maximum penetration range ( mass thickness, g/cm2 ) is different depend on beam energy and the value is 1.1 cm for 2 MeV. The thickness to give the same dose as that at the surface is called

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jAERI -M 93-160

viewpoint of appllcations of electron beam to environmental conservation.

2. Treatment of wastewater

Experimental results on decomposition of p011utants by ion工zlngradiations are summarized in Table 1. Various kinds of organic

1) p011utants are possib1e to decompose by radiation.~J It is we11 known that oxygen often shows important r011 on the decomposltion of organic p011utants. Effect of oxygen on radiation decomposition of phen01 in aqueous solution is shown as an

2) examp1e.~J The initia1 concentration of the phen01 was adjusted to be 10-0 m01/1. Irradiation dose to decrease the concentration to 1/10 is about 8 kGy in the s01ution with oxygen. but. more than 30 kGy is necessary without oxygen.Oxygen is

3) a1so effective for dec010ration of dye in wastewater.

3. Disinfectlon of sewage s1udge

Ionizing radiation is a1so usefu1 for disinfection of s01id wastes as sewage s1udge. Fig. 2 shows reduction of tota1 c01iforms in sludge after irradiation by electron beam. 工nthis case. dose rate was adjusted to be the same order of gamma-ray by specia1 irradiation m~thod. Initia1 value of tota1

7 c01iforms in sludge is about 10' ce11s/g. The ir・radiationdose for two 10g cyc1e reduction of surviving fraction is about 0.15 kGy in aerobic condition. but. more than 0.75 kGy in anaerobic condition. Oxygen shows very important r011 for effective

disinfection as same as radiation decomposition of organic po11utants.

4. Important factors for EB irradiation

1) Depth dose

One of the big differences between gamma-ray and e1ectron beam is dose distribution along the pass in the samp1e to be irradiated. A depth dose curve for gamma-ray from cobalt-BO in the water is shown in Fig. 3. Relatlve dose decrease exponentially with thickness of water. Half-va1ue layer ln water is ab~ut 11 cm. Fig. 4 shows depth dose curves for electron beam. Dose in water increases at first with increase of thickness and then decreases.

2 Maximum penetratlon range ( mass thickness. g/cm~ ) Is different depend on beam energy and the value is 1.1 cm for 2 MeV. The thickness to give the same dose as that at the surface is called

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"Effective penetration range".

Fig. 5 shows surviving fraction of total bacteria in sludge after irradiation. To kill bacteria effectively, sludge thickness must be less than 6 mm for beam energy of 2 MeV and 3 mm for 1 MeV. These values correspond to the effective penetration ranges for those energies. '

2) Dose rate

Usually, dose rate of electron beam is very high compared with gamma-ray because output power of electron accelerator is very large and penetration range of electron beam is very short. The dose rate of electron beam is, sometimes, higher more than 100 times compared with that of gamma-ray irradiation. This deference of dose rate often give a large deference of reaction rate for polymerization. But the effect of dose rate is not so large for decomposition of organic pollutants like phenol as shown in Fig. 6. '•°' Fig. 7 shows effect of dose rate and energy of electron beam on disinfection of microorganisms in sludge. Results for gamma ray irradiation are also shown in this figure. No effects of energy and doê rate can be seen in the survival curves of total bacteria and conforms. '

5. Irradiation technology for electron beam

1) Wastewater

By an electron accelerator, short time is enough to give a certain dose because dose rate is -rery high as mentioned before. So, it is necessary to remove the wastewater quickly from the penetration range (reaction zone) of electron beam. In addition to this, effective oxygen supply is required during irradiation for aerobic decomposition of organic pollutants and disinfection of microorganisms.

A thin layer reactor as shown in Fig. 8 is possible to get a uniform irradiation and suitable for removing the wasterwater quickly from the reaction zone. Oxygen in the reactor decreases during the irradiation according to the G-value of oxygen consumption by chemical reactions caused by the irradiation. The concentrations of oxygen were calculated ' and shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the oxygen concentrations decrease rapidly with irradiation dose. This means, oxygen supply during irradiation can not be expected. But, this reactor is effective

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]AERI-M 93-160

"Effectlve penetratlon range".

Flg. 5 shows survlvlng fractlon of tota1 bacteria ln sludge after irradlation. To kl11 bacteria effectively， sludge thickness must be 1ess than 6 mm for beam en己rgyof 2 MeV and 3 mm for 1 MeV. These va1ues corr~spond to the effectlve penetration

4) ranges for those energies.

2) Dose rate

Usua11y， dose rate of e1ectron beam is very high compared with gamma-ray because output power of e1ectron acce1erator Is very 1arge and penetration range of e1ectron beam is very short. The dose rate of e1ectron beam is， sometlmes， hlgher more than 100 times compared with that of gamma-ray irradiation.

Thls deference of dose rate often give a 1arge deference of reaction rate for polymerizatlon. But the effect of dose rate

;:en:;t rよ立er;1;??E??iJion;:g.?::;;s:;;;::an:;;;::

rate and energy of e1ectron beam on disinfection of microorganisms in sludge. Results for gamma ray ir・radiationare a1so shown in thls flgure. No effects of energy and do~e

rate can be seen in the surviva1 curves of tota1 bacteria and co1iforms.6)

5. Ir・radiationtechno1ogy for electron beam

1) Wastewater

By an e1ectron acce1erator， short time Is enough to give a certain dose because dose rate isηery high as mentioned before. So， it is necessary to remove the wastewater quickly from the penetration range (reaction zone) of electron beam. In additlon to this， effective oxygen supply is required durlng ir・radiatlon for aerobic decomposition of organic pollutants and disinfection of microorganisms.

A thin layer reactor as shown ln Fig. 8 Is possible to get a uniform irradiation and suitable for removlng the wasterwater qulckly from the reaction zone. Oxygen in the reactor decreases during the irradiation according to the G-value of oxygen consumption by chemlcal reactions caused by the ir・radiation.

1) The concentrations of oxygen were ca1culated~J and shown in Flg. 9. It can be seen that the oxygen concentrations decrease rapidly wlth irradiation dose. This means， oxygen supply during ir・radlatloncan not be expected. But， this reactor is effective

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JAERI-M 93-160

when oxygen supply is not necessary. A flat nozzle is also possible to use for making thin layer of wastewater.

A spray tower reactor as shown in Fig. 10 is more effective to supply oxygen because the surface area, which contacts with the gas, is larger than that of thin layer reactor. But, oxygen supply is not enough even in this reacto .

Fig. 11 shows a mixing-type reactor. Irradiated liquid is removed from the reaction zone by mixing. Oxygenated liquid is continuously supplied from the area under reaction zone.

A dual-tube bubbling column reactor is improved from the mixing-type reactor. As shown in Fig. 12, this reactor has a outer tube and a inner tube. Wastewater circulates in the reactor by airlift. Oxygen is effectively supplied to the liquid in the oxygen absorption zone under the reaction zone and go to the reaction zone by circulation. After irradiation, the liquid quickly flow down from the reaction zone. Oxygen concentrations in the liquid were calculated and shown in Fig. 13. Compared with those for the thin layer reactor, values for the dual-tube bubbling column reactor are higher. This shows that oxygen supply in the bubbling column is effective.

A multi-stage bubbling column reactor as shown in Fig. 14 was used in our study to treat a larger amount of wastewater. ' , i 5' Five dual-tube bubbling columns were connected together. In this case, we can make the irradiation dose for each culumn small. This means that oxygen supply become easier and it is also possible to prevent back mixing which make the treatment ineffective.

2) Sewage sludge cake

In dewatered sewage sludge irradiation with moisture content of 75 to 80 %, it is very difficult to supply oxygen during irradiation because effective mixing is impossible and diffusion factor of oxygen in sludge cake is very small. In addition to this, sludge contains large number of microorganisms and the consumption of oxygen by respiration of microorganisms is very large even without irradiation. As conclusion, effect of oxygen can not be expected in practical treatment of sewage sludge cake and most important technology is how to make a thin layer of sludge cake for enough penetration of electron beam.

Fig. 15 shows the machine we used for making thin layer of sludge cake. This machine was set under the scan horn of electron accelerator in the irradiation room. The raw sludge was

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JAERI-[¥1 93-160

when oxygen supply is not necessary. A flat nozzle Is also possible to use for making thin layer of wastewater.

A spray tower reactor as shown ln Fig. 10 Is more effective to supply 0λygen because the surface area. whlch contacts wlth the gas. is larger than that of thin layer reactor. But. oxygen supply Is not enough even in thls reacto

Flg. 11 shows a mlxlng-type reactor. Irradlated 11quid is removed Irom the reaction zone by mlxing. Oxygenated liquid is continuously supplled from the area under reactlon zone.

A dual-tube bubbllng column reactor Is lmproved from the mlxing-type reactor. As shown in Fig. 12. this reactor has a outer tube and a lnner tube. Wastewater clrculates ln the reactor by airlift. Oxygen Is effectively supplied to the 11quld in the oxygen absorption zone under the reaction zone and go to the reaction zone by clrculation. After irradlation. the 11quld qulcklY flow down from the reaction zone. Oxygen concentratlons in the liquld were calculated and shown ln Fig. 13. Compared with those for the thin layer reactor. values for the dual-tube bubbling column reactor are hlgher. Thls shows tt.at oxygen supply ln the bubbllng column Is effective.

A mUltl-stage bubbllng column reactor as shown ln Flg. 14_.w~~ used ln our study to treat a larger amount of waste;ater.3).5) Flve dual-tube bubbling columns were connected together. ln this case. we can make the lr・radlatlondose for each culumn small. This means that oxygen suptly become easier and lt Is nlso possible to prevent back mixlng whlch make the treatment lneffective.

2) Sewage sludge cake

ln dewatered sewage sludge irradiation wlth molsture content of 75 to 80 %. it Is very difficult to supply oxygen during ir・radiationbecause effective mixing Is imposslble and diffuslon factor of oxygen ln sludge cake Is very small. ln addition to thls. sludge contains large number of microorganisms and the consumptlon of oxygen by respiratlon of mlcroorganisms Is very large even without lr・radiation. As concluslon. effect of oxygen can not be expected ln practlcal treatment of sewage sludge cake and most lmportant technology Is how to make a thln layer of sludge cake for enough penetratlon of electron beam.

Fig. 15 shows the machlne we used for maklng thln layer of sludge cake. This machlne was set under the scan horn of electron accelerator ln the lrradlation room. The raw sludge was

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JAERI-M 93-160

transported from a reservoir to flat nozzle by a sludge pump. The width of the nozzle was 20 cm and sludge thickness was adjusted to be 6 mm. The maximum feed rate of sludge is 300 kg/hr. It was proved that continuous disinfection of sludge cake is possible by the combination of an electron accelerator and this machine. '

REFERENCES 1) S. Hashimoto; "A study on Radiation Treatment of Wastewater

Using an Electron accelerator", JAERI-M 9940 (1982). 2) S. Hashimoto et al.,"A liquid Chromatographic Study on the

Radiolysis of Phenol in Aqueous Solution", Environmental Science & Technol.. Vol. 13, p. 71 (1979).

3) S. Hashimoto et al., "Decoloration and Degradation of an Anthraquinone Dye Aqueous Solution in Flow System Using as Electron Accelerator, Radiat. Phys. Chem., Vol. 13, p. 107 (1979).

4) S. Hashimoto et al., "Economic Feasibility of Irradiation-Composting Plant of Sewage Sludge, Radiat. Phys. Chem., Vol. 31, p. 109 (1988).

5) S. Hashimoto et al., "Radiation-Induce Decomposition of Phenol in Flow System, Radiat. Phys. Chem., Vol. 16, p. 59 (1980).

6) S. Hashimoto et al, "Disinfection of Sewage Sludge Cake by an Electron Accelerator", J. Ferment. Technol., Vol. 64, No. 4, p 299 (1986) .

7) S. Hashimoto et al., "Pilot Plant Test of Electron-Beam Disinfected Sludge Composting", Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 23, Kyoto, p. 1991 (1991).

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JAERI-M 93-160

transported from a reservoir to f1at nozz1e by a sludge pump. The width of the nozz1e was 20 cm and sludge thickness was adjusted to be 6 mm. The maximum feed rate of sludge is 300 kg/hr. It was proved that continuous disinfection of sludge cake is possib1e_ty the combination of an e1ectron accelerator and this ~achine.7)

REFERENCES

1) S. Hashimoto; "A study on Radiation Treatment of Wastewater Using an Electron accelerator". JAERI-M 9940 (1982).

2) S. Hashimoto et a1....A 1iquid Chromatographic Study on the Radio1ysis of Phenol in Aqueous Solution". Environmenta1 Science & Techno1.. Vol. 13. p. 71 (1979).

3) S. Hashimoto et a1.. "Decoloration and Degradation of an

Anthraquinone Dye Aqueous S01ution in F10w System Using as E1ectron Acce1erator. Radiat. Phys. Chem.. Vol. 13. p. 107 (1979).

4) S. Hashimoto et a1.， "Economic Feasibility of Irradiation-Composting P1ant of Sewage S1udge. Radiat. Phys. Chem.. Vo1. 31. p. 109 (1988).

5) S. Hashimoto et a1.， "Radiation-Induce Decomposition of Pheno1 in Flow System. Radiat. Phys. Chem.， V01. 16. p. 59 (1980) .

6) S. Hashimoto et a1， "Disinfection of Sewage S1udge Cake by an E1ectron Acce1erator"， J. Ferment. Techn01.. Vo1. 64. No. 4， p 299 (1986).

7) S. Hashimoto et a1.. "Pilot P1ant Test of E1ectron-Beam Disinfected S1udge Composting・， Wat. Sci. Tech.， V01. 23，

Kyoto. p. 1991 (1991).

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Table 1 Decomposition of various pollutants by ionizing irradiation

Pollutant Initial cone. Dose Degree of reduction

Cyanide 30 ppm 4x10^ Sodium sulfate 25 1.5x105

4x10? 8x10°

COD 110 1.5x105

4x10? 8x10° Dieldrin 20

1.5x105 4x10? 8x10°

Dimethylphthalate 192 4.2x10| 5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

ABS 14 4.2x10|

5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

ABS 20 4.2x10|

5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

Phenol 100

4.2x10| 5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

Hydroquinone 100

4.2x10| 5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

Pyrocatechol 100

4.2x10| 5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6 PVA 340

4.2x10| 5x10* 5xlOJ! 5x10* 5x10* 5x10* 6x10 6

Dyes 3x10;? 3x10, 10 '

Acid red 265 120 3x10;? 3x10, 10 '

Acid Blue 40 25 3x10;? 3x10, 10 ' PCB 100 ppb

3x10;? 3x10, 10 '

Organochloride compounds e

o- ch 1 or ophe no 1 20 ppra 101 10 6 2,4dichlorophenol 20 101 10 6

2,4,6trichloro- " 5 l f , 5

Sxier. 10 4

phenol 20 " 5 l f , 5

Sxier. 10 4

Pentachlorophenol 20 " 5 l f , 5

Sxier. 10 4

Parathion 10 " 5 l f , 5

Sxier. 10 4

6-naphthylamine 1

" 5 l f , 5

Sxier. 10 4 Benzidine 1 10 4

rad 100 100 36 65 50 99 92 80 75 75 91

90 95 90

82 96 98 99 99 99 68

o c 03 >

w a:

\

\ Nitrogen bubbling

N

Air bubbling

j i 10 20

Dose (kGy) 30

Fig. 1 Effect of oxygen on decomposition of phenol

- 8 6 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 Decomposition of various pollutants by ionizing irradiation

Pollutant Initial conc. Dose Degree of reduction

Cyanide 30 ppm 4x吟 rad 100‘ Sodium su1fate 25 1. ~~~~5 100 COD 110 ~X~~6 36 Oie1drin 20 8xlO 65 Dimethylphtha1ate 192 4.!x~~~ 50 ABS 14 ~x~~5 99 ABS 20 ~~~~s 92 Pheno1 100 ~x~~5 80 Hydroquinone 100 5X105 75 Pyrocatechol 100 ~~~~6 75 PVA 340 6x10 91 Dyes

Moi Acid red 265 120 90 Acid B1ue 40 25 3x~~7 95

PCB 100 ppb 10 90 Organochloride compounds

10~ o-ch1oropheno1 20 ppm 82 2，4dich1oropheno1 20 io6

96 2，4，6trich1oro-

10~ phenol 20 98 Pentach1oropheno1 20 îñ~ 99

Parathion 10 5xペ 99 B-naphthy1amine l 10 99 Benzidine 1 104 68

¥ ¥ ¥ ¥

¥¥Nitrogen bubbling ¥ ¥ ¥ 、

¥ ¥ ¥

¥ ¥ ¥

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¥ • ¥ 、、、、Air bubbling 、¥¥¥、.

(l) o C

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10 20

Dose (kGy) 30 。

Fig. 1 Effect of oxygen on decomposition of phenol

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JAERI-M 93-160

0-5 1-0 Dose (kGy)

Beam energy and dose rate were 2 MeV and 20 kGy/h. O shows the result without oxygen and • with oxygen.

Fig. 2 Effect of oxygen on reduction of coliforms in sewage sludge

CD tn O

2 0.5 J3

20 40 Depth in water (cm)

Fig. 3 Dose distribution of gamma ray in water

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JAERI-M 93-160

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Fig. 2 Effect of oxygen on reduction of coliforms in sewage sludge

CIJ (f)

0 τコ

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。 20 40

Depth in water (cm)

Fig. 3 Dose distribution of gamma ray in water

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JAERI-M 93-160

l .o

0 0 . 2 0.4 0 . S 0 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 2 1.4 1 . 6 1 . 8 2 . 0

Depth in water (cm)

Fig. 4 Dose distribution of electron beams in water

O

1

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co 10-6

Surface dose: 10 kGy Dose rate: 10 kGy/sec

Voltage 1MV

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2 4 6 8 10 Sludge thickness (mm)

Fig. 5 Surviving fraction of bacteria in sludge irradiated with various thickness

- 8 8 -

JAERI-M 93-1印

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庄

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Depth in water (cm)

Fig. 4 Dose distribution of electron beams in water

Surface dose: 10 kGy Dose rate: 10 kGy/sec

ハ---ベコー-一一0-一戸-~~VoL tage

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2 4 6 8 10 Sludge thickness (mm)

Fig. 5 Surviving fraction of bacteria in sludge irradiated with various thickness

-88一

JAERI-M 93-160

o 5kGy/hr| A 2 kGy/hr> Gamma ray D 1 kGy/hri

Electron beam

4 8 Dose (kGy)

Fig. 6 Effect of dose rate on decomposition of phenol

> "> to

1

10'1

10"2

10 " 3

10"*

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-5

Energy and dose rate (MeV, MGy/h): 2, 0.02 (O), 2, 18 (A), 2, 36 (O), 2, 65 (O), 0.5, 25 (V). Sludge thickness: 1 mm. The result of y-ray irradiation is shown by •&•. Open symbols represent total bacteria, and solid ones total coliforms.

Dose (kGy) 10

Fig. 7 Effect of dose rate and energy on disinfection of bacteria in sludge

- 89 -

JAERI-M 93-160

-、

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o 5 kGY/hr) D. 2 kGy/h叶r}Ga附 na悶

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5

Dose (kGy)

10

Fig. 7 Effect of dose rate and energy on disinfection of bacteria in sludge

ー 89

JAERI-M 93-160

Electron accelerator

INI Liquid

Gas

<j O O _ O O O O O O

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Bubble

G..L

Fig. 8 Thin layer reactor

Initial cone. 40 ppm o c o a g 0.5 CD

Dose (kGy) Fig. 9 Oxygen concentration in thin layer reactor

-90 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Electron accelerato r

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10

Fig. 9 Oxygen concentration in thin layer reactor

90 -

JAERI-M 93-160

A A A A

G-Electron accelerator

Fig. 10 Spray tower reactor

Electron Accelerator

Y V Y Y

Liquid

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T Y T T Y

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O c o o | 0.5

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20 ppm

10 ppm

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Fig. 13 Oxygen concentration in dual-tube bubbling column reactor

- 92 -

Liquid

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JAERI-M 93-160

Inf luent

Pond

Screening

Biological treatment )

Cave

/ / / / / / / / / /

Electron accelerator

/ A Dual-tube bubbling

co umn reac

7-/

• • 9 * • 0 0 * • o • • • • • ri

•<

Air or Ji

3 / / / / / / / / / /

Q Biological treatment

Air pump or oxygen container Monitor

Effluent

Fig. 14 Multi-stage dual-tube bubbling column reactor

- 93 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Influent

昨μ4一一一一一一，/¥γ Dual-tube bEBtJJRR陀 actorHE

Air pump or oxygen container

.... 110・..・'•• JI ) J.-.・~ ~II 11:; 。"1111.. ・0_1111.・."・'etllJ J 11 ott

ー. ・・ 0'''11 11.・::1111;; ・0 ..・'-・.-•• !"IIII.. :: ・ .. .. . ...

Effluent

Fig. 14 Multi-stage dual-tube bubbling column reactor

-93ー

JAERI-M 93-160

Reservoir for raw sludge

1 Flat nozzle

Feed lump G r i n d e r

Scan horn

Stainless conveyor

I I

Reservoir for Irradiated sludge

Fig. 15 Irradiation of dewatered sludge by electron beam

~94-

jAERI-M 93-160

Reservoir tor raw slUdge

I Ftαt nozzle

A +¥

Feed Tump Grinder

stainless conveyor /

議J

Raservorr tor lrradiated sludge

Fig. 15 lrradiation of dewatered sludge by electron beam

-94一

JAER1-M 93-160

2.8. Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators W. Kawakami

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

1. INTRODUCTION Higher industrialization and living standard have been realized on much

consumption of fossil fuel as a major source of energy. Consumption of fossil fuel accompany with emissions of S 0 2 and NOx which cause acid rain of recent serious global environmental problem.

Diversification of energy sources, on the other hand, has been important in Japan from a viewpoint of energy security. Use of coal, in addition to natural gases as fuel in electric power stations have been revaluated to avoid being partial to petroleum. So a new process has been required for S0 2 and NOx removal from coal-fired flue gas.

Most of municipal waste, further, have been treated by incineration, in Japan. Recently, municipal governments are asked often to make slow down operation of incinerators in sunny days of summer to reduce emission of NOx which cause photo-chemical smog.

EB treatment technology of flue gases for simultaneous removal of S0 2

and NOx has a long history in its developmental research as shown in Table 1. We started two pilot tests for applying this technology to treatment of coal-fired flue gas and exhaust gas from municipal waste incinerator 1991.

This paper reviews JAERI's R & D of this technology for applying to flue gases from heavy-oil burning boiler, iron-ore sintering furnace, coal-fired power station and municipal waste incinerator.

- 95 -

JAERI-M 93-160

2.8. Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators

W.Kawa.加mi

Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Insti七ute

1. INTRODUCTION

Higher industrialization and living standard have been realized on much

consumption of fossil fueI as a major source of energy. Consumption of

fossi1 fuel accompany with emissions of S02 and NOx which cause acid

rain of recent serious globaI environmentaI problem.

Diversification of energy sour，切ら onthe other hand， h路 b民，nimportant

in Japan from a viewpoint of energy security. Use of∞al， in addition to

natural gases as fuel in electric power stations have been revaluated to

avoid being partial to p抑 oleum. So a new pro回 sshas been required for

S02 and NOx removal from∞al-畳間dflue gas.

Most of municipal waste， further， have been tieated by incineration， in

Japan. Recently， municipal governments are asked often to make slow

down operation of incinerators in sunny days of summer to reduce emission

of NOx which cause photo-chemi伺 lsmog.

EB treatment technology of flue gases for simultaneous removal of S02

and NOx has a long history in its developmental research as shown in

Table 1. We started two pilot tests for applying this technology to treat-

ment of∞al-fired flue gas and exhaust gas from municipal waste incinera-

tor 1991.

This paper reviews JAERI's R & D of this technology for applying to flue

gases from heavy-oil burning boiler， iron-ore sintering furnace，∞al一面'ed

power station and municipal waste inciner:ator.

-95-

JAERI-M 93-160

2. TREATMENT OF HEAVY OIL BURNING FLUE GAS The systematic research of the EB process of flue gas treatment was

started under the cooperation of JAERI and Ebara Co., in 1972(1). In this

research, a small scale flow-type apparatus(60 Nm3/h) shown in Fig.l was

used. Flue gas from a heavy oil burner was led to the irradiation chamber

after removing dust by an electrostatic precipitator. The gas contained

600-900ppm S 0 2 and 80ppm NOx. The gas was circulated using a blower

at a higher flow rate than the supplying rate between the chamber and an

electrostatic precipitator for mixing gas to get uniform irradiation.

Fig. 2 shows effect of EB irradiation on S 0 2 and NOx removal for

various conditions. It was firstly found that the EB treatment of exhaust

gas could remove S 0 2 and NOx in it, simultaneously.

3 . FLUE GAS FROM AN IRON-ORE SINTERING FURNACE

The EB technology was applied to removal of NOx in exhaust gas from

iron-ore sintering furnace. The exhaust gas from the furnace contains high

concentration of dust which make the life time of the catalyst for removal

of NOx shorter, so a new process was required for NOx removal. JAERI

carried out a basic research (gas flow rate: 1 Nm3/h) using synthetic gas to

develop this technology(2). It was shown that S02 and NOx could be

effectively removed by EB irradiation in the presence of added Ammonia.

Based on these results, a pilot plant test was carried out at the scale of

10,000 Nm3/h by Research Association for Abatement and Removal of

NOx in the Steal Industry and Ebara Co. at Wakamatsu Works of Nippon

steel Corporation(3). In this plant two electron accelerators of 750keV,

60mA each were installed. Fig.3 shows the result of pilot plant test. As

seen in this figure, the S 0 2 and NOx removal efficiencies were maintained

- 96 -

JAERI-M 93-160

2. TREATMENT OF HEAVY OIL BURNING FLUE GAS

The systematic research of the EB process of flue gas treatment was

started under the cooperation of JAERI and Ebara Co.，担 1972(1).In出s

research， a small scale flow-type apparatus(60 Nm3/h) shown面白g.1w槌

used. Flue gas from a heavy oi1 bumer was led to血eirradiation chamber

after removing dust by an electrostatic precipitator. The gas contained

600-900ppm S02 and 80ppm NOx. The gas was circulated using a blower

at a higher flow rate than the supplying rate between the chamber and an

electrostatic precipitator for mixing gas ωget uniform irradiation.

Fig. 2 shows effect of EB irradiation on S02 and NOx removal for

various conditions. It was first1y found that the EB treatment of exhaust

gas could remove S02 and NOx in it， simultaneously.

3. FLUE GAS FROM AN IRON-ORE SINTERING FURNACE

The EB technology was applied to removal of NOx in exhaust gas世om

ir:m-ore sintering fumace. The exhaust gas from the fumaα∞ntains high

concentration of dust which make the life time of the catalyst for removal

of NOx shorter， so a new process was required for NOx removal. JAERI

carried out a basic research (gas flow rate: 1 Nm3/h) using synthetic gas ω

develop this technology(2). It was shown that 502 and NOx could be

effectively removed by EB irradiation in the presence of added Ammonia.

Based on these results， a pilot plant test was carried out at the scale of

10，000 Nm3fh by Research Association for Abatement and Removal of

NOx in the Steal Industry and Ebara白.at Wakamatsu Works of Nippon

steel Corporation(3). In this plant two electron accelerators of 7S0ke V，

60mA each were installed. Fig.3 shows the result of pilot plant test. As

seen in this figure， the S02 and NOx removal efficiencies were maintained

-96-

JAERI-M 93-160

over 95% and 85% at 15kGy and 80°C, respectively.

4. FLUE GAS FROM COAL-BURNING POWER STATION For EB treatment of coal-burning flue gas, systematic experiments were

carried out using simulated gases and a small scale flow-type apparatus shown in Fig.4(4). Standard gases were led a mixing vessel to get the simulated gas. The simulated gas was led to a irradiation chamber, before irradiation NH3 gas was added. Products in the irradiated gas were collected in an electrostatic precipitator and filter. In these experiments, multi-stage irradiation was examined to get higher removal efficiency for the same dose irradiation. The irradiation chamber are divided to three section as shown in the figure. Unirradiated time was 0.5 second, which is the gas passing time through the irradiation zone. So gas is irradiated intermittently.

Fig.5 shows effect of multi-stage irradiation on removal of NOx. It was found that higher NOx removal efficiency could be achieved by this method. Fig.6 shows effect of irradiation temperature on S0 2 removal. At 65 °Q higher removal efficiency is obtained than 70 °C.

Fig.7 shows th. nechanism of NOx and S02 removal reactions which are composed of both radical and thermal reactions(5). Solid lines indicate radical reaction, while dotted lines indicate thermal reactions. Formation of HN0 2 is very important for removal of NOx. Under irradiation, HN0 2

react with OH to produce NO via N0 2 , that is a reverse reaction. Without OH, HN0 2 decomposes thermally to HN0 3. This mechanism is reason why the multi-stage irradiation give higher removal efficiency of NOx. In SO z removal, there are thermal reactions between S 0 2 and NH3 as shown in this figure.

- 9 7 -

]AERI-M 93-160

over 95%組 d85% at 15kGy祖 d80oC， respectively.

4. FLUE GAS FROM COAL-BURNING POWER STATION

For EB treatment of∞al-buming flue gas， systematic experiments were

carried out using simulated gases and a small scale flow-type apparatus

shown in Fig.4(4). Standard gases were led a mixing vessel to get the

simulated gas. The simulated gas was led to a irradiation chamber， before

irradiatioD NH3 gas was added. Products in the irradiated gas were col-

lected in av electrostatic precipitator and filter. 1n these experiments，

multi-stage irradiation was examined to get higher removal efficiency for

the same dose irradiation. The irradiation chamber are divided to three

section as shown in the日gure.Unirradiated time was 0.5 second， which is

the gas passing time through the irradiation zone. Sc gas is irradiated

intermittentIy.

Fig.5 shows effect of multi-stage irradiation on removaI of NOx. It was

found that higher NOx removal efficiency could be achieved by this

method. Fig.6 shows effect of irradiation tempera旬reon S02 removal. At

65 oC， higher removal efficiency is obtained than 70 oC.

Fig.7 shows th. .nechanism of NOx and S02 removal reactions which

are ∞mposed of both radical and thermal reactionsσ). Solid lines indiαte

radical reaction， while dotted 1ines indicate thermal reactions. Formation

of HN02 is very important for removal of NOx. Under irradiation， HN02

react WIth OH to produce NO via N02， that is a reverse reaction. Without

OH， HN02 decomposes thermaI1y to HN03・Thismechanism is reason

why the multi-stage irradiation give higher removal efficiency of NOx.

In S02 removal， there are thermal reactions between S02 and NH3 as

shown in this figure.

-97-

JAERI-M 93-160

On these basic results, a pilot-scale test for EB treatment of flue gas from coal-burning boiler has been started under the joint research of JAERI, Chubu Electric Power Company and Ebara Corporation. The plant was constructed in the site of Shin-Nagoya thermal power plant of Chubu Electric Power Company in Nagoya in October, 1992. The operation will be carried out for one year until December, 1993. The main purposes are to evaluate the three-stage irradiation method and the reliability of this process in long term operatioa.

Fig.8 shows a flow diagram of the pilot plant(5). 12,000Nm3/h coal fired flue gas is led to the pilot plant. The temperature is supposed to be 110 °C, and concentration of S 0 2 is 800ppm, NOx is 225ppm. Firstly, gas is cooled at the cooling tower to 65 °C. After adding NH3, the gas is led to irradiation vessel and irradiated by electron beams using 3 electron accelerating tubes. Voltage is ranging from 400 to 800kV, current is 135 mA maximum. Irradiated gas is led to the electrostatic precipitator and bag filter to remove by-products; ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. Treated gas is vented from a stuck. Target of the test are; S 0 2 concentration is reduced to lower than 50ppm from inlet concentration of 800ppm, NOx is reduced to lower than 45ppm from 225ppm.

