REFERENCES Bavink, B. T he Natural Sciences. (New York 1932, Century). Benjamin, A. C. The Logical Structure of Science. (London 1936, Kegan Paul). - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. (New York 1937, Mac- millan). Bernard, Claude. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. H. C. Green trans. (New York 1949, Schuman). Bethe, H. A. Elementary Nuclear Theory. (New York 1947, Wiley). Black, M. The Nature of Mathematics. (New York 1934, Harcourt Brace). Bohm, David. Quantum Theory. (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1956, Prentice- Hall). - Causality and Chance in Modern Physics. (Princeton 1957, Van Nos- trand). Born, M. Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance. (Oxford 1949, Claren- don Press). Camap, Rudolf. Logical Foundations of Probability. (Chicago 1950, Uni- versity Press). - Philosophical Foundations of Physics. (New York 1966, Basic Books). Churchman, C. W. and Ackoff, R. L. Methods of Inquiry. (St. Louis 1950, Educational Publishers, Inc.). Chwistek, Leon. The Limits of Science. (London 1948, Kegan Paul). Clark, N. (ed.) A Physics Anthology. (London 1960, Chapman and Hall). Clifford, W. K. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. (New York 1946, Knopf). Cohen, M. R. Reason and Nature. (New York 1931, Harcourt Brace). - and Nagel, E. An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. (New York 1934, Harcourt Brace). Condon, E. U. and Odishaw, H. Handbook of Physics. (New York 1958, McGraw-Hill).
12
Embed
J. - Springer978-94-010-2758-8/1.pdf · bridge 1933, Harvard University Press). ... Pelican). Wartofsky. Mark W. ... Calibration of instruments, 135 Cannizzaro, 157 Carlyle, 130
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
REFERENCES
Bavink, B. T he Natural Sciences. (New York 1932, Century). Benjamin, A. C. The Logical Structure of Science. (London 1936, Kegan
Paul). - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. (New York 1937, Mac
millan). Bernard, Claude. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine.
H. C. Green trans. (New York 1949, Schuman). Bethe, H. A. Elementary Nuclear Theory. (New York 1947, Wiley). Black, M. The Nature of Mathematics. (New York 1934, Harcourt Brace). Bohm, David. Quantum Theory. (Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1956, Prentice-
Hall). - Causality and Chance in Modern Physics. (Princeton 1957, Van Nos
trand). Born, M. Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance. (Oxford 1949, Claren
don Press). Camap, Rudolf. Logical Foundations of Probability. (Chicago 1950, Uni
versity Press). - Philosophical Foundations of Physics. (New York 1966, Basic Books). Churchman, C. W. and Ackoff, R. L. Methods of Inquiry. (St. Louis 1950,
Educational Publishers, Inc.). Chwistek, Leon. The Limits of Science. (London 1948, Kegan Paul). Clark, N. (ed.) A Physics Anthology. (London 1960, Chapman and Hall). Clifford, W. K. The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences. (New York 1946,
Knopf). Cohen, M. R. Reason and Nature. (New York 1931, Harcourt Brace). - and Nagel, E. An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method. (New
York 1934, Harcourt Brace). Condon, E. U. and Odishaw, H. Handbook of Physics. (New York 1958,
McGraw-Hill).
REFERENCES
Copi, Irving M. Introduction to Logic. Third Edition. (New York 1968, Macmillan).
Cournot, Antoine Augustin. An Essay on the Foundations of Our Knowledge. M. H. Moore trans. (New York 1956, Liberal Arts Press).
Cundy, H. M. and Rollett, A. P. Mathematical Models. (Oxford 1952, Ga-rendon Press).
