Jacob Wright Earliest Jewish Soldiers

8/2/2019 Jacob Wright Earliest Jewish Soldiers

1/26

Judah and the Judeans

in the Achaemenid PeriodN I

Il Cx

edited by

Oded Lipschits, Gary N. Knoppers,

Manred Oeming

W Lk, IEisenbrauns

2011

Oprint from


2/26

2011 E I.All v.

P U S A.

www..

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

J J A : l x / O L, G N. K,

M O.. .

I Al, 2008, l llq w l Uv Hl v l (w ) w J J xl xl . T l w fll q l w w lv v w f vl, P/A N EECIP .

Il ll x.ISBN 978-1-57506-197-9 (k : lk. )

1. E BlC. 2. G C.3. JwIC. 4. Bl. O.T.C, ,.C. 5. JwH586 b.c.70 a.d.C.6. A , 559330 b.c.C. 7. Jw C. 8. J (R)E lC. I. Lz,O. II. K, G N., 1956 III. O, M.

BS1199.E84J83 2011220.9500901422

2010054514

T l q A Nl S I SP P P L Ml, ANSI Z39.48-1984.


3/26

505

Surviving in an Imperial Context:Foreign Military Service and Judean Identity

Jacob L. WrightEmory University

IntrodutionMy dsn nu n ssy n mly nn

nd vlum n Judn dny n Psn pd s my sm dd. I pd nn w Jud n In A, wn nv mny uld w lp n my, n wuld v ssn nsdl mun sp s sujs. Y sudns Jud nd Judns dun Amnd pd usully us n nsuns nd ps (su s mpl, ul, lnu, m-

, nd svls) m pl l plyd y my ndmn nd pn sl nd pll ds. T su, ms snn plm ld sy Psn-pd Juds w s sy k upn sl duus sk uldn dn-y wu nv kns nd ms w u s pmnnly n mms m lls yn . Nvlss, s I wll -mp sw n w llws, ull ppn ssus nd-n Judn dny n Psn pd nn d nl l mly.

F pd Amnd ul, n n dsnus dlywn w ls Judn slds: n pn mpl n-ss nd pn nv nss. Alu s ls muully dpndn, y nvlss zd y und-mnlly dn pll psus. T s mpszs lln n pws, nd ssss nd y d-md nd dndd m suundn ppls. T duly d sns ldy n m In A Jud kndm; u m m pnund u Jws dny n Psn pd nd

n splly n Hllns nd Rmn ms.

Authors note: Ts ssy s ddd Dk Pnsl.


4/26

Jacob L. Wright506

In Amnd-pd Jud, pnmnn nv sldsn mlnd nn mplly uld u s s-l pssly. Y mlzn Judn ml w ds pssnl slds, s dsd n Nm 4, wuld v nvy unmmn. And, , I us my nn n nmly sv. I n y suvyn vdn n mlysv p Rmn ul. T, I un xmn, ln lns histoire des mentalits, sm uds -zd mpl mly sv. I n pss I py m nn sus m Plm Eyp, s s us w mu nmd u Jws mly sv s m pd nd n.And s l vdn s dly pnn sudy Am-nd ms: dn Ay Ks, Plms nd p-ll nmns pdsss. . . . I s n wnd n mly slmn, Jws s wll, dd nn (1985: 39).

Survey of Evidene

A us, s mpn n sv n n msds n dsnus ps-Dsun pd m l s-

y Jud. Indd, psn Juds n nnnv mss nd n nd w sy Jud kndm. N nlydd (p-)Juds jn nks Eypn nd nms Jud s md, u ls mn Ju-d/Judn kndms (n In A nd dun Hllns-Rmn pd) s nspl m n mly sv.1

Ins s Jud sm p s ly sy ws vssl Is-l nd n slly -s nd lly, Jud kns wuld vn qud uns Isln kns w mn ms.2 Y

vn s n qul lly Isl nd ss, Jud slds wuldv u sd y sd w n slds; y wuld v nvnd y nv mmnd n .

1. In s ssy, I dsnus wn Juds m Kndm Jud,Judns m Psn pvn Yud nd Dsp, nd Jws m Hllns pd. T s n und wuld v n mu m m-plx. Ou xs us d n dsnus wn Juds, Judns, nd Jws,w qus us f w Sy Cn (1999) n u us s ms; s ppndx s ssy (pp. 520522).

2. Pvsn ps s n ms mmn lns n vssl snd lu snd ps uld sul n w; s, .., 10 Y Annls Mul II 810 nd 40, nd N-Assyn Emp, s lu dy Ymd 2000: 3078.


5/26

Foreign Military Servie and Judean Identity 507

T pvd n xmpl, s mmnly u Jud ws vssl Isl dun pd Omd ul. On uns s-lld Bl Qq n Slmns IIIs nspns (Kuk Mnl) mnns psn l ld y A.T us As slds nd s ulmly nx-pll, u lv sz s s my xplnd n p snludn slds m Jud nd s vssls. (On s pp us As s, s, .., Kll 2002; ., wv, N-mnn 2007.) I s nlusn s md, s snn Assy-n d ds n num vssl ms sply.3

A l s n mly sv s psn Jud-s n l ms mps uld Lvn.4 Snnlms n s-lld Rssm Cylnd Hzk, upn sun-d, sn s uri nd l ps Nnv. (F dny Lurps, s Tdm 1988 nd Nmn 2000.) Assumn -uly s p, s slds m Jud ply wuld vn nd n nks mpl s, s Sn II lms v dn w sp Smn s (s dsussn y Dl-ly 1985; Fls 1991; Yun 1998; Kpln 2008). T Ls lspy Jud slds llwn wvs nd ldn nw ms; s sns dp pnnly (pysl nd mnl)nsn m sv n nv ms n nss mp.