In Table 2, engineering problems in application of the EB process for treatment of flue gas from coal-fired power generation plants are summarized. The first one is saving of electricity consumption. It is required that energy consumption should be less than 2-3% of electricity generation of the plant. When the required dose is lOkGy, the consumed electricity for EB is about 0.6%. The total required electric energy will be less than 2% including utility. The second is non-uniform distribution of dose rate and flow rate in reactors, which will be large scale for stem power stations. In

- 9 8 -

JAERI -M 93-160

On these basic results. a pilot-scale test for EB treatment of flue gas

from coaI-burning boiler has been started under the joint research of

JAERI， Chubu Electric Power白 mpany佃 dEbara白甲oration. The plant

was ∞nstructed in the site of Sh担-Nagoyathermal power pl祖 tofChubu

Electric Power白 mpanyin Nagoya in October，1992.百 eoperation w迎

be carried out for one year until December， 1993.τbem副npu中O毘 S紅 e

to evaluate the three-stage irradiation method and the reliability of this

process in long term operatiou.

Fig.8 shows a flow diagram of the pi10t plantσ). 12，000Nm3fh∞al

fired flue gas is led to the pilot plant. The temperature is supposed to be

110 oC， and ∞ncentration of SOz is 800ppm， NOx is 225ppm. F註st1y，gぉ

is∞oled at the ∞oIing tower to 65 oC. After adding NH3， the gas is led to

irradiation vessel and irradiated by electron beams using 3 electron acc渇ler-

ating tubes. Voltage is ranging fro.c:l 400 to 800kV， current is 135 mA

maximum. Irradiated gas is led to the electrostatic precipitator and bag

filter to remove by-products; ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate.

Treated gas is vented from a stuck. Target of the test are; S02∞ncentra-

tion is reduced to lower than 50ppm from inlet ('..()ncentration of 800ppm，

NOx is reduced to lower than 45ppm from 225ppm.

In Table 2， engineering problems in application of the EB process for

treatment of f1ue gas from ∞al-fired power generation planぉaresumma-

rized. The first one is saving of electricity ∞nsumption. It is required that

energy consumption should be less than 2-3% of electricity generation of

the plant. When the required dose is 10kGy， the ∞nsumed electricity for

EB is about 0.6%. The total required electric energy will be less than 2%

inc1uding utility. The second is non-uniform distribution of dose rate and

flow rate in reactors， which will be Iarge scale for stem power stations. In

-98-

JAERI-M 93-160

this pilot plant, flow regulator are installed to adjust flow rate to dose rate distribution in the reactor. The third is use of by-products. Production of by-products is estimated as follow: When the treatment capacity is 3 MNm3/h which correspond to flue gas flow rate from 1 MkW power generation plant, and the inlet concentration is 1,000 ppm, and removal efficiency is 80%, the production rate of (NH.3)2S04 is estimated to be 124 kton/y(26 N-equivalent kton/y), and correspond to about one tenth of pro-duction(340 N-kton/y) in Japan, 1990 as shown in Table 3. So use of N-fertilizer should be discussed of compatibility with conventional industries.

5. FLUE GAS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR More than 70% of municipal waste have been treated by burning, in

Japan, as shown in Table 4. Other is treated by landfill. Recently, municipal government are asked often to make slow down operation of incinerators in sunny days in summer to reduce emission of NOx.

To apply the EB process for treatment of flue gas from incinerators, simultaneous removal of NOx, S0 2 and HC1 was studied by EB irradiation in the presence of Ca(OH)2 using a small scale apparatus(5 Nm3/h). Fig. 9 shows example of experimental results of NOx removal. Inlet gas composition are shown in the figure. Lower irradiation temperature give higher removal efficiency. In this case, we used Ca(OH)2 powder instead of NH3. S0 2 and HC1 were shown to be removed almost 100%.

On these basic data, a pilot-scale test was also planned, and has been started under the joint research of JAERI, Matsudo-city and NKK. Fig. 10 is a flow diagram of the pilot plant at Matsudo-city(6). 1,000 Nm3/h flue gas is led to the pilot plant from the incinerator which generates 30,000 Nm3/h. The gas is irradiated under spray of Ca(OH)2 slurry. Electron accelerator is from Russia and is .9 MV in voltage and the current is 45 mA

- 99 -

JAERI-M 93-160

this pilot plant， flow regulator are installed to adjust flow rate to dose rate

distribution in the reactor. The third is use of by-products. Production of

by-products is estimated as follow: When the treatment capacity is 3

MNm3fh which correspond to flue gas flow rate from 1 MkW power

generation plant， and the inlet concentration is 1，000 ppm， and removal

efficiency is 80%， the production rate of (NH:J2S0 4 is estimated to be 124

ktonfy(26 N-equivalent ktonfy)， and ∞rrespond旬 aboutone tenth of pro-

duction(340 N-ktonfy)担 Japan，1990ぉ shownin Table 3. So use of N-

fertilizer should be discussed of∞mpatibility with conventional indus位les.

5. FLUE GAS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR

More than 70% of municipal waste have been 紅白tedby buming， in

Japan， as shown in Table 4. Other is treated by landfill. Recent1y， munici-

pal government are asked often to make slow down operation of incinera-

tors in sunny days in summer to reduce emission of NOx.

To apply the EB process for treatment of flue gas from incinerators，

simultaneous removal of NOx， S02 and HCl was studied by EB irradiation

in the presence of Ca(O町2using a small scale apparatus(5 Nm3/h). Fig.9

shows example of experimental results of NOx removal. lnlet gas ∞mpo-

sition are shown in the figure. Lower irradiation temperature give higher

removal efficiency. In this case， we used Ca(OH)2 powder instead of阻 3.

S02 and HCl were shown to be removed almost 100%.

On these basic data， a pilot-scale test was also planned， and has been

started under the joint research of JAERI， Matsudo-city and NKK. Fig.

10 is a flow diagram of the pilot plant at Matsudo-city(6). 1，000 Nm3fh

flue gas is led to the pilot plant from the incinerator which generates 30，000

Nm3fh. The gas is irradiated under spray of Ca(OH)2 slurry. Electron

accelerator is from Russia and is .9 MV in voltage and the current is 45 mA

-99-

JAERI-M 93-160

maximum. Irradiated gas is led to the bag house to remove calcium sulfate, chloride, and nitrate. Treated gas is vented from a stuck.

Target of the test are; NOx is reduced to lower than 50ppm from inlet concentration of lOOppm, HCl is reduced to lower than lOppm from l,000ppm, and S 0 2 is reduced to lower than lOppm from lOOppm. The main purposes are to evaluate simultaneous removal of NOx, HCl and S0 2 . The plant was already completed in Matsudo city and was started to operate from June, 1992.

References 1. KKawamura et al., "Treatment of exhaust gases by irradiation", IAEA-

SM-194/707(1975). 2. O.Tokunaga et al., Radiat. Phys. Chem.,24,145(1982).

3. K.Kawamura et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14,288(1980). 4. O.Tokunaga et al, "ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION TECHNOLO

GY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION", Proceeding of the International Conference on Evolution in Beam Applications, Takasaki, 1991.

5. H.Namba et al, "BASIC STUDY ON ELECTRON BEAM FLUE GAS TREATMENT FOR COAL-FIRED THERMAL PLANT", ibid.

6. T. Doi et al, "PILOT-PLANT FOR NOx, S02, HCl REMOVAL FROM FLUE-GAS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR BY ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION", ibid.

7. S. Machi et al, "RADIATION TREATMENT FOR ENVIRONMEN-TAI CONSERVATION", The third International Symposium on Advanced Nuclear Energy Research, Mito, 1991

- IOO -

JAERI-M 93-1印

maximum. Irradiated gas is led to the bag house to remove calcium sul-

fate， chloride， and nitrate. Treated gas is vented from a stuck.

Target of the test are; NOx is reduced to lower than 50ppm from inlet

concentration of 100ppm， HCI is reduced to lower than 10ppm from

1，OOOppm， and S02 is reduced to lower than 10ppm from 100ppm. The

main pu中osesare to evaluate simultaneous removal of NOx， HCI and S02'

The plant was already ∞mpleted in Matsudo city and was started to oper-

ate from June， 1992.

References

1. K.Kawamura et a1.， "Treatment of exhaust gases by irradiation"， IAEA-

SM-194/707(1975).

2. O.Tokunaga et a1.， Radiat. Phys. Chem.，24，145(1982).

3. K.Kawamura et a1.， Environ. Sci. Techno1.， 14，288(1980).

4. O. Tokunaga et al， "ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION TECI到 OLO-

GY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATIONヘProceedingof the

Int'~rnational 白nference on Evolution in Beam Applications， Takasaki，

1991.

5. H.Namba et al， "BASIC STUDY ON ELECfRON BEAM FLUE GAS

TREA1乱ffiNTFOR COAL-FIRED THERMALPLANT"， ibid.

6. T. Doi et al， "PILOT-PLANT FOR NOx， S02， HCl REMOVAL FROM

FLUE-GAS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATOR BY ELEC-

TRON BEAM IRRADIATION"， ibid.

7. S. Machi et al， "RADIATION TREATMENT FOR ENVIRONMEN-

TAJ. CONSERVATION't， The third International Symposium on Ad-

vanced NucIear Energy Research， Mito， 1991

一 100

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 History of development of EB process for flue gas treatment

Flue Gas from OH Burning Boiler

60Nm3/h JAERI/Ebara 1972-1973 1,000 Nm3/h Ebara 1974-1977

Iron Ore Sintering Furnace 10,000 Nm3/h Ebara/RAAR 1975-1978

Coal Burning Power Station INnVVh JAERI/Ebara 1981-

1 & 12,000 Nm3/h JAERI/Chubu/Ebara 1990-Municipal Waste Incinerator

1 Nm3/h JAERI/NKK/Ebara 1988-1990 1,000 Nm3/h JAERI/Matsudo/NKK 1991-

RAAR:Research Association for Abatement and Removal of NOx in the Steel Industry

Table 2 Engineering problems in EB process

Saving of Electricity Consumption Non-uniform Distribution of Dose Rate

and Flow rate in Reactor Use of By-Products((NH4)2S04, NE^NOa) Protection of Window

- 101 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Table 1 History of development of EB process for flue gas treatment

Flue Gas世om

Oil Burning Boiler

60 Nm3fh JAERI/ Ebara

1，000 Nm3fh Ebara

Iron Ore Sintering Furnace

10，000 Nm3fh Ebara!RAAR

Coal Burning Power Station

1972-1973

1974-1977

1975-1978

1 Nm3fh JAERI/Ebara 1981-

1 & 12，000 Nm3fh JAERI!Chubu/Ebara 1990-

Municipal Waste Incinerator

1 Nm3fh J}姐RI!NKKlEbara 1988-1990

1，000 Nm3fh JAERI!MatsudolNKK 1991-

RAAR:Researcb Association for Abatement and Removal ofNOx in the Steel Iodustry

Table 2 Engineering problems in EB process

Saving of Electricity Consumption

Non誠 f蹴恐11椴 322PO叫 .ate

Use ofBy-Products((NH，J2S04' NH.，N03)

Protection of Window

-101

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3 Production of by-products

Treatment Capacity . 3 Mm3/h (for 1 MkWe) Inlet Cone, of S 0 2 : l,000ppm Removal Efficiency :80% (NH4)2S04 124 kton/y(26 N-kton/y)

Production of N-Fertilizer in (N equivalent kton/y)

Japan

Production Import Export 1986 988.2 187.1 191.3 1987 986.4 215.0 217.9 1988 976.7 187.0 200.6 1989 945.7 232.0 184.0 1990 956.8 (1990 339.4 by(N]

212.6 232.1

Table 4 Treatment of municipal waste in Japan

1990 1991

Amount of Waste(t/day) 126,956 132,582

Treatment of Waste(t/day) Incineration 89,116(72.6%) 93,552(72.8%) Landfill 28,773(23.4%) 29,552(23.0%) Composting, Animal Feed 144 (0.1%) 170 (0.1%) Others 4,730(3.9%) 5,285 (4.1%)

- 102 -

JAERI-M 93-]60

Table 3 Production of by-products

Treatment Capacity

Inlet Conc. of S02

Removal Efficiency

例H.J2S04

: 3 Mm3fh (for 1 MkWe)

: 1，OOOppm :80%

: 124 ld:on/y(26 N-kton/y)

Pr9，.quctiqn Qf~-:feI1iljzer in Japan 例 equivalentktonケ)

Production Import Export

1986 988.2 187.1 191.3

1987 986.4 215.0 217.9

1988 976.7 187.0 200.6

1989 945.7 232.0 184.0

1990 956.8 212.6 232.1 (1990 339.4 by例H.JzSO.J

Table 4 Treatment of municipal waste in Japan

1990 1991

Amount ofWaste(t/d2Y) 126，956 132，582

Treatment ofWaste(t/day)

Incineration 89，116(72.6% ) 93，552(72.8 % )

Landfill 28，773 (23.4 %) 29，552(23.0%) Composting， Animal Feed 144 (0.1 %) 170 (0.1%)

Others 4，730 (3.9%) え285(4.1%)

-102

JAERI-M 93-160

VENT

—o— BLOWER

FLOW METER

ACCELERATOR

>HMZ>r-^ ELECTROSTATIC PRESS.G.

PRECIPITATOR

7K J

BURNERS FUEL ANALYSER

IRRADIATION VESSEL

BLOWER

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

Fig. 1 Flow sheet of a small scale flow type apparatus

>< O

r 6.5*10 5rod/s (o) >-4.3*l0 5rad/s ( • )

8 .6x l0 5 rod/s ( + ) 4 .3x l0 5 rod /s (o )

2 3 DOSE (Mrod)

REACTION TEMPERATURE 9 0 ~ I 2 0 ° C INITIAL CONTENT S 0 2 = 600 ~ 900 pprn

N0 X = 80 ppm

Fig. 2 Removal of S0 2 and N0 X at various dose rates

- 103 -

JAERI-M 93-160

VENT

8l0WER R

O

T

…ム

Fig. 1 Flow sheet of a small scale flow type apparatus

Jd〉02凶住

f 6.5 X 105 rod/s

NOv <ベx l4.3xI0"rad/s

( 8.6 x 10!'>rod/s 50っ{a2 1..4.3 X 105

rod/s

n 、、U

x O Z

O O 2 3

(0 ) (・)

( + ) (0 )

4

005E (Mrod)

REACTION TEMPERATURE 90'" 120 Oc INITIAL CONTENT S02 = 600 "v 9αコppm

NOx = 80 ppm

Fig. 2 Removal of S02 and NOx at various dose rates

- 103-

J A E R I - M 93-160

£ 100 5 1 90 | 'g 80 05 § 70

SO, 0 < / x l < \ . , , J > ° ° ° \ 0 d » ^ o ~ ' « 0 i > o »

I »4flfAft& 160

E

^ 50 ^ 40 u 1 20 O 0

-V' ,J , - W " \

* 4 I _i * n * ft *n.i l

NO, SO,

Vsifc r V x >

N O .

^ / • w " ^ A / ^ / -100 200 300 100

Operation Time(h) 500 COO

Fig. 3 Pilot plant test of iron ore sintering furnace exhaust gas Gas flow rate: 3,000Nm3/h, Dose: 1.5Mrad, Temp.: 80°C

Micro Feeder n , o "'° n I—U r-i—>\ j—> Evaporator


IJ I I Windows of Ti Foil(100 |un thickness)

* 4 + v

m Mixing Room 1

J '

- 5 >

1 1st Irrad. Chamber 3rd Irrad. Chamber

2nd Irrad, Chamber

n a Flow-Rate Controllers i Irradiation Vessel

Thermostatic Oven Electrostatic Precipitator

NO so, 0, I N , »N,

u NH,

Pressurized Vessel

Components of Synthetic Gas

S 0 2 : 500 ppm

NO x : 150 ppm

Oxygen : 6 % (dry)

Carbon Dioxide : 14 % (dry)

Water Vapor: 12 % (wet)

Fiber Filter

Exhaust

SO, HO/HOi Kll, K t 0

Monitoring System

Fig. 4 Experimental apparatus for basic test of EB treatment of flue gas from low-sulfur coal burning boilers

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ヘdidた日 P

1'10

jAERI-M 93-160

;;LJVJJ1/へ叫d

円

ER同島

}d

。uzzso

600

J-:スハベハI'r~ r 500 400 300

Operation Time(h)

2∞ 100

Pilot plant test of iron ore sintering furnace exhaust gas Gas flow rate: 3.000Nm3/h， Dose: 1.5Mrad， Temp.: 800C

Fig. 3

官邸huust

50， HOIHO. HII， H.O Monitoring Systcll1

Elcctron Acc巴lerator

，J，口lI Electrostatic Pr巴iε:ciゴiロit，日Itor

Th加加… 巴訂r

Fibコ巴rFill巴rC臼om岬po叩n叩 I恰s口ぱfS戸而百百司し二二E

S02ν: 500 ppm

NO.: 150 ppm

Oxygen : 6 % (dry)

Carbon Dioxide : 14 % (dry)

W'ater Vapor : 12 % (w巴t)

Irradiation Vessel

NH，・N，

uu NO

・N.

Experimental apparatus for basic test of EB treatment of flue gas from low-sulfur coal burning boilers

104 -

Fig. 4

JAERI-M 93-160

100 Triple-Stage Irradiation

sDouble-Stage Irradiation

Single-Stage Irradiation

Interrupt Duration : 0.1 sec.

Irrad. Temp.: 65°C Synthetic Gas Simulated Low-Sulfur Coal Combustion Gas

SO,: 500 ppm NCTx: 150 ppm

NH 3: 0.92-1.08 Stoic. Amount

F i g .

5 10 15

Dose (kGy)

5 Effect of multi-stage irradiation on NO x removal

Synthetic Gas Simulated Low-Sulfur Coal Combustion Gas

SO^. 500 ppm NO,: 150 ppm

NH3: 0.96-0.99 Stoic. Amount

10 Dose (kGy)

15

Fig. 6 Effect of irradiation temperature on S0 2 removal

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JAERI -M 93-160

100

二二二一一一一口

80

nouble-Stage lrradiation

E1R 60

O Z 匂.... 。c¥l 〉。E ι』~

O O

Single-Stage Irradiation

5

Interrupt Duration : 0.1 sec.

Irrad. Temp.: 650

C

Sγnthetic Gas Simulated LOw=Snlfur Coal Combustion Gas

~Qz: ~QQppm NO';;: 150ppm

NH3: 0.92-1.08 Sto;c. Amount

10

Dose (kGy)

Fig. 5 Effect of multi-stage irradiation on NOx removal

100

65"C

80

r、ミF恒，ト『国、、〆

r、aO CIJ 匂... 。~ 〉O

EFロU 4 司

会/一一-#

れfe

;;ynth~tiç 9a~ Si~1Jlated Iρw-Sulfur Coal Combustion Gas

SQ2・ ~QQppmNO::: 150.p.pm

NH3: 0.96-0.99 Stoic. Amount

5 10

Dose (kGy)

乙込

伊-0

15

Fig. 6 Effectつfirradiation temperature un 502 removal

-105-

15

JAERI-M 93-160

NOT Removal

HNO2 O H ^ H 0 2 N 0 2

OH NH, *HN0 3 —--»NH A N0 3

N 2 0 N Q 3 \

*N 2 0.

^ ! A N?Of J2^5

SO, Removal

S 0 2 ^ - HS0 3 *&* S O 3 - - - H 2 S0 4

N H j N

Nil ,

l(NH 3) 2S02-0 2 , H 2 0

(NH4)2S04

Fig. 7 Main reaction path to remove N O x and S 0 2

solid arrows indicate radical reactions dotted arrows indicate other "thermal reactions"

boi ler r n

K ! I

^H L. stacJc

cooler accelerator J T \

water '

-c reactor < » )

ash

BF

Fig. 8 Flow diagram of the pilot plant for EB treatment of coal-fired flue gas at Nagoya

- 106-

JAERI -M 93-160

NOv Removal

N2 Nリ20 Nq3与ギ¥¥¥、¥、〉冶

主 N20S

SOヮRemoval

OH ..~，..... O2.01-1 H2

S02~→ HS03 一一→ S03ーと→ H2S04

:NJ・I)

NI-l)、、

¥A(NH3)2S02-31竺モ令 (NH4)2S04

Fig. 7 Main reaction path to remove NOx and S02 solid arrows indicate radical reactions dotted arrows indicate other "thermal reactions"

bo i I er

!ド:-~

L.」11 0 ~

円い一・111JM

iId--LM

Fig. 8 Flow diagram of the pilnt plant for EB treatment of coal-fired flue gas at Nagoya

-106-

JAERI-M 93-160

10 Dose (k G y)

20

Fig. 9 Effect of temperature on N 0 X removal 150°C, 200°C, 250°C

Ca(0H) 2: twice mol of HC1 water : 22.0 ~ 24.8%

FURNACE

3 0. OOONmVHr

i o o r/o BOILER GAS

[COOLER

1, OOONraVHr

I N L E T G A S C O N T R O L L ER

ESP

ihfi-1

fl

S L A K E D L I M E S L U R R Y

OF

A C C E L E R A T O R

LA / \ A V y '• R E A C T O R 2

S L A K E D L I M E P O W D 6 R

SCRUBBER _/

REHEAFER STACK

IDF

B A G HOUSE

Fig. 10 Flow chart of the pilot plant for treatment of flue gas from an incinerator at Matsudo-City

- 107 -

jAERI-M 93-160

100 EB 1. 5MeV

、。、。司

80 I O

-= 60 r〉u 。~ L;O Q..r 庄

X

9 20 z --~

Inlet gas NOx: 100pp'l CO，: 8~(dry)

SO，: 100 0， : 12~(dry)

HCI ，1. 000

O

O 10 20

Dose (kGy)

Fig. 9 Effect of temperature on NOx removal

INLET GAS

CONTROLLER

1500C， 200oC， 2500C Ca(OH)2: twice mol of HCl water 22.0 -24.8%

SLAKEO LIME

POWOER

. ・・・.................._-............・・・.................._-_....._-..--司・・・・........_............._-................................................_-.......

Fig. 10 Flow chart of the pilot plant for treatment of flue gas from an incinerator at Matsudo-City

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JAKR1-M 93 160

2.9. Potential Industrial Application of Electron Accelerators in Indonesia

Mirzan T. Razzak

Center for the Application of Isotopes and Radiation, BATAN

INTRODUCTION

Today's technology concerns with high quality and high performance products, save in energy and preserve environment.

Since the last decade, radiation technology has made a great progress in the production method, particularly in the production of high quality sterilized medical products, wire and cable and shrink tubing,heat shrinkable film, the partial curing of tire components, and foam manufacture (1-4).

The near future, the electron beam (EE) accelerators will aplicable in crosslink-ing packaging films and in curing coatings and inks (5). New materials like pressure sensitive adhesives, silicone release coatings and other specialty coatings will expand the market potential of EB accelerator (6).

Very recently, the surface sterilization of medical devices and food packages and the treatment of stack gases to remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides are also being explored (7,8).

Indeed advanced countries such as Japan, Germany, France and USA have used the radiation technology to improve their industrial performance and capability. In Asia region, Taiwan and South Korea are recognized as the new industrial countries who are also applying EB accelerator in their production line.

Indonesia however, has a great potential in the application of EB accelerator. This is because of a remarkable growth of industrial sector ,the abundant of natural resources, and the increasing demand of the product quality to support high-tech and high risk industries.

The present paper discusses the potential industrial application of EB accelerator in Indonesia. It is expected that the paper could be able to presence informations and to invite a useful discussion.

STATUS OF RADIATION PROCESSING IN INDONESIA

National Atomic Energy Agency, Centre for Application of Isotops and Radiation (CAIR-BATAN) is the only institute to take initiative to conducting research and development of radiation technology in Indonesia.

Two gamma ray irradiators with a total power of 225 kCi Cobalt-60 source and Electron Beam (EB) accelerator of 300 KeV are available at the CAIR-BATAN.

During the last 10 years, CAIR-BATAN has gained a great progress in the depelopment of irradiation techniques, particularly to produce pre-vulcanized Natural Rubber(NR) latex, different kind of preserved spices, to sterilization of medical and pharmaceutical products and to curing of wood surface coating (9,10). The present

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J.¥ERI--¥1 93-160

2.9. Potential Industrial Application of Electron Accelerators in Indonesia

lUi.πan T. Razzak

Center for the Applicatiorl of Isotopes and Radiation， BATAN

町 TRODUCTION

Today's technology concems with high quality and high performance produc民save in energy and preserve environment.

Since the last decade， radiation technology has made a great progress in the production method， particularly in the production of high quality sterilized medical products， wire and cable and shrink tubing，heat shrinkable film， the partial curing of tire components， and foam manufacture (1・4).

The near future， the electron beam (EB) accelerators will aplicable in crosslink-ing packaging films and in curing coatings and inks (5). New materials like pressure sensitive adhesives， silicone rel回 secoatings and other sp配ial~y coatings wiII expand the market potential of EB accelerator (6).

Very recentIy， the surface sterilization of medical devices and food packages and the treatment of stack gases to femove sulfur and nitrogen oxides are also being explored (7，8).

Indeed advanced countries such as Japan， Germany， Fr叩 ceand USA have used the radiation technology to improve their industrial performance and capability. In Asia region， Taiwan and South Korea are recognized as the new industrial countrie~， who are also applying EB accelerator in their production line.

Indonesia however， has a great potential in the application of EB accelerator. This is because of a remarkable growth of industrial sector ，the abundant of natural resources， and the increasing demand of the product quality to support high-tecr and high risk industries.

The present paper discusses the potential industrial application of EB accelerヨtorin Indonesia. It is expected that the paper could be able to presence informations and to invite a useful discussion.

STATUS OF RADIATION PROCESS悶 GIN町 DONESIA

National Atomic Energy Agency， Centre for Application of Isotops and Radia-tion (CAIR-BATAN) is the only instItute to take initiative to conducting research and development of radiation technology in Indonesia.

Two gamma ray irradiators with a total power of 225 kCi Cobalt-60 source加 dElectron Beam (EB) accelerator of 300 KeV are available at the CAIR-BATAN.

During the last 10 years， CAIR-BATAN has gained a great progress in the depelopment of irradiation techniques， particularly to produce pre-vu1canized Natural Rubber(NR) latex， diffe-rent kind of preserved spices， to sterilization of medical and pharmaceutical products and to curing of wood surface coating (9，10). The present

-108-

JAERI-M 93-160

EB accelerator available in CAIR-BATAN is a low voltage (300 keV) and low penetration of electron beam. It is only applicable for curing of surface coating and other surface treatments.

In order to perform R&D in polymer crosslinking such as crosslinking of wire and cable insulators, heat shrinkable tube and film, polyethylene foam and other possible industrial application of radiation technology, then a higher voltage ( energy) EB accelerator is necessary.

CAIR-BATAN plans to build a new EB accelerator with a medium energy of 2 MeV. The building and shielding will be constructed this year and the EB accelerator will be installed later in 1993.

The most important progress in the transfer technology program is the establis-ment of a commercial plant of gamma rays iradiator in near Jakarta. The irradiator with an initial loading of 400 kCi Cobalt-60 source is belong to private company, INDO-GAMA, and it is commissioned last month (May 1992)

The irradiation facility will be mainly used as an irradiation sevice centre for the sterilization ox medical and pharmaceutical products.

A bilateral research cooperation between JAERI and BATAN has successfully developed the adhesive and thermoplastic elastomer made from irradiated natural rubber (NR) latex (1 l).The bench scale results, however needs further efforts to bring it to be industrial scale. Another results as an output of the bilateral research cooperation are the development of hydrogels for biomaterials which are now under progress. Some of the results have been jointly patented in Japan.

ELECTRON BEAM CROSSLINKING

In fact the biggest applications of EB accelerator is occupied by the process of crosslinking of wire insulation (12).

There are at least 123 electric industries available in Indonesia i.e. 7 companies are foreign invesment and the rest are domestic companies. Not less than 26802 ton of different types of wire and cable products are produced annually by 14 companies as shown in Table 1. Its clear that wire and cable industries could be a great potential of EB accelerator processing, particularly when a heat resistant wire and cable insulation is required to support the industrial development in Indonesia.

The crosslinking technologies that are available to the industry are mainly chemical method.

- Continuous Vulcanization = CV Technology(peroxide and salt bath crosslinking) - Monosil crosslinking and - Sioplas crosslinking (silane crosslinking).

Each type of crosslinking has its specific advantages and an disadvantages. The CV crossliking is the most widely used technology to date.

However, it is necessary to discuss the advantages of EB crosslinking over the conventional process.

As compared to the CV method, the important advantages factor to EB cross-linking are:

- 109 -

]AERI-M 93-160

EB accelerator available in CAIR-BATAN is a low voltage (300 keV) and low penetra事

tion of electron bf'.am， It is only applicable for curing of surface coating and other surface treatments.

In order to perform R&D in polymer crosslinking such as crosslinking of wire and cable insulators， heat shrinkable tube and film， polyethylene foam and other possible industriaI application of radiation technology，then a higher voltage ( energy) EB acceler.‘

ator is necessarv. CAIR":BATAN plans to build a new EB accelerator with a medium energy of 2

Me V. The building and shielding wil1 be constructed this year and the EB accelerator will be insta1led later in 1993.

The most important progress in the transfer technology program is the回 tablis-ment of a commercial plant of gamma rays iradiator in n伺 rJakarta. The irradiator with an initial loading of 400 kCi Cobalt-60 source is belong to private company， INDO-GAMA， and it is commissioned last month (May 1992)

The irradiation facility will be mainly used as an irra<liation sevice centre for the sterilization 0I medical and pharmaceutical products.

A bilateraI research cooperation between JAERI and BATAN has successfully developed the adhesive and thermoplastic elastomer made from irradiated naturaI rubber (NR) latex (11). The bench scale results， however needs further efforts to bring it to be industrial scale. Another results as an output of the bilateraI res回 rchc∞lperation are the dev~lol?men~ of hy~r~gels for bi?!lla!eriaIs which are now under progress. Some of the results have been jointly patented in Japan.

ELECTRON BEAM CROSSLINKING

In fact the biggest applications of EB accelerator is occupied by the process of crosslinking of wire insulation (12).

There are at least 123 electric industries available in Indonesia I.e. 7 companies are foreign invesment and the rest are domestic companies. Not Iess than 26802 ton of different typL'S of wire and cable products are produced annually by 14 companies as shown in Thble 1. Its c1ear that wire and cable industries could be a great potentia1 of EB accelerator processing， particularly when a heat resistant wire and cable insulation is required to suppo此 theindustrial development in Indonesia.

The crosslinking technologies that are available to the industry are mainly chemical method. -Continuous Vulcanization = CV Technology(peroxide and salt bath crosslinking) ーMonosi1crosslinking and ーSioplascrosslinking (silane crosslinking).

Each type of crosslinking has its sp民 ificadvantages and an disadvantages. The CV crossliking is the most widely used technology to date.

However， it is necessary to discuss the advantages of EB cross1inking over the conventional process.

As compared to the CV method， the important advantages factor to EB cross-linking are:

- 109

JAERI-M 93-160

1. Eliminate start-up and end scrap. By using the CV method, the start-up or end scrap is generally about 100 m long with the EB method, on the other hand , there is absolutely no star-up scrap.

2. Lower energy consumption. The CV method requires up to five times more.

3. Less factory space needed. EB crosslinking requires only about 50 % of the space needed by the CV method.

4. Higher crosslinking speed. CV method: low voltage, e.g.lkV, 60-200 m/min EB method: low voltage, e.g.lkV,up to 500-600 m/min

5. A longer spectrum of possible coss section can be terated 6. Faster and more flexible processing 7. Process control. It is easier to reproduced the crosslinking.

The factor that are often under estimated by those who are not thoroughly fami-lier with radiation process:

- the cost of instalation and handling - the length of time during which radiation process is interupted due to reel changes,

different cross-sections or materials.

It should also be noted that no radiactivity can be induced in materials with accelerator energy levels up to 8 MeV and therefore it is a safe technology.

Some success companies that using EB crosslinking in USA, Europe and Japan are: Brond-Peek

ESSEX Nothern Telecom Shan Siemens Supernant Sumitomo Electric Furukawa Electric Hitachi Cable Taisho Electrical Oki electric Showa Cable etc.

Indeed, the use of EB accelerator is very important to produce the common good of mankind, especially in high risk area such as in the chemical industry, nuclear power plant, public building etc.

RADIATION CURING

There are 110 plywood mill with total capacity 10,700,000 cubic meters per year. In addition there are 58 blockboard industry and 8 particle board factory with total annual capacity of 981,500 cubic meters and 435,000 cubic meters (13). These are a potential raw materials that can be proceeded further by using EB accelerator technology in order to obtain value-added items.