Darwin, C. Autobiography. (London 1958, Collins). DeBroglie, Louis. Physics and Microphysics. (London 1955, Hutchinson). - The Revolution in Physics. R. W. Niemeyer trans. (New York 1953,
Noonday Press). Duhem, P. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. (Princeton 1954, Uni
versity Press). Eaton, R. M. General Logic. (New York 1931, Scribner). Einstein, Albert. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. (New York
1920, Peter Smith). - et al. The Principle of Relativity. (London 1923, Methuen). - The World As I See It. (New York 1932, Covict Friede). - The Meaning of Relativity. (Princeton 1945, University Press.) - The Meaning of Relativity. Third Edition. (princeton 1950, University
Press). - Out of my Later Years. (New York 1950, Philosophical Library). - and Infield, L. The Evolution of Physics. (New York 1942, Simon and
Schuster). Ellis, Brian. Basic Concepts of Measurement. (Cambridge 1966, University
Press). Faraday, M. Faraday's Diary. 7 Volumes. (London 1932, Bell and Sons). - Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics. (London, 1846). - Philosophical Transactions. (London). Feynman, Richard. The Character of Physical Law (Cambridge, Mass.,
1956, M.I.T. Press). Fisher, R. A. Statistical Methods for Research Workers (London 1938, Oli
ver and Boyd). - The Design of Experiments. (London 1949, Oliver and Boyd). - Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. (London 1956, Oliver and
Boyd). Freedman, Paul. The Principles of Scientific Research. (London 1949, Mac
Donald). Friend, J. W. and Feibleman, J. K. What Science really Means. (London
1937, Allen and Unwin). Galilei, G. Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences. (Evanston 1946, North
western University).
REFERENCES 237
Hanson, N. R. Patterns of Discovery. (Cambridge 1958, University Press). Harrod, R. Foundations of Inductive Logic. (New York 1956, Harcourt
Brace). Heisenberg, Werner. Philosophical Problems of Nuclear Science. F. C. Hayes
trans. (New York 1952, Pantheon). - Physics and Philosophy. (New York 1958, Harper). Hempel, Carl G. Aspects of Scientific Explanation. (New York 1965, Free
Press). Henkin, L. et al. The Axiomatic Method. (Amsterdam 1959, North-Holland
Publishing Company). Herschel, J. F. W. A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philo
sophy. (Philadelphia, 1831, Carey and Lea). Hilbert, D. and Ackermann, W. Principles of Mathematical Logic. (New
York 1950, Chelsea). Hutten, Ernest H. The Language of Modern Physics. (London 1956, Allen
and Unwin). Jammer, Max. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. (New
York 1966, McGraw-Hill). Jeffreys, Harold and Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles. Methods of Mathematical Phy-
sics. (Cambridge 1946, University Press). Jevons, W. S. The Principles of Science. (London 1879, Macmillan). ---i The Theory of Political Economy. (London 1924, Macmillan). Kattsoff, L. O. A Philosophy of Mathematics. (Ames, Iowa 1948, Iowa
State College Press). Kemeny, J. G. A Philosopher Looks at Science. (Princeton 1959, Van Nos
trand). Keynes, J. M. A Treatise on Probability. (London 1948, Macmillan). Kolmogorov, A. N. Foundations of the Theory of Probability. (New York
1956, Chelsea). Komer, S. (ed.) Observation and Interpretation. (New York 1957, Academic
Press). Lenzen, V. F. Causality in Natural Science. (Springfield, Ill. 1954, Thomas). Levy, H. The Universe of Science. (New York 1933, Century). Lindsay, R. B. and Margenau, H. Foundations of Physics. (New York 1957,
Dover). Lorentz, H. A. and Einstein, A. et al., The Principles of Relativity. (New
York, no date, Dover). Mach, E. The Analysis of Sensations. (Chicago 1914, Open Court). Madden, E. H. (ed.) The Philosophical Writings of Chauncey Wright. (New
York 1958, Liberal Arts Press).
REFERENCES
Magoon. H. W. The Waking Brain. (Springfield. m. 1960. Charles C. Thomas).
Mandl. F. Quantum Mechanics. (London 1957. Butterworth). Margenau. Henry and Murphy. George Moseley. The Mathematics of
Physics and Chemistry. (Princeton 1956. Van Nostrand). Martin, R. M. Truth and Denotation. (London 1958. Routledge and Kegan
Paul). Meyerson, Emile. Identity and Reality. Kate Loewenberg trans. (London
1930, Allen and Unwin). Mill, J. S. A System of Logic. (London 1936. Longmans Green). Morgenbesser. Sidney. (ed.) Philosophy of Science Today. (New York 1967.
