J. Lyons accounting office 1900. Analytical Calculation Reduce a problem to a 2 nd and then a 3 rd Application of rules and procedures Problem is.

J. Lyons accounting officeJ. Lyons accounting office19001900

Analytical CalculationAnalytical Calculation

Reduce a problem to a 2Reduce a problem to a 2ndnd and and then a 3then a 3rdrd

Application of rules and Application of rules and proceduresprocedures

Problem is solved by the Problem is solved by the machine itselfmachine itself

Analytical CalculatorAnalytical Calculator

Governed by a flexible Governed by a flexible programming systemprogramming system

Equipped with a modifiable Equipped with a modifiable control unitcontrol unit

no human interventionno human intervention

Joseph HenryJoseph Henry1797 - 18781797 - 1878

Electromagnetic relayElectromagnetic relay

The electronic revolutionThe electronic revolution

Edison effect (1883) Edison effect (1883) electric current passes electric current passes from hot to cold from hot to cold electrode in a vacuumelectrode in a vacuum

electrons are expelled electrons are expelled from the hot wirefrom the hot wire

Thomas A. EdisonThomas A. Edison1847 - 19311847 - 1931

Fleming’s Fleming’s valvevalve

• Positively charged Positively charged metal plate in the tube. metal plate in the tube.

• Free electrons expelled Free electrons expelled by the heated filament by the heated filament all precipitate onto the all precipitate onto the plate generating electric plate generating electric currentcurrentdiodediode 19041904

TriodeTriode

inserted a third electrode into the tube, inserted a third electrode into the tube, between the plate and the filamentbetween the plate and the filament

Amplified the incoming currentAmplified the incoming current19071907

Flip-flop device – dual Flip-flop device – dual triode triode

Bistable electronic Bistable electronic devicedevice

Incoming current flips Incoming current flips both triodes into an both triodes into an opposite stateopposite state

Electro-mechanical Electro-mechanical calculationcalculation

Based on electro-magnetic relaysBased on electro-magnetic relays

ZuseZuse

StibitzStibitz

AikenAiken

George StibitzGeorge StibitzBell LaboratoriesBell Laboratories

Model K literally built in his Model K literally built in his kitchen – 1937kitchen – 1937

a binary half-adder from a binary half-adder from phone relays, possiblyphone relays, possibly the the first binary calculatorfirst binary calculator

Remote job entryRemote job entry

Floating point arithmeticFloating point arithmetic

Zuse: German PioneerZuse: German Pioneer

Patent applied for 1936

Claude ShannonClaude Shannon

described the similaritydescribed the similarity between symbolic logic between symbolic logic and switching circuits  and switching circuits 

In 1936, he coined theIn 1936, he coined theterm “bit” from binary digit, the smallest term “bit” from binary digit, the smallest particle of computer information particle of computer information

Harvard - IBM Harvard - IBM Mark 1 Mark 1 US navy ballisticsUS navy ballistics

Completed in 1941Completed in 1941

16 m long, 2.6 m high, 0.6 m 16 m long, 2.6 m high, 0.6 m deep deep

5 tons5 tons

850 km of wire850 km of wire

1.75 x 101.75 x 1055 connections connectionsHoward Aiken

Although inspired by Babbage, it had no conditional Although inspired by Babbage, it had no conditional branching branching

1900 -1973

Automatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorAutomatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

Harvard Mark IHarvard Mark I

John Vincent AtanasoffJohn Vincent Atanasoff1903-19951903-1995

first general-purpose electronic digital computerfirst general-purpose electronic digital computer

J. Atanasoff and C. Berry

The ABC MachineThe ABC Machineproblems involving systems of simultaneous linear problems involving systems of simultaneous linear

equationsequationsnever finished !

Binary digits to represent all numbers and Binary digits to represent all numbers and data data

Performed all calculations using electronics Performed all calculations using electronics rather than wheels, ratchets, or mechanical rather than wheels, ratchets, or mechanical switches switches

computation and memory separated computation and memory separated

The ABC MachineThe ABC Machine

320 kg320 kg

1.6 km of wire1.6 km of wire

280 dual-triode vacuum tubes280 dual-triode vacuum tubes

31 thyratrons31 thyratrons

about the size of a desk. about the size of a desk.

ColossusColossus designed bydesigned by

Thomas Harold FlowersThomas Harold FlowersAlan TuringAlan TuringM.H.A. NewmanM.H.A. Newman

assisted the code-assisted the code-breaking efforts at breaking efforts at Bletchley ParkBletchley Park

first digital (partially) first digital (partially) programmable, programmable, electronic computerelectronic computer

Completed in 1943 Completed in 1943

1905-1998

Bletchley ParkBletchley Park

British decoded 75,000 of the 80,000British decoded 75,000 of the 80,000messages they intercepted messages they intercepted

World War IIWorld War II

Capable of performing binary Capable of performing binary logic calculation logic calculation

Capable of conditional Capable of conditional branchingbranching

Capable of automatically Capable of automatically printingprinting

Capable of storing programCapable of storing programalready written for the purpose of already written for the purpose of executing pre-selected functionsexecuting pre-selected functions

ColossusColossus

EElectrical lectrical NNumericalumerical

IIntegrator and ntegrator and CCalculatoralculator

ballistic tablesballistic tables

weather predictionweather prediction

atomic-energy calculationsatomic-energy calculations

cosmic-ray studiescosmic-ray studies

thermal ignitionthermal ignition

random-number studiesrandom-number studies

wind-tunnel design wind-tunnel design EniacEniac

ENIENIACAC another monster machineanother monster machine

72 m272 m2

U-shape 6 m wide by 12 m longU-shape 6 m wide by 12 m long

18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes

200 kilowatts of power in operation200 kilowatts of power in operation

10,000 condensers10,000 condensers

6,000 switches6,000 switches

1,500 relays 1,500 relays

None of these machines was a None of these machines was a true computertrue computer

All closely resembled Babbage’s All closely resembled Babbage’s Analytical engineAnalytical engine

Program executed independently of Program executed independently of resultsresults

Process could not change in function Process could not change in function of the resultsof the results

Alan Mathison TuringAlan Mathison Turing1912-1954 1912-1954

« a machine which can be made to do the work of any special-purpose machine, …to carry out any piece of computing, if a tape bearing suitable "instructions" is inserted into it »

War hero, athlete, War hero, athlete, mathematician, computer mathematician, computer

scientistscientist I believe that, at the end of I believe that, at the end of

the century, the use of words the century, the use of words

and general educated and general educated

opinion will have altered so opinion will have altered so

much that one will be able to much that one will be able to

speak of machines thinking speak of machines thinking

without expecting to be without expecting to be

contradicted.contradicted. A. TuringA. Turing

The Turning TestThe Turning Test