Busny Odds wk n d mns sws mlynspn dps s mns xpndn mpl nfunws mj mvn Assyn dpn ps. I ws n mns vll umn n mnpw ( w n nspn s m u m vssl ss ndmplymn mns; 1979: 50). W md dps spllysul mly sv n mpl ms s nd -wn dps nd mlnd d n svd nd yw n vy lyl kn (s pp. 514518 lw). Dpsuld sv s pssnl slds n mns s, vly,nny, sld-s s psnl dyuds kn. Mny

3. Tu s n nssy nlud vssl s w ully n-d n ms A n nsun ndvdul uns nsw-n dly nv mmnds, mp smns su s n nxs 1 Ks 22:14 nd 2 Ks 3:47, nd s Mk S. Sms

dsussn (2007) s w psss n nnn svl y dlns.4. On ls wnsss nnns n slds svn n

ms sms m vs Sms-Add; s Glk 1968: 6689 nd Sssn1969: 79.


6/26

Jacob L. Wright508

w psd n dls nd sss. Bu, s Odd pns u, dpn dps svn n mly dd n sv s slds;nsd y wkd n vus ps wn mps nd -sns w w wuld ll dy lsl pns (1979: 5154).

Dun s l mn pd, Juds svd n n m-ply n ms. In svn nuy, Assyns d u zn Eyp y uldn s nd sns uu Su, nd Jud slds wuld lkly v n snd.Ty ply wuld v ls u n nks Esddnsms n s mpns ns Sdn nd l n Eyp. T n-nls Asunpl (Psm C; B 2006: 93; ANET 294.) lm Mnss, ln w 22 kns, mpnd Assynsn n Eypn mpn. Sm v susd Jud/Ju-dn slds nn ss Elpnn dun ndu nus w nlly snd s pd (s, ..,Kln 1953: 42; Pn 1968: 816; nd J 44:1). T Letter of Aristeas(ln 13) lms Jws d n mplyd s slds n my Psmmus n s w ns Epns; sl, Skn uld v n Psmmus I II (Kn 2008). Fm -ll ndns nd pp vdn, w knw num Jud slds w snd ln w An ps n Mzdvyu ss pn Yvn-Ym, n ms mp-n s n Mdnn s. Cmpn vdn m Tl K, Alxnd Fnlkn (2001, 2006) mks sns n supp Nmns (1991) l susn wsEypn, n Jud (., wv, Nm 2002; Wnnn 1989,2001).

F N-Bylnn pd, ll uns mpsz n dspns s dpns Juds dun n Jn Nudnzz xld numus Jud snd slds; dn n smn, y numd 7,000 (ll m ws nd l, 2 Ks 24:16; . v. 14; J 29:2), lnw 1,000 smn nd sms. Wl n my dspu s num, mly vln sns (7:1) s nwy. (F l n ps n Cldn ms, s Wsmn 1956: 64). Bus sns slds usully dpd pssn ,5 dsndns s Jud slds lkly wuld v u n m-pl ms mny nns . Alu nund Mdn ws mus s Jws lns l pn, wd n knw wn y w slsd. Sm knwld vns

5. Ts nl ul s nmd y wd n vdn, n ls El-pnn ppy; s Pns mmn (1968: 31 n. 13).


7/26


Tym (Tm) s ndd y Ol nnn A n Is21:1317. W Juds w psn n Tym nd w u y Nndus n s mly mpns, s sm v suppsdn ss s-lld Oratio Naonidi (4 QON) nd Dnl 4,ws ndns nn xvns Tym y GmnAll Insu (s Mll nd l-Sd 2001; Hyjn 2001).

F Psn pd, ms mpn ds wn v-dn lsly ld Judns svn n mpl ms. Tyn m w wuld m w ns Jws Ds-p: Eyp nd Byln. Ws sns (Elpnn/Y) ndl lus pdmn n Eyp, n Byln Jws m-muns (Mus, l-Ydu, nd lu N) lvd n lnds w p dmnsv aru sysm.6 Ts sysm smlsm lus n w Jws svd dun Hllns pdn sns su s Elpnn ( mpsn Bylnnnd Eypn sysms m pspv Nahrgshaft, s SnNl 1937; sysm sl, s Slp 1985, Dnz nd Sl-p 1997, Jnns 1990, Tupln 1987, nd Ws 1999). T aru

uld ln kn, yl mly, sps, pv ndvdu-ls. I uld mps w lnd (t qati), s lnd (t ss), nd lnd (t narkati). T pns pls w qud nd (mly) sv (ilku). On nl pupss aruws nsu slds w sv ll ms, nd vn nl aknu mmns nd nn slds m ssndds. L ln nd mly sv ws mn-zd, n pld u pymns slv nd lsn u lnds mslvs.

In Hllns pd, sv n n ms s susn-lly (Hnl 1988: 2132). Fm ns TnsjdnnAmmns n Znn Ppy s wll s m ll pp v-dn, w knw n md-d nuy b.c.e. Jw nmd T- uld mly lny (Tys Zu, Aq l-Am) nd yGk-Mdnn, Psn, nd Jws slds nd vly uns.7 F

6. F Elpnn, s Pn 1968. F mns n S nd Psn pdEyp, s ms nly P. Kpln 2003. F xs m l-Ydu nd N(TAYN) pus, s P (2006) s wll s l n psn vlum, pp.267277 nd Cnl Wunss psnn nn (n pulsd). T Mus dumns us sps-y-vlul nss n Judnssvn n mly. F xmpl, w knw Gdlyw w vlund sv mund nd md n pl Mus sn (s Cds1951: 17981; 1958; Wdnn 1956).

7. Ts T lkly snds n d nnuy w Nms nmss sm nm. I s, s pssl ldy n Psn pd T nlldps w n sm wy lnkd Jud.


8/26

Jacob L. Wright510

Eyp, ppyll nd pp vdn nds wdspdslmn Jws n mly unns (s dsussn n Ks 1985:3855). F xmpl, Ppyus Cwly 81 (. 310 b.c.e.) s 10 plswn Mdl nd Syn w Jws sdd. H Ppyus I 96 (260b.c.e.) sws Jws slds pssssd lnd ns n vny wns nd vlls Fym ( pl Kkdlps, Kk-ss, Sm-Kksps, Aps, Tkm, nd Hpss; s ls mpn n Jws slds m y 226 b.c.e. nCPJI 19). Cls Nl, n Hklpl, Jws slds -vd smll pls.8 F snd nuy b.c.e., mpn Jws slds n Eyp sms v wn. F xmpl, m Ppy-us Hunnss (158 b.c.e.), w knw Jws vly (epistates ppy) m Ts nmd Iss/Elys (s ls TunsPpyus III 1019; CPJI 29; III 1075; CPJI 30). Jspus ps nlnmd Ons (ms lkly u) w sd mly xplsn Cl-Sy nd Pn undn mpl nd mlylny n Lnpls. Jws slds sld wn Mmps ndPlusum vn n m Plm, s dmnsd ypps m Tll l-Yud (Huy nd Ny 1992: ns. 51182).T sns Ons svd s my mmnds Clp III, ndJws sll nd mly mpn n m Hynus II(Cllns 2000: 6973).