Basic Books). Nagel. Ernest. The Structure of Science. (New York 1961, Harcourt Brace
and World). Newton's Principia. Trans. by Motte and revised by Cajori. (Berkeley 1946.
University of California Press). Oparin. A. 1. The Origin of Life on the Earth. (New York 1957. Academic
Press). Pap, Arthur. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. (Glencoe. m.
1962. Free Press). Peirce, C. S. Chance, Love and Logic. (M. R. Cohen. Ed.). (London 1932,
Kegan Paul). - Collected Papers. (Cambridge 1931-35, Harvard University Press). - Collected Papers. 8 Volumes. (Cambridge 1931-58. Harvard University
Press). - Collected Papers. Volume IV. (C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss, eds.). (Cam
bridge 1933, Harvard University Press). - Letters to Lady Welby. (1. C. Leib, ed.). (New Haven 1953, Whitlock). Planck, M. The Universe in the Light of Modern Physics. (New York 1931,
Norton). - Where is Science Going? (London 1931, Allen and Unwin). - The Philosophy of Physics. (London 1936, Allen and Unwin). Poincare, H. The Foundations of Science. (New York 1929, Science Press). Polanyi. Michael. Personal Knowledge. (Chicago 1958. University Press). Popper. Karl R. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. (London 1959. Hutchin-
son). - Conjectures and Refutations. (London 1963, Kegan Paul). Quine. W. V. O. From a Logical Point of View. (Cambridge 1953, Harvard
University Press). Russell, Bertrand. The Principles of Mathematics. (London 1937. Allen and
Unwin).
REFERENCES 239
- Human Knowledge. (New York 1948, Simon and Schuster). Schlick, M. Gesammelte Aufsiitze. (Wien 1938, Gerold and Company). Schlipp, Paul A. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. (EvanstO'n, m. 1949.
Library O'f Living Philosophers). Searles. H. L. Logic and Scientific Methods. (New York 1948. Ronald Press). Shamos, M. H. Great Experiments in Physics. (New York 1959, Holt). Singer, Charles. et aI. A History of Technology. 5 Volumes. (London 1954,
Oxford). Smithsonian Institute Report for 1951. (Washington 1952, United States
Government Printing Office). Stebbing, L. S. A Modern Introduction to Logic. (New York 1930, Crowell). Strong, John. et aI. Procedures in Experimental Physics. (New York 1938,
Prentice-Hall). Tarski, A. Introduction to Logic. (New York 1946, Oxford University
Press). Tinbergen, N. The Herring Gull's World. (London 1953, Collins). TrO'tter, W. The Collected Papers of Wilfred Trotter. (London 1946, Oxford
University Press). Van 't Hoff, J. H. Imagination in Science. Molecular Biology 1. (New York
1967, Springer-Verlag). von Mises, R. Probability, Statistics and Truth. (New York 1939, Macmil
lan). von Weizsacker, C. F. and Juills, J. Contemporary Physics. (London 1957.
Hutchinson). von Wright, G. H. A Treatise on Induction and Probability. (London 1951.
Routledge and Kegan Paul). Waddington, C. H. The Scientific Attitude. (Middlesex 1948, Pelican). Wartofsky. Mark W. Conceptual Foundations of Scientific Thought. (New
York 1968, Macmillan). Watson, W. H. On Understanding Physics. (Cambridge 1938, University
Press). Werkmeister. W. H. A Philosophy of Science. (New YO'rk 1940, Harper and
Bros.). - The Basis and Structure of Knowledge. (New York 1948, Harper and
BrO's.). Weyl. Hermann. The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics. (New
York, nO' date, Dover). Whitehead, A. N. The Concept of Nature. Chapter IV. (Cambridge 1936.
University Press). - The Principles of Natural Knowledge. Part III. (Cambridge 1955, Uni
versity Press).