- no -

JAERI-M 93-160

1. Eliminate start-up and end scrap. By using the CV method， the start噂 upor end scrap is genera1lyabout 100 m long with the EB method， on the other hand ， there is absolutely no star-up scrap.

2. Lower energy consumption. The CV method requires up to five times more.

3. Less factory space needed. EB cross1inking requires only about 50 % of the space needed by the CV method.

4. Higher crosslinking speed. CV method: low voltage， e.g.lkV， 60・200m/min EB method: low voltage， e.g.lkV，up to 500・6∞m/min

5. A longer sp民 trumof possible coss section can be terated 6. Faster and more tlexible processing 7. Process control. It is easier to reproduced白ecrosslinking.

The factor that are often under estimated by those who are not thoroughly fami-lier with radiation prlωess: -the cost of insta1ation and handIing -the length of time during which radiation prl∞ess is interupted due to rl民 1chang白，

different cross-sections or materials.

It should also be noted that no radiactivitv can be induced in materials with accelerator energy levels up to 8 MeV and therefore it is a回fet配 hnology.

Some success companies that using EB crosslinking in USA， Europe and Japan are: Brond-Peek

ESSEX Nothem Telecom Shan Siemens Supemant Sumitomo Elec凶cFurukawa Electric Hitachi Cable 百ishoElectrical Oki electric Showa Cable etc.

Indeed， the use of EB accelerator is very important to produce the common good of mankind， especially in high risk area such as in the chemical industry， nuclear power plant， public building etc.

RADIATION CURING

There are 110 plywood mill with to凶伺.pacity10，700，0∞cubic meters per y'伺r.In addition there are 58 blockboard industry and 8 particle board factory with~ total annual capacity of 981 ，500 cubic meters and 435，000 cubic meters (13). These are a potentia1 raw materia1s that can be pro白 ededfurther by using EB accelerator technology in order to obtain value-added items.

110

JAER1-M 93-160

EB accelerator can be potentially used to produce PVC-laminated plywood , acrylic-coated plywood and to surface finishing work for several kinds of wood products, paper and metals. These are because the EB accelerator is capable to be used for curing of surface coating instead of conventional heating technique.

Technical and economical evaluation on the application of EB accelerator for curing of wood surface coating will be presented in another manuscript at this meeting.

RADIATION STERILIZATION

A wide variety of medical devices are sterilized by gamma rays irradiator and EB accelerator. Included are items such as syringes, catheters.cotton balls, miscellaneous vials, latex gloves, blood lancet, disposable scalpel, birth control rings,surgical suture, artificial joint, gauze and dialysis unit (14).

The major competing sterilization method for medical disposables is Ethylene Oxide (EtO) method. The share of EtO sterilization method is gradually decreases from 70 % in 1988 to 55 % in 1993, whereas Gamma rays sterilization method increases from 27 % to 40 % and the EB method is 3 % in share during the same period. The changing market share of EtO to Gamma rays is mainly because of some disadvantage factors of the use EtO. For example, product residues and patient health concerns, worker safety, environmental emissions of the gas, legislation regarding the use of a hazardous chemicals, increasing capital and operating costs (15).

For die sterilization of medical supplies, it needs a high voltage ( energy) EB accelerator type. For example EB accelerator with voltage in the range of 3 to 10 MeV. Only few such high voltage EB accelerators are available in the world (16).

To estimate the voltage requirement for the sterilization of 2 ml disposable syringe, the following formula can be applied (16):

Voltage = 2.63 TD + 0.32 (single sided treatment) Voltage = 1.19 TD + 0.32 (double sided treatment)

where Voltage is in MeV, T is thickness in cm, and D is density. Alternatively, the value of TD can be expressed as the ratio of weight (g) per unit area (cm ). Unit area is the length and width normal to the electron beam. In case of 2 ml syringe the value of TD becomes 4972/1609 g/cm = 3.1 g/cm

Therefore the voltage of EB accelerator should be,

E = 1.19x3.1 +0.32 (double sided treatment)

= 4.0 MeV

The potential application of EB sterilization technique in Indonesia can be estimated by the health care activities such as the existence of hospitals, physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical doctors as well as Indonesian population as shown in Table 2.

- i n -

]AERI-M 93-]60

~B accelerator can be potentially used toproduce PVC-Iaminated plywood， acrylic-coated plywood and to surface finisbing work for several kindS -of wood products， paper and metals. Tbese are because tbe EB accelerator is capable to be used for curiog of surface coating instead of conventional beating tecbnique.

Technical and economical evaluation on tbe a!lplication of EB accelerator for curing of wood surface coating will be presented in anotber manuscript at由民meeting.

RADIATION STERILIZATION

A wide variety of medical devices are sterilized by gamma rays irradiator and EB accelerator. Included are items such as sy司nges， catbeters，cotton ~a1Is， miscellaneous vials， latex gloves， blood lancet， disposable scalpel， birtb con釘01rings，surgical suture， artificial joint， gauze an¥l dialysis unit (14).

The m吋orcompeting sterilization metbod for medical disposables is Etbylene Oxide (EtO) method. The share of EtO sterilization method is gradually decreases from 70 %血 1988to 55 % in 1993， wbereas Gamma rays sterilization metbod increases from 27 % to 40 % and tbe EB metbod is 3 % in sbare during tbe s~me peri~d Tbe cbanging market sbare of Et() to Gamma rays is mainly because of some disadvantage factors of tbe use EtO. For example， product residues and patient health concems， worker safe旬， environmental emissions of the gas， legislation regarding the use of a bazardous cbemicals， increasing capital and operating costs (15).

For也esterilization of medical supplies， it needs a high voltage (energy) EB acceleratnr type. For example EB accelerator with voltage in tbe range of 3 to 10 MeV. Only few such high voltage EB accelerators are available in tbe world (16).

To estimate tbe voltage requirement for the sterilization of 2 ml disposable syringe， the iollowing formula can be app1ied (16):

Voltage = 2.63 TD + 0.32 (single sided treatment) Voltage = 1.19 TD + 0.32 (double sided treatment)

where Voltage is in MeV， T is thickness阻 cm，and D is density. Altematively，血evalue of TD can be expressed as曲eratio of weight (g) per unit area (cm ). Unit area is曲elength and width normal to tbe electron beam. In case of 2 ml可巾gethe value of TD becomes 4972116ω g/cm = 3.1 g/cm

Therefore the voltage of EB accelerator should be，

E = 1.19 x 3.1 + 0.32 (double sided treatment)

= 4.0 MeV

The potentiaI appIication of EB sterilization technique in Indonesia can be estimated by the bealtb care activities sucb as tbe-existence of bospitals， physicians， pbarmacists， nurses and medical doctors as well as IndonesiaJ) population as shown in Table 2.

-111 -

JAKR1-M 93-160

The most important factors in determined a cost for the EB accelerator faciliity in general are : - the accelerator voltage - the building and shielding - the product conveyor and - the people involved

FOOD IRRADIATION

The most promising application of radiation technology in food treatment seems to be the irradiation of spices. As well as gamma irradiator, EB accelerator has also a great potential to be applied as far as the public acceptance and the legislation of the technology are world wide approved. Table 3 shows export statistic of different spices which are considered profitable (17).

FLUE GAS TREATMENT

The growing of industrial sector in Indonesia needs an early awarness to environmental concervation. Recently, EB accelerator has been examined to be used at pilot scale for the treatment of exhaust gas from steei sintering plant and Coal electric power plant (2,8). Figure 1 shows a process flow diagram of EB flue gas treatment system. Briefly, the exhaust gas or flue gas is introduced into a cylinder vessels at 100 C to be irradiated with two accelerators. Small amount of ammonia is added before irradiation to enhance removal rate of NO and to decrease the formation of N02. Under irradiation, SOx and NOx are converted to complex salt of ammonia sulfate and nitrate, which is collected in an electron precipitator. Details will be reported in this workshop.

Indeed all the combustion gas from heavy oil and coal factories should be treated before it is released to the environment. At present, at least 2 (two) coal electric power plants and several oil electric power plants as well as different chemical plants are available in Indonesia. The radiation treatment of combustion gases to remove sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide is one alternative to have a clean environmental industry.

CONCLUSION

The potential applications of EB accelerator in Indonesia, particularly in the production of heat resistance wire and cable insulators, surface coated of plywood by radiation curing techniqnue, electronic parts by radiation curing technique, spices and herbs treatment for export, heat shrinkable film and sheet for packaging materials, treatment of a part of tire component, sterilization of some selective medical divices and treatment of flue gas from different industries have been presented.

Research and development in the field of radiation technology and some progress of a bilateral research cooperation between TRCRE-JAERI and BATAN have been reported.

The application of EB accelerator in industrial line is much depended on the good will and attitude of Indonesian's enterprenuer as weil as the ability to absorb the knowledge and know how of radiation technology. BATAN as the only research institute in Indonesia who is doing a lot of work in this field is ready to provide necessary informations and consultations.

- 112 -

JAERl-M 93-160

The most important factors in determined a cost for the EB accelerator faciliity in general are : ーtheaccelerator voltage ーthebuilding and shielding -the product conveyor and -the people involved

FOOD IRRADIATION

The most proml!~s~ng application of radiation technology in food treatment seems to be the irradiation of spices. As well as gamma irradiator， EB ac白 leratorhas also a great potential to be applied as far酪 thepublic acceptance and the legislation of the technology are world wide approved. Table 3 shows export statistic of different spices which are considered profitable (1乃.

FLUE GAS TREATMENT

The growing of industrial sector in Indonesia needs an earIy awamess to envi-ronmentaI concervation. R配 enuy，EB accelerator has been examined to be used at pilot scale for the treatment of exhaust gas from st民 isintering plant and Coal electric power plant (2，8). Figure 1 shows a process flow diagram of EB flue gas treatment system. Briefly， the exhaust gas or flue gas is introduced into a cyIinder vessels at 100 C to be irradiated with two accelerators. Small amount of ammonia is added before irradiation to enhance removal rate of NO and to decrease the formation of N02. Under irradiation， SOx and NOx are converted to complex saIt of ammonia sulfate and nitrate， which is colIected in an electron pr'民 ipi凶 or.Details will be reported in this workshop.

Indeed all the combustion gas from h回 vyoil and coal factories should be tr伺 t-ed before it is released to the environment. At present， at least 2 (two) coal electric power plants and several oil electric power plants as weli as different chemicaI plants are available in Indonesia. The radiation treatment of combustion gases to remove sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide is one altemative to have a clean environmentaI indus町.

CONCLUSION

The potential appIications of EB accelerator in Indonesia， particul訂 lyin the production of heat resistance wire and cable insulators， surface coated of plywood by radiation curing techniqnue， electronic parts by radiation curing technique， spices and herbs tr伺 tmentfor export，h回 tshrinkable film and sheet for packaging materials， tr回 t-ment of a part of tire component， steriliz?tion of some selective medical divices and treatment of flue gas from different industries have been presented.

Research and development in the field of radiation technology and some progress of a bilateral research cooperation between TRCRE-JAERI and BATAN have been reported.

The application of EB accelerator in industrial line is much depended on the good wil1 and attitude of Indonesian's enterprenuer as weil as the abi1ity to absorb the knowledge and know how of radiation technology. BATAN as the only res回 rchinstitute in Indonesia who is doing a lot of work in this field is r回 dyto provide n民間姐ryinfor-mations and ~Gnsultations.

- 112一

JAERI-M 93-160

REFERENCES

l.BENNET Jr.E.W.,Application of Irradiation to Industrial Wires and Cables, Radiat. Phys.Chem., Vol. I4,No.3-4,pp.947-951 (1979).

2.MACHI S..Industrial Application of Radiation Processing in Japan, Radiat. Phys.Chem., 14 (1979)155.

3. ANONYMOUS, Prospect for Industrial Electron Beam Processing, Beta-gamma l/88.p.4.

4.HUNT J.D. and ALLIGER G., Rubber Application of Radiation to Tire Manufacture, Radiat.Phys.Chem, 13 (1978) 39.

5.EDWIN P.,TRIPP III, Low Volatge Shelfshielded Electron Beam Accelerators Offer New Opportunities in Crosslinking,Beta-gamma l/89,p. 11.

6.HANS F.HUBER and HARTMUT MULLER, Radiation Curable Polyesters for The Formulation of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives, Radiat. Phys. Cliem., Vol.33,No.5 (1989)p.443.

7.TIMOTHY G.HENRY, Electron beam a case history, Radiat. Phys. Chem., Vol.35,No.4-6 (1990) 528.

8.ANDRZEJ G.CHMIELEWSKI, EDWARD ILLER AND MICHAL ROMANOWSKI, Pilot plant for electron beam S02 and NOx Removal from combustion flue gases, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsawa 1991. INCT-2125/VI.

9.MUNSIAH MAHA, Status of Food Irradiation in Indonesia, BATAN, Jakarta (1989).

lO.SUGIARTO DANUjEconomic analysis of wood surface coating using radiation technology, Excecutive Seminar on Application of Radiation Surface coating technique in industry, March 15, BATAN, Jakarta 1990.

ll.MIRZAN T.RAZZAK, FUMIO YOSHII.KEIZO MAKUUCHI and ISAO ISHIGAKI, Thermoplastic elastomer by radiation grafting,I.Evaluation of

processability of Natural Rubber Grafted Methyl Methacrylate, J.of Appl.Polym.Sci., Vol 43, No.6 (1991) p.883.

12.KEIJI UENO, The radiation crosslinking process and new products, Radiat.Phys.Chem,,Vol.35,No. 1-3 (1990) p.126.

13.ANONYMOUS, Forest based industry in Indonesia,Indonesian Wood Panel Association, presented in Regional Executive Manager Seminar on Radiation Curing Coating Technology, March 19-21, Jakarta (1990).

14.YONEHO TABATA, The present status of radiation processing in Japan, Tokay University, Januari 19990.

15.RUTH M.BRINSTON, Future growth in the gamma sterilization of disposable medical products, Radiat.Phys.Chem.,Vol.35, No. 1-3 (1990) p.390.

16.WILLIAM J.MAHER, The application of electron beam equipment for the sterilization of medical devices, Radiat.Phys.Chem,VoU5 (1980) p.99.

17.ANONYMOUS, Monthly Statistic Bulletin, Bureau of Statistic Centre, Jakarta (1989)

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JAERI-M 93-160

REFERENCES

I.BENNET Jr.E. W.，Application of lrradiation 10 lndllstrial Wires and Cables. Radial. Phys.Chcm.， ¥'01. J4，No.3-4，pp. 947-95 J (1979).

2.MACHI S.，Indllstrial Application of Radiation Processing in Japan， Radiat. Phys.Chcm.， 14 (1979)155.

3.ANONYMOUS， Prospecl for lndllstrial Elcctron B回 mProcessing， Bda-gamma l/88.p.4.

4.HUNT J.D. and ALLlGER G.， RlIbber Application of Radialion to Tirc Manllfactllre， Radiat.Phys.Chem， 13 (1978) 39.

5.EDWIN P.，TRIPP III， Low Volatge Shelfshiclded Electron Bcam Accclerators Offer New Opportunities in Crosslinking，Beta-gamma I189，p.ll.

6.HANS F.HUBER and HARTMUT MULLER， Radiation Curable Polyesters for The Formulation of PresslIre Sensitive Adhesives， Radiat. Phys. Chem.. VoI.33，No.5 (1989)p.443.

7.TIMOTHY G.HENRY， Electron beam a case history， Radiat. Phys. Chem.， Vo1.35，No.4-6 (1990) 528.

8.ANDRZEJ G.CHMIELEWSKI， EDWARD ILLER AND MICHAL ROMANOWSKI， Pilot plant for electron beam S02 and NOx Removal from combustiol1 flue gases， Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology， Warsawa 1991. INCT-21251V1.

9.MUNSIAH MAHA， Status of Food lrradiation in lndonesia， BATAN， Jakarta (1989).

1O.SUGIARTO DANU，Economic analysis of wood surface coating lIsing radialion technology， Exceclltive Seminar 011 Application of Radiation Surface coating technique in industry， March 15， BATAN， Jakarta 1990.

11.MIRZAN T.RAZZAK， FUMIO YOSHII，KEIZO MAKUUCHI and ISAO ISHIGAKI， Thermoplastic elastomer by radiation grafting，I.Evaluatiol1 of

processability of Natllral Rubber Grafted Methyl Methacrylate， J.of AppI.Polym.Sci.， Vol 43， NO.6 (1991) p.883.

12.KEIJI UENO， The radiation crosslinking process and new produclS， Radiat.Phys.Chem<， Yo1.35，No. 1-3 (1990) p.126.

13.八NONYMOUS，Forest based indllstry in Inclonesia，Indoncsian Wood Pancl八ssoci-ation， presented in Regional Executive Manager Seminar on Radiation Curing Coating Technology， March 19-21， Jakarta (1990).

14. YONEHO TABATA， The present status of radiation processing in Japan， Tokay UniversitぁJanuari19990.

15.RUTH M.BRINSTON， Future growth in the gamma sterilization of disposable medical products， Radiat.Phys.Chem.， Vo1.35， NO.l・3(1990) p.390.

16. WILLIAM J. MAHER， The application of electron beam eqllipment for the steriliza-tion of medical devices， Radiat.Phys.Chell1， Yo1.l5 (1980) p.99.

17.ANONYMOUS， Monthly Statistic BuIIctin， Bureau of Slatistic Ccntrc， .1 akarta (1989)

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JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 Some wire and cable industries in Indonesia

No. Name of Company Typical Products Annual Capacity 1 PT. Kabelindo Murni Electrical Wire &

Cable Telephone Cable

4100 ton

2 PT. Kabelmetal Indonesia

Electrical Wire & Cable Telephone Cable

3800 ton

3 PT. Suraco Telephone Cable 1200 ton 4 PT. Terang Kita Electrical Wire &

Cable Telephone Cable

7357 ton

5 PT. Indotrijaya Industries

Telecomm Cable 100 ton

6 PT. IKI Indah Kabel Indonesia

PVC Power Cable Te1ecommunication Cable Medium Voltage Cable

770 ton

7 PT. Jembo Cable Company

Telephone Cable 1450 ton

8 PT.Nikkatsu Electric Works

Electrical Cable Telecommunication Cable Electronic Cable Automobile Cable

500 ton

9 PT. Sinar Merbabu Telecommunication Cable

2400 ton

10 PT. Voksel Electric Electrical Cable 600 ton 11 PT. Jayako Murni

Abadi NYA, NYM, NYY, NYFGBY, AAC, AAAC ACSR,XLPE

840 ton

12 PT. Nasiodelta Electric

PVF, PEW, UEW, EIW

1800 ton

13 PT. Phenolic Prima Indonesia

NYA, NYM, NYY 885 ton

14 PT. Pudji Tjahaja Electrical Cable 1000 ton

Total cap acity 26802 ton

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jAERI -M 93-160

Table 1 Some wire and cable industries in lndonesia

No. I Name of Company I Typical Products I Annual Capaci七y

1 I PT. Kabelindo Murni I Electrical Wire &

Cable 4100 ton Telephone Cable

2 I PT. Kabelmetal I Electrical Wire &

Indonesia I Cable 3800 ton Telephone Cable

3 I PT. Suraco I Telephone Cable 1200 七on

4 I PT. Terang Kita I Electrical Wire &

Cable 7357 七onTelephune Cable

5 I PT. 工ndotrijaya I Telecomm Cable 100 七on工ndustries

6 I PT. IK工 IndahKabel I PVC Power Cable Indonesia I Telecommunication

I Cable 770 ton Medium Voltage Cable

7 I PT. Jembo Cable I Telephone Cable 1450 七onCompany

8 I PT.Nikkatsu Electricl Electrical Cable Works I Telecommunication

Cable 500 ton Electronic Cable Au七omobileCable

9 I PT. Sinar Merbabu I Telecommunication I 2400 七onCable

10 I PT. Voksel Elec七ric J Electrical Cable 600七on

11 I PT. Jayako Murni I NYA， NYM， NYY， Abadi I NYFGBY， AAC， AAAC I 840 ton

ACSR，XLPE

12 I PT. Nasiodel七a I PVF， PEW， UEW， 1800七onElectric I EIW

13 I PT. Phenolic prima I NYA， NYM， NYY 885 七on工ndonesia

14 I PT. Pudji Tjahaja I Electrical Cable 1000 七on

To七alcapaci七Y 26802 七on

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JAERI-M 93-160

Table 2 Health s t a t i s t i c s

Life Expectancy (male) 57 years Life Expectancy (female) 61 years

Number

Hospitals 1,408 Hospitals Beds 83,101 Physicians 20,768 Dentists 2,500 Pharmacists 3,587 Nurses 122,945

- 1 1 5 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Table 2 Healtb statistics

Life Expec七ancy (male) 57 years

Life Expectancy (female) 61 years

Number

Hospitals 1，408 Hospi七alsBeds 83，101 Physicians 20，768

Dentists 2~500

Pharmacis七s 3，587

Nurses 122，945

-115一

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3 Export of spices from Indonesia to different countries in 1988 (7)*

COUNTRY SPICES IN TONNAGE

COUNTRY WHITE PEPER BLACK PAPER NUTMEG

USA 5,934 10,938 704 Netherlands 5,249 235 1,351 France 60 25 444 Belgium &

Luxemburg 275 - 440 Canada 892 160 -

Hungary 855 744 -

China 50 70 -

* Source : Indonesian Central Bereau of Statistic

Table 4 Plywood industries and its capacity

Product Total capacity Production (m T )

Plywood 110 9,000,000

Blackboard 58 700,000

Partickleboard 8 101,000

- 1 1 6 -

JAERI-M 93ー 160

Table 3 Export of spices from Indonesia to different countries in 1988 (7)“

SPICES IN TONNAGE COUNTRY

WHITE PEPER BLACK PAPER

USA 5.934 10，938 Netherlands 5.249 235

France 60 25

BeLlugxiuem m b& urg 275

Canada 892 160

Hungary 855 744

China 50 70

* Source : lndonesian Central Bereau of Statistic

Table 4 Plywood industries and its capacity

Product

Plywood

Blackboard

Partickleboard

TotaI capacity

110

58

8

-116一

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JAERI-M 93-160

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JAERI-M 93-160

2.10. Progress in Electron Beam Curing in Indonesia F. Sundardi


INTRODUCTION

The use of radiation, both ultra-violet (UV) or electron beam (EB) is becoming important in the present time for curing and pigmented film. UV radiation is generally used for smaller scale, slower line speed operation and clear coating, where as EB is more suitable for large volume processing and relatively thick pigmented coating. Commercial application of EB curing of surface coating for wood products had appeared since early of 1970 decade. Today there are several companies using this technology successfully. This technology appears to be attractive to countries producing a large amount of wood panel such as Indonesia, Phillipine, Malaysia etc.

Under a cooperation between IAEA/UNDP and the government of Indonesia, a radiation curing of surface coating pilot plant had been installed in Jakarta (1984). The mission of the plant is for training, demonstration as well as for studying both technical and economic aspect of the technology in the region. Approximately one million US $ was spent for this project. Although the equipments of the plant are commercial size, but the plant was not designed for commercial production.

Several Regional Training Courses on radiation curing had been held in Jakarta from 1984 to 1990 using this plant. These courses were followed by a number of participants from RCA Member States : Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia,China,Rep. of Korea, Singapore,Phillipine and Vietnam.

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]AERI-M 93-160

2.10. Progress in Electron Beam Curing in Indonesia

F. Sundardi

Center for七heApplication of Isotopes and Radiation， BATAN

INTRODUCTION

The use of radiation， both ultra-violet (VV) or electron beam

(EB) is becoming important in the present time for curing and

pigmented fi1m. UV radiation is generally used for smaller scale，

slower 11ne speed operation and c1ear coat1ng， where as EB 1s

more suitab1e for large volume processing and relatively thick

pigmer】ted coating. Commercia1 app1ication of EB curing of surface

coating for wood products had appeared since ear1y of 1970

decade. Today there are several companies using this techno1ogy

successfully. This techno1ogy appears to be attractive to

countries producing a large amount of wood panel such as

Indonesia， Phillipine， Ma1aysia etc.

Under a cooperation between IAEA/UNDP and th， government of

Indonesia， a radiation curing of surface coating pi10t plant had

been instal1ed in Jakarta (1884). The mission of the plant is for

training， demonstration as well as for studying both technical

and economic aspect of the technology in the region.

Approximate1y one mil1ion US $ was spent for this project.

Although the equipments of the plant are commercial size， but the

plant was not designed for commercial production.

Several Regional Training Courses on radiation curing had been

he1d in Jakarta from 1984 to 1990 using this p1ant. These courses

were fol1owed by a number of participants from RCA Member States

8angladesh， India， Pakistan， Thai1and. Indonesia， Sri Lanka，

Malaysia，China，Rep. of Korea， Singapore，Phillipine and Vietnam.

118

JAERI-M 93-160

PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY

Basic chemistry of the technology is a liquid compound which will undergo polymerization, crosslinking or grafting under EB or UV radiation, forming a hard solid compound. There is a great number of formulation of this compound but generally the compound is a mixture of oligomers with mono or poly functional monomers and additives such as pigmented materials. This is a liquid compound which can be coated readily on any surface ,such as wood panel, using conventional coating equipments: roll coater, curtain coater, sprayer etc. These compounds are commonly called radiation curable materials. The formulation of the radiation curable materials depend on the utilization and technical specification required for the products : for coating on wood panel, metal, ceramic, plastic etc.

Example formulation of radiation curable material for top coat is as following :

Wt part Epoxy acrylate (EA-81) 70 Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) 30 Silicon oil 1

Principle flowsheet of radiation curing of surface coating is shown in Fig.l. Wood panel is passed through a coating machine, such as roll coater, where the panel is coated with a radiation curable material. The coated panel then is passed through an EB machine under an inert atmosphere, by flowing N2 gas, where the radiation curable coating is polymerized, crosslinked or grafted, forming a solid hard coating. This process takes about 0.5 minute for one piece of wood panel (1.2x2.4 m) using EBM with beam current about 20 mA. This is a basic flowsheet of the process. In practice to obtain an excellent coating, several times of coating and radiation are required using different formulation

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]AERIー恥193-160

PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION CURING ，'ECHNOLOGY Basic chernistry of the tech~clogy is a liquid cornpound which

will undergo polymerization， crosslinking or grafting under EB or

UV radiation， forming a hard solid cornpound. There is a great

number of formulation of this compound but generally the compound

is a mixture of oligorners with rnono or poly functional monomers

and additives such as pigmented materials. This is a liquid

compound which can be coated readily on any surface ，such as wood

panel， using conventional coating equipments: roll coater，

curとain coater， sprayer etc. These compounds are commonly called

radiation curable materials. The forrnulation of the radiation

curable materials depend on the utilization and technical

specification required for the products for coating on wood

panel， metal， ceramic， plastic etc.

Example formulation of radiation curable material for top coat

is as following

Epoxy acrylate (EA-81)

Polyethylene g!ycol diacrylate

1ft part

70

(PEGDA) 30

Silicon oil 1

Principle flowsheet of radiation curing of surface coating is

shown in Fig.l. Wood panel is passed through a coating machine，

such as roll coater， where the panel is coated with a radiation

curable material. The coated panel then is passed through an EB

machine under an inert atmosphere， by flowing N勺 gas，where the L

radiation curable coating is polyrnerized， crosslinked or grafted，

forming a solid hard coating. This process takes about 0.5 minute

for one piece of wood panel (1.2x2.4 m) using EBM with beam

current about 20 mA. This is a basic flowsheet of the process.

In practice to obtain an excellent coating， several times of

coating and radiation are required using different formulation

119一

JAERI-M 93-160

of radiation curable material. Instead of EBH , UV source can be used for radiation, but this

radiation is limited for a clear coating and further more a photoinitiator should be added in the radiation curable formulation. The advantage of using UV radiation is unnecessary of using inert atmosphere and low cost of UV source which consequently resulting low cost of operation.

THE PILOT PLANT

The pilot plant is housed in a building of 720 sqm, steel construction and located inside the area of Center for the Application of Isotopes and Radiation, Jakarta. Building construction and equipments installation were completed in the end of 1984, while a small modification was done in 1989.

Specification of essential equipments available are as following:

1. Electron bean machine (EBM)

This machine is made by Nissin High Voltage Co.,Japan, scanning type EBM with 120 cm beam width, 300 keV , 50 mA maximum beam current, and lead shielded. Inert gas requirement (N2 gas) is normally about 100 NM /hour, or about 150 liter of liquid nitrogen/hour. The speed of conveyor is between 2.5 m and 25 m/min. Conveyor speed and beam current determine the dose of irradiation ( Figure 2).

2. Ultra Violet (UV) source

This source is equipped with an UV lamp of about 80 Watt/cm length. The length of the lamp is about 120 cm while the conveyor speed is between 3 and 6 m/min.

3. Roll ooater

Two kinds of roll coater available in this plant: direct roll

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JAERI-M 93-160

of radiation curable material.

Instead of EBH ， UV source can be used for radiaticn， but this

radiation is limited for a clear coating and further more a

photoinitiator should be added in the radiation curable

formulation. The advantage of using UV radiation i5 unneoessary

of using iliert atmosphere and low cost of UV source t-lhich

consequently resulting low cos七 of operation.

THE PILOT PLANT

The pilot plant is housed in a building of 720 sqm， steel

construction and located inside the area of Center for the

Application of IsotoQes and Radiation， Jakarta.

construction and equipments installation were completed

end of 1984， while a small modification was done in 1989.

Building

in the

Specification of essential equipments available are as

following:

1. Electron beam machine (EBH)

This machine is made by Nissin High Voltage Co.，Japan， scanning

type EBH with 120 cm beam width， 300 keV ， 50 mA rnaximum bearn

current， and lead shielded. Inert gas requirement (N2 gas) is 3 normally about 100 NMv/hour， or about 150 liter of liquid

nitrogen/hour. The speed of conveyor is between 2.5 m and 25

m/min. Conveyor speed and beam current determine the dose of

irradiation ( Figure 2).

2. Ultra Violet (UV) source

This source is equipped with an UV lamp of about 80 Watt/cm

length. The length of the lamp is about 120 cm while the conveyor

speed 1s between 3 and 6 m/min.

3. Roll coater

Two kinds of roll coater available in this plant: direct roll

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JAERI-M 93-160

coater and reverse roll coater. Both with 120 cm coating width and speed between 10 and 40 m/min. The electrical power requirement is 1.2 kW and 6 kW respectively.

4. Film laminator

The speed of the machine is between 5 and 20 m/min. The size 174 cm width, 135 cm length and 188 cm height. The electrical requirement is about 1 kW. Compressed air is required with pressure between 6 and 7 kg/cm

5. Sanding machine

This machine is equipped with an exhaust blower with capacity 160 nM3/h.

Equipments layout of the plant is shown in Figure 3, but this lining is not reflecting a flowsheet of a typical process. For a typical application, a typical flowsheet of the process is required. Total investment of the plant is about one million US $ (Table 1).

Table 1 Description of the pilot plant investment

Items Cost, US $ Budget

1 . EBM 540,000 2. Wood hand.equip. 128,500 3. Lab.equipt. 70,000 4. Building 259,500 5. UV source 15,000 6. Reverse RC&Laminator 65,000

IAEA/UNDP(1984) Batan/Ind.(1984) Batan/Ind.<1984) Batan/Ind.(1984) IAEA (1986) IAEA (1989)

Total 1,078,000

- 121 -

]AERI -M 93-160

coater and reverse roll coater. 80th with 120 cm coating width

and speed between 10 and 40 m/min. The e1ectrical power

requirement is 1.2 kW and 6 kW respectively.

4. Film 1a皿inator

The speed of the machine i8 between 5 and 20 m/min. The size

174 cm width， 135 cm length and 188 cm height. The electrical

requirement 1s about 1 kW. Compressed air i8 required with

pressure between 6 and 7 kg/cm2

5. Sanding machine

This machine is equipped with an exhaust blower with capacity

160 nM3/h.

Equipments layout of the plant 1s shown in Figure 3， but this

lining is not reflecting a f10wsheet of a typical process. For a

typical application， a typical flowsheet of the process is

required. Tota1 investment of the plant i8 about one million US $

(Table 1).

