J ism-v2n2-april-june14

JOURNAL OF

INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY PEER REVIEWED INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA

A CONSTITUENT UNIT OF DATTA MEGHE INSTUTUT E OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (DU)

Visit for Article online & Download:

http://www.slideshare.net/journal-ism/

Official Publication of

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,

Hospital & Research Centre

Salod (H), Wardha– 442 004,

Maharashtra (India)

April June, 2014 Volume 2 Number 2 ISSN 2320 -4419

Sthoulya - Obesity

Moringa oleifera

Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 2, April-June, 2014

April June, 2014 Volume 2 Number 2 ISSN 2320 -4419

REMODELING AYURVEDA THROUGH EVIDENCE BASED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Moringa oleifera

JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE

Official publication ofMahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital & Research Centre

Constituent College Under

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)(Declard as Deemed to be University under sec 3 of the UGC act 1956)

Salod (H), Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha 442 004, Maharashtra (India)

Journal of Indian system of Medicine

©All rights are reserved

Publication date : June 30 , 2014

ISSN No. (Print) : ISSN-2320-4419

Printed at : Swami Art & Computers, Wardha

Contact Address :

(A Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal of

Research in Ayurveda) is a publication of Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved

College, Hospital & Research Centre, DMIMS (DU) , Wardha

The Chief Editor, Editorial Office-J-ISM, MGACH&RC,

A constituent college under

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU),

Wardha 442 004, Maharashtra (India)

Phone: 07152202632

th

Note:

The institute / Editorial Board assume no responsibility for the statements expressed by the contributors. The

editorial staff in their work of examining papers received for publication is assisted in an honorary capacity by

distinguished scholors working in various field and parts of India as adjudicators.


JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEQUARTERLY Peer reviewed International Journal on research in Ayurveda

PATRONS

Hon. Shri Datta Meghe

Dilip Gode

Sagar Meghe

Rajiv Borle

Ravi Meghe,

Prakash Behere

Lalit Waghmare

Vice-Chancellor DMIMS-DU

Treasurer, DMIMS

Registrar, DMIMS-DU

Personnel & Planning, DMIMS

Director, R & D, DMIMS-DU

Dean Interdiscliplinary Sciences, DMIMS-DU

Vedprakash Mishra

Sameer Meghe

S.S.Patel

Abhuday Meghe

Shyam Bhutada

Arvind Bhake

Chief Advisor, DMIMS-DU

Secretary, DMIMS

Chief Coordinator, DMIMS

O.S.D, DMIMS

Dean, MGACHRC

Chief Editor, JDMIMS

ADVISORY BOARD

Chief EditorKSR Prasad (technoayurveda)

Associate EditorsBharat Chouragade, Srihari S

Editorial Advisory Board

Kuldeepraj Kohli

Chandola H.M.

Ram Harsh Singh

Ramesh Babu Devalla

Nisteshwar K

Joshi V.K.

Vanita Murlikumar

Amitabh Pande

Ashutosh Kulkarni

Prasanna Rao N

Nath S.K.

Abhay Gaidhane

Zaheer Quazi


Kayachikitsa

Panchakarma

Prasuthi & Streeroga

Shalya & Salakya

Kaumarabhrutya

Roga Nidana

Pharmacology

Madhavi Mahajan, Maharashtra

Ramalingeswar Rao S, Telangana

Kishore Kumar R, Karnataka

Srinivasulu M, Telangana

Morandi, Italy

Jaiswal SK,

Sivaramudu , Karnataka

Eswara Sarma, M.P, Kerala

Manjari Dwivedi, UP

Priyanka Gupta,

Swamy G.K., AP

Saranagpani S, AP

Varshney S.C,

Dhiman KS, Gujarat

V.L.N.Sastry, AP

Palekar PP,

Lakshmesh Upadhya K, Karnataka

Sreedhar Rao, Karnataka

Chapadgaonkar S,

Ila Tanna,

Manish Deshmukh,

Rajasekharan. S, Kerala

Maharashtra

Prakhya

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Shaeera

Basic Principles

Rasashastra & Bhaishajya

Dravyaguna & Agadtantra

Swasthavritha

Giridhar Kanthi, Karnataka

Sudhir Kandekar,

Pradnya Dandekar,

Priti Desai,

Khedikar SG,

Sreedhar Tirunagiri, AP

Vidyanath R, AP

PHC Murthy, AP

Gopi Krishna, M., Karnataka

Bharat Rathi,

Prajapati P, Gujarat

Venkata N Joshi, London, UK

Sastry JLN, New Delhi

Paramkusha Rao M, AP

Chandrashekhar K, UP

AP

Abhay Patkar,

Venkateshwarlu G., Karnataka

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Maharashtra

Rohit Gokarn,

P.V.V. Prasad,

REVIEWER'S BOARD


JOURNAL OF INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINEOfficial publication of the

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved college Hospital & Research Centre

A Constituent College under Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU)

II

Contents

Cover Page : Lam. (Shigru)Moringa oleifera

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine


Date of Publication: 30-06-2014

QR Code: Kaywa QR code

Editorial

Original Article

Review article

61-62

Antimicrobial activity of

wight (seeds)

66-70

Bruhatpanchamooladi Yogavasti in

Medoroga

71-77

Applied Aspect of Chaturvinshati

Upakrama of Charaka With Reference

To Modern Principles of Treatment of

Poisoning

78-83

Ayurveda is probability or Evidence based

medicine

Vibration therapy a Conventional Massage

influences on Sthoulya (Obesity)

63-65

SRP Kethamakka

Meena S Deogade, KSR Prasad, Nilima

Wadnerwar

Symphorema

polyandrum

Sarang Lakhmale, Rabinarayan Acharya

SRP Kethamakka, Veena S. Jigalur

Sonali Chalakh

An Imperative Appraisal on Factors

Affecting Intelligence in School Going

Children

84-90

Study of Shigru Taila Vasti in Sthoulya

91-95

Management of Psoriasis by

Panchakarma A Case Report

96-99

Problems faced in Ayurvedic Drug

Research

100-103

104-106

107-107

Srihari S, Jyothy K B

Nilima N. Wadnerwar

-

Wankhade V.H.

Supriya R. Gokarn, Rohit Gokarn

Jagruti Chaple

Case Report

Current Themes

Conceptual communication

Announcements

Prakriti - mportant tool for health and

disease

108-108

Research Abstracts

I


Journal of Indian System of Medicine [ISSN-2320-4419]

Manuscript Title :

______________________________________________________________________________________

I/We certify that all authors have contributed sufficiently in all the aspect of preparing this manuscript to

their best abilities and take public responsibility for it. I/We believe the manuscript represents valid work and no

sort of plagiarism has been done. Neither this manuscript nor one with substantially similar content under our

authorship has been published or is being considered for publication elsewhere, except as described in the

covering letter. We certify that no data from the study has been or will be published separately.

I /We hereby transfer, assign, or otherwise convey all copyright ownership, including any and all rights

incidental thereto, exclusively to the in the event that such work is

published by the Journal. The Journal shall own the work, including 1) copyright; 2) the right to grant permission

to republish the article in whole or in part, with or without fee; 3) the right to produce preprints or reprints and

translate into languages other than English for sale or free distribution; and 4) the right to republish the work in a

collection of articles in any other mechanical or electronic format.

I/We give the rights to the corresponding author to make necessary changes as per the request and

requirement of the journal as and when necessary, do the rest of the correspondence on our behalf and he/she will

act as the guarantor for the manuscript on our behalf.

All persons who have made substantial contributions to the work reported in the manuscript, but who are

not contributors, are named in the Acknowledgment and have given us their written permission to be named. If

we do not include an Acknowledgment that means we have not received substantial contributions from non-

contributors and no contributor has been omitted.