REFERENCES
- and Russell, B. Principia Mathematics. 3 Volumes. (Cambridge 1925, University Press).
Wilson, E. Bright. An Introduction to Scientific Research. (New York 1952, McGraw-Hill).
Wisdom, John O. Foundations of Inference in Natural Science. (London (1952, Methuen).
Wittgenstein, L. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (London 1933, Kegan Paul).
Worthing, Archie G. and Geffner, Joseph. Treatment of Experimental Data. (New York 1944, Wiley).
Wyckoff, Ralph W. G. T he World of the Electron Microscope. (New Haven 1958, Yale University Press).
Yule, G. U. and Kendall, M. G. An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. (philadelphia 1940, Lippincott).
INDEX
Absolute truth, as goal, 165 Abstraction, degree of, 179; increase in,
95 f.; increasing, 168; increasing in science, 213; method of, 59 f.
Abstractions, scientific, 141 f. Adams, 181, 227 Adoption of hypotheses, 111 f. Agricola, J., 219 Agriculture, scientific, 204 Ampere, 184, 204 Analog computers, 137 Anderson, Carl D., 93, 124, 132, 200 Anti-matter, 94 Application of mathematics, 173 ff. Applications, Cross-Field, 23 ff. Applied science, 12 Appollonius of Perga, 14 Aristotle, 68, 70, 116, 141 Artificial classes, 63 f. Avenarius, 33 Avogadro's Law, 157, 187 Avogadro's number, 148 Bacon, F., 50, 110, 119, 1'47 Balmer's Law, 168 Basic research, 12 Bayesian view of probability, 162 Becquerel, 79 Berger, 148 Berzelius, J. J., 180, 219 Big bang theory, 159 Bini,17 Blackett, 200 Blood, circulation of, 101 Bohm, D., 158, 190, 191, 193, 225, 233 Bohr model, 186; model of atom, 177 Bohr, N., 158, 187, 212, 224 Bohr's atom, 184 Bolyai, J. and W., 105 Bondi, H., 159
Boolean algebra, 205 Born, M., 187 Bose, S. N., 102 Boyle, R., 218, 219 Boyle's Law, 96, 187, 213 Bragg, Sir W., 219 Breuer, J., 218 Calibration of instruments, 135 Cannizzaro, 157 Carlyle, 130 Carnap, R., 110 Carnot, S., 183 Carnot's theory, 203 Carrel's perfusion pump, 146 Castle, 121 Causal laws, 191 f., 223 ff. Causal lines, 193 Causality, and integrative levels, 193 f.;
and probability, 189 ff.; as consistency, 223; as limited, 191; as parameter, 190 f.; attacks on, 224; limits of, 225; not coercive, 225; validity of, 224
161; weight of, 155 Evolution, as predictive, 201 Experience, planned, 114; repeatable, 35 f. Experiment, and probability, 123; as ana-
lysis, 167; as comparison, 120; as single event, 123 f.; as syllogism, 122; as controlled observation, 114; conditions for, 119; controlled, 149; crucial, 119; meaning of 113 ff.; df. 113; problem of, 114; theory of, 117
Explanation, 77 ff.; and prediction 199 Expression, 80 ff. Extensive abstraction, 60 Extenuating circumstance, 158 Fact and theory, 64, 187 Facts, as provocative, 64; heuristic, 71 Facts and hypotheses, 109 Failure, of prediction, 197 Fallibility, principle of, 233 False hypotheses, value of, 107 f. Falsifiability, 98 Falsification, not aim of science, 116 Faraday, M., 114, 169, 184, 199, 204 Fermi, E., 16 Fields and forces, 152 Findings of science, 214 ff. Fisher, R. A., 152, 162 Fitzgerald, 77, 150 Fleming, Sir A., 76, 150 Force, 141 Forces and fields, 152 Formalization, of concrete, 82 Formalization and completeness, 182 Formulas, df. 230 Formulation, difficulties of, 185 f. Fresnel, 187,202 Freud, S., 49, 84, 218 Freud's theory, 173 Functions, 152 Fundamental research, 19 Galen, 116 Galileo, G., 11, 22, 43, 55, 112, 148 Galle, I. G., 181, 227 Galton's Law, 171 Galvani, 31, 102, 204 Gardner, E., 124 Gauss, C. F., 105 Gay-Lussac's Law, 187 Generality, as extension, 96; requirement