Table 1 Description of the pilot plant investment

Item8 Cost. US $ Budget

1. EBH 540，000 IAEA/UNDP(1984)

2. Wood hand.equip. 128，500 Batan/Incl.(1984)

3. Lab.equipt. 70，000 Batan/lncl.(1984)

4. Building 259，500 Ba tan/lnd. (1984)

5. UV source 15，000 IAEA (1986)

6. Reverse RG&Laminator 65，000 IAEA (1989)

Tota1 1，078，000

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JAERI-M 93-160

APPLICATION OF THE PILOT PLANT

The equipment of the plant was reported to be running well from the begining of operation, but not for the plant as a whole. The plant has been reported unable in producing a product with property as formerly desired. There were some problems with :

- radiation curable materials - inert gas consumption - poor raw material available - eqipment lining - wood handling equipments

A ready for use of radiation curable materials with desired property and reasonable price was unavailable at the begining of operation.The expert accompanying the equipments did not give any satisfying recommendation. Finally our group decided to develope by themselve the formulation of radiation curable materials for a specific application using the available component. Although it takes a time but we have higher degree of freedom in using the materials. Radiation curing of surface coating technology actually was not a well established technology so far, and that is why a ready for use radiation curable material with reasonable price is not available locally.

Flowing an inert gas is very important in EB curing because the polymerization reaction is retarded with the existance of trace oxygen. In practical purposes, N2 gas is used which is coming from evaporation of liquid nitrogen. It was reported that consumption of liquid nitrogen is between 150 and 200 liters/h. It is easily to understand that this technique cannot be used in region where unavailable liquid nitrogen plant. A very high purity of liquid nitrogen is required. The oxygen content should be less than 1000 ppm, otherwise there will resulting a sticky surface. Unfortunately the purity of commercial liquid nitrogen was unconsistant from one batch to the other, and this will

- 122 -

jAERI-M 93-160

APPLICATION OF THE PIL01'・PLANT

The equipment of the plant was reported to be running well from

the begining of operation， but not for the plant as a whole. The

plant has been reported unable in producing a product with

property as formerly desired. There were some problems with

- radiation curable materials

- inert gas consumption

-poor raw material available

- eqipment lining

-wood handling equipments

A ready for use of radiation curable materials with desired

property and reasonable price was unavailable at the begining of

operation.The expert accompanying the equipments did not give any

satisfying recommendation. Finally our group decided to develope

by themselve the formulation of radiation curable materials for a

specific application using the available component. Although it

takes a time but we have higher degree of freedom in using the

materials. Radiation curing of surface coating technology

actually was not a wel1 established technology so far， and that

is why a ready for use radiation curable material with reasonable

price is not available locally.

Flowing an inert gas is very important in EB curing because the

polymerization reaction is retarded with the existance of trace

oxygen. 1n practical purposes， N2 gas is used which is coming

from evaporation of liquid nitrogen. 1t was reported that

consumption of liquid nitrogen is between 150 and 200 liters/h.

It is easily to understand that this technique cannot be used in

region where unavailable liquid nitrogen plant. A very high

purity of liquid nitrogen is required. The oxygen content should

be less than 1000 ppm， otherwise there will resulting a sticky

surface. Unfortunately the purity of commercial liquid nitrogen

was unconsistant from one batch to the other， and this will

-122-

JAERI-M 93-160

causing a difficulty in adjusting the dose of irradiation required for curing.

After years of operating the wood handling equipments, it was concluded that the equipments were unable to produce a fine coating as formerly expected. One of the reason is the poor wood panel available : unevenness in thickness, defecting on the surface and poor dimensional stability due to humidity. This will causes a great difficulty in the pretreatment processing as a whole. The other reason is coming from the equipments itself.

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT

A number of processes had been developed in the facility either the radiation curable materials or its processing flowsheet: coating on particle board, multiplex and wood parquet flooring. A number of formulation of radiation curable materials, process flowsheet and cost analysis of thechnology had been reported. Example of the process is the process of coating on wood parquet flooring. It had been reported that the coating cost was largerly coming from radiation curable materials(74.3% , based on US $ 8.33/kg), followed by liquid nitrogen cost (16%) and the rest is plant operation (9.7%). Investment required for a plant producing 5 million sqm of wood parquet flooring /year is about two million US $ and the coating cost was about US $ 2.17/sqm.

Table 2 Coating on wood parquet flooring

Cost, % Radiation eurable mat. 74.3 Liquid nitrogen 16.0 Plant operation (labour, depreciation, maintenance etc) 9.7

100.0%

- 123 -

JAERI -M 93-160

causing a difficulty in adjusting the dose of irradiation

required for curing.

After years of operating the wood handling equipments， it

was concluded that the equipments were unable to produce a fine

coating as formerly expected. One of the reason is the poor wood

panel available unevenness in thickness， defecting on the

surface and poor dimensional stability due to humidity. This will

causes a great difficulty in the pretreatment processing as a

whole. The other reason is coming from the equip町lents itself.

PROCESS DEVELOPKENT

A number of processes had been developed in the facility either

the radiation curable materials or its processing flowsheet:

coating on particle board， multiplex and wood parquet flooring. A

number of formulation of radiation curable materials， process

flowsheet and cost analysis of thechnology ha~ been reported.

Example of the process is the process of coating on wood parquet

flooring. It had been reported that the coating cost was largerly

coming from radiation curable materials(74.3% ， based on US $

8.33!kg)， followed by liquid nitrogen cost (16χ) and the rest i5

plant operation (9.7%). Investment required for a plant producillg

5 million sqm of wood parquet flooring Iyear is about tWQ

million US $ and the coating cost was about US $ 2.17/sqm.

Table 2 Coating on wood parquet flooring

Cost， %

Radiation ~urable mat. 74.3

Liquid nitrogen 16.0

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-123

JAERI-M 93-160

For clear coating of wood parquet flooring, instead of using EBM it can be used UV source, and this will be resulting of lower investment cost but the production cost may be not so far differ because the production cost is largerly coming from radiation curable materials. The cost of radiation curable materials for UV curing is higher than for EB curing because in UV curing, a photoinitiator is required , which is an expensive material.

Example formulation of radiation curable material for clear coating on wood panel is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Radiation curable materials for EB curing of wood parquet flooring

I. Base coat Ht part

Laroner EA-81(epoxy acrylate) or urethane arylate 60-50 PEGDA(polyethylene glycole diacrylate) 30-40 Talc powder 10

II. Top coat

Laroner EA-81 60-70 PEGDA 40-30 Hatting agent 5-10 Silicon oil 1

For UV curing, 1-5% of photoinitiator is required in the mentioned formulation.

Cost evaluation of pigmented coating on wood panel showing the same result : the cost was largerly coming from radiation curable materials followed by liquid nitrogen and plant operation (Table 4).

- 124 -

jAERI-M 93-160

For clear coating of wood parquet flooring， instead of using

EBM it can be used UV source， and this will be resulting of lower investment cost but the production cost may be not so far differ

because the production cost is largerly coming from radiation

curable materials. The cost of radiation curable materials for UV

curing is higher than for EB curing because in リV curing， ~_

photoinitiator i5 required • which is an expensive material.

Example formulation of radiation curable material for clear

coating on wood panel is shown in Tab1e 3.

Table 3 Radiation curable materials for EB curing of wood parquet flooring

1. Base coat Wt part

Laromer EA-Bl(epoxy acrylate)

01' u1'ethane a1'ylate

PEGD企(polyethyleneglycole

diac1'y1ate)

Ta1c powde1'

11. Top coat

La1'ome1' EA-Bl

PEGDA

Hatting agent

5i1icon oil

60-50

30-40

10

60-70

40-30

5-10

1

For UV curing， 1-5% of photoinitiator is required in the

mentioned formulation.

Cost eva1uation of pigmented coating on wood pane1 showing the

same result the cost was 1argerly coming from radiation curab1e

materials followed by liquid nitrogen and p1ant operation (Table

4) .

-124

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 4 Pigmented c o a t i n g on wood p a n e l

Cost , X Radiation curable m a t e r i a l s 73 .8 Liquid ni trogen 18 .1 Plant operation 8 . 1

Tota l 100.0%

Total operation hours of EBM from 1984 to 1992 is more than 400 hours (Table 5), which is mainly used for process development, laboratory experiments and Regional Training Course (RTC). It was reported that there is no serious problem with regard to the operation of EBM during that time. Process development which is now being done : coating on ceramic, metal, gipsum, marble etc.

Table 5 Total hours of operation of EBM for process development, laboratory experiment and services

YEAR Operation, hours

1984-1985 40 1986 45 1987 27 1988 30 1989 133 1990 85 1991 48 1992 21

Total = 429

A number of customer had sent thousands square meter of wood

- 125 -

jAERI-M 93一160

Table 4 Pigmented coating on wood panel

Radiation curable materials

Liquid nitrogen

Plant operation

Total

Cost. %

73.6

18.1

8.1

100.0%

Total operation hours of EBM from 1984 to 1992 is more than

400 hours CTable 5). which is mainly used for process

development. laboratory experiments and Regional Training Course

(RTC). It was reported that there is no serious problem with

regard to the operation of EBM during that time. Process

development which is now being done coating on ceramic. metal，

gipsum， marble etc.

Table 5 Total hours of operation of EBM for process development. laboratory experiment and services

YEAR Operation.

hours

1984-1985 40

1986 45

1987 27

1988 30

1989 133

1990 85

1991 48

1992 21

Total 一 429

A number of customer had sent thousands square meter of wood

-125-

JAERI-M 93-160

parquet mosaic and wood panel to the pilot plant. The materials were coated using the available equipments. A lot of experiences were obtained by giving this radiation services. Based on this experience, an optimum process for a typical application has established and an economic analysis can be done with a higher accuracy. The results have been published anywhere.

It was concluded that the available pilot plant was unsuitable to be used as a commercial production of coated wood parquet-flooring or pigmented wood panel, although the size is a commercial size: the cost of coating will be very high which mainly due to the liquid nitrogen cost. This is true because the irradiation system of EBM is uncontinuous system, while the inert gas should flowing continuously. It was estimated that the inert gas consumption (N2) can be much reduced ( to one third) by using a continuous irradiation system.

Example :

The consumption of liquid nitrogen of the present EBM for surface coating is about 150 liter/hour. In the present system (uncontinuous), the speed of irradiation is about one piece/min. of wood panel (1.2 x 2.4m). Then the liquid nitrogen consumption is about 2.5 liter/piece of wood panel. If continuous system is applied, the speed of irradiation will be about 7.5 m/min.,or about 3 pieces of wood panel/min., and the liquid nitrogen consumption is about 0.8 liter/piece of wood panel.

REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE

Four times of RTC on radiation curing had been implemented in this facility. The courses were followed by participants from RCA Member States (Table 6). The participants from the last of the course were requested to make an economic analysis of the technology based on the condition available in each country. They concluded that the technology itself was superior technically compared to the conventional one, but for many developing countries they have some difficulties in marketing due to the

- 126 -

JAERI-M 93-160

parquet mos~ic and wood panel to the pilot plant. The materials

were coated using the available equipments. A lot of experiences

were obtain8d by giving this radiation services. 8ased on this

experience， an optimum process for a typical application has

established and an economic analysis can be done with a higher

accuracy. The results have been published anywhere.

It was concluded that the available pilot plant was unsuitable

to be used as a commercial production of coated wood parquet

flooring or pigmented wood panel， although the size i5 a

commercial size: the cost of coating will be very high which

mainly due to the liquid nitrogen cost. This is true because the

irradiation system of E8M is uncontinuous system， while the inert

gas should flowing continuously. It was estimated that the in8rt

gas consumption (N2) can be much reduced ( to one third) by using

a continuous irradiation system.

Example

The consumption of liquid nitrogen of the present E8M for

surface coating is about 150 liter/hour. In the present systeill

(uncontinuous)， the speed of irradiation is about one piece/min.

of wood panel (1.2 x 2.4m). Then the liquid nitrogen consumption

is about 2.5 liter/piece of wood panel. If continuous system is

applied， the speed of irradiation will be about 7.5 m/min.，or

about 3 pieces of wood panel/min.， and the liquid nitrogen

consumption is about 0.8 liter/piece of wood panel.

REGION企L TRAINING COURSB

Four times of RTC on radiation curing had been implemented in

this facility. The courses were followed by participants from RCA

Member States (Table 6). The participants from the last of the

course were requested to make an economic analysis of the

technology based on the condition available in each country. They

concluded that the technology itself was superior technically

compared to the conventional one， but for many developing

countries they have some difficulties in marketing due to the

-126一

JAERI-M 93-160

high cos t of product ion and high cos t of investment and supply

d i f f i c u l t y of r a d i a t i o n curab le m a t e r i a l s and l i qu id n i t r o g e n .

Table 6 Regional Training Course (RTC) on radiation curing of surface coating on wood panel in Jakarta

Country Number of participants II III IV

Bangladesh China India Indonesia Korea, Rep. Halaysia Pakistan Philipine Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnan

of

1 3

1 1

1 1 2

1 1

1 1 1 2

1 1 1

2 1 2 1 3

1 2

Total 10 14

Note : I Ol November 19B4 - February 19B5

II 11 November 1985 - December 19B5

III 29 September 19B6 - 24 October 19B6

IV 04 June 1990 - 22 June 1990

- 127 -

jAERI -M 93-160

high cost of production and high cost of investment and supply

difficulty of radiation curable materials and liquid nitrogen.

Table 6 Regional Training Course (RTC) on radiation curing of surface coating on wood panel in Jakarta

Country Number of participants

I II III

Bangladesh

China

lndia

Indonesia

Korea. Rep. of

Halaysia

Pakistan

Phi1ipine

Singapore

Sri Lanka

Thai1and

Vietnam

1

1

3

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

2 2

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

Total 8 9 10

Note 1 01 November 1984 - February 1985

11 11 November 1985 - December 1985

111 29 September 1986 - 24 October 1986

IV 04 June 1990 - 22 June 1990

-127一

IV

2

I

2

1

3

1

1

2

14

JAERI-M 93-160

REFERENCES

1. SUGIARTO DAHU, GATOT TRIMULYADI, ANIK SUNARNI dan DARSONO, Pelapisan perraukaan lantai parket seeara radiasi dengan bahan pelarut Laromer, Risalah Pertemuan Iliniah Proses Radiasi dalam Industri, Sterilisasi Radiasi dan Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir dalam Hidrologi, Jakarta, Desember (1988)

2. SUGIATO DANU, Economic analysis of radiation curing of surface coating of parquet flooring, Risalah Simposium IV Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi, Jakarta, 13-15 Desember 1989

3. SUGIARTO DANU, F.SUNDARDI, GATOT TRI HULYADI, KICKY LTK, ANIK SUNARNI and DARSONO, Radiation curing of commercial acrylates and polyester base compound for surface coating, First INDONESIA-JICA Polymer Symposium, Bandung 3-5 April (1989)

4. F.SUNDARDI, Experiences with radiation curing of surface coating pilot plant in Jakarta, Regional Executive Management Seminar on Industrial Radiation Curing Technology, Jakarta, 19-21 March 1990

5. SUGIARTO DANU, Analisis ekonomi pelapisan permukaan dengan teknologi radiasi, Seminar Nasional Para Eksekutif Aplikasi Teknologi Pelapisan Permukaan Secara Radiasi dalam Industri, Jakarta, 15 Maret 1990

- 128 -

JAERI-M 93-160

REFERENCES

1. SUG1ARTO DANU， GATOT TR1HULY企D1，AN1A SUNARNI dan DARSONO.

Pelapisan permukaan lantai parket secara radiasi dengan

bahan pelarut Laromer， Risalah Pertemuan Ilmiah Proses

Radiasi dalam Industri， Sterilisasi Radiasi dan Aplikasi

Teknik Nuklir dalam Hidrologi， Jakarta， Desember (1988)

2. SUGIATO DANU， Economic analysis of radiation curing of

surface coating of parquet flooring， Risalah Simposium IV

Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi， Jakarta， 13-15 Desember 1989

3. SUGIARTO UANU， F.SUND企RDI. GATOT TRI HULYADI， KICKY LTK，

ANIK SUNARNI and DARSONO， Radiation curing of commercial

acrylates and polyester base compound for surface coating，

First INDONESIA-JICA Polymer Symposium， Bandung 3-5 April

(1989 )

4. F.SUNDARDI， Experiences with radiation curing of surface

coating pilot plant 1n Jakarta， Reg10nal Executive Manage-

ment Seminar on Industrial Radiation Curing Technology，

Jakarta， 19-21 March 1990

5. SUGIARTO DANU， Analisis ekonomi pelapisan permukaan

dengan teknologi radiasi， Seminar Nasional Para Eksekutif

Aplikasi Teknologi Pelapisan Permukaan Secara Radiasi

dalam Industri， Jakarta， 15 Maret 1990

一 128-

JAERI-M 93-160

Radiation curable materials

Wood panel

O |lc^*uittj

ROLL COATER

ELECTRON BEAM MACHINE (EBM)

Coated wood panel

Fig. 1 Basic flowsheet of EB curing of surface coating process

25

20

15

xn o

Q

10

5-

0 0 5 10 15 20 25

Conveyor speed, tn/min

Fig. 2 Relation between EB irradiation dose and conveyor speed or beam current

- 129 -

巴里旦ー...... ・・

jAERI-M 93-160

ーーー・4惨巨宣言ヨ

Radiatio九

4 …・

巴 2 → δCoated LJood panel ELEC'I曳ONBEAM

MACHlNE (EBM) ROLL COATER

Wood panel

Basic flowsheet of EB curing of surface coating process Fig. 1

mA

mA

50

20 • 。

mA 5 @

dlIloi--1011¥。

25

20

J5 てコ伺'-

芝

~ 10 o D

5

。。 30 25

C on veyor speed I m Imin 20 15 10 5

Relation between EB irradiation dose and conveyor speed or beam current

-129一

Fig. 2

JAERI-M 93-160

as

> CO O S- S-

4-> 3 r— O

4 a> c o s-

-4-> • ! -O E .C u o u

r— CU CO tt) J3 E 4-> c

to

8 8

S"

o O O

O

c •I- i-

•»-> •*-> s- ro 3 O o o

u at r - +» <— ro O O i . U

i . o

4-> (O

c • r - CO I f - I—

P.

c •H

60 a

•H C5

• H

c a) B p. •H 3 C W

00 •H Pn

<£§ c CO l/J

8 9

o o

S -a>

• p ro

QJ O l/l O s -QJ r— > r— a> o j - s -

- 1 3 0 -

JAERI-M 93-160

ωυLコom

リ

F白戸

OF〉

回

Lμ・戸『d

mdmm

日日ロ司同内同

UHOHJ明向日

ωzuロJ明∞

ロJ明ロJ明HmuHa曲目島村ロザ凶

ωzv£υ同ε

E回

ωD

ZOLHFυω戸

ω

Lω料開

ou

zvd山パ

VLコυ

Lωパ

vmou

戸

戸

OL

円

・

ωJ明』

LO似国

EFE市戸

EFFhF

Lωパ戸市【

MUFFOL

ω明

Lω〉

ω'』

;13

130 -

。~i

t±^3 &

OB 1 s t SANDER

r r» o H.V1.!' 1VJJ| ^

1 St ROLL COATER

1 s t EBM

GED

2nd SANDER

s I

o

2 T

to I

2nd ROLL COATER

2nd EBM

Fig. 4 Flowsheet of EB curing of surface coating on wood parquet flooring

& 5 -・回圃t礎》

ロココ→。凶→会2nd SANDER

"EBM 1st 1 st ROLL COATER

SANDER 1st

恒〉阿見同窓包

150

圃ー噂・ー・圃圃.. 自主目め。

巴-ヨ

lHωH

EBM 2nd 2nd ROLL COATER

Flowsheet of EB curing of surface coating on wood parquet flooring

Fig. 4

JAERI-M 93-160

2.11. Sterilization with Electron Accelerators M. Takehisa

R a d i a I n d . Co. L t d .

TREND OF RADIATION STERILIZATION IN JAPAN

Radiation sterilization of medical devices has been continuously increasing in Japan for last 20 years, the main items was initially hypodemic needles, and now is dialyzers. There are other items such those hypodemic syringes, surgical knives, sacarpels, catheters, and so on. The advantages of radiation sterilization is well known in Japanese device manufactures, but still more than 50% of the products are sterilized with use of ethylene oxide gas mainly due to the cheaper cost.

Large medical device manufacturers settled their own radiation facilities (in house) with use of Co-60 source. Table 1 shows the radiation facilities used for medical device sterilization.

Table 1 Commercial y irradiation facility in Japan (as of 1991/12)

Company Established Location Capacity Activity Note kCi kCi

JRIIC 1969 Tochigi 600 320 Contract Radia 1972 Gunnma 1000 500 Contract Radia 1984 Gunnma 2000 1200 Contract Koka RI 1987 Shiga 2000 1200 Contract JMS 1987 Hiroshima 6000 800 In-house Nishoo 1988 Akita 3000 1100 In-house Terumo 1988 Yamanashi 6000 5000 In-house Asahi Md 1988 Ohita 1500 600 In-house

Presently two high power 5 MeV electron beam facilities for contract irradiation are in operation by SHI and RIC. However, application to medical device sterilization is in infant stage in Japan. One company, Hogy medical, has just started a sterilization of non-woven fabric products, which is

- 132 -

]AERI-M 93-160

2.11. Sterilization with Electron Accelerators

M. Takehisa

Radia工nd. Co. Ltd.

TREND OF RADIATION STERILIZATION IN JAPAN

Radiation sterilization of medical devices has been con-

tinuously increasing in Japan for last 20 years. the main

items was initially hypodemic needles. and now is dialyzers.

There are other items such those hypodemic syringes. surgical

knives. sacarpels. catheters， and so on. The advantages of

radiation sterilization is well known in Japanese device manufactures. but still more than 50% of the products are

sterilized with use of ethylene oxide gas mainly due to the

cheaper cost.

Large medical device manufacturers settled their own radiation facilities (in house) with use of Co-60 source. Table 1 shows

the radiation facilities used for medical device sterilization.

Table 1 Commercial y irradiation facility in Japan (as of 1991/12)

Company Established Location Capacity Activity Note

kCi kCi

JRIIC 1969 Tochigi 600 320 Contract Radia 1972 Gunnma 1000 500 Contract

Radia 1984 Gunnma 2000 1200 Contract

Koka RI 1987 Shiga 2000 1200 Contract

JMS 1987 Hiroshima 6000 800 In-house Nishoo 1988 Akita 3000 1100 In-house

Ter・umo 1988 Yamanashi 6000 5000 In-house

Asahi Md 1988 Ohita 1500 600 In-house

Presently two high power 5 MeV electron beam facilities for

contract irradiation are in operation by SHI and RIC. However. application to medical device sterilization is in in-

fant stage in Japan. One company， Hogy medical. ha主 just

started a sterilization of non-woven fabric products. which is

-132一

JAERI-M 93-160

not medical devices in Japan and is classified as miscellaneous products, with use of 10 MeV linac in-house facility this year.

Table 2 shows trend of gamma-sterilization field in RIC, which shows increase in radiation sterilization of non-medical devices. The electron beam sterilization will also follow the trends in near future.

Table 2 Trend of radiation sterilization in Radia (trend as of 1990)

Field Examples Share ( % )

Trend in 1990

Background

Medical Dialyzer, 30-40 Decrease Increase in Device Lancet,

etc. In-house

Bio-exp. Ptetri Dish, 25-30 Increase Disposable, Apparatus Culture Flask,

etc. Residual E0

Container, Container, Packaging Plastic Bag

etc.

20-25 Increase Need Aseptic Residual EO

Ex. Animal Sterile, Feeds SPF

20 Balance Exp. Improve SPCA Press.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRON BEAM STERILIZATION

The characteristics of electron beam sterilization is compared to gamma sterilization, because it will compete each other in the future. Tables 3 and 4 shows the characteristics from technical, and economical & social view points for the high power direct current electron beam machines.

Presently, several hundreds of direct current EB machines are in industrial operation in the world, but most of them are generating up to 3 MeV EB for polymer processing. Only several machines are used in sterilization purpose together with

- 133 -

jAERI-M 93-160

not medical devices in Japan and is classified as miscel-

laneous products， with use of 10 MeV linac in-house facility

this year.

Table 2 shows trend of gamma-sterilization field in RIC. which

shows increase in radiation sterilization of non-medical

devices. The electron beam sterilization will also follow the trends in near future.

Table 2 Trend of radiation sterilization in Radia (trend as of 1990)

Field Examples Share Trend Background

( % ) in 1990

Medical Dialyzer， 30-40 Decrease Increase in

Device Lancet， In-house

etc.

Bio-exp. Ptetri Dish. 25-30 Increase Disposable.

Apparatus Culture Flask， Residual EO

etc.

Container， Container， 20-25 Increase Need Asepti c

Packaging Plastic Bag Residual EO

etc.

Ex. Animal Sterile， 20 Balance Exp. Improve

Feeds SPF SPCA Press.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRON BEAM Sτ官RILIZATION

The characteristics of electron beam sterilization is compared

to 9剖nmasterilization， because it will compete each other in the future. Tables 3 and 4 shows the characteristics from

technical， and economical & social view points for the high

power direct current electron beam machines.

Presently， several hundreds of direct current EB machines are

in industrial operation in the world. but most of them are generating up to 3 MeV EB for polymer processing. Only several

machines are used in sterilization purpose together with

-133-

JAERI-M 93-160

polymer processing in contract irradiators.

Less than ten linear accelerators are used, mostly in European countries, for sterilization with a energy level of 10 MeV. So far the powers are not competitive to direct current machines. Linear cathode low energy machines are proposed to sterile a surface of containers but practical application is not so broad.

Table 3 Technical comparison of EB and y sterilization

Radiation source Sterilization effect Process capacity Dose rate Material deterioration Penetration Dose uniformity

EB ?' electrically radioisotope same same large (10 MCi) small high low small large small large large small

Table A Economic & social comparison of EB & y sterilization

Public acceptance Source investment Conveyor Process cost Product bulk density Product quantity

EB easy advantage in large expensive cheap low (< 0.2 g/cc) need large batch

difficult in small cheap expensive high O0.2) small batch

Tables 3 and 4 clearly show that the EB and y sterilizations have supplementary nature, and should be chosen according to a character to the products to be sterilized or amount of products per batch from customers in the service area.

In the case of 10 MeV class EB with use of linear accelerators the penetration will be similar to the gamma irradiators in a practical application, but the author does not have personal experiences to discuss in detail.

- 134 -

]AERI-M 93-160

polyrner processing in contract irradiators.

Less than ten linear accelerators are used. mostly in European

countries. for sterilization with a energy level of 10 MeV. So far the powers are not competitive to direct curr目立

machines. Linear cathode low energy machines are proposed to

sterile a surface of containers bu仁 practical app1ication is

not so broad.

Table 3 Technical comparison of EB and y sterilization

EB

Radiation source e1ectrically

Steri1ization effect same Process capacity large (10 MCi)

Dose rate high

Materia1 deterioration sma11

Penetration small Dose uniformity large

γ

radioisotope

same smal1

10w

large

large

small

Table 4 Economic & social comparison of EB & Y sterilization

EB γ

Public acceptance easy difficu1t

Source investment advantage in large in small

Conveyor expensive cheap

Process cost cheap expens~ve

Product bulk density 10¥¥7 (< 0.2 g/ccJ high ()0.2)

Product quantity need large batch smal1 batch

Tab1es 3 and 4 clearly sho¥¥7 that the EB and γsterilizations have supplementary nature， and shou1d be chosen according to a

character to the products to be sterilized or amount of

products per batch from customers in the service area.

1n the case of 10 MeV class EB with use of linear accelerators

the penetration will be similar to the gamma irradiators in a

practica1 application. but the author does not have personal experiences to discuss in detai1.

-134 -

JAERI-M 93-160

A bird's eye view of 5 MeV, 30 mA (150 kW) electron beam facility which can also be used as a x-ray facility of RIC is shown in Fig. 1.

A joint research (JAERI - RIC) on an evaluation of EB sterilization of surgical gloves with use of 5 MeV EB show that the RIC's facility can be sterilized 36,000 pairs of surgical gloves at 25 kGy sterilization dose, corresponding 0.86 Million pairs per day at 24 hrs operation. The product unit is 12 gloves in one box and the dose uniformity is 3.3. The dose uniformity is larger than y radiation and the material degradation should be studied. The processing capacity is 5 times larger than 1 MCi ?- irradiator.

The example demonstrate that 150 kW EB facility has a tremendous capability if the products meet EB sterilization.

DOSE SETTING METHODS FOR MEDICAL DEVICE STERILIZATION

Historically 25 kGy has been widely used to attain a sufficient dose to achieve the sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10 to the -6. This is based on an experience of gamma sterilization and is applied to the EB sterilization too. The efficacy of sterilization was considered to be the same for both EB and y sterilizations but Scandinavian countries was regulated the different doses for EB and y sterilizations, 35 and 32 kGy.

At present the formulation of the International Standard of medical device sterilization is under progress in the ISO technical committee (IS0/TC198) and is in the final stage. For radiation sterilization, the revised Draft International Standard is under circulation and will be finalized within a year. In the international standard, the sterilization dose is not differentiated in either gamma, X-ray, and EB. However, the dose setting tests needs more difficult techniques in EB for large medical devices.

The recommended dose setting consists of 2 methods.

a) dose setting using bioburden information b) dose setting using fraction positive information from

incremental dosing

- 135 -

]AERI-M 93-160

A bird's eye view of ラ MeV，ヨomA (150 kW) electron beam

facility which can also be used as a x-ray facility of RIC is

shown in 1"ig・1.

A joint research (JAERI RIC) on an evaluation of EB

sterilization of surgical gloves with use of 5 MeV EB show

that the R1C's facility can be sterilized 36，000 pairs of sur-gical gloves at 25 kGy sterilization dose， corresponding 0.86

Million pairs per day at 24 hrs operation. 宜'heproduct uni t

is 12 gloves in one box and the dose uniformity is 3.3. 官le

dose uniformity is larger than γradiation and the material degradation should be studied.τ'he processing capacity is 5

times larger than 1 MCi r irradiator.

百1e example demonstrate that 150 kW EB facility has a tremen-dous capability if the products meet EB sterilization.

DOSE SETT1NG METHODS FOR MEDICAL DEV1偲 STER1LIZATION

Historically 25 kGy has been widely used to attain a suffi-

cient dose to achieve the sterility assurance level (S且.) of

10 to the -6. 官1is is based on an experience of gamma sterilization and is applied to the EB sterilization too. 官官

efficacy of sterilization was considered to be the same for

both EB and γsterilizations but Scandinavian countries was

regulated the different doses for EB and γsterilizations， 35

and 32 kGy.

At present the formulation of the 1nternational Standard of

medical device sterilization is under progress in the 1SO technical committee (1SO/TC198) and is in the final stage.

For radiation sterilization， the revised Draft 1nternational

Standard is under circulation and will be finalized within a

year. In the international standard， the sterilization dose is not differentiated in either 9副首na， X-ray， and EB.

However， the dose setting tests needs more difficult tech-

niques in EB for large medical devices.

The recommended dose setting consists of 2 methods.

a) dose setting using bioburden information b) dose setting using fraction positive information from

incremental dosing

Eu qa

噌

E--

JAERI-M 93-160

Methods a) and b) are well known methods as AAMI (Association of Advancement Medical Instrumentation) Bl and B2 methods. These are popularly used in North America, but those are rarely used in our regions due to the regulations and resource oriented method of these. In the near future we can not use the on going dose setting method using biological indicator with B. pumilus for export products. Sterility test is also not recommended due to high false positive probability, 0.001, than SAL of 0.000001.

Table 5 Recommended dose setting methods

Method 1. dose setting from bioburden information

(1) Bioburden consists of known distribution of radiation resistance (obtained from D-value distribution mainly in North America)

(2) measure the bioburden (3) irradiate the sample to SAL=0.01 dose, confirm radiation

resistance of the bioburden is weaker than that of the standard radiation resistance distribution by sterility test of 100 samples

(4) determine the sterilization dose according to the bioburden (5) audit should be made every 3 months

bioburden 1000 -> sterilization dose 24.9 kGy at (SAL=10-6) 100 21.2 10 17.7

Method 2. dose setting using fraction positive information from incremental dosing

(1) not required bioburden measurement (2) determine SAL=0.01 dose by incremental dosing combined with

sterility tests (3) determine sterilization dose with extrapolation method at

smaller SAL region than 0.01 (4) require 640 samples for sterilization dose determination

and audit

strong point - less assumption, measure with natural bioburden weak point - need large number of samples

- 136 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Methods a) and b) are we~l known methods as AAMI (Association

of Advancement Medical Instrumentation) B1 and B2 methods.