Author's Declaration and Copyright form

______________________________________________________________________________________

Journal of Indian System of Medicine,

Name / Address / E-Mail / Cell Number Signature

Author

Co-Author-1

Co-Author-2

Editor’s Note

Ayurveda is probability or

Evidence based medicine

SRP Kethamakka

How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka,J-ISM, V2 N , , pp. 1- 22 Apr-June 2014 6 6

Ayurveda is probability or Evidence based medicine

Head, Panchakarma, MGACH&RC, Salod (H), Wardha, (MS), [email protected]

JISM1420E Received: , 2014;Accepted: June 14, 2014May 30

61

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine


Ayurveda is dating from long ago and as

latest as 14000 years, passed through Mahabharata

war 5128 years ago and Mayan calendar which

started from 3114 BC and propagated by great Indian

seers and Buddhist monks all over world for the

benefit of ailed community. The herbs described in

Ayurveda are vividly available present day

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmen land, Burma,

Shrilanka and India. The alchemic attitudes may or

may not develop Gold from Mercury but offered a

great chemistry and chemical compounds to treat the

diseases appeared as endemic and epidemic under the

guidelines of Sankhya, Nyaya and Vaisheshika

Darshana, the epistemological treasures if Indian

science.

Many claims the Ayurveda is a folklore

medicine of probability and not scientific, but many

of present day medicines are developed from plant

origins based on different practices. The terms of

science today what we are using in English are

developed from some source of genesis. Even in

ancient world of science the terms and terminologies

are not three dimensional but above to it and multi

facial and directional. The good fold theories are not

able to be unfolded by present science, thereby the

claims of misleading.

The science has to follow the day where it is

being served is rightly said by the Vagbhata, the

author of Astanga Hrigaya one out of three great

Ayurveda treasure books. Present day Ayurveda has

to be reshaped for the present day needs. In this

process whatever the path is chosen sometimes

looks as confusions. Whether the Ayurveda is

understood under the lime light of contemporary

concepts or the contemporary concepts are searched

at Ayurveda treasure house. Whatever could be the

way; the knowledge of time testing past is subjected

for research and presented in front of the scientific

community for adjudication.

This procedure of research adjudication is

not a simple task under the Ayurveda complex

concepts where the objectivity is a questionable. In

Ayurveda the observations of symptoms with the

hypothetical pathways of physiology could not erect

objectivity. Foremost task for Ayurveda researcher

is to make stand alone parameters of objective to

sustain Ayurveda principles and concepts. There

after the evidences are collected as case studies,

RCT or Meta analysis. The approaches are many to

collect the suitable stage for research. One out of

such is the best to find out is working with the people

who are at doubt. Let the “Inter disciplinary

research” of the burning areas of health manage the

ailments spread all over the globe.

At one stage I feel that whether we are

establishing the Ayurveda concepts under present

SRP Kethamakka, Editor's Note, J-ISM V2-N2, pp 61-62

62 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 2, April-June, 2014

day hypothesis or testing the independency and

integrity of Ayurveda to take it in to zenith. Present

day research modules are equally important to have

researches in inter disciplinary mode, there by the

community is benefited. Many academicians brought

forwarded innumerable models, primarily it include

conducting research, communicating and interacting

with each other. Challenges encountered should be

clarified at each level without prejudiced.

Even though interdisciplinary studies

continues to be contested by its practitioners and

critics, the debate of key concepts around which

consensus is developing and which inform the

integrated definition of interdisciplinary studies.

Inter-disciplinarily research has become a laudable

goal for federal agencies, scientific associations,

industry, and academic leaders. The “inter” in

interdisciplinary relays many meanings, viz.

Contested Space, Insights, Integration, etc. It makes

sense to understand three important aspects; the

contested space between disciplines, the action taken

on disciplinary insights, called integration and the

result of integration that constitutes a cognitive

advancement, called a more comprehensive

understanding. This is possible with Personalized,

Predictive, Preventive, Participatory Integrative

outcome/evidence based medicine and research

tools developed and used in this research.

One question here is how we differentiate

the inter-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary and trans-

disciplinary researches? When the definition of

“Discipline” is defined in hard-copy dictionaries as a

branch of knowledge, instruction, or learning.

KSR*

Trans-

disciplinary studies take a very different approach to

the disciplines other than that of inter-disciplinary.

So, considering all a “trans-sector problem solving”

method of research may be suitable forAyurveda.

“Knowledge is extracted from a fully integrated world. Knowledge is 'disintegrated' by disciplinary units

called Departments in Universities. How can knowledge, discovery and dissemination be

reintegrated?”

Richard Zare, BioX initiative, Stanford University

OriginalArticle

Vibration therapy a Conventional Massagefor (Obesity)SthoulyaMeena Deogade KSR Prasad Nilima Wadnerwar

1, 2, 3

How to cite the article: Meena eogade, KSR Prasad

J-ISM, V2 N2, Apr-June 2014, pp.63-

D , Nilima W, Vibration therapy a Conventional Massage influences on Sthoulya

(Obesity) 65

1 2Reader, Dravyaguna, ([email protected]), Professor, Panchakarma, ([email protected])

Nilima Wadnerwar, Asst. Prof., Agada Tantra, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College Hospital & Research Centre,Salod (H), Wardha, Maharastra;

3

JISM1406H Received:April 9, 2014;Accepted: June 14, 2014

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine

63

Abstract

Keywords

:

is the statement of the Ayurveda, i.e. either the obesity or

emaciation is by “ ” ( nutritive material). Obesity is observed all over globe as metabolic disorder either with

central or local with visceral and visible obesity classification. Indian population is with more visible obesity

accumulated fats in buttocks, groin and abdomen. Many traditional and conservative management are in

practice to reduce the visible and vascular fats. Vibration therapy a conventional massage with machine under

dry conditions is capable of reducing the visible and visceral fats. Regularized timely meals are advised and

instructed to avoid any food in between. To facilitate the bowel moments ( ), 5gms of

is advised at 5AM. The results express statistically significant with a mean difference of 4.4. Kg

weight, 2.54 BMI reductions, 12.5 cms in waist and 6.5 Cms is hip with a waist hip ratio difference of 0.074. On

the other hand it shows significant reduction in mean lipid profile also. The serum cholesterol is reduced in 65.6,

LDL with 18.8 and glycerides with 13.4 units. The overall feelings of the attended patients are feeling lightness

in 3-6 days, reduction of 1 to 2 Kg in 8 to 10 days. The all measures are stable at the follow up undertaken after 30

days of treatment execution completion.

: obesity, vibration, massage

“Rasanimittameva Sthoulyam Karshyam Cha”

Rasa

Koshta-Suddhi Gandharwa

Haritakichurna

Sthoulya,

Introduction:

Obesity is a vexing problem in the developed

economies [1]. For developing countries like India,

morbid obesity has not yet become a public health

priority [2]. The reasons of pathology are still far from

clear for the present day scientific community.

Probably, India is, in our own eyes, still a country of

poverty, but the living conditions in rural areas have

improved considerably with improved income, which

along with easy access to metro culture and television

watching. The result is expressive in unwanted

changes in lifestyle have eventually led to significant

increase in body mass index (BMI) as well as

abdominal obesity in both sexes. Obesity is usually

reported in terms of body mass index (BMI) [3] and

abdominal obesity in terms of waist circumference

(WC) [4] but the cut-off points differ by ethnicity.

Recent studies using Indian specific criteria for

overweight (BMI> 23), obesity (BMI 25), and

abdominal obesity (WC 90 cm in men and 80 cm

in women) have found the prevalence rates among

Asian Indians exceeding those in the US population

[5]. The age-standardized prevalence of generalized

obesity in South India was 46% [6] (women: 47%;

men: 43%) compared to 35% in the US. There are

many different ways to classify obesity. In

accordance with endocrine and pathogen of the

metabolic disease, obesity can be divided into simple

obesity, secondary obesity and drug-induced obesity.

Obesity, a growing health problem, is the door to a lot

>

> >


Meena eogade , pp.63-D et.al. Vibration therapy a Conventional Massage influences on Sthoulya 65

64

of illness and life threatening conditions that can

make your life a living hell. There are ten reasons why

obesity is bad for your health [7]. Studies suggest that

higher than normal body weight greatly increases the

risk of getting Type 2 diabetes, Heart attack, High

blood pressure, Obstructive sleep apnea, Gout, High

cholesterol, GERD ,Osteoarthritis, Cancer, Heart

failure [8]. The objective of present study was to

analyze effect of the vibration therapy a conventional

massage with machine under dry conditions in

reducing the visible and visceral fats.