of,173 Generalization, 216 f. Germer, 21, 60, 102, 130, 196 Gibbs, I. W., 14, 180 Gibbs' phase rule, 199,204,230 Gilbert, W., 95, 112 Godel, K., 232 GOdel's theorem, 185 Gold T., 159 Good hypothesis, criteria for, 97 ff. Goudsmit, 95 Graham's Law, 198, 229 Gravitational waves, 120 Grosseteste, R., 116 Hahn, 16
Hale, G. E., 14 Halley's Comet, 53, 202 Hamilton, Sir W. R., 184 Harvey, W., 101 Haiiy, Abbe, 102 Heisenberg, W., 102, 158, 181, 183, 188,
224 Helmholtz, H. von, 139 Hempel, C., 108 Herschel, Sir W., 50, 60, 115, 122, 156,
202, 219, 221 Hertz, H., 201, 203 Heuristic entities, 94 Heuristic processes, 95 Heuristic properties, 95 Hicks, W. M., 208 Hilbert, D., 87, 88, 168, 169, 170, 171 Hlavaty, Vaclav, 102 Hoyle, F., 159 Hume, David, 75, 224 Hutten, E. H., 192 Huyghens, C., 117, 187 Hypotheses, and data, 125 f.; and induc
tion, 104; as abstract, 99; as compelling inquiry, 99; as directive, 107; as ideals, 95; as implicit, 107; as indispensable, 108 ff.; discovered by chance, 102; discovery of, 104 ff.; experimentally tested, 114 f.; function of, 106 ff.; profusion of, 96, 107; unobserved, 110
Hypothesis, df. 90; as explanation, 90; as ad hoc, 100; as generalization, 94; as heuristic, 93 ff.; as proposition, 91; directions of, 92; weak and strong, 93; on probation, 93
Hypothetical entities, 72, 227 Inconsistent facts, 186 Ideal entity, 228 Ideal experimentation, 150 Ideals, use of, 95 Indeterminacy, principle of, 224 Ignorance, new areas of, 214 f. Imagination, controlled, 109 Individual vs type, 106 f. Induction, df. 74; justification for, 86 f.;
justification of, 87; logical, 83 f. Induction and deduction, compared, 85;
abduction, 85 Induction and probability, 84 f. Induction to hypotheses, 87 f. Inductions, formulations of, 73 ff.; repe-
Laws, and space, 207; and time, 206; discovery of, 220 ff.; kinds of, 220; the ideals of science, 233; on semi-probation, 211 f.; partially unconfirmed, 211
Laws of nature, 192 Leavitt, H. S., 42, 157 Leeuwenhoek, A., 218 Leibniz, G. W., 105 Lemaitre, 159 Levi-Civita, 179 Leverrier, U., 181, 227 liebig, J., 204 Limitations, as standards, 228 Lobatchewsky, N. I., 105 Logic and fact, decisions of, 186 Logic and facts, 174 Logical positivism, 81 f. Lorentz, H. A., 77, 150, 155, 181, 199 Lorentz transformations, 167 Lowering of empiricism, 226 MacDougal, D. T., 201 Mach, E., 33 Macrocosm, 8 ff. Magnitudes, 139
Magoun, H. W., 220 Malpighi, M., 218 Malus, 31 Manual dexterity, 142 Mapping empiricism, 170 f. Marconi, 202 Mass, standard of, 141 Master-theory, 183 Materials of instruments, 135 Mathematical systems, 176 ff. Mathematical verification, 166 ff. Mathematics, application of, 173 ff.; ap-
plied, 175; as synthesis, 167; as tool of discovery, 181; in science, 180; language of, 179; services of, 179; use of, 180
Observations, kinds of, 131 Observed fact, as abstraction, 47; sense
perception, 47; simple, 48 Observed facts, 46 ff. Observer, training of, 34 f. Occam's Razor, 97 Occhialini, 200 Oparin's theory, 173 Order, direction toward, 182 Origin of life, 173 Ostensive definitions, 68 f. Over-precision, 136 Pasteur, L., 15, 219 Pauli, W., 211 Pauli's principle, 197 Peirce, C. S., 59, 150, 188, 190 Period-luminosity relationship, 157 Petit, 157 Photo-electric effect, 91, 181 Physical types, 65 Physics, systems in, 183 Planck, Max, 11, 16, 130, 168, 183, 187,
198,219 Planetary motion, laws of, 184 Poincare, R., 33, 110, 207 Poisson's statistical model, 228 Polyani, M., 36 Popper, Sir K. R., 98, 108, 116, 219 Positivism, 108 f. Positron, hypothesis of, 118 Practicality, as control, 203; as occasion
for pure science, 103 Practice, theory of, 12 ff. Precision of instruments, 135 Prediction, df. 196; and explanation, 199;
as verification, 197; as weak deduction, 197 f.; of laws, 196 ff.