F Sluds w lk ppyll wnsss mpl w w v Plms n Eyp. Jspus s l pu-pdly wn m sn pvns smm wn 212 nd205/4 b.c.e. n w Anus III nnuns Zuxs, vn Py nd Lyd, s dsn ns 2,000 Jws mlsm Mspm nd Byln sv s lus n sssnd ms mpn pls n pvns. T d Dmuspsnd n 2 Ms 10 llws up 30,000 Jws sv n kns s w sm munn s du ll knsslds; x mpszs y w nsw nv s

8. T pps, lld kleroi, w nd y Plm asileus Jw-s lus s wd mly sv. Onlly vl, ns nu m w m nsl nd nl nd us nud wn uns. T sz pl ws dly ld lus slsndn, nd y nd wn 20 nd 100 us (512 nd 100 s).T lus n nds Jws slds ply nd n ll szs (ls n w knw ws 80 us), w suss y w dqully Gk-spkn mmns. T Jws vd s lndns md m sm nmss nv Eypnpsns dd Gk-spkn mns; s Mdzjwsk 1995:8387; Ks 1985: 10567 nd ld lu d n Hnl 1988: 2325).


9/26


nd llwd lv wn lws (vv. 3637). Smlly, 2 M8:20 lls 8,000 Jws u n Byln lnsd 4,000 Md-nns; wl lndy, smn my v sm sl ss.

Fm m Hd, w n Bylnn Jws wnmd Zms w ssd Eups w 500 mund s.H qusd dwlln pl m Rmn vn Sy ndl vd m Hd y (By) snd (s Js-pus,Ant. 17.2.13; ll vdn d n Ks 1985: 301n. 120; nd ms n dsussn n R 2008: 18890).

Alu n nn p s nums vlu, qus-n nnlss pss sl: wy wuld su l num Jwsv svd n mpl ms Hllns A? Mny sl-s Plmy I llwd s S nd Psn pdsssy nn Jws Eyp n d sv s slds. A szl p-n s Jws my v n ly dpd nd nspd n m Syn ws 320, 312, nd 302 b.c.e. Adn Letter of Aristeas 2225, Plmy II Pldlpus dd Jwspvs lsd, w ld l num k up mlysv. T Plms w mu m n mply ndnusEypns n my n n vl dmnsn (Ks 1985: 58).Mny Jws wuld v vlund snm sns. In d nuy b.c.e., Jud wnssd susnd ppuln w ysll lkd n nsuu nduv n wdspdwl. Hn, mly ws n v pn ls nd p. T m wuld v dmd ns upwdmly n mpl ms n k m n Jud(s mmns y Ks 1992: 1067), ws l wuld vn mvd smply y uny sms. (T Judn nd Sm-n ll uny s ln sy sl upsnn m Hu n LB uri n m Hzk nd vus upsmnnd n ll lu [Nmn 2000]w lvd n ns sy nd k y w y ndd m sldppuln.9) Pps ms s sn num Jws n Plm nd Slud ms s y d ldy n sv-n n mpl s dun Psn pd. Wv s my, sms s sy n mly sv nsud mj n s Jws dsps (Hnl 1988: 30).

9. Mn Hnl (1988) mps Judns n Hllns pd Swss Rslun m 15 nuy c.e.: w mplyd n nms us lly, ky lnds uld n d wn ppul-ns.


10/26

Jacob L. Wright512

Ideologies and AttitudesAompanying Foreign Military Servie

In ns m ndvduls nd qudn sns mvd n mly sv, Jws ly sus mpszllv lln mp. Ts mpss n Hllns l-u s splly pnund. Wl Ads (md-sndnuy b.c.e.) d pd Plmy I S pud Juslmnd d s nns ully, ws mpszd m-nus lnsp. Jspus s pss m (Psud-)Hus Ad n w l Gz mny Judns, n kndnss nd umny (philanthrpia) Plmy I S, fkd

S s vy Gz nd xpssd ds k upsdn n s uny. T ld s sdus n Eyp s -d s 66-y-ld ps Hzk, wm sm dnyw vn Jud y sm nm dun nl ys Amnd mny.10

Psud-Hus ls uns sy (CA 1.200204) Jw-s vly w mpnd ms n wy Rd S. AGk s ws svn mvmn d n d dvn dns my. Wn Jws Msllms lnd

s sn dly mys dvn, s d,xplnn vn u uld s uu, suldv n l vd s w. T ml sms nswn Jws mly skll nd mmn sns, n n nd, nd supsus v nns psnd n Plmysmy, n . As E Gun ws, Ts s n qu Hllns ul. Qu ny. I ndly nms s sundjudmn, lk Alxnd m, n un Jws -s s s: y lyl, mplsd, nd sm (1998: 206).

In pss n ud Hus y ply dwn m su (Ant. 11.339; s W 2004: 26268), Jspus lms ,wn Alxnd vsd Juslm, d Jws pl n s mynd vd n nuss spns. Smlly, nJ.W. 2.487 sss Jws u vlnly Alxnd n s mpn ns Eyp.In nn lyl mly sv, Jws w ndv pvls n p w Gks nd Mdnns. Alu Eyp

10. T nnn s sd n ls n ly Jws ns Hzk vn, u w sms ls vn nd Amnd ulnd my v n -psly dsn; s s puln y Rmn(1971) nd lny dsussn y B-Kv (1996: 25571).


11/26


sundd Alxnd wu , sl s dd ndsu Jws vy (Gun 1998: 199).