It may be growing popularity with professional

athletes and celebrities, but Vibration Plate therapy, is

a therapeutic device claimed to help in prevention of

many diseases [9]. It was also shown that resistance

training seems to have a potentially positive effect on

visceral fat loss [10]. The underlying mechanism by

which Whole Body Vibration can help to reduce

weight, total body fat or subcutaneous fat, and

VisceralAdipose Tissue remains unclear. One thought

is that Whole Body Vibration activates the

sympathetic nervous system [11]. With this

inspiration, the present pilot study of vibration

therapy a conventional abdominal massage with

machine is planned for the people who are with

central obesity. trail any complications of obesity or

with known cardiac complications are excluded from

the study. with notable overweight and over shapes

are included in the study.

All obese patients were randomly

selected from OPD &IPD of MGACH&RC, Wardha

after careful clinical examination in to the study.

To facilitate the bowel moments and to make

“ ”, daily 5gms of

Material and methods:

Source of data:

Koshta-Suddhi Gandharwa haritaki

churna

Chala stana, Chala

udara, Chala sphik

is advised at 5 AM. Vibration created by the

machine is used for buttocks, groin, abdomen and

thighs massage daily for 15 minutes

Open clinical trial

single group pilot

study of 5 patients

All the patients with any

complications of obesity or with known cardiac

complications are excluded from the study.

The patients who are with

notable overweight and over shapes are included

in the study.

30 days daily for 15 minutes

massage

15 days

Weight, BMI, Waist

circumference, Hip circumference, Waist Hip

ratio, Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL

Cholesterol and serum Triglycerides.

: RBS, Hb%, CBP

The assessments of the

results are derived from the differences of baseline

data to the final data and statistical significance by

using the paired t test Graphpad prism 6 software.

:

The results expressed are statistically significant

with a mean difference of 4.4 Kg weight, 2.54 BMI

reductions. It is noted that 12.5 cms in waist and 6.5

cms is hip with a waist hip ratio difference of 0.074 at

the end of the study. On the other hand it shows

significant reduction in mean lipid profile also. The

Methods:

Study design:

Sample size & grouping:

Exclusion criteria:

Inclusion criteria:

Study duration:

Follow up:

Subjective parameters:

Objective parameters:

Investigations

Assessment of results:

Results

Parameter Mean

Before

Mean

After

Mean

difference

SE P value Significanc

e

Weight 73.7 69.3 4.4 1.427 < 0.1 HS

BMI 31.7 29.16 2.54 1.293 <0.12 HS

Waist 96.2 83.7 12.5 2.286 < 0.01 HS

Hip 110.2 103.7 6.5 1.304 < 0.01 HS

Waist Hip Ratio 0.872 0.798 0.074 0.036 < 0.1 NS

S. Cholesterol 249 183.4 65.6 9.288 < 0.01 HS

HDL Cholesterol 41.8 39.6 2.2 0.2950 < 1.8 NS

LDL Cholesterol 132.8 114 18.8 3.597 < 0.01 HS

VLDL Cholesterol 27 24.4 2.6 1.122 < 0.1 NS

S. Triglycerides 92.2 78.8 13.4 2.694 < 0.01 HS

Table showing the significance of the parameters [HS = Highly Significant, NS = Not significant]


Meena eogade , pp.63-D et.al. Vibration therapy a Conventional Massage influences on Sthoulya 65

65

serum cholesterol is reduced in 65.6, LDL with 18.8

and triglycerides with 13.4 units. The overall feelings

at subjective parameters of the attended patients are;

felling lightness and less Chala stana, Chala udara,

Chala sphik in 3-6 days and weight reduction of 1 to 2

Kg in 8 to 10 days. The all measurements are stable at

the follow up undertaken after 15 days of treatment

execution completion. The average massage time

was at 14.2 minutes. No adverse effects are noted in

the scheduled treatment period.

It is found that overweight or obese people

who regularly used the equipment at gym in

combination with a calorie restricted diet were more

successful at long-term weight loss and shedding the

fat around their abdominal organs than those who

combined dieting with a more conventional fitness

routine. The vibration in the body produces the heat

and makes the fat to dissolve. The dissolved fat is

utilized in the body at restricted diet. It makes the

rhythmic movements and so the skin tonicity is

improved along with muscle tone. Common fitness

training was comprised of aerobic interval training

that increases the 70-80% maximal heart rate,

combined with general muscle strengthening

exercises. These exercises even though said as

common calorie burning exercises may lead the

patients in to morbidity with prone patients.

Thus the present trial, local vibration therapy

works as a passive muscle and skin toner and helps

the patient to reduce the visible fat in less time with

regulated food habits. The vibration therapy is

statistically significant in all parameters except HDL

& VLDL Cholesterol and Waist Hip Ratio. This

suggests that the vibration therapy has no effect to

reduce VLDL Cholesterol which is marker of cardiac

problems and in addition it has no significant action

on good fat, HDL Cholesterol. Even though it is

expressive to reduce the waist and hip dimensions the

ratio could not express significance because of less

number of sampling.

:

The effects of vibration in obese people,

indicates it's a promising approach. It can be inferred

that this therapy could be a useful addition to a weight

control package. Walking, running, cycling and

stepping were the most commonly used exercises.

Discussion:

Conclusion

The present vibration massage performed for 15

minutes in a day express statistical significance. A

big group randomized study with volunteers and

obese patients is to be made for further clarifications

of any adverse effects and standardization of this

therapy.

References:

[1] Ambika Gopalkrishnan Unnikrishnan, Sanjay Kalra, and

M. K. Garg, Preventing obesity in India: Weighing the

options, Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan-Feb; 16(1): 46

[2] UnnikrishnanAG, Kalra S, Garg M K. Preventing obesity

in India: Weighing the options. Indian J Endocr Metab

2012;16:4-6

[3] Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. Obesity and

cardiovascular disease: patho-physiology, evaluation, and

effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart

Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart

Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on

Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation

2006; 113: 898-918

[4] Paul Poirier, Abdominal Obesity: An Important Risk

Factor in Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, CMR e-

Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pages 7-14

[5] Deepa M, Farooq S, Deepa R, Manjula D, Mohan V.

Prevalence and significance of generalized and central body

obesity in an urbanAsian Indian population in Chennai, India

(CURES: 47). Eur J Clin Nutr. Feb 2009;63(2):259-267

[6] http://www.cadiresearch.org/topic/obesity/global-

obesity/obesity-in-india

[7] http://www.obesity-info.com/2012/04/10-reasons-why-

obesity-is-bad-problem.html

[8] Sobiya N. Moghul, 10 reasons you can't afford to be

obese, Health Me Up Nov 23, 2013, 12.00AM IST,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-

23/health/37871161_1_uric-acid-levels-apnea-obesity

[9] Matthew Hecht, The Effectiveness of Whole Body

Vibration as a Means of Therapy: A Literature Review, A

senior research project submitted in partial requirement for

the degree Doctor of Chiropractic, Logan University, St.

Louis March 25, 2011, ht tp: / /www.logan.edu/

mm/files/LRC/Senior-Research/2011-Apr-20.pdf

[10] Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL:

Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and

trends, 19601994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord

1998;22:3947

[11] Garrow JS, Summerbell CD: Meta-analysis: effect of

exercise, with or without dieting, on the body composition of

overweight subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995;49:110


66

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine

Sarang Lakhmale , Rabinarayan Acharya1 2

Abstract

Keywords

Symphorema polyandrum

in vitro

B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, K. pneumonia , S. typhi A.

flavus C. albicans

Symphorema polyandrum,

Wight. seeds are reported for its use in the management of snake bite, scorpion stings

and associated skin ailments. The alcoholic extracts of its seed was screened for antimicrobial activity

following agar diffusion method and compared with Gentamycin, Cefpodoxime, Streptomycin as standard

antibacterial andAmphotericin B, Fluconazole and Clotrimazole as standard antifungal agents. For antibacterial

assay and for antifungal activity on

and as test organisms in different concentrat

. It was observed that the seed extract is effective

against all six bacteria and two fungal strains, when compared to standard drugs. The zone of inhibition for

antibacterial activity of the test drug, against 6 strains of bacterias was found between 11 to 15 mm and 12 to 17

mm for two fungal strains.

:Antimicrobial activity,

ions (25μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml and

250μg/ml), were evaluated following standard procedures

Introduction

Symphorema polyandrum .