Predictions, from relativity, 200; successful, 199
Preparation of the instrument, 145; of the specimen, 1'44
Priestley, I., 150 Probabilities, 161 Probability, and induction, 84 f.; empiri
cal, 160 ff.; not absolute, 190; types of, 189
Probability and causality, 189 ff. Probability and experiment, 123 Procedural principles, 231 f. Procedures, self-corrective, 107 Process, df. 229; as active entity, 229 Processes, 229 f; Processes and entities, 152 Proof, not absolute, 124; vs. evidence,
154 Proton, discovery of, 150 Prout's hypothesis, 159 Provocative fact, 64 Provocative facts, 64 Provocativeness of hypothesis, 118 Prowazek, 68 Psychoanalysis, 173; origin of, 130 Ptolemaic theory, 157 "Pure" science, 12; and practicality,204; as applicable, 203 Qualities, analysis of, 178 Quality, df. 177 Quality and quantity, 116 Quantity and quality, 116 Quantity and structure, 177 Quantum mechanics, 219 Radical empiricism, 108 f. Random search, 73 Rayleigh, Lord, 150 Rayleigh's Law, 219 "Red shift", 132 Regener, 135 Regnault, 157 Relativity, special theory of, 141; theory
of,212 Repeatable occurrences, 67 Residual phenomena, 156 Ricketts, 68 Roentgen, 79 Roozeboom's experiments, 180 Rule, df. 230 Running of the experiment, 145 f. Russell, B., 193 Rutherford, Sir E., 79, 150, 184, 212 Salk, I., 15 Sampling, 163 "Saving the phenomena," 175 Scheele, K. W., 228 Schleiden, 41 Schrodinger, E., 120, 184
INDEX
Schwann,41 Science, df. 4 f.; aim of, 63; as activity,
Theory and fact, 64, 187 Theory and instrument, 132 Theory of relativity, 156, 161 Thomson, I., 203 "Thought experiment", 143, 150 Time, measurement of, 140 f. Tinbergen, N., 145 Toynbee, A. I., 201 Trans-finite classes, df. 223 Truth, and workability, 205 Truth-conditions, 184 Turing theory of automata, 177 Uhlenbeck, 95 Unified field theory, 129 "Uniformity of nature," 87 Universal, and general, 87 Universals, in science, 217 Unknown, as problem, 77 Urbantschitsch, 76 Urey, H., 190 Verifiability, 98 Verification, by mathematics, 166 ff.;
168; mathematical, 184 Vigier, I.-P., 158 Volta, 130, 204 von Mises, L., 190 von Weizsacker, C. F., 233 von Wright, G. H., 162 Waddington, C. H., 187 Wallace, A. R., 105 Watson, I. D., 143, 227 Wave-corpuscle duality, 158 Went, F. W., 43 Wheatstone bridge, 141 Whitehead, A. N., 16, 59, 187, 193 Wien's Law, 211 Wittgenstein, L., 58, 74, 87, 88, 168, 169,