T u Letter of Aristeas ws m sul. Wl dm-n Plmy I S, dun s nvsn Cl-Sy, dpud nd dpd Eyp 100,000 Jws, mpszs yw sklld slds. As sn ppn mly sklls,y w snd n sns uu lnd, mundw szl py, nd d s Jws ldy lvnn Eyp. Rspnsly s sld n slvy s dfd m und Plm dynsy nd sd ll wll sps (1214; . Jspus,Ant. 12.1133).

T Eypn Jws mmuns vwd Mss s pnnd, n supsnly, y lmd m mpssv s s mlyld. T un Hus Ad s nsmd n Ddus(40.3.38) ss Mss n y pll, lus, sl ndnm nnvns nludd n ls n mpss n nnJws yu n w. T ll-knwn Apns (sndnuy b.c.e.) s s s lm Mss nvnd wpnsnd w mns Eypn my nd n ys sussullywd w ns Epns w ml 100,000 mn wm psnlly nd (Eusus, Praep. ev. 9.27.310). F ns s lnd Mss s sklld n, Dnn Runnllss usudy pns us y Asunpl Mnsss s n smly mpn ns Eyp, Nu nd Cus nd ws Psn mly lny Jws mns n Elpn-n w ws dnd Eyps sun d (1983: 149).11 Onuld ls mnn pss n Letter of Aristeas 13, d v, n w Juds sd v u n ms Psmmus ns Epns.

A u sm m Eypns mmn Mss s sklld mly ld, Mspmn Jwspps s nnd mlysm v n mnn , Am,s vln w. On pdu s lnd n s, I wuldsus, sy l u ns v n Gnss 14. Ts

11. M nly, Tms Rm s d w s nlusn: On myspul s dvlpmn m Mss m v kn plmn Jws mns, n Elpnn lsw. Ts mns wlkly Mss s nvn mly nd xlln (2008:

11; s ls 2007). I suld nd sy Mss Epn mpn,wl sn n ll dn, s s ls n l Jws sus: m Divrei ha-Yamim shel Moshe ws pkd up n nls Sefer ha-Yashar, Seferha-Zikhronot, nd Yalqut Shimoni.


12/26

Jacob L. Wright514

x ss p mkl vy v nn Ms-pmn kns wn sn kpn w dsp s sldy dnd s ns m n sn mly llndd y n Elm kn. T sn un s nlly nsd-d vy l ddn Am nvs; ms nmn y Bnjmn Zm (2005: 13536) us -nuyd. S ls lln mn pss y Ynn Mus(1982).

Ans kdp s l lu, w n ps-n pp mpss n spl lnsp kn nPsn-pd xs. Tus, l (TAD A.4.7/8) sn n 14 y Dus II m mly lny Elpnn vn Yud ms pnl mn njyd y mpl nY wn Cmyss nd Eyp. And y vw mpls ds Eyp, ll ( m), u n dd n dm nynn mpl. In nx l, smn unns sls nquy nd mpn mpl. Y my wllf ly Psn ply n Eyp. I s n unlkly Cmyss(s wll s s Psn, Hllns, nd Rmn susss) wuld vnd spl vs Judn/Jws slds us ys nn-nv ppulnwuld v n pvd s usul nm-ds wn wn ul nd nv Eypns. As G Wd-nn w, Jws w n sv Ps nd w us nm n ppss. . . . [Ty] w lyl Psn wnnd uld usd y sp ns Eypns wny lld, s y dd pdly (1977: 531).

Ts -wn l wuld m mmn u Jwssy. Idnd s s quly Jws n Eu-pn sy (Hnsl 1983: 93; s ls Rsmn 1990), ws ls ypl unn Jws n Muslm lnds nd sms v n d-pd l y Csn uls m Muslm pdsss (s dsussn uu R Mnns msl Istanul [1962], swll s Bn 1972, mks y Cn n s dn Am InDuds The Book of Tradition [196667: 26389], nd R. I. Buns 1975: 272nd pssm). T pus s finanial nd administrative un-ns n Mddl As nd ly Mdn pd s military sv, sw wnss n vdn m Psn-Hllns Eyp.12

12. Admdly, mnl wn y ldn mpl psnvs

n ll lu (Jsp, Dnl, nd Md) s n dmns/vn, n -nkn mly . Hwv, s ll dpnsmy v d lss w ny nsus dnl mpn n mlysv Judn/Jws mmuns n w n mp py


13/26


Vwd m pspv Judn/Jws mmuns, ll-n mp ws snnd y wn nsusnss n ul ws spnsl nd ws ndd nunly n-sd n wl s nqud ppls. Aldy Assynkns, w w s uls dp l nums Juds,psn mslvs s d vlds dps. T Lsls psn pvs m Hzks m s ln psSnn. Ts sns dd n jus llus kns d n-vlvmn n nqus u ls xpss ll jusdn POWs: y w lly kns pssssn, nd ddd . Hn, mny ls dln w vus ms -us wl (m pysl pvsns su s ss, ls, l, ndw s mll nd psyll ssus) ddssd dly kn (Odd 1979: 3640). Ol mpl vs dpsnd dsndns pvds nssy mwk np-n mu ly vdn m Psn pd, w ll lu vs m mpl sn Elpn-n unm dumns m Mus, l-Ydu, nd N.

Indd, spl pn d y uls (mps kns pps sps) ms dn Jws xpn upunl mdn pd. In mdvl Enlnd nd Fn, Jws wknwn s kns Jws nd Jus du . Smlly, Wms 1157 lmd xlusv mpl uy v Jws m-muns. Ts s w Bn (195283: 4:3643) lld yl ll-n, nd s sudn Ys H. Yuslm (1976, 1995) s lpullyd ns nd sy s lln wn kns nd Jws xd su pwul nfun n Jws sl-undsndns nus.13 Wl psy s lln n und, Isus, n ls xpns Juds w nqus nd d-pn dun n Hzk nd Snn, s -mulns lln sl my d Psn pd. F s s m w wnss vus ndvs lm -llly nd dllly nw l n kn: dvnlydnd suss Dvd kn (s W 2008: 28283 ndlu d ).

us vn unsurpassale ns nd sn highest s n mplus.