,

s

S. polyandrum

Wight belonging

to family Verbenaceae commonly known by tribal

people as 'Badichang or Mahasindhu' grow in

different parts of Odisha, Chatisgargh and Madhay

Pradesh. Different parts of Wight.,

has been reported for various ethnopharmacological

uses viz. snake bite, scorpion stings, cat bite, mad dog

bite and mosquito bite [1,2,3]. Microbes are having

important role in spreading various local or systemic

infections [4]. Ayurveda advocates the management

of various infectious diseases with herbal remedies.

The antibiotic resistance has become a global concern

[5]. Recent literature survey shows that its seeds

though reported for its ethno medicinal claim for

management of different aliments but have not been

evaluated for its antimicrobial activities. Hence the

present study was designed to assess the

antimicrobial activity of its seed.

Materials and methods

Collection of plant material

Preparation of extract:

Wight. was identified by

studying its morphological characters with the help

of various floras [6,7,8]. A voucher specimen

(herbarium) of the sample has been preserved in the

institute Pharmacognosy laboratory (vide no. 6059.)

Its mature seeds were in the month of May June

2012; shade dried and was coarsely powdered to

mesh 60# and kept in airtight glass jar bottle for

future use.

1g of seed powder was

extracted with methanol by sonicating it for 10 min

and then keeping it overnight. Next day after

filtration, methanol evaporated, then by taking

weight of residue, 4 different concentrations 25

μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 250μg/ml of the sample,

were prepared. These are used for determination of

S. polyandrum

S. polyandrum

OriginalArticle

Antimicrobial activity of

Wight.

Symphorema

polyandrum Seeds

1Scholar,Dept.ofDravyaguna([email protected]),

AssociateProfessor,Dept.ofDravyaguna,InstituteforPostgraduateTeachingandResearchin

Ayurveda,GujaratAyurvedUniversity,Jamnagar,Gujarat 361008.

JISM1327NReceivedforpublication:June16,2013;Accepted:June14,2014

2

How to cite the article:

J-ISM, V2 N2, Apr-June 2014, pp.66-70

Sarang Lakhmale & Rabinarayan Acharya, Antimicrobial activity of Symphorema polyandrum,


Sarang Lakhmale & Rabinarayan Acharya, Antimicrobial activity of Symphorema polyandrum, pp.66-70

67

antimicrobial activity and coded as SP.

Microbial load of the test sample was done

by total viable aerobic count method [9,10]. To 500

mg, accurately weighed sample, 1-2 drops of

Tween80 and a homogeneous suspension was

prepared by slowly adding 5 ml of sterile buffered

sodium chloride peptone (SBSCP) solution of pH

7.0. This suspension was diluted 10 onwards as

required in sterile dilution blanks (SBSCP). One ml

each from these aliquots was added to sterile melted

and cooled top agar (Soyabean casein digest agar, for

fungal count Potato dextrose agar medium used)

tubes. These tubes were poured to sterile petridish

and allowed to solidify. These plates were incubated

at 30-35 C for 48 hours. The numbers of colonies

were counted and the results were expressed in

Cfu/g.

Cfu / g = Number of average colonies

Dilution X Volume plated

The antimicrobial

efficacy of these plant materials was tested on 6

different strains, 3 Gram positive bacteria namely

3 Gram negative bacteria namely

(NCIM 2065),

(NCIM 2719) and

(NCIM 2501) as well as 2 fungal strains namely

(NCIM 1028) and

(NCIM 3471). All cultures were obtained

from National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. 24 hours

old cultures of all these organisms were inoculated in

sterile broths and incubated till 0.5 Mcfarland

standard turbidity obtained, and then used for assay.

The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of SP

seed was

0.3 ml of

different extracts as well as Streptomycin,

Fluconazole and Clotrimazole standards were added

in the Agar well for the assay; while Gentamycin,

Determination of microbial load for plant

material

Antimicrobial activity of plant materials

Culture conditions:

-1

0

Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2063) Staphylococcus

aureus (NCIM 2079) & Staphylococcus epidermidis

(NCIM 2439);

Escherichia coli Klebsiella

pneumoniae Salmonella typhi

Aspergillus flavus Candida

albicans

studied in different concentrations (25

μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 250 μg/ml) against six

pathogenic bacteria and two fungal strains.

Cepodoxime and Amphotericin B standard

antibiotics discs were used .

Sterile soybean casein digest agar (25 ml per

plate) used for antibacterial activity and sterile

sabouraud agar (25ml per plate) used for antifungal

activity. 20 ml sterile medium was poured

aseptically in sterile plates and allowed to solidify.

Then 0.5 ml of culture was inoculated in 5 ml sterile,

melted, cooled medium and poured them on

solidified agar plates aseptically.After solidification

of medium, wells were made with the help of cup

borer and 0.3 ml of sample was inoculated. Three

Standard drug solutions were added in the well and

other standard antibiotic discs were directly placed

on agar surface and pressed with the help of sterile

forceps aseptically. For diffusion purpose, plates

were placed in refrigerator for 20-25 mins. Then

plates were incubated at 37 C for 24 hrs except

sabouraud agar plates and plates containing

organism, they were incubated at 30 C

for 24-48 hrs. After incubation, zone of inhibition

was measured with Himedia antibiotic zone scale- c

.

Same extracts were used as for anti-

microbial activity assay, these extracts were

transferred to specialized mediums given below and

incubated at their optimum temperature for growth,

then after incubation plates were observed and

results were concluded .

� Citrimide agar

� TSI agar slant, XLD agar

� EMB agar

� Mannitol salt agar

The observations of the microbial load of

seed showed that the tasted samples,

when collected from their natural sources, are either

free or within prescribed limit of the microbes [14].

When the samples were tested for bacterial contents,

[11]

[12]

[13]

Antimicrobial assay

Pathogen study

Selective differential mediums according to

pathogens:

Result and discussion:

Microbial load:

0

0

K.

pneumoniae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa -

Salmonella typhi -

Escherichia coli-

Staphylococcus aureus -

S.

polyandrum



68

all the samples were found free of common pathogens

and bacterial and fungal count was under permissible

limit (Table 1).

The antimicrobial activity of methanol

extracts of SP seed was

(Table 2) (three Gram positive NCIM 2063,

NCIM 2079 & ;

three Gram negative ( NCIM 2065,

2719 and NCIM 2501)

and two fungal strains (Table 3) ( NCIM 1028

and NCIM 3471). Antibacterial and

antifungal potential of extracts were assessed in terms

of zone of inhibition (ZOI). The result showed that the

extracts of all samples were found to be effective

against all the microbes tested. The antibacterial and

antifu

showed good result as compare to .

The growth inhibition zone measured ranged from

11-15 mm for all the sensitive bacteria, and ranged

from12-19 mm for fungal strains (Table 2 and 3)

The inhibitory effect of SP

-

11, 12, 13, 14.5;

11, 11.5, 13, 14.5;

11, 11.5, 12, 14.5;

0, 11.5, 12, 13.5;

11, 12, 13, 14;

11, 12, 12.5, 14.5;

and two fungal strains 12, 12.5, 14, 16 and

14, 15, 16, 17 respectively.

The zone of inhibition for antibacterial

activity of the test drug, against 6 bacterial strains was

found between 11 to 15 mm and 12 to 17 mm for two

fungal strains. However, further studies would be

necessary at different concentration and by different

extraction media to increase the efficacy of the test

drug.

Antimicrobial activity:

Conclusion:

B.subtilis

S.aureus S. epidermidis NCIM 2439

E. coli K.

pneumoniae NCIM S. typhi

S. flavus

C.albicans

C.

albicans S. flavus

B.subtilis

S.aureus

S. Epidermidis

E. coli

K. pneumoniae

S. typhi

S. flavus

C.albicans

studied in different

concentrations (25μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml,

250μg/ml) against six pathogenic bacterial strains

ngal activity of the SP increased linearly with

increase in concentration of extracts (μg/ml). As

compared with standard drugs, the results revealed

that in the extracts for all six bacterial activity, were

around equally sensitive and for fungal activity

showed in mm at 25, 50,

100, 250μg/ml were against

.

References:

[1] R. C. Misra; Therapeutic uses of some seeds among the

tribals of Gandhamardarn hill range, Orissa; Indian Journal

Of Traditional Knowledge vol.3 No. 1 January 2004:105-

115; 114p.

[2] Sarita Das, S. K .Dash and S. N. Padhy; Ethno-medicinal

information from Orissa state, India, A Review; J. Hum.