These are popularl~' used in North America， but those are rarely used in our regions due to the regulations and resource oriented method of these. 1n the near future we can not use

the on going dose setting method using biological indicator

with B. pumilus for export products. Sterility test is also not recommended due to high false positive probability， 0.001，

than SAL of 0.000001.

Table 5 Recommended dose setting methods

Method 1. dose setting from bioburden information

(1) Bioburden consists of knO'明1 distribution of radiation

resistance (obtained from D-value distribution mainly in

North America) (2) measure the bioburden

(3) irradiat~ the s剖npleto SAL=0.01 dose， confirm radiation

resistance of the bioburden is weaker than that of the

standard radiation resistance distribution by sterility

test of 100 s剖nples(4) determine the sterilization dose according to the bioburden

(5) audit should be made every 3 months

bioburden 1000 -) sterilization dose 24.9 kGy at (SAL=10-6)

100 21.2

10 17.7

Method 2. dose setting using fracticn positive information from incremental dosing

(1) not required bioburden measurement (2) determine SAL=0.01 dose by incren氾ntaldosing combined with

sterility tests

(3) determine sterilization dose with extrapolation method at

smaller SAL region than 0.01 (4) require 640 samples for sterilization dose determination

and audit

strong point -less assumption. measure with natural bioburden ¥l1eak point -need large number of samples

136一

JAERI-M 93-160

The detail of dose setting are outside of the scope but we have to establish reasonable method with scientific backgrounds.

For EB sterilization two problems for dose setting tests are:

1) correct dosing to test sample for incremental dosing in the target dose of several kGy range within +/- 10 %

2) irradiation of a medical device sample with small Dmax/Dmin, recommended for gamma-sterilization is in the range of 1.0 to 1.05, which will practically prohibiting EB sterilization for large medical devices and will require the dose setting test for small samples by dividing into small pieces with use of SIP (sample item portion) concept.

X-RAY STERILIZATION PRODUCED BY BREMSSTRAHLUNG OF EB

A potential application of EB sterilization of large medical devices, dense and/or thick products can be achieved by use of X-ray by bremsstrahlung of high energy electron beam. The EB can be converted into X-ray by impinging EB to plate of high Z materials. The conversion efficiency of EB energy into X-ray for forward direction is about 8% with use of 5 MeV EB. Table 6 shows characteristics of the bremsstrahlung irradiation.

Table 6 Characteristics of X-ray (bremsstrahlung)

1) Machine generated photon radiation, ease of operation for wide dose range without use of radionuclides

2) High penetration than Co-60 gamma-ray, homogeneous dose distribution can be processed large and/or high bulk density products

3) High dose rate, short processing time less material degradation

4) Processing cost of x-ray with gamma-ray irradiation comparable cost to gamma-ray for dual purpose facility bargaining power for Co-60 price rise no disposal problem for decayed radioisotope source

- 137 -

JAERI-M 93-160

τhe detail of dose setting are outside of the scope but we

have to establish reasonable method with scientific

backgrounds.

For EB sterilization two problerns for dose setting tests are:

1) correct dosing to test sample for incrernental dosing in the

target dose of several kGy range within +j- 10 %

2) irradiation of a medical device sample with srnall Dmax/Drnin，

recommended for gamma-sterilization is in the range of 1.0

to 1.05， which will practically prohibiting EB sterilization for large medical devi.ces and will require the dose setting

test for small samples by dividing into small pieces with

use of SIP (sample item portion) concept.

X-RAY STERILIZATION PRODUCED BY BRE1マSSTRAHLlR可GOF EB

A potential application of EB sterilization of large medical devices， dense and/or thick products can be achieved by use of

X-ray by bremsstrahlung of high energy electron beam. 古田 EBcan be converted into X-ray by impinging EB to plate of high Z materials. The conversion efficiency of EB energy into X-ray for forward direction is about 8% with use of 5 MeV EB. Table

6 shows characteristics of the bremsstrahlung irradiation.

Table 6 Characteristics of X-ray (bremsstrahlung)

1) Machine generated photon radiation. ease of operation for wide dose range without use of radionuclides

2) High penetration than Co-60 gamma-ray. homogeneous dose distribution can be processed large and/or high bulk density products

3) High dose rate. short processing time less material degradation

4) Processing cost of x-ray with gamma-ray irradiation comparable cost to gamma-ray for dual purpose facility bargaining power for Co-60 price rise no disposal problem for decayed radioisotope source

137 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Bremsstrahlung Facility of RIC

Fig. 2 shows x-ray converter located below a beam window of RIC's EB machine. 5 MeV. 30 mA electron beams are converted into x-ray in the high Z target made of tantalum. The x-ray dose rate 40 cm belov the target is shown in Fig. 3 together with experimental measurement by CTA and computer simulation using APEX-P. Discrepancy in conveyor direction between dosimetry and the calculation is due to shadowing to diagonal x-ray by target structure. It is noteworthy that x-ray by bremsstrahlung gives very high dose rate photon irradiation than Co-60 gamma source. We started the commercial activity of the new technology just this year .

Conclusion

Many EB machines in the world are used for polymer processing most of which generate medium energy electron beam in the range of 0.8 to 3 MeV. With use of relatively high energy, 4.5 MeV. high power electron beam machine sterilization of health care products are realized in the United States. It is not yet popular in the other countries due to small scale production of such products. The market size is smaller in Japan than the U.S. and it is not commercially feasible to do sterilization only for medical devices and health care products. We have to give contract irradiation to the other fields such as polymer application. It is assumed that the industrial infra-structures here are similar to Japan in this sense. Best way here might be construction of the dual purpose EB facility for sterilization and polymer applications.

- 138 -

jAERI -M 93-160

Bremsstrahlung Facility of RIC

Fig. 2 shows x-ray converter located below a beam window

of RIC's EB machine. 5 MeV. 30 mA electron beams are cαr ve~ted into x-ray in the high Z target made of tantal四 1. The

x-ray dose rate 40 cm belo¥，' the target is shown in Fig. 3

together with experimental llleasurement by CTA and computer simulation using APEX-P. Discrepancy in conveyor directiα1 between dosimetry and the calculation is due to shadowing to

diagonal x-ray by target structure. It is noteworthy that x-

ray by bremsstrahlung gives very high dose rate photon ir-

radiation than Co-60 gamma source. We started the co羽田ercialactivity of the new technology just this year

Conclusion

Many EB machines in the world are used for polymer processing

most of which generate medium energy electrα1 beam in the

range of 0.8 to 3 MeV. With use of relatively high energy.

4.5 MeV. high power electron beam machine sterilizatiα1 of

health care products are realized in the United States. It is

not yet popular in the other countries due to small scale

production of such products.τhe market size is smaller in

Japan than the U.S. and it is not cαllIDercially feasible to do

sterilization only for medical devices and health care

products. We have to give contract irradiation to the other fields such as polymer application. It is assumed that the

industrial infra-structures here are similar to Japan in this

sense. Best way here might be construction of the dual pur-

pose EB facility for sterilization and polymer applicatiα15.

-138一

JAERI-M 93-160

Discussion

Questions from Mrs. Nazly Hilmy, Director of PAIR

1) Method of validation in irradiation with use of electron beam machine.

2) How do you carried out dosimetric validation ?

Answers from Dr. Takehisa

1) Sterilization of medical devices and food irradiation are obligatrily to validate the routine processing. The validation include facility, and routine processing. Most important point is to deliver a correct dose to the product. In this sense, the difference of electron beam and gamma rays is that the gamma ray can be validated to dose distribution in the product box for bulk density. But in the case of electron beam overall bulk density can not validate a delivered dose to each product in the product box, and needs measuring dose distribution on/in a represented each product. Then the product configuration in a box should be determined in the electron beam application.

2) We use CTA dosimeter to find a detailed dose mapping in/on the each product in a carton box. (-'ith use of long strip of CTA dose distribution can be measured in detail and minimum and maximum dose points are obtained conveniently.

- 139 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Discussion

Questions from Mrs. Nazly Hilmy. Director of PAIR

1) Method of validatiα1 in irradiatiα1 with use of electrα1

beam machine.

2) How do you carried out dosimetric validation ?

Answers from Dr. Takehisa

1) Sterilization of medical devices and food irradiation are

obligatrily to validate the routine processing. 官1e valida-

tion include facility. and routine processing・Mostimportant

point is to deliver a correct dose to the product. In this sense， the difference of electron beam and gamma rays is that the gamma ray can be validated to dose distribution in は1e

product box for bulk density. But in the case of electron beam

overall bulk density can not validate a delivered dose to each product in the product box. and needs measuring dose distribu-

tion on/in a represented each product. Then the product con-

figuration in a box should be dete~mined in the electron beam

application.

2) We use CTA dosimeter to find a detailed dose mapping injon

the each product in a carton box. i.'午thuse of long strip of CTA dose distribution can be measured in detail and minimum and rnaximum dose points are obtained conveniently.

- 139-

JAERI-M 93-160

A: Electron Beam Generator B: EB Scan Horn C: Irradiation Conveyer D: Product E: Unloading from Conveyer F: Loading to Conveyer G: Shielding Door H: Slit for Long Object Note: X-ray Converter is not shown in Bird's Eye View

Fig. 1 Bi rd ' s eye view of RIC's EB and X-ray f a c i l i t y

- 140 -

]AERI-M 93ー160

A: Electron 8eam Generator 8: EB Scan Horn

C: Irradiation Conveyer 0: Product

E: Unloading from Convcyer F: Loading to Conveycr

G: Shielding Door H: Slit for Long Object

Note: X-ray Converter is not shown in 8ird's Eye View

Fig. 1 Bird's eye view of RIC's EB and X-ray facility

- 140 -

JAKKl-M 93-160

Fig. 2 Product under EB i r r a d i a t i o n

-~.s~z&srs

Fig. 3 Turn over machine for dual side irradiation

141 -

JEIH --¥1 93--160

Fig. 2 Product under EB irradiation

Fig. 3 Turn over machine for dual side irradiation

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X-ray converter and product under x-ray irradiation Fig. 4

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Fig. 5

JAERI-M 93-160

2.12. The Possibility of using Electron Beam Machine for Food Preservation in Indonesia

Nazly Hilmy


INTRODUCTION

The first industrial-sized Electron Beam Machine was built by Raychem Company in March 1957. It was a 1 MeV 6 m A General Electric resonant transformer. The first three products of Raychem Company were miniature coaxial cable, heat-shrinkable tubing and high-performance hook-up wire. The total cost of the first beam cell was US $ 7.000. In 1976 the value of the company become US $ 175 million at a growth rate of 25 % per year (1).

At present Electron Beam Machine have also been used for sterilization of medical health care items.beside others technology such as Etylene oxyde gas and gamma radiation. The market share of the application can be seen in Fig. 1. From an estimated 10 million cubic meters of disposable medical products and related health care items currently being sterilized around the world Ethylene oxide gas (ETO) is used to treat approximately 7.1 million m 3, gamma radiation is used approximately 2.8 million m3, and EBM is used to treat on approximately 0.3 million m3 . The estimation future growth of EBM applications for sterilization of medical items is uncreasing as can be seen in Fig. 2 (2).

The Codex Alimentarius Commission's (1984) proposed international standard for irradiated foods, permits three types of ionizing radiation to be used i.e. gamma rays from the radionuclides Co-60 or Cs-137, electrons from EBM with energies of 10 MeV or less, and X-rays with energies of 5 MeV or less. On the molecular level, these three types of radiation have similar effects. The effects of electron beam and gamma rays on microbes and materials exposed are similar.but they have different properties that effects their technical, social and economic desirability such as energy efficiency, absorption efficiency, reliability and maintainability, cultural fit, product flow and dose quality assurance (3-4).

This paper will not be assessed in any detail of economic issues.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIATION

The characteristics of the three types of radiation can be seen at Table 1. The low penetration of electron particles in water compared to gamma -rays or X-rays can be seen in Fig. 3 and the penetration of 10 MeV electron in water can be seen in Fig. 4.Penetration of 5 Mev bremstrallung in water ( x-rays) can be seen in Fig.5.

RADIATION PENETRATION

One of the most important difference between the three types of radiation sources is penetration.Gamma rays from Co-60 and x-rays can penetrate pallet load of foods.Depending on foods density, 10 Mev electrons cannot penetrade more than 2.5 up to 8.0 cm when irradiated from one side ( Table 2 ).The calculation was based on the formula (5):

- 143 -

JAERI-M 93← 160

2.12. The Possibility of using Electron Beam Machine for Food Preservation in Indonesia

Nazly Hilmy

Center for the Application of Isotopes and Radiation， BATAN

INTRODUCTION

The first industrial-sized Electron Beam Machine was built by Raychem Company in March 1957. It was a 1 Me V 6 m A General Electric resonant transformer. The first three products of Raychem Company were miniature coaxi心cable，heat-shrinkable tubing and high-performance hook-up wire. The to凶 costof the first beam cell was US $ 7.000. In 1976 the va1ue of the company become US $ 175 miIIion at a growth rate of 25 % per year (1).

At present Electron Beam Machine have also been used for sterilization of medical hea1th care items，beside others technology such as Etylene oxyde gas and gamma radiation. The market share of the application can be seen in Fig. 1. From an estimated 10 million cubic meters of disposable medical products and related health care items currently being steriliz~ around the world Ethylene oxide gas (ETO) is used _to treat approximately 7.1 million m~ ， gamma radiation is u~éd approximately 2.8 million m3， and EBNI is used to treat on approxi-mately 0.3 million mJ

• The estimation future growth of EBM applications for sterilization of medical items is uncreasing as can be seen in Fig. 2 (2).

The Codex Alimentarius Commission's (1984) proposed international standard for irradiated foods， permits three types of ionizing radiation to be used i.e. gamma rays from the radionuclides Co・60or Cs-137， electrons from EBM with energies of 10 MeV or less， and X-rays with energies of 5 MeV or less. On the molecular level， these three types of radiation have similar effects. The effects of electron beam and gamma rays on microbes and materia1s exposed are similar，but they have different properties that effects their technical， social and economic desirability such as energy efficiency， absorption efficiency， reliability and maintain-ability， cultural fit， product flow and dose quality assurance (3・4).

This paper will not be assessed in any detaiI of economic issues.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIATION

The characteristics of the three types of radiation can be seen at Table 1. The Iow penetration of electron particles in water compared to gamma -rays or X-rays can be seen in Fig・3and the penetration of 10 MeV electron in water can be seen in Fig. 4.Penetration of 5 M\~v bremstrallung in water ( x-rays) can be seen in Fig.5.

RADIATION PENETRATION

One of the most important difference between the three types of radiation sources is penetration.Gamma rays from Co・60and x-rays can penetrate pallet load of foods.Depending on foods density， 10 Mev electrons cannot penetrade more than 2.5 up to 8.0 cm when irradi-ated from one side (Table 2 ).The calculation was based on the formula (5):

143 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Voltage = 2.63 TD + 0.32 ( single sided treatment)

Voltage = 1.19 TD + 0,32 ( double sided treatment)

where: T = Thickness of product D = Density of product

Caused by the low penetration of electron particles,the calculation is based only on 5 up to 10 Mev EBM. The limited penetration of electron beams restricts their use only to treating food surface,thin packages or a shallow stream of grain,powder or liquids. A bulk irradiator using electron beams would need to be part of a processing or packing plant to treat the food before it is packed for shipping. One of the important advantages of EBM compared to gamma facilities is operation condition.The operation of the machine can be arranged based on the availability of materials to be irradiated.lt is very useful to be used to treat seasonal products which have peak season.

COMMODITIES TO BE IRRADIATED

Indonesia has approved the food irradiation technology for commercial purposes since December 1987,consisting of three kinds of food commodities i.e. spices,tubers and grains.The commercial application of radiation technology on spices and mixed herbs for local consumtion was increasing in Indonesia i.e. about 90 m in 1989 and 180 m3 in 1990.Spices are one of the important Indonesian export commodity where radiation technology can be used.Export of Indonesian black pepper, white pepper,nutmeg and cassia vera to countries that have accepted irradiated spices are increasing,but sometimes a part of the commodities was detained by the importing countries,since the quality did not meet the requirements in the importing countries.lt is hoped that in the future all important countries will accept irradiated spices from Indonesia (6).

MAINTENANCES AND POWER OF ELECTRICITY

In operating the EBM.maintenance and electricity are two main problems in developing countries like Indonesia. Spare-parts have to be imported and the facility has to have skill labours in handling and maintained the machine.The EMB need higher power of eiectricity compared to Co-60 facilities.If the problems of maintenance,electricity and skill-labours could be overcome,the EBM will be an alternative technology for food preservation in Indonesia.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that an EBM with energy between 5 to 10 Mev has a good prospect to be used for food preservation in Indonesia if problems on maintenance , electricity and human resources could be overcome.

- 144 -

JAERI -M 93-160

Voltage = 2.63 TD + 0.32 ( single sided tr回 tment)

Voltage = 1.19 TD + 0，32 (double sided treatment )

where: T = Thickness of product D = Density of product

Caused by the low penetration of electron p釘 tic1es，thecalculation is based only on 5 up to 10 恥1evEBM. The limited penetration of electron beams restricts their use only to treating food surface，thin packages or a shallow stream of grain，powder or liquids.A bulk irradiator using electron beams would need to be part of a processing or packing plant to treat the food before it is packed for shipping. One of the important advantages of EBM compared to gamma facilities is operation condition. The operation of the machine can be arranged based on the availability of materials to be irradiated.It is very useful to be used to treat seasonal products which have p飽 kseason.