13. On ls xpssns mnly mpnd mpl

pn ws muld y By n As Sss: H w s vssl n kns nls s n su sn s u w vssl kn, vssl kn s d vn y nls nd mnss, u kn msl (Perush al ha-Torah, Du 28:10).


14/26

Jacob L. Wright516

In nw sun slssnss svly nnd lunmy, n dl u Jws dny ws svvy, d-nu w u vus mns mns suvv nd sudn n nvnmn nv-ndn pl nus nd nnsm.W smuld mpsn u ls s s wuld vn ppl n slly ndvdul ls u lsnd ppsvn m s wl mmuns w sw mslvs psndn s us.

In Ez 4, dvss Jud s y, l wn,nd mnns n d n mpl u pu ms nsun Juslm mpl.Wl uly s un s lld n qusn y vusnsdns (n ls y nn ppsn mpl nsuns fd n H 1), sn s ully plusl. By ndmlus l wn d pdly n v mElpnn (s Pn 1968: 28283), nd n l qud v,vs s s ld vln dsun Tmpl Yw.Wv l us ndn my v n (s Kln1953: 1, 2, 4; Bn 1996; nd Lndn 1994: 6368), ws ls us Ez 4 lly nvnd dp-sd mlus nnns ns: y us Vdn, Knum pss, nd Eypns ln pus ms, sms-n plls, nd sn uldn lz. On pss sms ll vn ns s w d pld vl (Lndn2001). In s sun, s sy undsnd wy ssuld m-muny Elpnn n nly und mlnd y wnls Sm nd Juslm u n l Juslm lsld mmy Psn kn n wm y svdnd ws v y ndd n s ms ss.

As psnvs Psn ul n Eyp, Judn snknw dsp n wll-md nd ndws xpsdnd vulnl, splly n ms lln ns mp.14 I s

14. Cmp Busny Odds mmns n dps n N-Assynvdn: T sly wn dps nd ll ppuln nsdwnv nnl snmn ll ppuln, nd ds w Assyn yk, w. T dps dd n s nnl spns ll ppuln. Ln m Assyn ul uld nly dmnl m, sn y d n u uny nd sld y kn Assy. Ts dps w mplld supp ll Assy-

n vn, n u ud kn lds nd ppy dswd upn m, u u lvs (1979: 46). S s u m-mns n pn d y kn nd sln dps n dwns nd snsv d s (1979: 4648), w mpn s n mpl


15/26


n unlkly dsppn vdn Judn sn Elpnn 399 b.c.e. ds dly slsmn nvEypn ul ( 28 Dynsy). Indd, s dsun mpl nd sppn up wll w n sn (TADA.4.5) snnly dd y ws ls m wn kns lss psnv ( sp Asms) d l Eyp n xndd pd.

I n s ssy y dsnusn wn w ls Judnslds: n pn mpl nss nd pnnv nss. T ns n pll sn wn nv ndn mly sv dun Psn pd s pps ms mn-s wn w mp sn n mpl sn wll-mdpssnl slds Elpnn pssvly sndn y nd wnss-n dsun mpl, n n nd, sn Nm n um n k nd n szn ppu-ny mlz ulds n ml, n . T Nmmm dnds mdl ply dn w Judns lv n mlnd nd ppd dnd ds u m-l mns. Ts mdl s, n supsnly, usns llnns mp (2:1920 nd 6:59; . 9:3637). In s nd sps, n n ln nnuy wn dls s n Nm 113 nd pll dvlpmns und Msnd Hsmnns (w ply smd Nms nm; s S49:13 nd 2 M 1:102:18).

Nms un, n s undmnl nn, dps m nnmly mdus pnd w wnss n vs mElpnn. In l, w n sv Judns wkn wn nns mpl pll pss, w s mnsd m-lly n numus letters n sn k nd wn mmuny nd s wn mpl uuy (w y ll sps m dsn ls su s Snll nd Bw uld pnlly pll supp). Ez 16 ls dps spll-uu p l-wn, nd lu -qus p, s ulmly snun u mpl pllpss nd s ns Jud (s W 2008: 27985).

In ns s mdl n Ez 16 (nd 78), w s mpssn mpl n Juslm s ndu mpl nn, N-ms un psns nsn sl-vnmn nd s puvw m ul n ( l nd mpl) ppy

dmnsv nx undsndn vdn Judn slmns n Amnd pd.


16/26

Jacob L. Wright518

( wll). Nm mks mv m Sus Juslm s nnly pl u ls npul: H ss u w ls m kn, s wll s s mpl my nd vly (2:79).Y wn d w sly m s ns, ds n dw ns ps dumns, n ds w ls mpln u, s n Ez 46. Insd, ks ms n s wn ndsnd ms n my nssn nv Judns dy nd wlln [] s, sns, dus, wvs, nd ms (4:8; .1 M 3:21, 5:31, nd pssm).15

Alu Nms un pss mny plms w sp sl uly, dws n sp l s dspmmuns nd mny Judns w nd lvlds -n n nks mpl ms. Ts w pls n mnlyly nd lln n vnmns nd m-n nd wll-dndd mlndpsn knds nw sy Snd Tmpl n wn.

Conluding Remarks

T vdn ln Judns svn n n ms uld nd m dn vn pns m ns I v sn

. My m n s ssy s n, s nd ms, dmns n sudy Judn dny dun Psn pd, w nd mly dsv pl ln m mmnly d l-us ps. Fn mly sv n nly s ln sy pds Bylnn dsun u ws ls n mj -s pplld w Judn dsps. Mv, I vud Judn slds psn d ndn Jw-s nnl nd dmnsv mds m Mddl As.

15. L, Nm ppns uds n Juslm nd ndus ddnlsuy msus. Upn mpln wll, ppns kps (7:1) ndssns Hnn, pn ss ( ), vs nJuslm (v. 2). H ls ssus s ds pnn ms nd pdus pnn nd lsn s (v. 3). T nns Juslm w ll sv s uds, sm w pss nd s wn uss (v. 3). Ty s, wv, spsly nd, s Nm ss u sk ppul-n (vv. 472). Wn, lny dssn (ps. 810), m ppuln Juslm sums, w ld pns ml; ., .., 1 C 21:2 LXX) sdd n y, nd s ppl s )

ls ( ppul mly md) dmn w n ppuln wuldsl n pl (11:12). T llwn ls dns mn s sdns 468vlus mn ( ) m Judn ln Pz (v. 6) nd 128 vlus w-s ( ) psly ln (v. 13). C. ls 13:1922.