Ecol., 14(3): 165-227 (2003); 219p.

[3] Sarang P Lakhmale, Rabinarayan Acharya, Nikita

Yewatkar 'Ethnomedicinal claims on antivenom activity of

certain fruit and seed drugs - a review' Ayurpharm

ISSN No. 2278-

4772.

[4] Understanding Microbes in Sickness and in Health, U.S.

department of health and human services, National Institutes

of Health,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases, NIH Publication No. 09-4914, September 2009,

www.niaid.nih.gov.

[5] Zinn C. S, Rosdahl V. T et al. An international multicenter

study of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in

Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 15 hospitals in 14

countries. Microb Drug Resist; 2004. (10); 169-176p.

[6] Saxena H. O, Brahman M. The Flora of Orissa; volume

III, Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd.

Bhubaneswar 751001, December 1995; 1396p

[7] Hooker J. D. The flora of British India, Vol. IV. Dehradun,

India, (London); Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1997.

560p.

[8] Haines HH, The Botany of Bihar and Orissa, part II-IV.

Dehradun (India); Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, 1988.

703p.

[9] Anonymous. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Delhi: Government

of India, Ministry of Health and Family WelfareController of

Publications, 1996; 1(1) 37-43p.

[10] Anonymous. Quality control methods for herbal

materials, W.H.O Monograph for limitation of microbes,

WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20-Avenue Appia,

1211 Geneva 27; Switzerland, 1998. 75p.

[11]Anonymous. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Delhi: Government

of India, Ministry of Health and Family WelfareController of

Publications, 1996; 1(1) 37-39p.

[12] Dorman H. J. D, Deans S. G. Antimicrobial agents from

plants.Antimicrobial activity of plant volatile oils, Journal of

Applied Microbiology; Feb-2000.88(2), 308316p.

[13] Anonymous. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Delhi:

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family

WelfareController of Publications, 1996. 1(1); 43-49p.

[14] Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.

Part-II, Volume-II, First edition, Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare, Government of India, Department of Indian

Systems of Medicine & Homoepathy, 2008; 2(2):199p.

Int J Ayur

Alli Sci., Vol.1, No.1 (2012) Pages 21 - 29



69

PLATE - 1

Fig. a: Showing zone of inhibition by standard against

Fig. b: Showing zone of inhibition by SPagainstFig. c: Showing zone of inhibition by standard againstFig. d: Showing zone of inhibition by SPagainstFig. e: Showing zone of inhibition by standard againstFig. f: Showing zone of inhibition by SPagainstFig. g: Showing zone of inhibition by standard againstFig. h: Showing zone of inhibition by SPagainstSP - Wight. seed

Photographs of antimicrobial study of Wight.seedsS. polyandrum

B. subtilis

B. subtilisS. aureus

S. aureusS. epidermidis

S. epidermidisE. coli

E. coliSymphorema polyandrum



70

Plate 2

Photographs of antimicrobial and antifungal study of Wight. seeds

Fig. a:

Fig. b:

Fig. c:

Fig. d:

Fig. e:

Fig. f:

Fig. g:

Fig. h:

S. polyandrum

pneumoniae

S typhi

S typhi

Showing zone of inhibition by standard against

Showing zone of inhibition by SPagainst






Showing zone of inhibition by SP against

K. pneumoniae

K.

.

.

A. flavus

A. flavus

C. albicans

C. albicans


71

Bruhatpanchamooladi Yogavasti Medorogain

SRPKethamakka , Veena S. Jigalur1 2

.

1

2

Prof. Head, Panchakarma, MGACH&RC, Wardha (MS),([email protected])

SpecialistAYUSH MO, Kayachikitsa, District Hospital, Gulbarga, Karnataka, ([email protected])

JISM1407H Received for publication:April 16, 2014 Accepted: June 14, 2014

How to cite the article: SRP Kethamakka, Veena S Jigalur,J-ISM, V2 N2, Apr-June 2014, pp.71-77

Bruhatpanchamooladi Yogavasti in Medoroga,

Abstract:

Keywords:

Obesity vis-à-vis is a accumulation of fat in body dependent parts

circulation serum cholesterol ( ) Obesity is an

epidemic in 21 century,where in 75% Indian women in the cities are apple shaped, while 58% of men are as so

ffect of (Oral and ) in obesity with reference

to weight, BMI and Serum cholesterol. Study is undertaken in 2 groups with study design as Simple random

sampling technique clinical trial. Internally 1500mg/ 24hrs in distributed doses of TDS or 25mg/kg body weight

/24hrs of and as per classical text for 8

days. The mean reduction is shown in Ayurveda subjective parameters and the W.H. Ratio has shown

significance than any other with 8.04 % of mean reduction against Weight reduction is of only 4.76% and B.M.I.

with 4.68% of mean is not significant.

Obesity, Medoroga,

Sthoulya

Sarakta Medas

Bruhat Panchamuladi Yoga Yogavasti

Bruhat Panchamuladi ghanavati Bruhat Panchamuladi yoga Yoga vasti

metabolic disease with and

as . a leading reason for people death becomes

.

Present study evaluate the e

st

Bruhat Panchamuladi Yoga vasti

Introduction:

Obesity vis-à-vis is a chronic

disease increasing in prevalence and poses a serious

risk for the development of many metabolic diseases

such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart

diseases etc. The common cause of all of them is

accumulation of fat in circulation and in body

dependent parts. The fat in circulation is serum

cholesterol ( ) which could give

atherosclerosis in the blood vessels, to prevent these

diseases it is very much required to attend the

problem of obesity ( ).

The word obesity is a noun form originated

from Greek root word “Obesus” meaning “having

eaten until fat”, Latin “Edo” meaning “eat”, obese is

used as an adjective meaning “grossly fat” or “very

fat” [1]. “Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose

Sthoulya

Sarakta Medas

Durmedas

tissue that imparts health risk; a body weight of 20%

excess over ideal weight for age, sex and height is

considered a health risk [2].

Obesity can be understood in the following way:

1. Excess of adipose tissue deposition that imparts as

obesity.

2.Abody weight 20% or more than desirable/normal

weight according to age, sex and height is regarded

as obese.

3. Recently defined obesity on the basis of BMI is as

> 25kg/m2.

4. Obesity may be defined as an abnormal growth of

adipose tissue which is in three ways as; (1)

Enlargement of fat cells in size (hypertrophy

obesity) (2) Increase in the number of fat cells

(hyperplasic obesity) and (3) Combination of the

above two.

Journal of Indian

System of MedicineOriginalArticle


SRP Kethamakka, Veena S Jigalur, pp.Bruhatpanchamooladi Yogavasti in Medoroga, 71-77

72

Fifty years ago overweight and obesity are

defined as a nutritional disorders but it continues to be

one of the most important yet preventable health

hazard [3] The transformation of India into an affluent

nation has brought these changes in lifestyle, and junk

food diet that have led to an increase in obesity [4].

Accumulated neo-rich and lowered physical activity

in the setting of “desk” with white color jobs of more

mental activity has created a population who has a net

increase in available energy stored as fat [5] and to set

a disease called as obesity [6] Obesity is a leading

reason for people death become an epidemic in 21

century [7], where in 75% Indian women in the cities

are apple shaped, while 58% of men are as so [8].

It is a bitter truth to swallow said by W.H.O.

that every 4 person on earth is with the disease of

secondary list of dangerous diseases is “too fat”

(Obese) which is a .

Ayurveda classifies this disease as

[9] generated due to

[10]. Charaka has considered stout person as one of

the (hypothalamic obesity)

[11]. Susruta affirms that the stoutness ( ) and

emaciation ( ) are due to only

[12]. indicated “ ” therapy for

[13] Sharangdhara has not detailed about

[14] but in management described for

[15]. Bhavamishra insisted upon a

symptom; “profuse sweating” which is due to the

excess of , which can create a media for

external germs to seat on the skin to precipitate

infection [16] Chakradatta [17] and Yoga Ratnakara

[18] views on are almost similar to

Brihatrayi.