COMMODlTIES ro BE IRRADlATED

Indonesia has approved the food irradiation technology for commercial pu中osessince December 1987，consisting of three kinds of food commodities i.e. spices，tubers and

~~~~~!.~:_c~~~::r:~~ ~I?~i~_at!~~ _o!_~~?i~~o~ ~~~n~~o!~ ~..n 1sR~~e~ ~~~ ~i:.~ : ~e~~~!o~~?~ consumtion was increasing in Indonesia i.e. about 90 in"J in 1989 and 180 m3 in 1990.Spices are one of the important Indonesian export commodity where radiation technology can be used.Export of Indonesian black pepper， white pepper，nutmeg and cassia vera to countries that have accepted irradiated spices are increasing，but sometimes a part of the commodities was detained by the importing countries，since the qua1ity did not meet the requirements in the importing countries.It is hoped that in the future all important countries wi11 accept irradiated spices from Indonesia (6).

MAINTENANCES AND POWER OF ELECTRICITY

In operating the EBM，maintenance and electricity are two main problems in developing countries like Indonesia. Spare-parts have to be imported and the facility has to have skill labours in handling and maintained the machine. The EMB need higher power oi ek~trícity compared to Co-60 facilities.If the problems of maintenance，electricity and skill-labours could be overcome， the EBM wi1l be an alternative technology for food preservation in Indonesia.

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that an EBM with energy between 5 to 10 Mev has a good prosp配 tto be used for food preservation in Indonesia if problems on maintenance ， electricity and human resources could be overcome.

- 144

http://irradiated.lt

http://countries.lt

JAERI-M 93-160

LIST OF REFERENCES

1.COOK,P.M. (1990),Impact and Benefit of Radiation Technology.Radiat.Phys.Chem., Vol. 35,Nos 1-3, pp 7-8.

2.BRINSTON,R.M.(1990),Future Growth in the Gamma Sterilization of Disposable Medical Products,Radiat.Phys.Chem.,Vol.35,Nos 1-3, pp 390-392.

3.MORRISON,R.M.(1990),Economic of Food Irradiation Comparison Between Electron Accelerators and Co-60,Radiat.Phys.Chem.,Vol.35 Nos 4-6, pp 673-679.

4.ISHIGAKI,I.(1990),Electron Beam Sterilization of Medical Products.Proc.of The Workshops on The Utilization of Electron Beams,JAERI-M 90-194, JAERI,Japan,pp 102-108.

5.HENRY,G.TIMOTHY,(1990),Electron Beam A CaseHistory,Radiat.Phys.Chem., Vol.35,Nos 4-6, pp 528-533.

6.NAZLY HILMY,(1990),Prospect of Commercialization of Food Irradiation in Indonesia.Proc.of The Workshops on The Utilization of Electron Beams, JAERI-M 90-194,JAERI,Japan, pp 129-136.

- 145 -

]AERI-M 93-160

LIST OF REFERENCES

l.COOK，P.M. (1990)，Impact and Benefit of Radiation Technology，Radiat.Phys.Chem.， Vol. 35，Nos 1-3， pp 7-8.

2.BRINSTON，R.M.(l990)，Future Growth in the Gamma Sterilization of Disposable Medical Products，Radiat.Phys.Chem.， Vo1.35，Nos 1-3， pp 390-392.

3.MORRISON，R.M.(l990)，Economic of Food Irradiation Comparison Between Electron Accelerators and Co・60，Radiat.Phys.Chem.，Vo1.35 Nos 4・6，pp 673・679.

4.ISHIGAKI，I.(1990)，Electron Beam Steri1ization of Medical Products，Proc.of The Workshops on The Utilization of Electron Beams，JAERI-M 90-194， JAERI，Japan，pp 102-108.

5.HENRY，G.TIMarHY，(l990)，Electron Beam A Case History，Radiat.Phys.Chem.， Vo1.35，Nos 4・6，pp 528-533.

6.NAZLY HILMY，(1990)，Prospect of Commercialization of Food Irradiation in Indonesia，Proc.of The Workshops on The Utilization of El田 tronB回 ms，JAERI-M 90-194，JAERI，Japan， pp 129・136.

-145-

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 Characteristics of Radiation

TYPE OF RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS Electron Beam (e-particle)

- Electrical Generation - Ease of Control - High Power & High Dose Rate - Quick Processing - Low Penetration

X-ray (electro magnetic) ray

- Electrical Generation - Ease of Control - High Power & High Dose Rate - Quick Processing - High Penetration

Gamma-rays (electro magnetic)ray

- High Penetration - Uniform Irradiation - Ease of Control

Table 2 Penetration of electron beam in several densities of packaged food and bulk

Energy of EBM

Density

5 MeV 10 MeV Energy of EBM

Density One side (bulk)

Two sides (packaged)

One side (bulk)

Two sides (packaged)

0,4 (spices)

0,8 (grains)

4.45 cm

2.28 cm

9.83 cm

4.91 cm

9.20 cm

4.60 cm

20.73 cm

10.17 cm

- 146 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 Characteristics of Radiation

TYPE OF RADIAT工ON CHARACTERIST工CS

Elec七ronBeam -Electrical Generation (e-particle) -Ease of Con七rol

-High Power & High Dose Ra七e-Quick Processing -Low Penetration

X四 ray -Elec七ricalGenera七ion(electro magne七ic) ray -Ease of Control

-High Power & High Dose Ra七e-Quick processing -High Penetration

Gamma-rays -High Penetration (electro magnetic)ray -Uniform工rradia七ion

-Ease of Con七rol

Table 2 Penetration of electron beam in several densities of packaged food and bulk

Energy of 5 MeV 10 MeV EBM

One side Two sides One side Two sides Densi七y (bulk) (packaged) (bulk) (packaged)

0，4 4.45 cm 9.83 cm 9.20 cm 20.73 cm (spices)

0，8 2.28 cm 4.91 cm 4.60 cm 10.17 cm (grains)

146 -

JAERI-M 93-160

MARKET SHARE BY STERILIZATION METHOD

EIO 553

EIO 70S

E-b«om J.

Comma 27%

1988 1993

F i g . 1 Market s h a r e of ETO, Gamma-ray and E-beam, fo r s t e r i l i z a t i o n of med ica l p r o d u c t s (2)

- 147 -

jAERI-M 93-160

MARIくETSHARE 8Y STERILlZATION METHOD

[10 55:':

EIO 70%

E-b・om

Comrno ‘ Z~

1988 199.3

Ulh... 1):' E-t，e..'"

Fig. 1 Market share of ETO， Gamma-ray and E-beam， for sterilization of medical products (2)

- 147一

JAERI-M 93-160

FUTURE GROWTH DISPOSABLE MEDICAL PRODUCTS

700

600

500

400 -

300

200 -

100

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

ESS EIO Comma I •' I E-beam HH l Other

millions of cubic feet

Fig. 2 Future growth of appl ica t ion of E-beam, ETO, and Gamma-rays for s t e r i l i z a t i o n of medical item (2)

- 148 -

]AERI-孔193-160

FUTURE GROWTH DISPOSABLE MEDICAL PRODUCTS

700

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Future growth of application of E-beam， ETO， and Gamma-rays for sterilization of medical item (2)

-148-

2 Fig.

JAERI-M 93-160

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- 149 -

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JAERI-M 93-160

TWO-SIDED IRRADIATION 10 MeV ELECTRONS IN WATER

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Fig. 4 Penetration of 10 MeV electron beam in water

- 150 -

]AERI-M 93-160

TWO-SIDED IRRADIA TION

10 MeV ELECTRONS IN WATER

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JAERI-M 93-160

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¥

10

UωO口

凶〉一ト《JUα

1.7 5

USEFUL OOSE 11 SIDE)

。 40 30 20

DEPTH (cm) 10

Penetration of X-rays (5 MeV Brem) in water

- 151 -

Fig. 5

JAERI-M 93-160

2.13. Application of Electron Accelerators to Bio-Resources T. Kume

Takasaki R a d i a t i o n Chemist ry Research E s t a b l i s h m e n t Japan Atomic Energy Research I n s t i t u t e

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

R a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g on b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s h a s b e e n

deve loped and t h e commercial a p p l i c a t i o n i s s p e c i a l l y i n c r e a s i n g

i n t h e f i e l d of food i r r a d i a t i o n and s t e r i l i z a t i o n of m e d i c a l

s u p p l i e s . The r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g on b i o - r e s o u r c e s h a s b e e n

a p p l i e d f o r v a r i o u s p u r p o s e s , s u c h a s s p r o u t i n h i b i t i o n ,

d i s i n f e c t i o n of i n s e c t , d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s ,

i n a c t i v a t i o n of v i r u s , enzymes and o t h e r b i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s , and

d e g r a d a t i o n of c e l l u l o s i c w a s t e s . The e f f e c t i v e d o s e s a r e v a r i e d

i n wide r ange of 0 .01 - 1000 kGy a c c o r d i n g t o t h e purpose (Tab le

1 ) .

Two t y p e s of r a d i a t i o n s o u r c e , y from Co-60 and e l e c t r o n

a c c e l e r a t o r , a r e commonly used f o r t h e r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g . The

r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g by EB c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o h a v e v a r i o u s

advan t ages a s shown i n Table 2 (h igh dose r a t e of 500,000 kGy/hr

c o m p a r e d t o 20 k G y / h r of y - r a y and p e n e t r a t i o n c o n t r o l by

changing ene rgy , 0 .2 - 50 mm i n w a t e r ) . R a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g of

b i o - r e s o u r c e s i n t h e fo l lowing c a s e s can be performed e f f e c t i v e l y

- 152-

]AERI-M 93-160

2.13. Application of Electron Accelerators to Bio-Resources

T.Kume

Takasaki Radiation Chemis七ryResearch Es七ablishmen七Japan Atomic Energy Research工ns七itu七e

1. In七roduction

Radia七ion processing on biological ma七erials has been

developed and七hecommercial applica七ionis specially increasing

in 七he field of food irradia七ionand s七erilizationof medical

supplies. The radia七ionprocessing on bio-resources has been

applied for various purposes， such as sprout inhibition，

disinfection of insec七， decontamination of microorganisms，

inactiva七ionof virus， enzymes and other bioactive materials， and

degradation of cellulosic was七es. The effective doses are varied

in wide range of 0.01 -工000kGy according to the purpose (Table

1) .

Two 七ypes of radia七ion source， y from Co-60 and electron

accelera七or，are commonly used for the radia七ionprocessing. The

radia七ion processing by EB can be expected to have various

advan七ages as shown in Table 2 (high dose ra七e of 500，000 kGyjhr

compared 七o 20 kGyjhr of y-ray and pene七ra七ion control by

changing energy， 0.2 - 50 mm in wa七er). Radia七ionprocessing of

bio-resources in七hef0110wing cases can be performed effec七ively

152

JAERI-M 93-160

t o u t i l i z e t h e advan tages of EB t r e a t m e n t .

2. Faster Processing Faster processing is required for the irradiation of frozen

samples. EB processing avoids a long time exposure which causes the melting of samples. At SPI (Societe de Proteines Industrielles) in France (1), packed frozen boneless poultry meat (5.5 x 55 x 36.5 cm) has been commercially processed using 7 MeV Linear accelerator. For the elimination of salmonella, the samples are irradiated within 1 sec for 5 kGy irradiation whereas the processing by y-ray needs 30 min - 1 hr (Table 3). The treatment cycle of frozen meat by EB with both sides irradiation takes about 10 minutes. The facility has been operated for several years.

3. High Dose Processing As the bioactive materials such as virus and enzymes are

generally radioresistant, high dose processing up to 1000 kGy is required for their inactivation. Figure 1 shows the inactivation curves of various bioactive materials. The activity decreased exponentially and the higher doses were necessary for the inactivation of small molecules according to the following empirical equation

D 3 7 = 6.4 x 10 4 / Mr where D37 is the dose (kGy) necessary to inactivate an activity

- 153 -

jAERI-M 93-160

to utilize the advantages of EB treatrnent.

2. Faster Processing

Faster processing is required for the irradiation of frozen

sarnples. EB processing avoids a long七imeexposure which causes

七he mel ting of sarnples. At SP工 (Societe de Proteines

工ndus七rielles) in France (1)， packed frozen boneless poultry rnea七

(5.5 x 55 x 36.5 crn) has been comrnercially processed using 7 MeV

Linear accelera七or. For 七he elirnina七ion of sa工rnonella，七he

samples are irradiated within 1 sec for 5 kGy irradia七ionwhereas

七he processing by y-ray needs 30 rnin - 1 hr (Table 3). The

trea七rnen七 cyc1eof frozen meat by EB with both sides irradia七ion

七akes abou七 10 minutes. The facility has been opera七ed for

several years.

3. High Oose Processing

As 七he bioactive rna七erials such as virus and enzymes are

genera11y radioresis七ant，high dose processing up to 1000 kGy is

required for七heirinac七ivation. Figure 1 shows七heinac七iva七ion

curves of various bioac七ive ma七erials. The ac七ivity decreased

exponen七ially and 七he higher doses were necessary for the

inactivation of smal1 molecules according to the fo工lowing

empirical equa七ion

037 6.4 x 104 / Mr

where 037 is七hedose (kGy) necessary七o inactivate an activity

。JE-u

-eEe

JAERI-M 93-160

to 37% of its initial level, and Mr is the molecular size (2). As shown in Fig. 2, the molecular weight of ovomucoid is 28,000 but the D37 dose for inactivation is 627 kGy because ovomucoid consists of three domains with small molecular size (Mr = 10,200). This result shows that the long time irradiation of 50 - 100 hr is necessary for the inactivation of ovomucoid by Y - r ay with the dose rate of 10 - 20 kGy /hr whereas it can be inactivated within a few minutes by EB irradiation with high dose rate.

4. Large Scale Processing A huge amount of agro-resources such as cellulose, starches

are discarded or under-utilized. We have been studying the radiation processing on upgrading of these wastes into useful end-products not only to recycle the bio-resources but also to reduce pollution. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm press fiber (PPF) are major cellulosic wastes of the palm oil industry. The current availability of EFB and PPF in Malaysia is estimated to be 3 million tones (dry weight bases) per year, respectively (Table 4). Animal feeds and mushrooms can be produced from oil palm cellulosic wastes by radiation and fermentation treatment. The process is as follows: decontamination of microorganisms in fermentation media of EFB by radiation, inoculation of useful fungi, and subsequently production of proteins and edible mushrooms. Table 5 shows the throughput capasity of EFB by EB and Y-ray. Maximum throughput capasity with 6 0Co (3.0 MCi) Y - r aY

— 154 —

]AERI -M 93-160

七o 37% of i七s ini七ial level， and Mr is 七hemolecular size (2).

As shown in Fig. 2， the molecular weight of ovomucoid is 28，000

bu七七heD37 dose for inactivation is 627 kGy because ovomucoid

consis七s of three domains with sma11 mo1ecular size (Mr

10，200). This result shows that the long七imeirradiation of 50

- 100 hr is necessary for the inactivation of ovomucoid by y-ray

wi七h the dose ra七e of 10 - 20 kGy /hr whereas it can be

inac七ivatedwithin a few minutes by EB irradiation with high dose

ra七e.

4. Large Scale Processing

A huge amount of agro-resources such as ce11u10se， starches

are discarded or under-u七i1ized. We have been s七udying the

radiation processing on upgrading of these wastes into usefu1

end-produc七s not on1y to recyc1e the bio-resources but a1so to

reauce pollution. Empty frui七 bunch (EFB) and palm press fiber

(PPF) are major ce11u1osic was七esof the pa1m oi1 industry. The

current availability of EFB and PPF in Malaysia is estimated to

be 3 million tones (dry weight bases) per year， respectively

(Table 4). Animal feeds and mushrooms can be produced from oil

palm cellulosic wastes by radiation and fermentation treatment.

The process is as follows: decontamination of microorganisms in

fermen七ationmedia of EFB by radia七ion， inoculation of useful

fungi， and subsequen七ly production of pro七eins and edib1e

mushrooms. Table 5 shows 七hethroughput capasity of EFB by EB

and y-ray. Maximum throughput capasity with 60Co (3.0 MCi) y-ray

-i54-

JAERI-M 93-160

is estimated as 6000 ton/year whtreas the thrhoughput capasity

with EB (3MeV, 25mA) is 100,000 ton/year. The estimation

suggests that EB irradiation is easier and cheeper to process

such a large amount of EFB as 100 thousand - 3 million ton/year.

5. Surface Disinfection EB with low energy can be utilized for disinfection of mold

on the surface of fruits. Organoleptic properties of mandarin orange was significantly changed by y _ r a y Du"fc "the hedonic score was not decrease by EB (Table 6). When the mandarin oranges were irradiated by EB of 0.2 - 1.5 MeV, 0.5 MeV was the best to prevent the spoilage. When the oranges were stored at 3°C for 3 months followed by storage at room temperature (16 - 25°C) for one week, fungal growth was effectively inhibited by irradiation of 5 kGy (Table 7 ) . However, if the oranges were irradiated by EB energy of more than 0.5 MeV, their browning of skin and rotting were increased.

For the engineering study of EB on the surface of mandarin orange, a conveyor system was installed (Fig. 3 ) . The dose uniformity ratio of overall samples at 0.5 MeV EB was best when the slope of the side of the sample pallet was 18° (Fig. 4) and the overall dose uniformity was less than 2.0 (Fig. 5).

6. Conclusion

Electron beam irradiation has various advantages for the

- 155 -

]AERI-M 93-160

is es七ima七ed as 6000 ton/year whc~eas 七he 七hrhoughpu七 capasi七Y

wi七h EB (3MeV， 25mA) is 100，000 七on/year. The es七imation

suggests tha七 EB irradia七ionis easier and cheeper to process

such a 1arge amount of EFB as 100七housand-3 mi11ion七on/year.

5. Surface Disinfection

EB with 10w energy can be u七i1ized for disinfec七ionof mo1d

on 七he surface of fruits. Organo1ep七ic proper七ies of mandarin

orange was significan七1ychanged by y-ray bu七七hehedonic score

was no七 decreaseby EB (Tab1e 6). When七hemandarin oranges were

irradia七ed by EB of 0.2 - 1.5 MeV， 0.5 MeV was 七he bes七七o

prevent the spoi1age. When七heoranges were s七oreda七 30C for 3

mon七hs followed by s七orage a七 room 七emperature (16 - 250C) for

one week， fungal grow七h was effec七ive1y inhibited by irradia七ion

of 5 kGy (Table 7). However， if七heoranges were irradia七edby

EB energy of more 七han 0.5 MeV， their browning of skin and

ro七七ingwere increased.

For七heengineering study of EB on七hesurface of mandarin

orange， a conveyor system was insta11ed (Fig. 3). The dose

uniformi七y ra七ioof overa11 samp1es a七 0.5MeV EB was bes七 when

七heslope of七heside of七hesamp1e pal工etwas 180 (Fig. 4) and

七heovera11 dose uniformi七ywas 1ess than 2.0 (Fig. 5).

6. Conc1usion

E1ec七ronbeam irradia七ionhas various advantages for the

F同日w

pb

唱・A

JAERI-M 93-160

treatments of bio-resources specially in following cases; 1) Faster processing for the elimination of salmonella

(5 kGy) in frozen poultry meet EB: less than 1 second (5.5 x 55 x 36.5 cm, 10 kg) Y : 30 min - 1 hr (cooling system is necessary)

2) High dose processing ( - 1000 kGy) for the inactivation of bioactive materials

EB: within a few minutes y : 50 - 100 hr

3) Large scale processing for a huge amount of agricultural wastes such as EFB

EB: 100,000 tons/year (3 MeV, 25 mA) Y : 6,000 tons/year (3 MCi, 6 0Co)

4) Lr ,•: penetration Irradiation for surface decontamination of Mandarin orange

EB: 2.3 mm of water(500 keV) Y : 11 cm of water (half value layer, & 0Co)

References

1. T. Sadat and M. Vassenaix: Use of Linear Accelerator for Decontamination of Deboned Poultry Meat, Radlat. Phys. Chem.,

36, 661 (1990). 2. T. Kume and I. Ishigaki: Functional Molecular Size of Trypsin

Inhibitors as Determined by Radiation Inactivation Analysis, Blochlm. Blophys. Acta, 914, 101 (1987).

- 156 -

)AERI-M 93-160

七rea七men七sof bio-resources specially in fo1lowing cases;

1) Faster processing for the e1imination of sa1monella

(5 kGy) in frozen poul七rymeet

EB: less than 1 second (5.5 x 55 x 36.5 cm， 10 kg)

y 30 min - 1 hr (cooling system is necessary)

2) High dose processing ( - 1000 kGy) for the inactivation

of bioactive materia1s

EB: within a few minu七es

y 50 - 100 hr

3) Large scale processing for a huge amoun七 ofagricul七ura1

wastes such as EFB

EB: 100，000七onsjyear (3 MeV， 25 mA)

60 y 6，000七onsjyear (3 MCi， UUCo)

4) Lr ，'， )Jenetration irradiation for surface decontamination

of Mandarin orange

EB: 2.3 mm of water(500 keV)

60 y 11 cm of water (half va1ue 1ayer， UUCo)

References

1. T. Sadat and M. Vassenaix: Use of Linear Accelerator for

Decontamination of Deboned Poultry Meat， Radiat. Phys. Chem.，

36， 661 (1990).

2. T. Kume and工. Ishigaki: Func七iona1Molecu1ar Size of Trypsin

工nhibi七orsas De七erminedby Radia七ionInac七ivationAna1ysis，

Biochim. Biophys. Acta， 914， 101 (1987).

- 156

JAERI-M 93-160

3. T. Kume, H. Ito, I. Ishigaki, M. LebaiJuri, Z. Othman, F. Ali, H. H. Mutaat, M. R. Awang and A- S. Hashim: Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Microorganisms and Components in Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Press Fiber of Oil Palm Wastes, J. Sci. Food

Agrlc, 52, 147 (1990).

4. M. R. Awang, H. H. Mutaat, R. M. Deres and T. Kume: Scale-up Fermentation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Produce Ruminant Feed by Radiation Processing, Proceedings of the International

Conference on Evolution of Beam Applications, Takasaki, Japan,

Nov. 1991, p.501.

5. H. Tachibana, H. Watanabe and S. Aoki: Dosimetry for Electron-Beam Irradiation on Citrus "Unshiu", Food Irrad. Japan, 13, 30 (1978).

- 157 -

]AERI-M 93ー 160

3. T. Kume， H. 工七0，工. 工shigaki，M. LebaiJuri， Z. Othman， F. Ali，

H. H. Mu七aat，M. R. Awang and A. S. Hashim: Effect of Gamma

工rradiationon Microorganisms and Componen七s in Empty Frui七

Bunch and palm Press Fiber of Oil Palm Wastes， J. Sci. Food

Agric.， 52， 147 (1990).

4. M. R. Awang， H. H. Mu七aa七， R. M. Deres and T. Kume: Scale-up

Fermen七a七ionof Oi1 Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Produce Ruminant

Feed by Radia七ionProcessing， proceedings of the International

Conference on Evolution of Beam Applications， Takasaki， Japan，

Nov. 1991， p.501.

5. H. Tachibana， H. Watanabe and S. Aoki: Dosimetry for Electron-

Beam工rradia七ionon Citrus "Unshiu"， Food Irrad. Japan， 13， 30

(1978).

マ'E1u

噌

E--

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 1 Effective doses for bio-resources

Dose (kGy)

Sprou t i n h i b i t i o n D i s i n f e s t a t i o n of i n s e c t Decontaminat ion of microorganisms I n a c t i v a t i o n of v i r u s I n a c t i v a t i o n of enzymes Degrada t i on of c e l l u l o s i c was tes

0.01 - 0.1 0.1 - 1 1 - 30

10 - 500 50 - 1000

100 - 1000

Table 2 Advantages of rad ia t ion processing by e lectron beam to bio-resources

High dose r a t e s : 50 - 500,000 kGy/hr (Y : - 20 kGy/hr)

* Faster processing * High dose processing * Large scale processing

Penetration control: 0.2 - 50 mm in water * Surface disinfection

- 158 -

]AERI-M 93-160

Tab1e 1 Effective doses for bio-resources

Sprou七 inhibition

Disinfes七ationof insec七

Decon七aminationof microorganisms

工nactivationof virus

工nac七iva七ionof enzymes

Degradation of ce11u1osic wastes

Dose (kGy)

0.01 - 0.1

0.1 1

1 30

10 500

50 - 1000

100 - 1000

Tab1e 2 Advantages of radiation processing by e1ectron bearn to bio-resources

High dose ra七es: 50 - 500，000 kGyjhr

(y - 20 kGyjhr)

* Faster processing 合 Highdose processing

* Large sca1e processing Pene七ra七ioncontro1: 0.2 - 50 mm in water

骨 Surfacedisinfec七ion

-158-

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 3 I r r ad i a t i on conditions of frozen poultry meats by e lec t ron beam a t SPI (France)

A c c e l e r a t o r : Linac Energy: 7 MeV Power: 5 kW

Purpose: Decontamination of Salmonella Dose: 5 kGy

Conditions Sample size: 5.5(thick) x 55 x 36.5 cm Operation: 14 hr/day (2 shift) Production: 2,000 ton/year (Throughput: 5 packs/min)

Table 4 Oil palm production in Malaysia

Year Cultivated area Crude oil PPF* EFB** (x lOOOha) (x lOOOt) (x lOOOt) (x lOOOt)

1970 291 431 1980 1043 2573 12*0 1360 1986 1599 4544 2:20 2400 1987 1672 4800 2220 2540 1988 1786 5030 2330 2660 1P89 1951 6050 2800 3200

* Palm Press Fibre ** Empty Fruit Bunch Calculated at 53% of Crude Oil

- 159 -

Year

1970

1980

1986

1987

1988

1989

]AERI-M 93-160

Table 3 Irradiation conditions of frozen poultry meats by electron beam at SPI (France)

Acce1erator: Linac

Energy: 7 MeV

Power: 5 kW

Purpose: Decon七aminationof Sa1monella

Dose: 5 kGy

Condi七ions

Sample size: 5.5(thick) x 55 x 36.5 cm

Opera七ion: 14 hrjday (2 shif七)

produc七ion: 2，000 tonjyear

(Throughpu七 5packsjmin)

Tab1e 4 Oi1 palm production in Malaysia

Cu1tiva七edarea Crude oi1 PPF・* EFB士士

(x 1000ha) (x 1000t) (x 1000七) (x 1000七)

291 431

1043 2573 12‘O 1360

1599 4544 2コ20 2400

1672 4800 2220 2540

1786 5030 2330 2660

1951 6050 2800 3200

合 PalmPress Fibre

合士 Empty Fruit Bunch Ca1cu1a七eda七 53% of Crude Oi1

- 159

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 5 Irradiation of EFB by electron beam and Y - r ay

EB (3 MeV) Current (mA) Power (kW) Throughput

1 3

4,000

2.6 7.8

10,000

25 75

100,000

60 Co Y~ray Activity (MCi) 0.05 Throughput (ton) 100

0.5 1,000

3.0 6,000

O p e r a t i o n : 6,000 h r / y e a r EFB package s i z e : 16 x 53 x 43 cm, y=0.16 g/cnr 5

Mois tu re c o n t e n t of EFB: 60%.

Table 6 Effect of y or electron irradiation on organoleptic properties of Citrus unshiu tested immediately after irradiation

R a d i a t i o n Dose (kGy)

Hedonic s c o r e ( f i v e - p o i n t s c a l e )

Appearance Odor Tas t e Hardness O v e r - a l l

Unirradiated 2.93 2.84 3.00 2.73 Y - rays 0.5 3.20 2.63 1.89** 3.00

1.5 3.00 2.21* 1.10** 2.36 Electrons 1.5 a) 2.93 3.11 3.79** 3.00

2.78 2 .11 1.33" 3.50"

* *

Appearance and hardness were tested on peel of fruits, and odor and taste were judged as changes in flesh of fruits. Samples were judged by nineteen persons. a) The samples were irradiated with a surface dose of 1.5 kGy by

1.0 MeV electrons. * Significance from unirradiated fruits by 95% of probability. ** Significance from unirradiated fruits by 99% of probability.

- 160 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Tab1e 5 Irradiation of EFB by e1ectron beam and y-ray

EB (3 MeV)

60

Curren七 (mA)

Power (kW)

Throughpu七

Co y-ray

Ac七ivity (MCi)

Throughpu七 (ton)

Operation: 6，000 hrjyear

1

3

4，000

0.05

100

2.6

7.8

10，000

0.5

1，000

EFB package size: 16 x 53 x 43 cm， y=0.16 g/cm3

Moisture conten七 ofEFB: 60%.

25

75

100，000

3.0

6，000

Tab1e 6 Effect of y or e1ectron irradiation on organo1eptic properties of Citrus unshiu tested immediate1y after irradiation

Radia七ion Dose Hedonic score (five-point scale) (kGy)

Appearance Odor Tas七e Hardness Over-al1

Unirradiated 2.93 2.84 3.00 2.73 2.78

y - rays 0.5 3.20 2.63 1. 89士夫 3.00 2.11合士

1.5 3.00 2.21* 1.10会* 2.36 1.33士宋

Electrons 1. 5a) 2.93 3.11 3.79*士 3.00 3.50犬*

Appearance and hardness were七es七edon pee1 of frui七s，and odor and taste were judged as changes in flesh of frui七s. Samples were judged by nine七eenpersons. a) The samples were irradia七edwith a surface dose of 1.5 kGy by

1.0 MeV elec七rons.大 Significancefrom unirradia七edfruits by 95告 ofprobabili七y.** Significance from unirradia七edfruits by 99号 ofprobabili七Y・

-160

JAERI-M 93-160

Table 7 Effect of e lec t ron energies on browning and r o t t i n g of f r u i t s Citrus unshiu s tored at room temperature (16 - 25°C) a f te r storage a t 3°C for 3 months

Percen t of browned and r o t t e d f r u i t s

Energy(MeV) T o t a l number S t o r a g e t ime (days) (Mev) of sample 3 7

browned r o t t e d browned r o t t e d

U n i r r a d i a t e d 40 3 20 5 48 0 .2 40 3 35 13 60 0 . 5 20 0 0 5 5 0 . 9 20 0 20 5 40 1 .5 20 5 25 15 55

- 161 -

jAERI -M 93-160

τable 7 Effect of electron energies on browning and rotting of fruits Citrus unshiu stored at room temperature (16 -2S

0C) after

storage at 30C for 3 months

Percen七 of browned and ro七七edfruits

Energy(MeV) To七al number Storage七ime (days) (Mev) of samp1e 3 7

browned ro七七ed browned ro七七ed

Unirradiated 40 3 20 5 48

0.2 40 3 35 13 60

0.5 20 O O 5 5

0.9 20 O 20 5 40

1.5 20 5 25 15 55

-161一

JAERI-M 93-160

1001 ,o

> S <

10

Ovomucoid Mr= 10,200

D

Pepsin Mr = 35,000

ADH Mr =164,000

•

100 200 300 400 500

Dose (kGy)

Fig. 1 Inactivation of bioactive materials by irradiation

Domain 2

Domain 1

Fig. 2 Structure of ovomucoid MW = 28,000 Mr(active domain 2) = 10,200 D 3 7 = 627 kGy

- 162 -

JAERIー乱if93-160

100

ADH Mr = 164.000

AW)去一〉一5《

10 o 100 200 300 400 500

Dose (kGy)

Fig. 1 Inactivation of bioactive materials by irradiation

Domain 2

Domain 1

Domain 3

Fig. 2 Structure of ovomucoid MW = 28，000 Mr(active domain 2) 10.200 D37 627 kGy

一 162一

JAERI-M 93-160

Fixation of dosimeter X : scanning direction Y -.conveying direction

WOMO

Position of model surface

Pallet Side pallet o°

180°

Fig. 3 Geometry of irradiation apparatus and model samples

5 10 15 Slope of side pallet (degree)

Fig. 4 Surface dose uniformity on one side irradiation at various positions

- 163 -

Fig. 3

qJV

《ノ』

kAZε』OEEコ

ω問。℃

ωU咽』』コ

ω

JAERI-M 93-160

Position of model surtace

噛 9ぴ

180・

Geometry of irradiation apparatus and model samples

5

、、、、

在、、、、、

、、南町、

H

、

a

崎、.

門

u

、、、、、

、

4

NO.1

10 15 20 O 5 Slope of side pal¥et (degree)

Fig. 4 Surface dose uniformity on one side irradiation at various positions

-163 -

JAERI-M 93-160

100r

I 50 01 o Q

0 180

\>J Energy: 500 keV, Slope of side pallet: 18°

90 0

/ / No. 3/

-No. 2

No. 4

-90 Position of surface (degree)

180

Fig. 5 Surface dose distribution on both side irradiation at various positions

- 164 -

JAERI-M 93-160

100

(hov

一)O凶00

Energy: 500 keV，

Slope of side pallet: 18。

180 O 100 -90

Position of surface (degree)

O 90

Surface dose distribution on both side irradiation at various positions

-164-

Fig. 5

JAERI-M 93-160

3. CLOSiNG

1(14

jP.ERI-M 93-160

3. CLOSING

ーヴ必

JAERI-M 93-160

3.1. Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop


Secretary-General, OAEP

Dr. Sato, Mr. Takahashi, Honored Guests Ladies and Gentlemen,

The importance of electron accelerator utilization to the development of our countries and people hardly need emphasizing. I am very much pleased that the need to promote this technology has been acknowledged. And I trust that with this in mind, participation of experts, scientists and decision-makers from various government and private sectors will help satisfy the potential demands more effectively.