17/26


Fn mly sv ws n dvd m pll nss.W sp dly, d d mp, s w v sn, n mn lnds s xmply mly vus Judnslds nd s, su s Mss nd Am. In s s-sy, I v dwn nn mpss n spl lnspwn yl us nd mmuns mpl slds. I mnsnw su my svns n l nx mly svnd pll nds.

On ms ppul wys ndvduls nd pll mmu-ns lm s nd pvls s m y slds v sy n n dns llvw mp, kndm, n m mdn ms, nn-s. N-n s m pllly v n mss n s wlln s s l lns mly mmuny s sd s ld sk ul ppl. F nnwld, Psn W mmls Ans us sm sml sudy (Ddn 2001: 10213). Fm nmpy s-y, n n mny ss wmn, n mns, nd sl ups w v su pll nd ulul dvnmn ymndn s ss n ws u y nn(s Aspln, Dwsn, nd Rp 2000). Tus, n uld xmn num U.S. mmls sn 1960s mmm AnAmn mly sv.16 In sm wy, Jws Amns vlmd pll s nd sl nn y pnn sy mly sv (s, .., D Ds Ms GI Jews [2004]). InWsnn, D C, n n vn vs Nnl Musum Jws Ml-y Hsy.

Ans kdp pjs llv mmy nd w m-mmn su s s, w n pp pll sn Judns n Snd Tmpl pd n n n ms ndnsun mms ul mly sv n l dys (..,n Eypn mmuns, k n ms Psmmus, Alxn-d G, nd Plmy I S). T pll s nd sus nJws sy nd n nd w mly sv n n msn sn m pn Tdsus II pld n Jws n llmly pss n (honos militia et administrationis) nd lws,

16. R Kk dsusss mml d n Blm Mylnd n wn An Amn sld s dpd dn sll nsd w ds

ws u y An Amns. Ts mml s splly snnus mmms nd ss lk pvus mmmn.. . . T syml dn ds n kn s pul ndmnn s xlusn An Amn slds m w mmy (2002: 11617).


18/26

Jacob L. Wright520

nnn n u nuy c.e., w xludd Jws m -yn ms nd mly sv.17 Alu mny ss knwn Jws n vlnly s nd lnds dun MddlAs nd ly Mdn pd, pm T Cvl Impv-mn Jws (er die rgerlihe Veresserung der Juden) s n 178183 y Csn Wllm Dm d s s ssn n ssu pmn Jws jn ms Gmny. As spndn Dms ppsl, wll-knwn sl nl ndll suds, Jnn Dvd Mls, lmd Jws uld n llwd us S nd Ksu lws, p pysl nsun, nd unwllnnss dnk wGmns n vns (s vn Dm 1973). T dns wn Amnd Emp nd ss p-mdn Gmny undnl. Y pnpl mns sm, nd Mls ws l: I Jws w llwd sv n mly, y uld lylms pll nd vl s. T sy s Kulturkampfnd lnsp wn mn Jws nnl msnd n mly sv, mus us d lsw. Y s mpn knwld sml dynms pssnlysp ln sy n mly sv nd dnym nd Psn pd.

Appendix:Ethni Identity and Designations for Military Detahments

In s k, The Beginnings of Jewishness, Sy J. D. Cn dws -nn dsn mnn m Ioudaios n ppy Pl-m Eyp s s dsnn mly sus (1999:102). H ns y nn Ioudaios s unnlly ndsnuslm n ms [An, Ann, Cn, Mdnn,

Psn, .], nd nsqunly suld lwys undsd n n -n p sns: Judn nd n Jw (1999: 101). Y, s pns u, mny n-p ms nd mn-ns v m. Tus, dsnns vly uns Pl-m my (Tsslns nd Gks, Tns, Mysns,Psns, nd Mdnns) nly dn earliest n ns.L y psn psud-ns us y mpsd mnyslds m nnls. (T pnmnn n wnssduu mly sy; xmpl, Is, Wls, nd S-

s mns Bs my nd nms ln s

17. In s mmny n Is, Jm pnd s xlusn s ulll-mn ppy.


19/26


20/26

Jacob L. Wright522

ps Jws. On nd, n 2 u 3 ns n wn ps ws nn-Jws, ws d s Jw.Fm s, sms Jws nmlly d mslvs s A-mns, wl s d m s Jws. In spns Cnnd Yn, Pn us dsnn Amn suld xplnd y Jws w nsdd mms l Am-spkn up (1968: 33). Wl pn s vld, ds n un ully plm. I sus vdnmy npd n l w w wnss l n Gkppy. T m Jw nd Amn dnly my v n unn mmsp n dsn mly dmns, n dsnn nnl ns. T qusn A yu Jw n A-mn? ns s ws v skd, my v n undsd ns qusn w sn n lnd.21

21. Rld s pn, nm my v n n m plm slds n Elpnn-Syn n ws mly lns. Tp ws s mmn n Sy nd Pn, xmpl, nunsm nv ppulns lnn slds w nd nnslv sus(Ppyus Rn).

Biliography

Aspln, T. G.; Dwsn, G.; nd Rp, M.2000 The Politis of War Memory and Commemoration. Lndn: Ruld.

B-Kv, B.1996 Pseudo-Heataeus, On the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora. Hl-

lns Culu nd Sy 21. Bkly: Unvsy ClnPss.

Bn, S. W.

195283 A Soial and Religious History of the Jews. 2nd d. 18 vls. Nw Yk:Clum Unvsy Pss.Bn, S. W., nd Fldmn, L. A.

1972 Anient and Medieval Jewish History. Nw Bunswk, NJ: RusUnvsy Pss.

B, R., nd B, C.2006 Baylonish-assyrishe Lesestke, vl. 1: Die Texte in Umshrift. 3d d.;

Anl Onl 54. Rm: Pnl Bll Insu.Bn, P.