Commentators Chakrapani and Dalhana

have clarified that the state of leads a

person to under go for (over eating),

(untimely food) again

and again, there by the disturbance in ,

consequentially leads to form . The formation of

is due to the decrease of than

. Due to the increased intake of opposite

qualities viz. , and

, the establishes and

st

th

Santarpanajanya vyadhi

Kaphaja

nanatmaja vyadhi Agnimandya

Asta Nindita Purusha

Sthoola

Karshya Rasa dhatu

Vagbhata Langhana

Sthoulya

Sthoulya

Medodosha

Medas

Medoroga

Teekshnagni

Adhyashana

Kalavyateeta Ahara Sevana

Agni

Ama

Ama Medodhatwagni

Jatharagni

Pitta Sheeta Snigdha guna

Madhura rasa Jataragni mandya

leads to [19]. The

[20] is resulted due to the

accumulated in [21].

Various classifications are found in context

of in Ayurveda classics. Astanga sangraha

[22] and Astanga Hridaya [23] classifies as

(massive), (moderate) and

(simple obesity) stoutness. Susruta is different and

brought out the classification of (obesity)

and (adiposity). Where in Sharangadhara:

(malformed fat) [24].

Charaka identifies the similarities of

pathogenesis between and [25] as

and are get vitiated. Therefore pre-

obesity symptoms are similar to along with

viz.

etc. and the diagnostic

features of [26] are

, , , ,

and . The methods of

estimating body fats [27] in different areas

distributed are shown (table-1)

Obesity is termed as the storehouse of

diseases as well as leading cause of morbidity and

mortality due to its manifold complications.

Statistics on health shows that a middle aged person

who is 10kg over weight can expect to die roughly 4

years earlier then one with normal weight Obese

women are more likely than non-obese women to die

from cancer of the gall bladder, breast, uterus, cervix

or ovaries. We can classify the complication related

to obesity according to various systems viz.

Hypertension, LVH (CVS), Stroke (CNS),

pulmonary embolism (Resp), DM, Fatty Liver, etc.

[28, 29, 30]:

Effect of (oral

and ) in with reference to

weight, BMI and Serum cholesterol

Patients suffering from /

are selected from O.P.D Dept of

Jataragni janita ama

Margavoradha

Ama Medovaha srotas

Sthoulya

Adhika

Madhyama Heena

Sthoulya

Medoroga

Medodosha

Prameha Sthoulya

Kapha Meda

Prameha

Medovaha Srotodushti Lakshanas Atinidra,

Tandra, Alasya, Visra sharira gandha, Anga

gaurava, Anga shaithilya

Sthoulya Medo mamsa

ativriddhi Chala sphik Chala udara Chala Stana

Ayatha Upachaya Anutsaha

Bruhat Panchamuladi Yoga

Yogavasti Medoroga

Sthulata

Medoroga

Complications of obesity:

Objectives

Materials

Source of data:


73

Kayachikitsa, P.G. studies & Research center,

D.G.M.A.M.C Gadag by preset inclusion and

exclusion criteria.

. Proportion of combination is in equal parts.

[Fig-1-7]

S.No Sanskrit Name Botanical Name

1

2.

3.

4

5

6

7

All above said ingredients are well identified

and collected from local area. GMP followed

preparation methods used to prepare trial drug. Herbal

mixture is fortified ( ) with

and finally powdered to

prepare compressed tablets.

Simple random sampling technique

clinical trial.

Single group with 30

patients.

1. Mechanical complications of hip and

lumber spine developing osteoarthritic changes

2. Cardiovascular complications of angina

pectoris, Hypertension, cardiac failure

3. Metabolic complications of diabetes, gout

etc [31]

4. with secondary causes like endocrinal and

C.N.S diseases.

5. with any other major systemic pathology

1. All other conditions other then those of exclusive

criteria are included.

2. according to classical texts prescribed

Composition of trial drug:

Preparation of Medicine:

Methods

a) Study design:

b) Sample size & grouping:

c) Exclusion criteria:

d) Inclusion criteria:

Bruhat Panchamuladi

yoga

Bilva Aeyle marmelos

Agnimantha Premna mucronata

Shyonaka Oroxylum indicum

Gambhari Gmelina arborea

Patala Sterro spermum

suaveolens

Pippali Piper longum

Madhuka Madhuka indica

Bhavana Bruhat

panchamula Churna Kwatha

Sthula

Sthula

Sthula

Sthula

Sthula

Sthula

symptoms is included.

3. Patients of both the sexes between the age group of

20-50 yr are included.

4. Patients with raised BMI as per the WHO standards

and collected data from Gadag province of age

groups 20 to 50 are included.

e) Criteria of Diagnosis: The clinical features of

mentioned in classical texts are

the basis of diagnosis and along with deviated

standard of BMI.

Internally: - 1500mg/ 24hrs in distributed doses of

TDS or 25mg/kg body weight /24hrs of

.

:- As presented in the classical text for 8

days with .

Thirty-two (32) days in total divided protocol as

under -

1-8 days (8 days),

9-16 days (8 days),

17 - 32 days internal medicine (16 days)

Fifteen days.

1.

2.

3.

4. Irregular development of body

(non symmetrical body)

5.

1. Weight

2. B.M.I.

3. Sr. Cholesterol.

4. Sr. Triglycerides

The results are drawn in four categories viz.

Good response, Moderate response, Poor response,

and No response. Subjective and objective

parameters of base line data to after treatment data

comparison are undertaken for the assessment of

results using the paired-'t' test and non parameter test.

Sthoulya /Medoroga

Bruhat

Panchamuladi ghanavati

Yoga vasti

Bruhat Panchamuladi yoga

Vasti

Sansarjana Krama

Spik Chalatwa

Udara Chalatwa

Sthana chalatwa

Anutsaha

f) Posology:

g) Study duration:

h) Follow up:

i) Subjective parameters:

j) Objective parameters:

Result of the :Bruhatpanchamuladi yoga



74

The result of the is

representing the efficiency of the drug with its

embedded qualities. There were no patients in

“Good” or “No response” categories. The major

portion of samples fall under Poor response

(73.33%) and the rest are with moderate response

(26.66%).

Here in this study an attempt is made to

understand the male and female responses to the

management with respect to that of the age groups.

Obesity is higher among middle age adults, i.e. 11

(36.66%) patients were observed in the age group of

seen of 20-30 and the rest are distributed in 6 each in

40-50 and 50-60 ages. It is interested to note that the

active age group patients of 30-40 age groups

reported only 7 (23.33%) patients. The male female

ratio in the study is approximately 3:2 patients. It

express that the obesity is more in females (76.66%)

when compared with males (23.33%).

:

33.33% were with more than 5yrs history

followed by recent history of less than 2 years is in

23.3%. The observed as familial as 53.33%

have family history. The rest of 46.66% show the

instantaneous expression of the disease.

The vegetarian (46.66%) and mixed diet

(53.33%) ratio in the study is approximately 3:4

patients. The percentage of the distribution does not

show any diet differentiation to get this , a

disease in specific, except a small lean towards

mixed diet population.

From the analysis, five of eight parameters

have shown significant result (as P<0.05). All the

subjective parameters have shown significance (by

comparing t-Value). The mean reduction is shown in

with 68.25%, with 52,

02% and with 5.71%. The W.H. Ratio

has shown significance than any other with 8.04 % of

mean reduction. Weight reduction is of only 4.76%

and B.M.I. with 4.68% of mean is not significant.

Bruhatpanchamuladi yoga

Sthoulya

Sthoulya

Chala Udara Chala Sphik

Chala Sthana

Age & Gender:

Chronicity & Family history

Food Habits:

ParameterAnalysis:

Serum Cholesterol with 3.85% of mean reduction

also has shown statistically result as not significant.

The detailed statistical analysis is shown in table-2.

Normal functions of (fat) are

(unc t ion ) , ( swe t t i ng ) ,

(strengthening body) [32] and

(strengthens bone). Charaka brings a simile of wild

fire as the and vitiate and block to

stimulate digestive fire there by craves for food but

subsequently restrain further tissue built in the body

in sense is a disease [33]. Bhavamishra mentions

that increased proportion of ' ' at the time of

conception, results in to stout but weak body, which

is genetic disorder and incurable [34] Apart from

that over nutrition during pregnancy is a

predisposing factor for the birth of an obese child

[35].

( ) is enlisted among

“ ” indicated by Sushruta [36] and

by Vagbhata [38]. Alleviation of and

along with depleted by increasing

is the aim of treatment in (Gada

nigraha).Administration of the drugs with and

results in the alleviation of ,

and [39]. Administration of

and [40] and

xternal purification therapy such as

[41] benefits along with

therapy including , ,

[42], [43] etc. Practices in

with include - prepared with

, , and [44],

[45],

[46], [47] and [48,

49].