Although it is well aware that for their great advantages and effectiveness, electron accelerators have been widely accepted and utilized all over the world, the uses are still limited to only in the developed countries. It is in this light that we welcome the various initiatives to promote the transfer of this technology to the developing countries, such as Thailand.

- 167 -

JAERI -M 93-160

3.1. Closing Remarks with Summary ofthe "~"/orkshop

Dr. Sa七0，

Mr. Takahashi，

Honored Guests

Ladies and Gent1emen，


Secre七ary-General，OAEP

The importance of e1ec七ronaccelera七oru七i1iza七ionto the

deve10pmen七 ofour coun七ries and peop1e hardly need ernphasizing.

1 am very much p1eased七hat七heneed to promo七e this technology

has been acknow1edged. And 1 trust that wi七h this in mind，

par七icipationof exper七s，scientis七s and decision-makers from

various government and private sec七ors wi11 he1p satisfy the

po七en七ia1demands rnore effec七ive1y・

A1七houghi七 iswe11 aware七ha七 fortheir grea七 advan七ages

and effectiveness， e1ectron accelera七ors have been widely

accepted and uti1ized a11 over 七hewor1d，七he uses are sti11

1imited七oonly in the deve工opedcoun七ries. 工t is in this 1igh七

七hatwe we1come七hevarious initiatives to prorno七e the transfer

of this techn010gy to the developing countries， such as Thailand.

-167一

JAERI-M 93-160

My G o v e r n m e n t i s h o n o r e d a n d p l e a s e d t o h o s t t h i s w o r k s h o p

i n B a n g k o k . I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y p r o v i d e d a w e a l t h

o f e x p e r i e n c e a n d k n o w l e d g e f r o m w h i c h a l l o f u s c a n s h a r e .

W i t h m o s t s h a r i n g s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s a n d c o n s t r a i n t s , o n e c o u n t r y

c a n l e a r n f rom t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e o t h e r . T h i s w i l l h e l p

e a c h i n t h e s e a r c h f o r a p p r o p r i a t e way and means t o d e a l w i t h i t s

own i n t e r n a l s i t u a t i o n and r e q u i r e m e n t s .

I am, t h e r e f o r e , s u b m i t t i n g t h a t we m u s t c o n s t a n t l y p r o m o t e

a n d d e v e l o p t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n o u r c o u n t r i e s . I n

p a r t i c u l a r , we m u s t a im a t d o i n g t h e u t m o s t t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e s o f

e l e c t r o n a c c e l e r a t o r s . I n t h i s r e g a r d , we h o p e t h a t t h e

G o v e r n m e n t o f J a p a n w i l l b e a b l e t o a s s i s t T h a i l a n d i n h e r

i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n e f f o r t s b y a p p l y i n g t h i s h i g h e n e r g y t e c h n i q u e .

A t t h i s o p p o r t u n e m o m e n t , o n b e h a l f o f t h e R o y a l T h a i

G o v e r n m e n t , I w i s h t o e x p r e s s o u r d e e p a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e

G o v e r n m e n t of J a p a n , JAERI a n d J A I F f o r t h e i r k i n d c o n t r i b u t i o n

a n d e x c e l l e n t c o o p e r a t i o n e x t e n d e d t o o u r c o u n t r y a n d t o b e

e x t e n d e d i n t h e f u t u r e . And I would l i k e t o a s s u r e t h e m o f o u r

f u l l a n d c o n t i n u e d s u p p o r t i n g e n e r a t i n g v e r y a c t i v e i n p u t s t o

p r o m o t e t h e f u l l e s t p o s s i b l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e t r a n s f e r o f

e l e c t r o n a c c e l e r a t o r t e c h n o l o g y e n s u r i n g t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f o u r

n a t i o n s and t h e r e g i o n a s a w h o l e .

Thank y o u .

- 168 -

JAERI-M 93-160

My Government is honored and p1eased七ohost this workshop

in Bangkok. 工 be1ieve七ha七 thisoppor七unityprovided a wea1th

of experience and know1edge from which a11 of us can share.

With most sharing similar problems and constraints， one country

can 1earn from七heexperiences of the other. This wi11 he1p

each in the search for appropriate way and means七odeal with i七s

own interna1 si七ua七ionand requirements.

工 am，七herefore， submitting that we must constant1y promote

and deve10p technica1 coopera七ionbetween our coun七ries. 工n

particular， we must aim at doing the utmos七七o take advantagE:¥S of

e1ec七ron accelera七ors. 工n this regard， we hope 七ha七 the

Government of Japan will be able to assist Thailand in her

indus七rializa七ionefforts by applying this high energy七echnique.

A七七his opportune moment， on behalf of the Royal Thai

Governmen七 1 wish七o express our deep appreciation to 七he

Governmen七 ofJapan， JAERI and JAIF for their kind contribu七ion

and exce11en七 coopera七ionextended 七o our country and to be

ex七endedin七hefuture. And 1 would like to assure七hemof our

fu11 and con七inued support in genera七ingvery active inpu七s to

promote the fulles七 possible oppor七uni七y for the transfer of

electron accelerator technology ensuring 七heprosperity of our

na七ionsand七heregion as a who1e.

Thank you.

-168-

JAERI-M 93-160


Nazly Hilmy

Director, CAIR, BATAN


We have discussed several aspects on the application of EB

Accelerators in Industry. From the discussions, we would like

to conclude as follows:

1. EB Accelerators have been widely used in Japanese industries, particularly to produce different kinds of high quality polymer cross-linked product, such as wire & cable insulations, heat-shrinkable tubing and films, PE foam and the treatment of parts of radial rubber tire. The application of EH Accelerators in the field of sterilization of medical products, food irradiation and flue gas treatment are under explored.

2. The potential application of EB Accelerators in Indonesia seems to be great, particularly when the Indonesian industrial society intends to introduce Radiation Technology in their industrial line to produce high quality and high performance products which is needed to fulfill the requirement of technology development.

- 169 -

]AERI-M 93-160


Nazly Hilmy

Direc七or，CA工R，BATAN

Ladies and Gen七lemen，

We have discussed several aspects on the application of EB

Accelera七orsin Industry. From the discussions， we would like

七o conclude as fo工lows:

1. EB Acce1erators have been widely used in Japanese industries，

particu1ar1y to produce differen七 kindsof high quality po工ymer

cross-1inked product， such as wire & cable insulations， heat-

shrinkab1e tubing and fi1ms， PE foam and the t:rea七mentof parts

of radia1 rubber tire. The app1ication of EH Accelerators in

七he fie1d of steri1iza七ionof medica1 products， food irradiation

and flue gas trea七百lentare under explored.

2. The po七en七ia1 app1ication of EB Accelerators in 工ndonesia

seems to be great， par七icular1ywhen the 工ndonesian indus七rial

socie七y in七ends to introduce Radia七ion Technology in their

indus七rial 1ine to produce high quali七y and high performance

products which is needed to fu1fill七herequirement of techno1ogy

deve10pmen七.

-169 -

JAERI -M 93-160

3. The present workshop is very useful to energize our idea to improve industrial capability in the production technology and also to invite our attention on a new production tool such as EB Accelerators.

4. BATAN is the only research institute who is doing a lot of

work on radiation processing in Indonesia, therefore BATAN is

ready to provide further information about the application of EB

Accelerators.

5. Bilateral cooperation between JAERI and BATAN is expected to maintain exchange information system, especially in the field of Radiation Technology such as the application of EB Accelerators by seminar, workshop and scientist exchange program.

Thank you to you all and on behalf of Organizing Committee I would like to express my gratitude to JAERI and JAIF for the nice cooperation and to all of participants for their attention. I hope such kind of workshop can be carried out regularly for every two years.

Thank you.

- 170 -

JAERI -M 93-160

3. The present workshop is very useful to energize our idea 七o

improve industrial capabili七y in七heproduction technology and

also to invi七eour a七七entionon a new produc七iontool such as EB

Accelera七ors.

4. BATAN is the only research institute who is doing a lot of

work on radia七ionprocessing in Indonesia， therefore BATAN is

ready七o provide further informa七ionabout七heapplication of EB

Accelerators.

5. Bilateral cooperation be七weenJAERI and BATAN is expected to

main七ainexchange information sys七em，especially in七he field of

Radiation Technology such as the applica七ionof EB Accelerators

by seminar， workshop and scientist exchange program.

Thank you to you all and on behalf of Organizing Committee I

would like七oexpress my gratitude to JAERI and JAIF for the nice

cooperation and 七o a工工 of par七icipants for their attention. I

hope such kind of workshop can be carried ou七 regularlyfor every

two years.

Thank you.

- 170 -

JAERI-M 93-160

SUPPLEMENT

{(11

]AERI-M 93-160

SUPPLEMENT

JAERI-M 93-160

S u p p l e m e n t 1 . A g e n d a ( 1 )

OAEP/JAERI/JAIF WORKSHOP ON INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION

OF ELECTRON ACCELERATORS

9 July 1992 at Central Plaza Hotel. Bangkok, THAILAND

Opening Seession

9:40 Welcome Remarks by Mr. Suchat Mongkolphantha (Secretary-General, OAEP)

9:50 Opening Adress by Dr. S. Sato (Director General, TRCRE, JAERI)

10:00 Speech by Dr. Y. Sasaki (Advisor, Yazaki Co., JAIF Representive)

10:30 Coffee break

Session 1 Chairpersons: Mr. A. Kuroyanagi (Nisshin)

Dr. S. Chonkum (OAEP)

10:30 - 11:15 General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization Dr. S. Sato (JAERI)

11:15 - 12:00 Introduction to Industrial Electron Acceleratrors Mr. M. Suzuki (NHV)

12:00 - 13:30 Lunch

9:30 -

9:40 -

9:50 -

10:00 -

- 173 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Supp1ement 1. Agenda. ( 1 )

OAEP/JAERI/JAIF

WORKSHOP ON INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION

OF ELECfRON ACCELERATORS

9 July 1992

at Centra1 P1aza Ho七e1. Bangkok， THA工LAND

Opening Seession

9:30 - 9:40 Welcorne Rernarks by

Mr. Suchat Mongkolphantha

(Secretary-General， OAEP)

9:40 - 9:50 Opening Adress by

Dr. S. Sato

(Director General， TRCRE， JAERI)

9:50 -10:00 Speech by

Dr. Y. Sasaki

(Advisor， Yazaki Co.， JAIF Representive)

10:00 - 10:30 Coffee break

Session 1

Chairpersons: Mr. A. Kuroyanagi (Nisshin)

Dr. S. Chonkum (OAEP)

10:30 - 11:15 General View of Electron Accelerator U七iliza七ion

Dr. S. Sato (JAERI)

11:15 - 12:00 Introduc七ion七o Industrial Electron Accelera七rors

Mr. M. Suzuki (NHV)

12:00 - 13:30 Lunch

-173 -

JAERI-M 93-160

S e s s i o n 2 Chairpersons: Dr. Y. Sasaki (Yazaki)

Mr. T. Na Chieng Mai (STR GROUP)

13:30 - 14:00 Economical Aspects of Industrial Electron Accelerators

Mr. T. Doi (NKK) 14:00 - 14:30 Polymer Processing with Electron Accelerators

Dr. K. Makuuchi (JRERI) 14:30 - 15:00 Potential Application of Electron Accelerators in

Thailand Mr. C. Siri-upathum (Chulalongkorn Univ.)


Session 3 Chairpersons: Dr. S. Sato (JRERI)

Mr. S. P. Kasemsanta (Thai R.E.C. Commissioner)

15:30 - 16:00 Food Irradiation with Electron Accelerators Dr. C. Banditsing (OAEP)

16:00 - 16:30 EB Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge Dr. S. Hashimoto (JRERI)

16:30 - 17:00 Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators Dr. W. Kawakami (JRERI)

17:00 - 17:15 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop OREP

- 174 -

]AERI -M 93 -160

Session 2

Chairpersons: Dr. Y. Sasaki (Yazaki)

Mr. T. Na Chieng Mai (STA GROUP)

13:30 -14:00 Economica1 Aspects of工ndustria1E1ectron

Accelera七ors

Mr. T. Doi (NKK)

14:00 - 14:30 Po1ymer Processing with E1ectron Acce工erators

Dr. K. Makuuchi (JAERI)

14:30 - 15:00 PO七en七ia1Application of Elec七ronAccelerators in

Thai1and

Mr. C. Siri-upathum (Chulalongkorn Univ.)

15:00 -15:30 Coffee break

Session 3

Chairpersons: Dr. S. Sato (JAERl)

Mr. S. P. Kasemsanta (Thai A.E.C. Commissioner)

15:30 - 16:00 Food工rradia七ionwi七h Electron Acce1era七ors

Dr. C. Banditsing (OAEP)

16:00 - 16:30 EB Trea七men七 ofWas七ewa七erand Sewage Sludge

Dr. S. Hashimoto (JAERl)

16:30 - 17:00 F1ue Gas Purification wi七h E1ec七ronAcce工erators

Dr. W. Kawakami (JAERI)

17:00 - 17:15 C10sing Remarks with Summary of七heWorkshop

OAEP

-174一

JAERI-M 93-160

S u p p l e m e n t : 2 . A g e n d a ( 2 )

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF SECOND WORKSHOP ON INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION


13 July 1992

at Hotel Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Opening OC Report by

Dr. Mlrzan T. Razzak (BATON) 9:30 - 10:00 Remarks by

Dr. S. Sato (Director General, TRCRE, JRERI) Dr. M. Takehisa (Exec. Director, Radia Ind. Co. Ltd.) Dr. Nazir Abdullah (Act. Director General, BATAN)


Session 1 Chairwoman: Mrs. Nazly Hilmy (BATAN) Co-chairman: Dr. Y. Sasaki (Yazaki)

10:30 - 11:00 General View of Electron Accelerator Utilization Dr. S. Sato (JAERI)

11:00 - 11:30 Introduction to Industrial Electron Acceleratrors Mr. M. Suzuki (NHV)

11:30 - 12:00 Economical Aspects of Industrial Electron Accelerators

Mr. T. Doi (NKK) 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch

- 175 -

]AERI-M 93-160

Supp1ement 2. Agenda ( 2 )

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF

SECOND WORKSHOP ON INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION


13 Ju1y 1992

a七 Ho七e1工ndonesia， Jakar七a，工ndonesia

Opening

OC Report by

Dr. Mirzan T. Razzak (BATAN)

9:30 -10:00 Rernarks by

Dr. S. Sato

(Director General， TRCRE， JAERI)

Dr. M. Takehisa

(Exec. Director， Raaia Ind. Co. Lta.)

Dr. Nazir Abaullah

(Act. Director General， BATAN)

10:00 -10:30 Coffee break

Session 1

Chairwornan: Mrs. Nazly Hilmy (BATAN)

Co-chairrnan: Dr. Y. Sasaki (Yazaki)

10:30 目 11:00 Genera1 View of E1ectron Acce1erator U七iliza七ion

Dr. S. Sato (JAERI)

11 : 00 -11: 30 工n七roduc七ionto Indus七ria1E1ec七ronAcce1eratrors

Mr. M. Suzuki (NHV)

11:30 -12:00 Econornical Aspects of Industrial E1ec七ron

Acce1era七ors

Mr. T. Doi (NKK)

12:00 - 13:30 Lunch

巴-u弓'，

••.

JAERI-M 93-160

Sess ion 2 Chairman: Dr. Soleh Kosela (Univ. Indonesia) Co-chairman: Mr. K. Tomita (Radia)

13:30 - 14:00 Potential Industrial Application of Electron Accelerators in Indonesia

Dr. Mirzan T. Razzak (BATAN) 14:00 - 14:30 Polymer Processing with Electron Accelerators

Dr. K. Makuuchi (JAERI) 14:30 - 15:00 Progress in Electron Beam Curing in Indonesia

Ir. F. Sundardi (BATAN) 15:00 - 15:30 Coffee break

Session 3 Chairman: Dr. Moch. Sholichin (PT. KIMIA FARMA) Co-chairman: Mr. A. Kuroyanagi (Nisshin)

15:30 - 16:00 Sterilization with Electron Accelerators Dr. M. Takehisa (Radia)

16:00 - 16:30 The Possibility of using Electron Beam Machine for Food Preservation in Indonesia

Mrs. Nazly Hilmy (BATAN) 16:30 - 17:00 Application of Electron Accelerators to Bio-

Resources Dr. T. Kume (JAERI)

17:00 - 17:30 Flue Gas Purification with Electron Accelerators Dr. W. Kawakami (JAERI)

Closing 17:30 - 17:45 Closing Remarks with Summary of the Workshop by

Mrs. Nazly Hilmy (Director, CAIR, BATAN)

- 176 -

Session 2

Chairman:

]AERI-M 93-160

Dr. Soleh Kosela (Univ. Indonesia)

Co-chairman: Mr. K. Tomita (Radia)

13:30 - 14:00 Poten七ia1Indus七ria1App1ication of E1ec七ron

Accelera七orsin工ndonesia

Dr. Mirzan T. Razzak (BATAN)

14:00 - 14:30 Po1ymer Processing wi七h Electron Accelera七ors

Dr. K. Makuuchi (JAERI)

14:30 - 15:00 progress in E1ec七ronBeam Curing in Indonesia

Ir. F. Sundardi (BATAN)


Session 3

Chairman: Dr. Moch. Sholichin (PT. KIMIA FARMA)

Co-chairman: Mr. A. Kuroyanagi (Nisshin)

15:30 - 16:00 Steri1ization wi七h E1ec七ronAcce1erators

Dr. M. Takehisa (Radia)

16:00 - 16:30 The Possibili七y of using E1ec七ronBeam Machine for

Food Preservation in工ndonesia

Mrs. Nazly Hilmy (BATAN)

16:30 - 17:00 Applica七ionof E1ec七ronAcce1erators to Bio-

Resources

Dr. T. Kume (JAERI)

17:00 - 17:30 Flue Gas Purification with E1ectron Acce1erators

Dr. W. Kawakami (JAERI)

C10sing

17:30 - 17:45 Closing Remarks with Summary of七heWorkshop by

Mrs. Nazly Hilmy

(Director， CAIR， BATAN)

-176一

JAERI-M 93-160

S u p p l e m e n t 3 . L i s t o f P a r t i c i p a n t s

OAEP/JAERI/JAIF WORKSHOP

(1) Participants from Governmental, University and Company

1. Ms. Achara Werayutwilai International Quality Assurance Laboratory Co.,Ltd 2096/5-8 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 26, Ramkhamhaeng Road, Hua Mark, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240

2. Dr. Ampol Mitrevej Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University Sri Ayudhaya Road, Phyatai, Bangkok 10400

3. Mr. Anusorrn Praisontrangkul Industrial Promotion Department, Jetro Bangkok Jetro Building,159, Rajadamri Road, Bangkok 10500

4. Ms. Aramrat Nimsamer Thai Industrial Standards Institute Rama VI Road, Tung Phayatai, Ratchthewi, Bangkok 10400

5. Ms. Araya Dumrongsak Department of Industrial Promotion, Sci Trimitr, Rama IV Road, Kluaynamthai, Phra Khanong, Bangkok 10110

6. Mr. Archomphon Khambanonda Engineering Institute of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Bangkok 10330

7. Mr. Banjong Saelim The Siam Pulp and Paper Co., Ltd. 19 Sang-Xuto Road, Tapah, Ban Pong, Ratchaburi 70110

8. Ms. Benjavon Caruhapattana Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Dept. 61 Phaholyothin Road, Ladyao, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900

9. Mr. Boonchai Waleetorncheepsawat Kurusapa Press 52 Lardprao Road, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10310

10. Mr. Boonmee Rungruang Premier Frozen Products Co., Ltd. 9821 Soi Wat Bangpleeyainai, Bangna-Trad Road, Bangpleeyai, Bangplee, Samutprakarn

11. Mr. Boonnam Khamhoon Acme Industries Co., Ltd., 99 Moo 4 Km. 35 Bangna-Trad Road, Bangplee-Noi, Bangbo, Samutprakarn 10560

12. Mr. Boonserb Ratruttanaruxs Thailand Institute of Science and Technological Research 196 Phahon Yothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bngkok 10900

- 177 -

JAERI-M 93-160

Supplement 3. List oI Participants

0且EP/JAERI/J及IFWORKSHOP

(1) participants from Governmental， University and Company

1. Ms. Achara Werayutwi1ai 工n七erna七iona1Quality Assurance Labora七oryCo.， L七d2096/5-8 Soi Rarnkhamhaeng 26， Rarnkharnhaeng Road， Hua Mark， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10240

2. Dr. Arnpo1 Mitrevej Faculty of Pharrnacy， Mahidol University Sri Ayudhaya Road， Phya七ai，Bangkok 10400

3. Mr. Anusorrn praisontrangku1 工ndustrialProrno七ionDepar七rnen七， Jetro Bangkok Je七roBui1ding，159， Rajadarnri Road， Bangkok 10500

4. Ms. Aramrat Nimsamer Thai Indus七rialS七andardsInsti七uteRarna V工 Road， Tung Phayatai， Ra七chthewi， Bangkok 10400

5. Ms. Araya Dumrongsak Department of Industria1 promo七ion， Sci Trimitr， Rama 工V Road， K1uaynamthai， Phra Khanong， Bangkok 10110

6. Mr. Archomphon Khambanonda Engineering Institu七e of Thailand， Chulalongkorn University， Henri Dunant Road， Bangkok 10330

7. Mr. Banjong Sae1im The Siam Pu1p and Paper Co.， L七d.19 Sang-Xuto Road， Tapah， Ban Pong， Ratchaburi 70110

8. Ms. Benjavon Caruhapa七七anaFores七 ProductsResearch Division， Roya1 Fores七 Dept.61 Phaho1yothin Road， Ladyao， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10900

9. Mr. Boonchai Wa1ee七orncheepsawa七Kurusapa Press 52 Lardprao Road， Bangkapi， Ban9kok 10310

10. Mr. Boonmee Rungruang premier Frozen Products Co.， Ltd. 9821 Soi Wat Bangp1eeyainai， Bangna-Trad Road， Bangpleeyai， Bangplee， Sarnu七prakarn

11. Mr. Boonnam Khamhoon Acrne Industries Co.， Ltd.， 99 Moo 4 Km. 35 Bangna-TどadRoad， Bangp工ee-Noi， Bangbo， Samutprakarn 10560

12. Mr. Boonserb Ratru七七anaruxsThailand Institu七e of Science and Techno1ogica1 Research 196 Phahon Yothin Road， Ladyao， Cha七uchak， 8ngkok 10900

-177 -

JAERI-M 93-160

13. Mr. Chaichan Chareonsuk Thai Paper Co., Ltd. 19 Sang-Xuto Road, Ta Pah, Ban Pong Ratchaburi 70117

14. Mr. Chalermphon Wangwittaya Hong Mao Biochemicals Co., Ltd., Ill Moo 2, Nikom Main Road, Map Khar, Ban Khai, Rayong 21180

15. Mr. Chamroen Wutticharoenwong U. V. Photographies Co., Ltd., 97/1 Soi Sirichai I, Krungthep-Nonthaburi Road, Bangken, Bangkok 11000

16. Mr. Chinda Pusaksrikit New Town Project Department, Natioal Housing Authority 905 Sukhapibal 1 Road, Klong Chan, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240

17. Ms. Chinda Srithanee Anglo-Siam Seafoods Ltd., 22/1 Trparak Road Bangpleeyai, Bangplee, Samutprakarn 10540

18. Mr. Chiraphadhana Sawetvit Premier Frozen Products Co., Ltd. 9821 Soi Wat Bangpleeyainai, Bangna-Trad Road, Bangpleeyai, Bangplee, Samutprakarn

19. Ms. Chitra Settaudom Food Control Division, Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road, Devaves Palace, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

20. Ms. Chonlada Thammachad Chana Latex Co. Ltd., 8/3 M.5 Songkhla-Pattanee, Banna, Jana, Songkhla 90130

21. Mr. Djakkrit Puranasamriddhi The Office of Industrial Economics Rama VI Road, Ratchthevi, Bangkok 10400

22. Mr. Hiroshi Irisawa Industrial Promotion Department, Jetro Bangkok Jetro Building,159, Rajadamri Road, Bangkok 10500

23. Mr. Jakrapop Charatsri N. S. Consultant Co., Ltd. 1131/318 20th Floor, Sahakorn Bldg., Terd Dumri Road, Nakornchaisri, Dusit, Bangkok 10300

24. Mr. Jirawat Khengnukroh Dry Klin and Wood Products Plant 146 Pracharach 1 Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10800

25. Mr. Kijja Chongkitivitya Division of Radiation Protection Services, Department

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13. Mr. Chaichan Chareonsuk Thai Paper Co.， L七d.19 Sang-Xu七oRoad， Ta Pah， Ban pong Ratchaburi 70117

14. Mr. Chalermphon Wangwi七七ayaHong Mao Biochemica1s Co.， Ltd.， 111 Moo 2， Nikom Main Road， Map Khar， Ban Khai， Rayong 21180

15. Mr. Chamroen Wutticharoenwong u. V. Pho七ographicsCo.， Ltd.， 97/1 Soi Sirichai工，Krungthep-Non七haburiRoad， Bangken， Bangkok 11000

16. Mr. Chinda Pusaksriki七New Town projec七 Depar七men七 Na七ioa1Housing Authori七Y905 Sukhapibal 1 Road， Klong Chan， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10240

17. Ms. Chinda Sri七haneeAnglo-Siam Seafoods L七d.， 22/1 Trparak Road Bangpleeyai， Bangplee， Snmutprakarn 10540

18. Mr. Chiraphadhana Sawetvit premier Frozen produc七sCo.， Ltd. 9821 50i Wa七 Bangpleeyainai，Bangna-Trad Road， Bangp1eeyai， Bangplee， 5amutprakarn

19. Ms. Chitra Se七七audomFood Con七r01Division， Food and Drug Adminis七ra七ion275 Samsen Road， Devaves Pa1ace， Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

20. Ms. Chon1ada Thammachad Chana Latex Co. Ltd.， 8/3 M.5 Songkhla-Pattanee， Banna， Jana， Songkhla 90130

21. Mr. Djakkrit Puranasamriddhi The Office of工ndus七ria1Economics Rama V工 Road，Ra七chthevi，Bangkok 10400

22. Mr. Hiroshi Irisawa 工ndustria1Promo七ionDepar七ment，Jetro Bangkok Jetro Bui1ding，159， Rajadamri Road， Bangkok 10500

23. Mr. Ja】<rapopCharatsri N. S. Consu1七antCo.， Ltd. 1131/318 20th F100r， Sahakorn B1dg.， Terd Dumri Road， Nakornchaisri， Dusi七， Bangkok 10300

24. Mr. Jirawa七 KhengnukrohDry K1in and Wood Products Plant 146 Pracharach 1 Road， Dusit， Bangkok 10800

25. Mr. Kijja Chongkitivi七yaDivision of Radia七ionPro七ec七ionServices， Departmen七

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JAERI-M 93-160

of Medical Sciences, 693 Bamrungmuang Road, Mahanark, Pomprabsatrupai, Bangkok 10100

26. Mr. Kongsak Tatiyanukule Kongsak X-Ray Medical Industry Co., Ltd. 212/1 Soi Phaholyothin 55, Phahonyothin Road, Anusavaree, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220

27. Mr. Korpong Sripawatakul Consultants of Technology Co., Ltd., 38-40 Soi Ladprao 130, Ladprao Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240

28. Mr. Krisda Suchiva Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Rama VI Road, Phya Thai, Bangkok 10400

29. Ms. Kritsanaporn Tangkuptanon United Pharma Antibiotics Industries Co., Ltd. 101/52 Soi 5, Paholyothin Road, Klongneung, Klongluang, Pathun Thani 12120

30. FS.l La-Ong Maksri Technology Transfer Centre, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400

31. Ms. Mayuree Naovaratanophas Food Control Division, Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road, Devaves Palace, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

32. Mr. Naripon Pensiri Kendal1-Gammatron Co., Ltd., 117 Petcnakasem Road, Klongmai, Sampran, Nakonpatom 73110

33. Ms. Naruemol Tapaneeyakul Environmental Health Div., Dept. of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Vangthevavej, Samsen Road, Bangkok 10200

34. Ms. Nipaporn Yongprapankhun Sahafarm Co., Ltd., 44/4 Sukapibarn 1 Road, Kannayao, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10230

35. Ms. Nualchavee Roongtanakiat Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University Pahol Yothin Road, Ladyoa, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900

36. Ms. Nuanchan Terapat Department of Photographic Science and Printing Technology, Chulalongkorn University Phya Thai Road, Patumwan Road, Bangkok 10330

37. Ms. Orawan Chingchairit Laemthong Food Industries Co., Ltd., 42/2 M.2 Petchkasem Road, Omyai, Sampran, Nakornpatom 73160

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of Medical Sciences， 693 Bamrungmuang Road， Mahanark， Pomprabsa七rupai，8angkok 10100

26. Mr. Kongsak Tatiyanukule Kongsak X-Ray Medical 工ndus七ryCo.， L七d.212/1 Soi Phaholyothin. 55， Phahonyothin Road， Anusavaree， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10220

27. Mr. Korpong Sripawataku1 Consultants of Techno1ogy Co.， Ltd.， 38-40 Soi Ladprao 130， Ladprao Road， K1ongchan， Bangkapi， 8angkok 10240

28. Mr. Krisda Suchiva Faculty of Science， Mahido工 UniversityRama VI Road， Phya Thai， Bangkok 10400

29. Ms. Kri七sanapornTangkup七anonUnited Pharma An七ibioticsIndus七riesCo.， Ltd. 101/52 Soi 5， Paho1yothin Road， K1ongneung， Klong1uang， Pa七hunThani 12120

30. FS.1 La-Ong Maksri Techno1ogy Transfer Centre， Ministry of Science， Technology and Environment， Rama VI Road， Ratcha七hewi，Bangkok 10400

31. Ms. Mayuree Naovara七anophasFood Contro1 Division， Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road， Devaves Pa1ace， Pranakorn， 8anJkok 10200

32. Mr. Naripon pensiri Kenda工l四 GammatronCo.， Ltd.， 117 Pe七cnakasemRoad， K1ongmai， Sampran， Nakonpatom 73110

33. Ms. Naruerno1 Tapaneeyakul Environmen七a1Hea1七hDiv.， Dep七. of Hea1七h，Ministry of Public Heal七h，Vangthevavej， Samsen Road， 8angkok 10200

34. Ms. Nipaporn Yongprapankhun Sahafarm Co.， L七d.， 44/4 Sukapibarn 1 Road， Kannayao， 8angkapi， Bangkok 10230

35. Ms. Nua1chavee Roongtanakiat Facul七Y of Sciences， Kasetsart Universi七Ypahol Yothin Road， Ladyoa， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10900

36. Ms. Nuanchan Terapa七Depar七men七 ofPhotographic Science and Prin七l.ngTechnology， Chulalongkorn University Phya Thai Road， Pa七umwanRoad， Bangkok 10330

37. Ms. Orawan Chingchairit Laemthong Food Industries Co.， Ltd.， 42/2 M.2 Pe七chkasemRoad， Omyai， Sampran， Nakornpa七om73160

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38. Mr. Paotai Singsin Sahafarm Co., Ltd., 44/4 Sukhapibarn 1 Road, Kannayao, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10230

39. Ms. Patoom Snitwongse Agriculture Chemistry Div., Department of Agriculture Kaset Klang, Phahon Yothin Road, Bangkok 10900

40. Ms. Penchantr Singh Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Kasetsart University, Paholyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900

41. Mr. Phaibul Ratanavipanon Bayer Laboratories Ltd., 197 Suksawad Road, Bang Plakod, Phrasamutjedee, Samut Prakan 10290

42. Mr. Phaitoon Wongngarm Bangpoo Industrial Estate Office, Soi 1, Sukhumvit Road, Phraeksr, Muang, Samutprakarn 10280

43. Ms. Phanit Ratasuk Pollution Control Department, 60/1 Soi Phiboon Wattana 7, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400

44. Mr. Phongrat Khamnungkit Consultants of Technology Co., Ltd., 38-40 Soi Ladprao 130, Ladprao Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240

45. Ms. Pilai Thiendat Environmental Health Division, Department of Health Vangthevavej, Samsen Road, Bangkok 10200

46. Ms. Pin Phanpimvarakul Thai Industrial Standards Institute, Rama VI Road, Tung Phayatai, Ratchthewi, Bangkok 10400

47. Mr. Pinich Chatpunyanont Kendall-Gammatron Co., Ltd. 117 Petchkasem Road, Klongmai, Sampran, Nakornpatom 73110

48. Ms. Pinida Piapayoon N. S. Consultant Co., Ltd. 1131/318, 20th fl., Sahakorn Bldg., Terd Damri Road, Nakornchaisri, Dusit, Bangkok 10300

49. Mr. Pittaya Sripan Thai Plywood Co., Ltd. 548 Sumpavuth Road, Bangna, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260

50. Ms. Piyanan Soponkanabhorn Office of Environmental Policy and Planning 60/1 Soi Phibun Wattana 7, Rama VI Road, Samsen-Nai, Phyatai, Bangkok 10900

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]AERI-M 93-160

38. Mr. Pao七aiSingsin Sahafarm Co.， L七d.， 44/4 Sukhapibarn 1 Road， Kannayao， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10230

39. Ms. Pa七oomSni七wongseAgricul七ureChemistry Div.， Depar七men七 o王 Agricul七ureKaset K1ang， Phahon Yothin Road， Bangkok 10900

40. Ms. PenL.:'.，3.ntr Singh Departmen七 ofPhysics， Facu1ty of Sciences， Kasetsart Universi七y，Pah01yothin Road， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10900

41. Mr. Phaibul Ra七anavipanonBayer Labura七oriesLtd.， 197 Suksawad Road， Bang Plakod， Phrasamu七jedee，Samu七 prakan10290

42. Mr. Phaitoon Wongngarm Bangpoo Indus'crial Es七ateOffice， Soi 1， Sukhumvi七 Road，Phraeks....， Muang， Samutprakarn 10280

43. Ms. Phani七 RatasukPol1ution Control Depar七men七 60;1Soi Phiuoon Wa七tal"1a7， Rama V工 Road，Bangkok 10400

44. Mr. Phongrut Khamnungki七Consuユtan七s of Techn010gy Co.， Ltd.， 38-40 Soi Ladprao 130， Ladprao Road， Klongchan， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10240