1996 Un uus lpnn n 410 v. n..: Wdn, l sn-

u d Knm l mpl d Ywy.Mditerranes 67: 11535.Buns, R. I.1975 Medieval Colonialism: Postrusade Exploitation of Islami Valenia.

Pnn: Pnn Unvsy Pss.


21/26


Cds, G.1951 Les arhives des Mura: Une famille dhommes daffaires ayloniens

lpoque perse. Pp. 455403 v. J.-C. Ps: Impm nnl.

1958 L dns l Byln mnd. Pp. 5588 n vl. 1 Reueilsde la Soit Jean Bodin. 2nd d. Bussls: L Innnl.

Cn, A.1969 The Nation State and National Self-Determination. Nw Yk: Cwll.

Cn, G. D.1958 Araham in Dauds S -ql:A Critial Edition with an In-

trodution and an Annotated Translation of the First Part. P.D. dss. C-lum Unvsy.

Cn, N. J.196667 Hsl Cnlusns Glnd m Nms Jws El-

pnn. Leonenu 31: 97106, 199210. [Hw]Cn, S.

1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Unertainties. Bk-ly: Unvsy Cln Pss.

Cllns, J. J.2000 Between Athens and Jerusalem: Jewish Identity in the Hellenisti Diaspora.

Gnd Rpds: Edmns.Dlly, S.

1985 Fn Cy nd Cvly n Ams Tl-Pls IIInd Sn II. lraq 47: 3148.

Ddn, K.2001 Leaving Words to Rememer: Greek Mourning and the Advent of Literay.

Mnmsyn Supplmn 216. Ldn: Bll.Dm, C. C. W. vn

1973 er die rgerlihe Veresserung der Juden: 2 Teile in 1 Bd. Hldsm:Olms. [Onl, Bln: Bln U. Sn 178183; nd Ksslun1891.]

Dnz, V., nd Slp, M. W.1997 Istanul Murashu Texts. Ldn: Ndlnds HssAl-

s Insuu Isnul.Fls, F. M.1991 Ws Sm Nms n Assyn Emp: Dusn nd Sl

Rlvn. Studi epigrafii e linguistii 8: 99117.Fnlkn, A.

2001 Mzd Hsvyu: Is Ml Culu nd Hsl Bk-und. Tel Aviv 28: 3166.

2006 Idny n Mkn: Gks n Esn Mdnn dun In A. Pp. 199208 n Naukratis: Greek Diversity in Egypt, d.Alxnd Vlln nd Ud Slzu. Lndn: Bs Musum.

Glk, A. E.1968 Warfare in Mari and Early Israel. P.D. dss., Unvsy Mn.Gz, A.

1967 Die Annalendes Mursilis. Dmsd: Wssnsl.


22/26

Jacob L. Wright524

Gun, E.1998 Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition. Bkly:

Unvsy Cln Pss.

Hyjn, H.2001 Fs Evdn Nndus n Ann N An Insp-

ns m Rn Tym. Proeedings of the Seminar for AraianStudies 31: 8195.

Hnl, M.1988 Judentum und Hellenismus. 3d d. Tunn: M Sk.

Hnsl, J., nd Lw, H.-D.1983 Polnishe Adelsnation und jdishe Vermittler, 18151830: er den

vergelihen Versuh einer Judenemanzipation in einer niht emanzipiertenGesellshaft. Fsunn zu supsn Gs 32. Ws-

dn: Hsswz.Huy, W., nd Ny, D.

1992 Jewish Insriptions of Graeo-Roman Egypt. Cmd: CmdUnvsy Pss.

Jnns, F.1990 Puvs lux nsns du n Byln m-

nd. Transeuphratne 3: 17389.Jnns, F., nd Lm, A.

1999 Ts ls unms nmsqu us-smqu (ll-n S. Muss). Transeuphratne 17: 1734.

Ks, A.1985 The Jews in Hellenisti and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights.

Tnn: M Sk.1992 T Cv Sus Jws n Plm Eyp. Pp. 100121 n Ethniity

in Hellenisti Egypt, d. P Bld l. Suds n Hllns Cvlz-n 3. Aus: Aus Unvsy Pss.

Kn, D.2008 Sm Rmks n Fn Ply Psmmus II n L-

vn (595589 b.c.).Journal of Egyptian History 1: 13957.

Kpln, P.2003 Css-Culul Cns mn Mny Cmmuns n Snd Psn Eyp.Mediterranean Historial Review 18: 131.

Kpln, Y.2008 Rumn Fn Slds n N-Assyn Amy du-

n Rn Tl-Pls III. Pp. 13552 n Treasures on Cam-els Humps: Historial and Literary Studies from the Anient Near EastPresented to Israel Ephal, d. M. Cn nd Dnl Kn. Juslm:Mns.

Kll, B. E.

2002 Ws n Nm? N-Assyn Dsnns NnKndm nd T Implns Isl Hsy nd BllInpn. JBL 121: 63966.


23/26


Kk, R. B.2002 The Logi of Demorati Exlusion: Afrian Amerians in the United States

and Palestinian Citizens in Israel. Lnm, MD: Lxnn.

Kln, E. G.1953 The Brooklyn Museum Aramai Papyri. Nw Hvn, CT: Yl Unv-

sy Pss.Lndn, J. M.

1994 Anient Aramai and Herew Letters. Wns m Ann Wld.2nd d. Vl. 4. Aln: Sls Pss.

2001 W Ev Hppnd Vdn? A Jws Luy Cusnm Elpnn. Pp. 13457 n vl. 3 The World of the Aramaeans:Studies in Honour of Paul Eugne Dion, d. P. M. Ml Dvu, JnH. Wvs, nd Ml Wl. Sld: Sld Adm Pss.

Mnn, R.1962 Istanul dans la seonde moiti du XVIIe sile: Essai dhistoire institu-

tionnelle, onomique et soial. Ps: Msnnuv.Mdzjwsk, J.

1995 The Jews of Egypt: From Rameses II to Emperor Hadrian. Nw Yk: Jw-s Puln Sy.

M, D. D.2004 GI Jews: How World War II Changed a Generation. Cmd: Hvd

Unvsy Pss.Mus, Y.