Measures commonly used for assessing

obesity are B.M.I., Waist circumference (WC) &

Waist hip ratio (W.H.Ratio). Unfortunately, B.M.I.

is not considered to be a good estimate of obesity in

Asian Indians as they have a characteristic obesity

phenotype, with relatively lower B.M.I. but with

central obesity.

Prior to start this trial, a study of randomly

Discussion:

e

Meda Sneha

Sweda Druda ta

Asthipusti

Vata Pitta Medas

Shonita

Medoroga Ati-Sthoulya

Vamana Langhana

Vata Kapha

Medo dhatu Medo

dhatwagni Sthoulya

Guru

Karshana Medas

Sleshma Vata

Virukshana Chedaniya dravyas

Ruksha

Udavartana Samshodhana

Vamana Virechana Ruksha

Niruha Raktamokshana

Sthoulya Vasti Vasti

Taila Gomutra Kanji Saindhava

Erandamuladi Niruha Kapha nashak Vasti

Lekhan Vasti Madhutailika Vasti



75

selected 100 people was conducted in the local area

of Gadag province which showed majority of people

having lower B.M.I. with relatively higher Waist

circumference and W.H. Ratio. Though lot of

significance is given to B.M.I. in relation with

cerebro-vascular accidents, but in Asian Indian

population majority of people have phenotype of

obesity with relatively less B.M.I. and still suffering

from cerebro-vascular accidents. This study indicate

that the threshold for obesity parameter i.e., B.M.I. is

relatively low when compared with W.C. and W.H.

Ratio in rural. Even some national level studies

suggest that for any given B.M.I., Indians tend to

have increased waist circumference. Further Indians

also tend to have excess body fat, abdominal and

truncal adiposity. These features have been referred

to as the “Asian Indian phenotype or paradox”. The

W.H.O. has revised the B.M.I. cut-off for Asian

Indians and suggested a B.M.I. of 25 kg/m to define

obesity against the 30 kg/m recommended for

Europeans. Several studies from India have

attempted to modify the threshold for obesity and

abdominal obesity, and have suggested cut-off for

B.M.I. ranging from 19-22 kg/m , while that of waist

circumference ranges from 72-85cm in men and

65.5-80cm in women.

In the present study, though the results are

given on the basis of weight reduction (base to decide

B.M.I.), but statistically significance is not observed

in the reduction of weight. At the same time W.H.

Ratio has shown significant result. This is because,

almost all the patients were observed with phenotype

obesity where weight and B.M.I. are not considered

to be a good estimate of obesity. Hence the study

being involved with majority of phenotype obese

patients, the statistical result was also found

significant in W.H. Ratio. The probable mode of

action to decide why it affect only WH ratio is

difficult to estimate.

On the basis of the study “

in ” the conclusions

drawn as - Indians are tend to have excess body fat,

abdominal and truncal obesity (pendulous abdomen,

2

2

2

Conclusion:

Bruhat

panchamuladi Yoga Medoroga

buttocks and breasts) and tend to have increased

wais t c i r cumference . Obes i ty produce

complications are six times more in women in

comparison with men. As Charka's explanation of

matches with phenotype of obesity, W.H.

Ratio and skin fold thickness can be taken as

parameters to assess the , as W.H. Ratio

helps to check the abdominal fat ( ) and

gluteal fat ( ) & Skin fold thickness helps

to measure regional fat ( ). The overall

result of is representing

the efficacy of the drug with its qualities is 26.6%

moderate response and 73.3% with poor response.

The response in all

parameters (Table-2) is significant with P < 0.05.

“Obesity / ” is a chronic illness that

requires continuous treatment and new inter-

ventions to adopt as the obese patients adapts to the

circumstances.

Sthoulya

Sthoulya

Chala udara

Chala sphik

Chala sthana

Bruhat panchamuladi Yoga

Bruhat panchamuladi Yoga

Sthoulya

References:

[1] Dorland's, Pocket Medical Dictionary, 2001, Pp 931,

Page No. 600.

[2]Harsh Mohan ed., Textbook of pathology,

chap.9.Environmental and Nutritional Diseases, Obesity,

5 ed, 2005. Jaypee Brothers. p 250.

[3] V. Mohan & R. Deepa (Dr. Madras Diabetics Research

Foundation), Obesity & abdominal obesity in Asian

Indians, Indian J Med Res 123, May 2006, (Infant and

adult obesity, Lancet 1974; 1:178) pp 593-596

[4] Prakash Seshadri et.al., (University of Pensylvania

school of Medicine), Low carbohydrate diets for weight

loss : Historical & environmental perspective, Indian J

Med Res 123, June 2006, pp 739-747 (Fall, CHD. Non-

industrialized countries and affluence, Br. Med Bull

2001; 60:33-50) pp 740.

[5] Mc Cann. BA, Reid E, Measuring the Health Effects

of Sprawl, Smart growthAmerica: Surface transportation

policy project (Thesis on the internet), Am J of Health

promotion September 2003 (cited 2006 Jan 6). from

www.smartgrowth america.org/report/healthsprawl

8.03.pdf.) p 740

[6] Peters JC, Wyatt HR, Donahoo WT, Hill JO. From

instinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy

weight in the modern world. Obes. Rev 2002; 3: 69-74)

p740

[7] Terry Maguire and David Haslam,The Obesity

Epidemic and its Management, 1 ed, 2010,

Pharmaceutical Press An imprint of RPS Publishing,

th

s t



76

London SE1 7JN, UK, pp3-5

[8] Damayanti Datta, Society & the arts, FAT of the Matter,

INDIA TODAY, June 16, 2008, pp 57. (Source; AIIMS,

NFHS, IJO, IDEA2004-2005)

Brahmanand Tripathi ed., Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana

20/17, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007, Choukhamba Surbharati

Prakashan, p395

Brahmanand Tripathi ed., Astanga Hrudayam

Sutrasthana 13/25, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,

Pub;Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, p188

[11] Sharma R.K. and Vaidya Bhagwan dash ed., Charaka

Samhita sutra sthana 21/3. 1 ed, reprint 2004.

Chowkhamba Sanskrit series office. p374

[12] Srikantha Murthy K.R. ed., Susruta Samhita, sutra

sthana 15/32. 2nd Edition: 2004. Pub: Chowkhamba

Orientalia, Varanasi, p107

[13] Srikantha Murthy K.R. ed., Astanga Sangraha sutra

sthana 24/37, 40, 45, 2 Ed: 1998. Pub: Chowkhamba

Orientalia. pp.427- 428

[14] Srikantha Murthy K.R., Sarangadhara Samhita

Prathama khanda 7/65. 1st Ed: 1984. Chowkhamba

Orientalia. p 37

[15] Srikantha Murthy K.R. ed., Sarangadhara Samhita

Madhayam khanda 2/115-116. 1st ed, 1984. Chowkhamba

Orientalia. pp 69-70

[16] Bramha Shankar Mishra edited Vidyotini commentary

on Bhavaprakasha, Madhayma Khanda, Kashi Sanskrit

series 130, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 2nd

edition Chapter Medorogadhikara, pp 405.

[17] Sharma ed. P.V., Chakradatta, chapter 36, Sthoulya

chikitsa. 2nd Edition: 1998, Chaukhamba publishers. pp

308

[18] Ratna Bramhashankar shastri ed., Yogaratnakar

Chikitsa, Medoroga Nidana, 4th Edition, 1988, Pub:

Chowkhamba Sanskrit sansthan, p97

[19] Kaviraj Ambikadutta Shastri ed., Sushruta Samhita

Sutrasthana 15/37, 1st Edition:Reprint 2007, Pub:

Chowkhamba Sanskrit sansthan, p62.

[20] Brahmanand Tripathi ed., Charaka Samhita

Sutrasthana 21/3,4, 1st Edition: Reprint 2007,

Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, pp 398-399


Sutrasthana 15/32, 1st Edition:Reprint 2007, Pub:


[22] Ranjit Ray Desai ed., Astanga Sangraha Sutra 24/13-

16, 2 Ed, 1981, Sri Baidhyanath Ayurveda Bhavan Ltd. pp

691-692

[23] Brahmanand Tripathi ed., Astanga Hrudayam

Sutrasthana 14/14, 1st Edition;Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba

Sanskrit Pratishthan,p193

[24] R.K.Srikanthamurthy ed., Sharangadhara Samhita

[9]

[10]

st

s t

st

nd

nd

Prathama Khanda 7/65, 6 Edition, 2006, Pub:

Choukhambha Orientalia, pp 37.