45. Ms. Pi1ai Thienda七Environmenta1 Hea1七h Division， Depar七mentof Heal七hVang七hevavej，Samsen Road， Bangkok 10200

46. Ms. Pin Phanpimvaraku1 Thai Indus七ria1S七andards Institute， Rama VI Road， Tung Phaya七ai，Ratchthewi， Bangkok 10400

47. Mr. Pinich Cha七punyanon七Kenda11-Gammatron Co.， L七d.117 Petchkasem Road， K10ngmai， Sampran， Nakornpatom 73110

48. Ms. Pinida Piapayoon N. S. Consu1七antCO.， L七d.1131/318， 20七h f1.， Sahakorn B1dg.， Terd Damri Road， Nakornchaisri， Dusi七， Bangkok 10300

49. Mr. Pi七七ayaSripan Thai P1ywood Co.， Ltd. 548 Sumpavu七h Road， Bangna， Prakanong， Bangkok 10260

50. Ms. Piyanan 80ponkanabhorn Office of Environmen七a1Po1icy and P1anning 60/1 80i Phibun Wa七七ana7， Rama VI Road， Samsen-Nai， Phyatai， Bangkok 10900

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51. Ms. Pornpimol Chaiwanakupt Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Dept. of Agriculture Kaset Klang, Phahon Yothin Road, Bangkok 10900

52. Mr. Pramuan Tangboriboonrat 53. Ms. Pranee Phinyocheep

Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400

54. Mr. Prasan Simueng W.A. Rubbermate Co., Ltd., 24 Soi 19, Ramkhamhaeng Road, Huamark, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240

55. Mr. Prinya Chuenmeechow The Century Plastic Co., Ltd., 43 Suksawad Road, Bangkru, Phrapradang, Samut Prakan 10130

56. Ms. Puangpaka Komson Plant Quarantine Station, Bangkok Airport TG Cargo Terminal, Room 37 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10210

57. Mr. Sangchai Viriyaumpaiwong Siam Kraft Industry Co., Ltd. 19 Sang-Xuto Road, Tapah, Bang Pong, Ratchaburi 70110

58. Mr. Sangiam Pinprasurtsataya Kurusapa Business Organization 52 Ladprao Road, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10310

59. Mr. Siri Srimanoroth Division of Radiation Protection Services, Department of Medical Sciences, 693 Bamrungmuang Road, Mahanark, Pomprabsatrupai, Bangkok 10100

60. Ms. Sirinart Vasanavatana Technical Division, Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road, Wat Sampraya, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

61. Ms. Siripan Eamroongroj Medical Device Control Div., Food and Drug Admnistation 275 Samsen Road, Wat Sampraya, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

62. Mr. Siripong Valanaraya Anglo Siam Seafoods Co., Ltd., 22/1 Theparak Road, Bangpleeyai, Bangplee, Samutprakarn 10540

63. Ms. Siriporn Piyaprapapun Bayer Laboratories Ltd., 197 Suksawad Road, Bang Plakod, Phrasamutjedee, Samut Prakan 10290

64. Mr. Sirivat Vichiennet Surapon Seafoods Co., Ltd., 247 Theparak Road, Theparak, Muang District, Samut Prakan 10270

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jJ生ERIー加193-160

51. Ms. Pornpimol Chaiwanakupt Division of Agricultural Chemistry， Dept. of Agriculture Kaset Klang， Phahon Yothin Road， Bangkok 10900

52. Mr. Pramuan Tangboriboonrat 53. Ms. Pranee Phinyocheep

Faculty of Science， Mahidol University Rama VI Road， Bangkok 10400

54. Mr. Prasan Simueng W.A. Rubbermate Co.， L七d.，24 Soi 19， Ramkhamhaeng Road， Huamark， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10240

55. Mr. Prinya Chuenmeechow 'l'he Century Plastic Co.， Ltd.， 43 Suksawad Road， Bangkru， Phrapradang， Samut prakan 10130

56. Ms. Puangpaka Komson Plant Quarantine Station， Bangkok Airport TG Cargo Termina工， Room 37 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10210

57. Mr. Sangchai Viriyaumpaiwong Siam Kraft Industry Co.， Ltd. 19 Sang-xu七oRoad， Tapah， Bang Pong， Ratchaburi 70110

58. Mr. Sangiam ~inprasurtsataya Kurusapa Business Organization 52 Ladprao Road， Bangkapi， Bangkok 10310

59. Mr. Siri Srimanoroth Division of Radiation Protec七ionServices， Depar七mentof Medical Sciences， 693 Bamrungmuang Road， Mahanark， Pomprabsatrupai， Bangkok 10100

60. Ms. Sirinart Vasanavatana Technical Division， Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road， Wa七 Sampraya，Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

61. Ms. Siripan Eamroongroj Medical Device Con七rolDiv.， Food and Drug Admnistation 275 Samsen Road， Wat Sampraya， Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

62. Mr. Siripong Valanaraya Anglo Siam Seafoods Co.， Ltd.， 22/1 Theparak Road， Bangp工eeyai，Bangplee， Samutprakarn 10540

63. Ms. Siriporn Piyaprapapun Bayer Laboratories Ltd.， 197 Suksawad Road， Bang Plakod， Phrasamutjedee， Samut Prakan 10290

64. Mr. Sirivat Vichienne七Surapon Seafoods Co.， Ltd.， 247 Theparak Road， Theparak， Muang District， Samut Prakan 10270

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JAKRI-M 93-160

65. Mr. Sobhak P. Kasemsanta Thai AEC Commissioner, 1/498-1/499 Garden Home Village, Phahon Yothin Road, Km. 26, Bangkhen, Bangkok 12130

66. Mr. Somsak Chutanan General Electric International Operations Company, Inc. Unit 901, 9th Floor, Tower A, Diethelm Towers, at 9321 Wireless Road, Lumpinee, Patumwan, Bangkok 10300

67. Mr. Somsak Rapeepatana Safety and Environment Section, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 53 Charan Sanid Wong Road, Bang Kruay, Nonthaburi 11000

68. Mr. Sornsom Nawasalao Hiang Seng Fibre Container Co., Ltd. 110/4 Soi Wat Bang-pla, Setrakit Road, Ban-Koh, Muang, Samut Sakhon 74000

69. Ms. Sriutai Maorapong Industrial Development Division, Department of Industrial Promotion, Soi Trimitr, Rama IV Road, Kluaynamthai, Phra Khanong, Bangkok 10110

70. Ms. Suda Dilokphatanamongkol Drug Control Div., Food and Drug Administration, 275 Samsen Road, Wat Sampraya, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

71. Dr. Suda Kiatkamjornwong Faculty of Science, Chulalong University Phya Thai, Patumwan, Bangkok 10300

72. Ms. Sumalee Pornkitprasarn Medical Control Division, Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road, Wat Sampraya, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

73. Mr. Supachai Phaiboon 74. Mr. Tawatchai Laprungsirat 75. Mr. Terdpong Prasertwigai

Environmental Development Section, ELlectricity Generaing Authority of Thailand 53 Charan Sanid Wong Road, Bang Kruai, Nonthaburi 11000

76. Mr. Surasak Suntipong Bangpoo Industrial Estate Office, Soi 1, Sukhumvit Road, Phraeksa, Muang, Samutprakarn 10280

77. Ms. Sutathip Promachotikool Forest Produts Research Division, Royal Forest Department 61 Phaholyothin Road, Ladyao, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900

78. Mr. Thavitchai Saiyasombat Bangkok Cable Co., Ltd., 93 Soi Cable, Suksawad Road. Nai Klong Plakod, Prasamudjedee, Samut Prakan 10290

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JAERI-M 93-160

65. Mr. Sobhak P. Kasems己n七aThai AEC Commissioner， 1/498-1/499 Garden Home Vi11age， Phahon Yothin Road， Km. 26， Bangkhen， Bangkok 12130

66. Mr. Somsak Chutanan Genera1 E1ectric 1n七ernationa1Operations Company，王nc.Unit 901， 9th F1oor， Tower A， Diethelm Towers， at 9321 Wireless Road， Lumpinee， Patumwan， Bangkok 10300

67. Mr. Somsak Rapeepatana Safety and Environment Section， Electricity Generating Authori七y of Thai1and 53 Charan Sanid Wong Road， Bang Kruay， Nonthaburi 11000

68. Mr. Sornsom Nawasalao Hiang Seng Fibre Container Co.， Ltd. 110/4 Soi Wat Bang-p1a， Setraki七 Road，Ban-Koh， Muang， Samut Sakhon 74000

69. Ms. Sriutai Maorapong 1ndustria1 Deve10pment Division， Department of Indus七ria1Promotion， Soi Trimitr， Rama IV Road， Kluaynamthai， Phra Khanong， Bangkok 10110

70. Ms. Suda Di10kpha七anamongko1Drug Control Div.， Food and Drug Administration， 275 Samsen Road， Wat Sampraya， Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

71. Dr. Suda Kiatkamjornwong Facu1ty of Science， Chulalong University Phya Thai， Patumwan， Bangkok 10300

72. Ms. Suma1ee Pornki七prasarnMedical Control Division， Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road， Wa七 Sampraya，Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

73. Mr. Supachai Phaiboon 74. Mr. Tawa七chaiLaprungsirat 75. Mr. Terdpong Praser七wigai

Environmental Development Section， ELlectricity Generaing Au七horityof Thailand 53 Charan Sanid Wong Road， Bang Kruai， Nonthaburi 11000

76. Mr. Surasak Sun七ipongBangpoo Industrial Estate Office， Soi 1， Sukhumvit Road， Phraeksa， Muang， Samutprakarn 10280

77. Ms. Su七athipPromachotikoo1 Forest produts Research Division， Roya1 Fores七 Departmen七61 Phaholyothin Road， Ladyao， Bangkhen， Bangkok 10900

78. Mr. Thavi七chaiSaiyasombat Bangkok Cable Co.， Ltd.， 93 Soi Cable， Suksawad Road. Nai Klong P1akod， Prasamudjedee， Samut prakan 10290

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JAKRI-M 93 160

7 9 . Mr. Thaweesak Pramulwong BB Group Co., Ltd. 518/5 Maneeya Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330

80. Mr. Thipwan Tieocharoenkit Ladkrabang Industrial Estate Office, 94 Chalongkrung Road, Lamplatiew, Lat Krabang, Bangkok 10520

81. Mr. Trakulwattana Na Chieng Mai STA Group of Companies 2/3 Moo 14, Bangna Tower 9th Floor, Bangna-Trad (Km. 6.5), Bangkhaew, Bangplee, Samutprakarn 10540

82. Ms. Varangkana Intharasen Kendall-Gammatron Co., Ltd. 117 Petchkasem Road, Klongmai, Sampran, Nakornpatom 73110

83. Mr. Vichit Vaisayanunt Business Promotion Division, The Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand 1770 New Petchburi Road, Huay Kwang, Bangkok 10310

84. Mr. Virat Rakphan Thai Plywood Co., Ltd. 548 Sumpavuth Road, Bangna, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260

85. Mr. Weera Chintongprasert Surabangyikhan II Factory, 82 Rasbumrung Road, Bangkoowad, Muang District, Pathumtani 12000

86. Mr. Wiboonkiet Moleeratanond Research, development and Engineering Center, Premier Global Co., Ltd., 1 Soi Premier, Srinakarin Road, Nongbon, Prawet, Bangkok 10260

87. Ms. Wimonwan Witayapiboon Medical Device Control Div., Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road, Wat Sampraya, Pranakorn, Bangkok 10200

(2) Particiants from OAEP

Thai Irradiation Center, OAEP 37 Moo 3 Thunyaburi Road, Klong 5, Klong Luang, Paturn Thani 12120

88. Ms. Ampai Ungsunantwiwat 89. Mr. Saman Niyomyat 90. Mr. Sanguan Chiravathanapong

OAEP 16 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900

91. Mr. Anan Yuthamanop 92. Mr. Apichai Chvajarernpun 93. Ms. Archara Sangariyavanich

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JAEI~I ~ ¥1 93--160

79. Mr. Thaweesak Pramuh-.1ong BB Group Co.， Ltd. 518/5 Maneeya Road， Patumwan， Bangkok 10330

80. Mr. Thipwan Tieocharoenkit Ladkrabang Industria1 Estate Office， 94 Cha10ngkrung Road， Lamp1atiew， Lat Krabang， Bangkok 10520

81. Mr. Traku1wattana Na Chieng Mai STA Group of Companies 2/3 Moo 14， Bangna Tower 9th F1oor， Bangna-Trad (Km. 6.5)， Bangkhaew， Bangp1ee， Samutprakarn 10540

82. Ms. Varangkana Intharasen Kenda11-Gammatron Co.， L七d.117 Pe七chkasemRoad， K1ongmai， Sampran， Nakornpatom 73110

83. Mr. Vichi七 VaisayanuntBusiness Promotion Division， The Industria1 Finance Corpora七ionof Thai1and 1770 New Petchburi Road，日uayKwang， Bangkok 10310

84. Mr. Virat Rakphan Thai P1ywood Co.， Ltd. 548 Sumpavuth Road， Bangna， Prakanong， Bangkok 10260

85. Mr. Weera Chin七ongprasertSurabangyikhan工1 Factory， 82 Rasbumrung Road， Bangkoowad， Muang District， Pathumtani 12000

86. Mr. Wiboonkiet Mo1eera七anondResearch， develof'羽en七 andEngineering Center， Premier G10bal Co.， L七d.， 1 Soi Premier， Srinakarin Road， Nongbon， Prawet， Bangkok 10260

87. Ms. Wimonwan Witayapiboon Medical Device Control Div.， Food and Drug Administration 275 Samsen Road， Wat Sampraya， Pranakorn， Bangkok 10200

(2) Particiants from OAEP

Thai 工rradiationCen七er，OAEP 37 Moo 3 Thunyaburi Road， Klong 5， K10ng Luang， Patum Thani 12120

88. Ms. Arnpai Ungsunantwiwat 89. Mr. Sarnan Niyomya七90. Mr. Sanguan Chiravathanapong

OAEP 16 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road， Cha七uchak，Bangkok 10900

91. Mr. Anan Yu七harnanop92. Mr. Apichai Chvajarernpun 93. Ms. Archara Sangariyavanich

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JAKRI-M 93-160

94. Mr. Chanchai Asvavijnijkulchai 95. Mr. Chouvana Rodthongkora 96. Mr. Manon Sutantawong 97. Mr. Pariwat Siangsanan 98. Ms. Pornsri Polphong 99. Ms. Saranya Piadang

100. Mr. Sirichai Keinmeesuke 101. Ms. Siriratana Biramorvtri 102. Mr. Sumran Songprasertchai 103. Ms. Sunanta Patrashakorn 104. Mr. Surachai Pongj arernsuk 105. Mr. Surapong Pimjun 106. Ms. Swimol Kaewpila 107. Mr. Udorn Youngchuy 108. Ms. Vachira Pringsulaka 109. Mr. Vichian Vongsmarn 110. Ms. Valailak Phadvibulya 111. Mr. Wanchai Dharmvanij 112. Ms. Warapon Wanitsuksombut 113. Ms. Yureeporn Panyatipsakul

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JAERI-如I93-160

94. Mr. Chanchai Asvavijnijkulchai 95. Mr. Chouvana Rodthongkom 96. Mr. Manon Sutantawong 97. Mr. Pariwat Siangsanan 98. Ms. Pornsri Polphong 99. Ms. Saranya Piadang

100. Mr. Sirichai Keinmeesuke 101. Ms. Siriratana Biramontri 102. Mr. Sumran Songprasertchai 103. Ms. Sunanta Patrashakorn 104. Mr. Surachai pongjarernsuk 105. Mr. Surapong Pimjun 106. Ms. Swimol Kaewpila 107. Mr. Udorn Youngchuy 108. Ms. Vachira Pringsulaka 109. Mr. Vichian Vongsmarn 110. Ms. Valailak Phadvibulya 111. Mr. Wanchai Dharmvanij 112. Ms. Warapon Wanitsuksombut 113. Ms. Yureeporn panya七ipsaku1

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JAERI-M 93-160

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF SECOND WORKSHOP

(1) Participants from Company

1. Mr. Alex B. Sumatrie 2. Mr. Sigit Sudarminto 3. Mr. Sastra Viqaya

PT. BIMACOM PERDANA RUBBER INDUSTRY, Wisma BCA 6th Floor Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 22-23, Jakarta 122970

4. Mr. Haris Siswantoro PT. CYPRESS PLASTIC Ind. Ancol Barat III No.2 Jakarta 14430

5. Mr. Harry Tanugraha PT. YAKINDO Jl. Cideng Barat No. 49, Jakarta 10150

6. Ms. Galiah Seno Sastro PT. SKIGA ANANTA DHARMA, Jl. Pulo Gadung Kav. 11/11 Kawasan Industri Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur

7. Mr. Rusdy Harmayn 8. Mr. Mas Agoes Soeparto

PT. DIAN INDAH REKSA WOOD INDUSTRY Jl. Sutan Syahrir lc, 3-4, Jakarta 10350

9. Mr. Indrotomo Upoyo PT. SURYO INDO UPOYO Jl. Kramat VI/40, Jakarta 10430

10. Mr. Dody Budiaraan PT. ELWAN SEJATI Jl. Raya Bekasi Km 14.9, Jakarta Timur

11. Mr. Satria PT. FOODTECH UTAMA Jl. Ancol I No. 4-5, Ancol Barat, Jakarta 13430

12. Ms. Rosali Setiawan 13. Ms. Eviazizah 14. Mr. M. Soleh

PT. RISTRA INDOLAB Jl. Rajawali Selatan E5-6, Jakarta Pusat

15. Mr. D. Gustam 16. Mr. Tri Djoko

PT. INDOGAMA STERILIZATION/ PT. PERKASA STERILINDO Jl. KH. Hasyim Ashari 11A, Jakarta Pusat

17. Mr. Sadewa Eka Satria 18. Mr. A. Paryanto

PT. B0STINC0

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jAERI 加193-160

BATAN/JAERI/JAIF SECOND WORKSHOP

(1) Participants from Company

1. Mr. Alex B. Sumatrie 2. Mr. Sigit Sudarminto 3. Mr. Sastra Viqaya

PT. BlMACOM PERDANA RUBBER工NDUSTRY， Wisma BCA 6th Floor J1. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 22-23， Jakar七a 122970

4. Mr. Haris Siswantoro PT. CYPRESS PLASTIC 工nd. Ancol Bara七工II No.2 Jakarta 14430

5. Mr. Harry Tanugraha PT. YAKINDO J1. Cideng Barat No. 49， Jakarta 10150

6. Ms. Ga1iah Seno Sas七roPT. SKIGA ANANTA DHARMA， J1. Pu工o Gadung Kav. 工工/11Kawasan Industri Pulo Gadung， Jakarta Timur

7. Mr. Rusdy Harmayn 8. Mr. Mas Agoes Soepar七o

PT. D工AN INDAH REKSA WOOD INDUSTRY J1. Su七anSyahrir 1c， 3-4， Jakarta 10350

9. Mr. 工ndrotomoUpoyo PT. SURYO INDO UPOYO J1. Krama七 V工/40，Jakarta 10430

10. Mr. Dody Budiaman PT. ELWAN SEJAT工J1. Raya Bekasi Km 14.9， Jakarta Timur

11. Mr. Sa七riaPT. FOODTECH UTAMA J1. Anco1 1 No. 4-5， Ancol Barat， Jakarta 13430

12. Ms. Rosa工i Setiawan 13. Ms. Eviazizah 14. Mr. M. Soleh

PT. R工STRA 工NDOLABJ1. Rajawali Selatan E5-6， Jakar七a Pusa七

15. Mr. D. Gustam 16. Mr. Tri Djoko

PT. INDOGAMA STERIL工ZATION/ PT. PERKASA STERIL工NDOJ1. KH. Hasyim Ashari 11A， Jakarta Pusat

17. Mr. Sadewa Eka Satria 18. Mr. A. paryan七o

PT. BOSTINCO

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JAERI-M 93-160

19. Mr. Nahrawi PT. KABELINDO MURNI, Jl. Rawa Girang, Kawasan Industri Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur

20. Mr. Agus Swasono 21. Mr. Moh. Sjaifuddin ZH. 22. Mr. Setiawan 23. Mr. Paribotro

PT. APKINDO, Gedung Manggala Wanabhakti Lt.9 Jl. Gatot Subroto P.O. Box 23 JKWB, Jakarta 10270

24. Mr. Moh. Natsir PT. WOOD INDUSTRY Jl. Raya Serang Km. 12 Cikupa, Tangerang

25. Ms. Ida Guntoro PT. INDONESIA DENTAL INDUSTRIES Jl. Pulo Buaran IV, No. Wl, Jakarta Timur

26. Mr. Taufik KPB PERKEBUNAN Jl. Cut Mutiah 11, Jakarta Pusat

27. Mr. .Oermawan Nur 28 . Mr. I r v a n Mansur

PT. SABIN ADI PERTAMA, Patra Build., 10th Floor Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34, Jakarta

29. Mr. John Lean PT. ELWAN SEJATI Jl.Raya Bekasi Km. 14.9, Jakarta Timur

30. Dr. Moch. Sholichin PT. KIMIA FARMA, Jl. Rawagelam V Kawasan Industri Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur

(2) Participants from Governmental, Institute and University

31. Dr. Saifula 32. Mr. Setyadi

BALAI PENELITIAN AGRICULTURA, Dept. Pertanian Parsar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan

33. Dr. Mulyo Sidik 34. Dr. Haryadi Halid

KAPUSLITBANGSISLOG, Badan Usaha Logistik Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta Selatan

35. Mr. Sunarto DEPARTMEN KESEHATAN RI, Direkt. Jend. Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan, Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 23, P.O. Box 1143, Jakarta 10011

- 186-

JAERI-M 93-160

19. Mr. Nahrawi PT. KABELINDO MURN工 J1. Rawa Girang， Kawasan Industri Pulo Gadung， Jakarta Timur

20. Mr. Agus Swasono 21. Mr. Moh. Sjaifuddin ZH. 22. Mr. Setiawan 23. Mr. Paribotro

PT. APK工NDO， Gedung Manggala Wanabhakti L七.9J1. Gatot Subroto P.O. Box 23 JKWB， Jakarta 10270

24. Mr. Moh. Natsir PT. WOOD INDUSTRY J1. Raya Serang Km. 12 Cikupa， Tangerang

25. Ms. 工daGun七oroPT. 工NDONES工A DENTAL INDUSTR工ESJl. Pulo Buaran IV， No. W工， Jakarta Timur

26. Mr. Taufik KPB PERKEBUNAN J1. Cut Mutiah 11， Jakarta Pusat

27. Mr • ，，~ermawan Nur 28. Mr. 工rvanMansur

PT. SAB工N ADI PERTAMA， Patra Build.， 10七h Floor Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34， Jakarta

29. Mr. John Lean PT. ELWAN SEJATI J1.Raya Bekasi Km. 14.9， Jakarta Timur

30. Dr. Moch. Sholichin PT. K工MIAFARMA， J1. Rawagelam V Kawasan工ndustri Pu工O

Gadung， Jakar七a Timur

(2) participants from Governmental， Institute and University

31. Dr. Saifula 32. Mr. Setyadi

BALAI PENEL工TIANAGR工CULTURA，Dep七. Pertanian Parsar Minggu， Jakarta Sela七an

33. Dr. Mulyo Sidik 34. Dr. Haryadi Halid

KAPUSLITBANGS工SLOG，Badan Usaha Logis七ikJ1. Gatot Subro七0，Jakar七a Selatan

35. Mr. Sunarto DEPARTMEN KESEHATAN RI， Direkt. Jend. Pengawasan Oba七 danMakanan， J1. percetakan Negara No. 23， P.O. Box 1143， Jakarta 10011

- 186-

JAERI-M 93-160

36. Mr. Sunit H. 37. Mr. Indratmoko

LIPI, P3 Fisika Terapan Jl. Cisitu 21, 154D, Bandung

38. Ms. Siti Nurhayati DIREKTORAT PENGAWASAN OBAT TRADISONAL Jl. Percetakan Negara No. 23, Jakarta 10011

39. Ms. Ellysabeth DEPARTMEN PERTANIAN Jl. Ragunan Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan

40. Mr. Sudarto DEPARTEMEN PERINDUSTRIAN Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta Selatan

41. Ms. Yanna H.lianawati S. 42. Asep Dedi Sutrisno

UNIVERSITY PASUNDAN (Fak. Teknik) Jl. Lengkong Besar 68, Bandung

43. Dr. Soleh Kosela 44. Dr. Agus Nurhadi 45. Dr. Nelly D. Leswara 46. Dr. Riwandi Sihombing

UNIVERSITY INDONESIA Kampus UI, Depok, Jakarta Selatan

(3) Participants from BATAN

BATAN HQ Jl. KH. Abd. Rohim, Mampang Prapatan, Jakarta Selatan

47. Dr. Nazir Abdullah 48. Mr. Iyos Subki 49. Dr. Hidjang Kerry Sisworo 50. Dr. Hasrul Thayib

PPNR-BATAN 51. Mr. Sunarmo 52. Mr. Sunarhadijoso

PPEN-BATAN 53. Mr. Sudijatmo PPR-BATAN 54. Mr. Hisyam Hubies PPNY-BATAN 55. Mr. Sudjatmoko 56. Mr. Darsono

- 187-

JAERI-M 93-160

36. l¥1r. Sunit H. 37. Mr.工ndra七moko

LIP工， P3 Fisika Terapan J1. Cisitu 21， 154D， Bandung

38. Ms. Si七i Nurhaya七1DIREKTORAT PENGAWASAN OBAT TRAD工SONALJ1. percetakan Negara No. 23， Jakarta 10011

39. Ms. Ellysabeth DEPARTMEN PERTANIAN J1. Ragunan Pasar Minggu， Jakarta Se1atan

40. Mr. Sudar七O

DEPARTEMEN PERINDUSTRIAN Jl. Gatot Subroto， Jakarta Selatan

41. Ms. Yanna li、lianawati S. 42. Asep Dedi Sutrisno

UN工VERS工TYPASUNDAN (Fak. Teknik) J1. Lengkong Besar 68， Bandung

43. Dr. Soleh Kosela 44. Dr. Agus Nurhadi 45. Dr. Nelly D. Leswara 46. Dr. Riwandi Sihombing

UN工VERS工TY INDONES工AKampus U工， Depok， Jakar七a Selatan

(3) participants from BATAN

BATAN HQ J1. KH. Abd. Rohim， Mampang Prapatan， Jakarta Selatan

47. Dr. Nazir Abdullah 48. Mr. 工yos Subki 49. Dr. Hidjang Herry Sisworo 50. Dr. Hasru1 Thayib

PPNR-BATAN 51. Mr. Sunarmo 52. Mr. Sunarhadijoso

PPEN-BATAN 53. Mr. Sudijatmo

PPR-BATAN 54. Mr. Hisyam Hubies

PPNY-BATAN 55. Mr. Sudja七moko56. Mr. Darsono

- 187一

JAERI

PAIR-BATAN 57. Ms. Nazly Hilmy 58. Dr. Mirzan T. Razzak 59. Mr. F. Sundardi 60. Dr. Moch. Ismachin 61. Ms. Munsiah Maha 62. Mr. Marga Utama 63. Mr. Sugiarto Danu 64. Mr. Ashar Waskito 65. Mr. Gatot Triraulyadi R. 66. Mr. Erizal 67. Mr. Zainuddin 68. Ms. Herwinami S. 69. Ms. Isni Marlijarrti 70. Ms. Kadarijah 71. Ms. Wiwik Sofiarti 72. Ms. Anik Sunarni 73. Ms. Dian Iramani 74. Mr. Sudradjat Iskandar 75. Mr. Darsono 76. Mr. Edih Suwadji 77. Mr. Nikham 78. Mr. Yahya 79. Mr. A. Sudrajat 80. Mr. Affandi Djamil 81. Mr. Basril Abbas 82. Ms. Rosalina Sinaga 83. Mr. Rindy PT. 84. Mr. Bilter Sinaga 85. Mr. Madrois 86. Jasin Hafif 87. Mr. Amin Nursodik 88. Mr. Sunardi

]AERI-M 93-160

PA工R-BATAN57. Ms. Nazly Hilmy 58. Dr. Mirzan T. Razzak 59. Mr. F. Sundardi 60. Dr. Moch. 王srnachin61. Ms. Munsiah Maha 62. Mr. Marga Utarna 63. Mr. Sugiar七o Danu 64. Mr. Ashar Waski七O

65. Mr. Ga七o七 TrirnulyadiR. 66. Mr. Erizal 67. Mr. Zainuddin 68. Ms. Herwinarni S. 69. Ms. Isni Marlijan七i70. Ms. Kadarijah 71. Ms. Wiwik Sofiarti 72. Ms. Anik Sunarni 73. Ms. Dian Irarnani 74. Mr. Sudradjat Iskandar 75. Mr. Darsono 76. Mr. Edih Suwadji 77. Mr. Nikharn 78. Mr. Yahya 79. Mr. A. Sudraja七80. Mr. Affandi Djarni工81. Mr. Basril Abbas 82. Ms. Rosalina Sinaga 83. Mr. Rindy PT. 84. Mr. Bilter Sinaga 85. Mr. Madrois 86. Jasin Hafif 87. Mr. Arnin Nursodik 88. Mr. Sunardi

-188-

JAERI-M 93-160

Participants from Japan

TRCRE-JAERI 89. Dr. Soichi Sato 90. Dr. Waichiro Kawakami 91. Dr. Keizo Makuuchi 92. Dr. Shoji Hashimoto 93. Dr. Tamikazu Kume 94. Mr. Akio Kuroyanagi

Nissin Electric Co., Ltd. 95. Mr. Mitsuaki Suzuki

Nissin High Voltage Co., Ltd. 96. Mr. Takeshi Doi

NKK Co. 97. Mr. Keiichiro Tomita 98. Dr. Masaaki Takehisa

Radia Industry Co., Ltd.

99. Dr. Yasuichi Sasaki Yazaki Co.

100. Mr. Seiichiro Takahashi JAIF

101. Dr. Hiroshi Amano Expert PPR-BATAN, Serpong

102. Dr. Fumoto Expert BPPT, Serpong

103. Mr. Mitsugi Chiba Expert Indonesian Institute of Science

104. Mr. Takashi Bito Expert BPP Technology

- 189 -

JAERI一如I93-160

Participants from Japan

TRCRE-JAERI 89. Dr. Soichi Sa七o90. Dr. Waichiro Kawakami 91. Dr. Keizo Makuuchi 92. Dr. Shoji Hashimoto 93. Dr. Tamikazu Kume

94. Mr. Akio Kuroyanagi Nissin E1ec七ricCo.， Ltd.

95. Mr. Mitsuaki Suzuki Nissin High Vo1tage Co.， Ltd.

96. Mr. Takeshi Doi NKK Co.

97. Mr. Keiichiro Tomita 98. Dr. Masaaki Takehisa

Radia Industry Co.， Ltd.

99. Dr. Yasuichi Sasaki Yazaki Co.

100. Mr. Seiichiro Takahashi JA工F

101. Dr. Hiroshi Amano Expert PPR-BATAN， Serpong

102. Dr. Fumoto Expert BPPT， Scrpong

103. Mr. Mi七sugiChiba Expert Indonesian工nsti七U七e of Science

104. Mr. Takashi Bito Expert BPP Techno1ogy

-189-

mmmtiL% (si) ±»m m 1 SI i&Wtits ,fcy>ilIW(.;

it! r, ft „d »;

ii 5 f - i- JV in

n ill + U 7 7 -'- kg

n till » • s *ii & 7' > ' X r A ».>]'?•&& V *v t y K ft fi 'A * * mul it IS * >' -f V cd

f- ifii n 7 > T > rad »/. f* !<l X T V S~J > s r

S 2 SI£f!FMi2tt?'i<K'.

£ IT - ] =d ••; * S SHS-Jfl-1;

» 3 |A1fj W f , f t * feo SI8hi'H(*.

' t l f, ft »d'.j fl6«0SI»nfft ic<fc<*,£9i

m ,m & ' N / u ••/ iiz s ' )S - ^ - t- y N nvkg/V

'I-: /J . ID /J '< A ii iv Pa N/n r x * ^ * - . (I:f,. »!it •>' j - >v J N-m r. 4'- . Kc <M Mi V 1- W J / s

• ti 'JA hi . <ii (••! 0 — rc y C A-s '.ti(i. •'iiif-:. fc"'li/j •tr * 1- V W/A ft f|] "U 'A 7 •f =7 K F c/v -.12 a ut w * — A n V/A n > y 7 9 v y. > • - ,1 V X s A/V m. -u • > i - ' < Wb V-s m. tit \¥, is -r X 7 T Wb/nr -( v '/ '; v y x ' N y 'J - H Wb/A •tr ^ •> •> x jJA IS -fe /I/ •> •> 7, IS °C it * /U - >< y lin cd • sr !!« IS * •7 X Ix Im/m 2

tt W fiE ^c 7 U ;i< Bq s~' m >u ?* lit '/ U 4 Gy J /kg *a 'it "i iii • > Sv J /kg

'/>. B.*j. II min. h. (1 IS. v>. ti * . -ll ., | . « , 1. 1. 1- > t

iii J- + : *• 1" eV iii! r-niiimi*. u

leV=1.60218*10"J 1 u=1.660S4*IO ; k g

SI £ itKKVifWlC

f. ft iid '* '* * / / X | - D --Z. A '< - > b '< - IV bar ft- IV Gal r = <) - Ci

L/ v V Y V K • 7 K rad l y A rem

1 A=0.1nm=10-" , m 1 b=100rnv=10""m 2

l ba r=0 .1MPa=10 s Pa 1 Gal=l cm/ s 2 = 10" 2n)/s-lCi=3.7xl0'»Bq lR=2.58xl0- 'C/kg l r a d = lcGy=10 : Gy 1 rem=lcSv=10 'Sv

it.tl im. ft -d ••; 10'- i 1 • t * K 10" ^ 7 !• 10' -r • 7 T 10* * li t; 10" * V M 10* * " k 10 ' X i 1- h 10' •r y.i da

10 ' -r • > d 10 -t ~s -r f

10 •' ; ') 111 10 - • ? i '> :J 1! 10"* + / n 10 '" fc ZJ P io-' 4 "/ T L b f i o - a r h a

(,';> 1. iii 5 t i ««('•.<.•<.*_' Mi51S. l<m

ISIilSrlJ 1985l|-:HJirrj:5„ fc/";l. 1 eV iiitf 1 u K>K(i CODATA O I986J|-ffi43

2. / i4IC! tSt l | ! . / • • / ! - . r - ; K " . ' / ' y

CT-lirTISLfc, 3. b a r l i , JlST?'iiyif*<OiK;jl-J'^>^-l!}

ftlcBlO ^ 2 ©ft T 3-i) - ' c ' / }H i3 i rC l> So

4. ECIB)(J*ri!'!iîtft-c.'ibar. barntoJ; O' riflllHajlltttJ m m H g * ^ 2 « * T 3 ' i J

; j N( = 10*dyn)

1

9.80665

4.44822

kgf

0.101972

1

0.453592

Ibf

0.224809

2.20462

1

tt Iff lPa-s(N-s/m=)=10P(+:TX-)(g/(cm.s))

iMilS 1 m ! / s = 10'SK n - H ) (cmVs)

i *

ii-: MPa!=10bar) kgf/cm"' atm mmHg(Torr) lbf/in2(psi>

1 10.1972 9.86923 7.50062 x 10J 145.038

; j 0.0980665 1 0.967841 735.559 14.2233

0.101325 1.03323 1 760 14.6959

1.33322 x 10"' 1.35951 x 10"3 1.31579x10" 1 1.93368x10^

6.89476 x 10-* 7.03070 xl0~ 2 6.80460 x 10"2 51.7149 1

X J (=J0 ' e rg ) kgf'm kVV-h caiimm) Btu ft • Ibf cV

*' 1

1 0.101972 2.77778x10"' 0.238889 9.47813x10- 0.737562 6.24150x10'" *' 1 9.80665 1 2.72407 x 10"6 2.34270 9.29487 x 10"3 7.23301 6.12082x10"

li: 3.6 xlO 6 3.67098 x 10s 1 8.59999 x 10' 3412.13 2.65522 x I0 6 2.24694x10"

III

4.18605 0.426858 1.16279 x lO ' 6 1 3.96759 x 10 - 3 3.08747 2.61272x10"

III 1055.06 107.586 2.93072 x lO"4 252.042 1 778.172 6.58515 x 10"

1.35582 0.138255 3.76616x10"' 0.323890 1.28506 xlO- 3 1 8.46233x10'"

1.60218x10-" 1.63377 x l O ' 2 0 4.45050 x 10"" 3.82743 xlO" 2 0 1.51857x10-" 1.18171x10-" 1

Sic Bq Ci ftt 1 2.70270 x 1 0 ' " 11

3.7 x lO ' 0 1

« Gy

1

0.01

rad

100

1

C/kg

2.58 x 10"

3876

1

l ea l =4.18605 J (^J-liiy;)

= 4.184 J (il*ft''i--)

= 4.1855J (15 TO

= 4.1868J(l3R5JSa*>

ll:' |i* 1 PS (Kv'.!,;]) ~ 75 kgf»m/s

= 735.499 W

i» Sv rem ill "i ill

1

0.01

100

I

(86*15 12 li 26 QSffi^

表 1 S11，止-t.:fJl“お上び!!Ii山Ijt'l{l!

:1< お件 idhJ

i屯さ!メトルtIl

11 1，¥ Iヰロケラム kg

H~i t:1I I 抄 s

.U ifrt ! -，~ :，..-ヘア A

熱 Jr'?2&Hf.r. ケルヒン1¥

物'11 =lt 1モル 11101

た !主 IfJ ン子う cd

ギ Ifli jfl Iうジ 7 ン副1

ι体的 lステラ;;-;-ン sr

表 3 1司{jのí'，!~・をもっ Sl*ll 、υIt{ι

国際単位系 (81)と換算表

表 2 SIと{ヰ'Iiされるや{主

れ杓! at.! ~;-ラ，:r. B~. 11 I min. h. d

f主.分. f:J: I ・

'1 卜，ゅ 11. 1.

トン iI

lb・ f~ ルト 1 ，，¥，

h;l (-'iiI，lIl¥j.!. I u

I .，V~ 1.60218x ¥O"'J

1 U~ 1.66054>< W"'kg

表 4 SIと11<1こ折定的lこ

維持される巾位Itt |ぉ純

)1，]度政|ヘルソ

JJ ニ A 一トン

I If: /J. ti:.:力 lハスカル

[山キー・ ilMht|シ.:1 - Jレ

! I ド . ~'l q.j !li 1リ，ト

~ "l!主ii.t. ~U: f~:j Iクーロン

iUut i{J;It:.起屯JJIボルト

治 iU 'f: M Iファラト

'，t! '~\ lJ~ t/i: Iオム

コンダヲタンス|ジーメンス

磁 r;，t 1ウェ一円

盤以街 IQ1テスラ

インダヲタンス|ヘンリ

セ Jレシウス ifutI!I 1セルシウス1主

Jt: 'Ai Iルーメン

1!(¥ 度|ルクス

~X q.j jj~ Iベヲレル

吸 1[>1 rJi1 :，t Iグレイ

線 l.t 勺 ~ I i Iシーベルト

己3竺 1I也のSII/lI主J lによる長現

Hz I s' ;'1: I m・k官fs

Pa I N/m'

J I N・m¥¥' J/s

C 1 A.g

V ¥¥・1.:"

F C/V

n 1 VfA

S 1 AfV

Wb! "'s T 1 Wbfm'

H 1 WbfA

'c I 1m 1 cd ・sr

Ix 1 Imfm'

Bq I s-' G)' I J/kg s¥' I Jfkg

r.1j IU

oJlM，lilQ

Ibf

0.224809

2.20462

お弥

オvグストローム

，<ー

J屯ール

ガル

キコリー

レントケ'ン

ラド

レム

員己 ~J

A

b

bar

Ga1

Ci

H

rad

renlo

表 5 ヨH主靖国主

t品位 lii~il.!: I .~ ¥; 10"1 L タ骨1-:

¥0" iへ 7I (' 101-~チう T

10' IキヂIjI (;

¥0'メ η l¥I

Hl・ iヰ u I k

¥0'ヘヲ 1. h

I(1' Iす力 da

10' テ:/! d

10' 1 センチ ( '

10‘リ 111

1O'17{'1:J1 l'

10一昔 1ナノ n

¥0し It:コ p

10-" 1 ツェムト f

¥0-'"1 ，.ト a

(iU

l 長 5(i r(吋際111仇系j者i5版. (I~際

1ft :.t衡I..j 19851niJi iによる p ただし leV

および 1uの航CiCODATAの I986Wlftt1/([によった。

2. 1<' 4には泌'H， /.， 1-， γール、ヘクヲ

-，'"ちfTまれているかI!:'なの明仰なの1・こ

こでは行略Lt.こっ

3. bar C:I:. JISでC;m[体のIE}Jを去わす時

fTに I~~ り1< 2 のカテゴリ I~分納されてい

る。

4. ECllll僚PI!・If会JiTfTでは bar.barnおよ

び rlfUIJ:のtlWt:JmmHgを夫2のカテゴリ

ーに入れている。

fl: I MPa( =10 bar) kgflcm' atm mmllg( Torr) Ibf/in '( psi )

10.1972 9.86923 7.50062 x 10' 145.038

Jl 0.0980665 0.967841 735.559 14.2233

0.101325 1.03323 7円。 14.6959

1.33322 x 10-' 1.35951 x 10-' 1.31579 x 10-' 1.93368 x 10寸

6.89476 x 10-' 7.03070 X 10-2 6.80460 x 10-' 51.7149

1 A~ 0.1 nm~lo- '"m

1 b= 100 ftll'~ 10-" m'

1 bar=O.1 MPa= IQ'Pa

1 Gal=l cm/s'~IO-'m/s'

1 Ci=3.7x 10'"Bq

1 R~2.58x 1O-'Cfkg

1 rad = 1 cG，'= 10 "G ..

1 rem= 1 cS¥'= ¥0 'S¥'

換 t?: 1<.

エ J(=lO' ergJ kgf'm kW' h cal W'liW，) Btu れ・ Ibf eV 不Jレ 0.101972 2.77778 x 10-' 0.238889 9.47813 x JO-' 0.737562 6.2刈150x 10" ギ

9.80665 2.72407 x 10-' 2.34270 9.29487 x 10-' 7.23301 6.12082x 10円

11: 3.6 x 10' 3.67098 x 10' 8.59999 x 10' 3412.13 2.65522 x 10' 2.24694 x 10"

4.18605 0.426858 1.16279 x 10-' 3.96759 x 10寸 3.08747 2.61272x 10"

熱1，¥ ¥055.06 107.586 2.93072 x 10-' 252.042 778.172 6.58515 x 10"

1.35582 0.138255 3.76616 x 10-' 0.3238叩 1.28506 x 10寸 8.462お x10"

1.60218 x 10'内 1.63377 x 10-20 4.45050 x 10-" 3.82143 X 10-20 1.51857 x 10→2 1.18171 x 10-"

主

J

E

&伽

M

向日帽

nhu"

Ci

2.70270 x 10'"

照射線国

R

3876

線.，t

I，l

1 cal = .1.18605 J W :ltit )

= 4.184J (熟化学)

= 4.1855 J 05 iC)

= 4.1868 J (/1</際j張気表}

1I:']i'f1 1問(仏1日)j)

= 75 kgf.m/s

= 735.499 W

rem

100

〈郎年 12月お日現的

jaeri-m—93-160 - International Nuclear Information System ...

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