1982 Am Nl W: Pl Pls nd Lws W nAnn Isl.JSS 33: 81107.

Mll, W. W., nd l-Sd, S. F.2001 D ylns Kn Nnd n y-m-nsn Insn.

Bilishe Notizen 1078: 10919.Nmn, N.

1991 T Kndm Jud und Js. TA 18: 169.2000 Hu-Lk Bnds n Assyn Emp nd Bnds n Bll

Hspy.JAOS 120: 62124.

Nmnn, H. M.2007 Wn Isls und sn() Lnk (2 Kn 2,12): Nu Ewun-n zu Mlund Wssplk d Omdn. Pp. 1535 nEin Herz so weit wie der Sand am Ufer des Meeres. Festshrift fr Georg

Hentshel, d. Susnn Gllmy-Bu l. Wuzu: E.Nm, W.-D.

2002. Gk Mns Tl K nd O Ss n Lvn. TelAviv 29: 32831.

Odd, B.1979 Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Ws-

dn: R.


24/26

Jacob L. Wright526

P, L. E.2006 Nw Evdn Judns n Byln. Pp. 399411 nJudah and the

Judeans in the Persian Period, d. Odd Lpss nd Mnd Om-

n. Wnn Lk, IN: Esnuns.Pn, B.

1968 Arhives from Elephantine: The Life of an Anient Jewish Military Colony.Bkly: Unvsy Cln Pss.

Rmn, L. Y.1971 Slv Cns Fu Cnuy b.c. m Tl Gmm. IEJ 21:

15860.R, S.

2008 Herods Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classial World. Txs ndSuds n Ann Judsm 122. Tnn: M Sk.

Rm, T.2007 La onstrution de la figure de Mose. Ps: Gld.2008 Moses Outside the Torah and the Constrution of a Diaspora Identity.JHS

8/15: 212.Rsmn, M. J.

1990 The Lords Jews: Magnate-Jewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Com-monwealth during the 18th Century. Cmd: Hvd UnvsyPss.

Runnlls, D.1983 Moses Ethiopian Campaign. JSJ18: 13556.

Sn Nl, M.1937 Zur Nahrgshaft in den Keilshrifturkunden und in den grko-gyp-

tishen Papyri. Szuns d Bysn Akdm dWssnsn. Pl.-s. A. 6. Mun: Vl d BysnAkdm d Wssnsn.

Sssn, J. M.1969 The Military Estalishments at Mari. Sud Pl 3. Rm: Pnl

Bll Insu.Sm, M. S.

2007 Yu Ppl Sll B My Ppl: Fmly nd Cvnn n Ru 1:1617. CBQ 69: 24258.Slp, M. W.

1985 Entrepreneurs and Empire: The Murashu Arhive, the Murashu Firm, andthe Persian Rule in Baylonia. Ldn: Ndlnds HssA-ls Insuu Isnul.

Tdm, H.1975 Assy nd Ws: T Nn Cnuy nd Is Am. Pp. 36

48 n Unity and Diversity, d. H. Gdk nd J. J. M. Rs. Bl-m: Jns Hpkns Unvsy Pss.

1988 T uri Hzk. Beer-sheva 3: 17178. [Hw]Tkv, V., l.1957 Corpus Papyrorum Judaiarum. Vl. 1. Cmd: Hvd Unvsy

Pss.


25/26


Tupln, C. J.1987 T Admnsn Amnd Emp. Pp. 10966 n Coin-

age and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires, d. In C-

d. Oxd: Bs All Rps.Wnnn, R.

1989 Msd Hsvyu: En Szpunk ds Jjkm? Pp. 16996 n VomSinai zum Hore: Stationen alttestamentliher Glauensgeshihte, d.F. L. Hssl. Wzu: E.

2001 Gs Sldn n Plsn. Pp. 25768 n Die Beziehungen zuOstgriehenland, gypten und Zypern in arhaisher Zeit: Akten derTaler Ronde in Mainz, 25.27.11.1999, d. U. Hkmnn nd D. K-knm. Mns: Wml.

Ws, J.1999 Knnu d Zsu? Byln und dn Amndn.

Pp. 16788 n Baylon: Fous Mesopotamisher Geshihte, Wiege frherGelehrsamheit, Mythos in der Moderne, d. J. Rn. Skn:Skn Duk und Vl.

Wdnn, G.1956 Rs su l dlsm nn. Orientalia Sueana 5: 15053.1977 T Psn Pd. Pp. 489538 n Israelite and Judean History, d.

Jn H. Hys nd J. Mxwll Mll. Lndn: SCM.Wsmn, D. J.

1956 Chroniles of the Chaldean Kings (626556 b.c.). Lndn: Tuss Bs Musum.

Wl, C.1970 Garrison Community: A Study of an Overseas Amerian Military Colony.

Wsp, CT: Gnwd.Wds, D.

1992 A N Cnnn R Emsn Iud. Latomus 51: 4047.W, J. L.

2004 Reuilding Identity: The Nehemiah Memoir and Its Earliest Readers.BZAW 348. Bln: d Guy.

2008 SknFndnWn. Pp. 277305 n Unity and Disunity inEzraNehemiah: Redation, Rhetori and Reader, d. Mk J. Bd ndPul L. Rdd. Hw Bl Mnps 17. Sld: SldPnx.

Ymd, S.2000 The Constrution of the Assyrian Empire: A Historial Study of the In-

sriptions of Shalmanesar III (859824 bc) Relating to His Campaigns tothe West. CHANE 3. Ldn: Bll.

Yn, R.1964 W Is W Elpnn. Iura 15: 16772.

Yuslm, Y.1976 The Lison Massare of 1506 and the Royal Image in the Sheet Yehudah.Cnnn: Hw Unn Cll.


26/26

Jacob L. Wright528

1995 Dn vn Knn und n Dn vn Dnn: En As-pk d plsn Gs d Judn. Mun: Sun.

Yun, K. L.

1998 T Dpns Isls.JBL 117: 20127.Zm, B.

2005 Aram-Araham: Kompositionsgeshihtlihe Untersuhungen zu Gen-esis 14, 15 und 17. BZAW 350. Bln: d Guy.

Jacob Wright Earliest Jewish Soldiers

Documents