Nidanasthana 4/8, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007, Choukhamba

Surbharati Prakashan, pp 614


Sutrasthana 21/9, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007, Choukhamba

Surbharati Prakashan, pp 401

Anthony S. Fauci ed., Harrison's Principles of Internal

Medicine. Part Five- Nutrition, Chap.75. Obesity. 14P

Edition, 1998. Pub: Mc. Graw-Hill, Healyh proffesions

divisions. pp 454

[28] Davidson's, Principle and Practice of Medicine,

Chapter No.7 editor, Christopher Hasleet and Edwin

.R.Chilvers, 18P Edition, Churchil livingtone, 1999,

Page No. 529.

[29] Golwalla, Medicine for Students, Chapter 5,18

Edition, Mumbai,Dr.A.F.Gowalla Empress court Church

gate, 1999, Page No 339-340.

[30] Harrison's, Principle of internal Medicine, Vol.-1, Part

5, Chapter No.75, Editor, Anthoni.S.Fauci and

Joseph.B.Martin, 14 Ed, international Edition 1998.

p459.

[31] P.C. Das, Text book of medicine, chapter 13,

Metabolic Diseases, Obesity, 4th Ed, Jan 2000, Current

Books International, Calcutta, p546

[32]Brahmanand Tripathi ed., Charaka Samhita

Chikitsasthana15/18, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,

Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, p553



Surbharati Prakashan, p401.

[34] Brahma Shankar Sharma ed., Bhavaprakasha

Madhyamakhanda, 40/5, 6. 5 Edition 1988,

Chaukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan, p412.


Shareerasthana 8/29, Edition: Reprint 2007,

Choukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, p950.


Chikitsasthana 33/18, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007, Pub:


[37] Ranjit Ray Desai ed., Astanga Sangraha Sutrasthan

27/7, 2nd Ed. 1981, Sri Baidhyanath Ayurveda Bhavan

Ltd. p744

[38] Ibid 37, Pp 702


Sutrasthana 21/20, 21, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,


40] Ambikadutta Shastri ed., Sushruta Samhita

Sutrasthana 15/38, 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,

th

st

st

thP

thP

th

th

s t

st

t h

st

st

st

[27]

[

Chowkhamba

Sanskrit sansthan, p62



77

S.No Method Easy of use Accuracy Measures

regional fat

1 Height and Weight (BMI) Easy High No

2 Skin folds Easy Low Yes

3 Circumferences (WH Ratio) Easy Moderate Yes

4 Ultrasound Moderate Moderate Yes

5 Density

Immersion Moderate difficult High No

6 Heavy water

TritiatedDeuteriumonide or heavy oxygen

ModerateModerate

HighHigh

NoNo

7 Potassium isotope (40K) Difficult High No

8 Total-body electric moderate

Conductivity

Moderate High No

9 Bio- electric impedance Easy High No

10 Fat-soluble

Gas absorptiometry

Difficult High No

11 Computed tomography Difficult High Yes

12 Magnetic resonance imaging Difficult High Yes

13 Neuton activation Difficult High No

Mean

difference

S.D. S.E. t-Value P-Value Result

Weight 3.56 5.21 0.95 2.02 >0.05 NS

B.M.I. 1.5 0.9 0.16 9.3 >0.05 NS

W.H. Ratio 0.04 1.59 0.29 0.13 <0.05 HS

Sr. Cholesterol 7.38 8.33 1.52 4.85 >0.05 NS

Sr. Triglyceride 6.3 22.16 4.05 1.55 <0.05 HS

Chala Sthana 0.03 0.14 0.02 1.5 <0.05 HS

Chala Udara 2 2 0.36 1.5 <0.05 HS

Chala Sphik 0.9 1.5 0.27 1.33 <0.05 HS

Table -2.Statistical analysis of Bruhatpanchamuladi Yoga

Table-1, showing Methods of Estimating Body fat and its distribution



Surbharati Prakashan, p404


Sutrasthana 21/5, 1 Edition; Reprint 2007, Chaukhamba

Sanskrit Pratishthan ,p271


Sutrasthana 23/6-9. 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,



Sidhisthana10/13,14., 1 Edition: Reprint 2007,


st

st

s t

st

[45] ibid. [44], 3/41, p1204.

[46] ibid. [44], 10/23, 24. p1303


Kalpasthana 4/7-10, 1 Edition; Reprint 2007,

Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, p750

[48] Srikanthamurthy KR ed., Sharangadhara Samhita

Uttara Khanda 6/32, 33,.6 Ed, 2006, Choukhambha

Orientalia, pp 219

[49] Brahma Shankar Sharma ed., Bhavaprakasha

Madhyamakhanda, 29/30, 5th Edition 1988,

Chaukhambha Sanskrita Sansthan, p407

st

th



78

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine

Application of 24 of Charaka in

Modern Era

Upakrama

Sonali Chalakh

Asso. Professor, Dept. of Agadtantra &Vyavahar Ayurved,

MGACH & RC Salod, Wardha, ([email protected])

JISM1403H Received for publication: January 19, 2014; Accepted: February 11, 2014

Review Article

Abstract:

Agadtantra Ashtang

Agada tantra Upakrama Vishaopakramas

is sixth branch of Ayurveda which deals with management of animate & inanimate

poisoning. Due to enhancement in technology the environment is polluted & hence we come across more toxic

substances which interfere with the living creature of the world .The present study is an attempt to evaluate &

establish the ancient modality of the treatment on modern methods. On detail study & after comparison it was

found that these 24 modalities of treatment are complete in terms of treatment of poisoning. As on day it was

interesting to note that no new avenues has been added to principles of treatment except advancement in new

equipments, methodology & investigation.

Key word: , Poisoning, ,

How to cite the article: ,J-ISM, V2 N2, Jan- Mar 2014, pp 78-83

SonaliChalakh, Application of 24 Upakrama of Charaka in Modern Era,

Introduction:

Agadtantra Ayurveda

Vish Chikitsa

Samanya Vishesh .

Anna Pana Vastra Dantakashtha

Chaturvimshati

Vishaopakramas Chikitsasthana

24 Upkrama

is the sixth branch of

which deals with detailed information of animate &

inanimate poisons & its management. Ayurvedic

classic have broadly classified the

into two categories. & [1] Mode

of poisoning enumerated by Acharya Sushrut is

becoming more consequence today in the form of

, , , etc. [2]. Now a

day's incidence of poisoning is raise as we come in

contact with more toxic substances routinely . For

elimination or neutralization of this poison five

basic principle is given in the modern[3]. In

Ayurveda the treatment for poisoning is scattered

only the Charak has described the

in which can be

applied according to the condition of the poisoning

[4].This paper explicate scientific principles of 24

Upakrama. & compare Ayurvedic

with modern principles of poisoning [4].

Chturvimshati Upakrama

Mantra

Arishtabandhan

of Charaka:

1 :

Principle:

2.

Mantras

Mantras

mantra

Arishta

Arishta s

[5] are syllables, words or short

sentence recited in a Rhythmic & prescribed

manner[6]. are full of divine power &

energy. The right and systematic chanting of

mantras have a collective effect on the mind

which ultimately commands our body. In every

person hidden healing power is present .With the

help of that healing power or positive

energy in person is stimulated. Due to this, poison

is eliminating from the system quicker than

medicine. [7]

It awakens the body's natural healing

mechanisms.

means unfavorable or which

gives the indication of death.[8] when the

intensity of poison increases it signifies the

. As poison mix with the blood it get


SonaliChalakh, Application of 24 Upakrama of Charaka in Modern Era, pp 78-83

79

spread all over the body invading the other organs.

Thus, to prevent fatal consequences the physician

has to apply the as it resists the

method is known as

The purpose of constricting bands is to restrict

lymphatic flow, not blood. Once the venom enters

the body, it reaches the vital part either through

lymphatic or venous drainage. The hydrostatic

pressure varies differently at different levels.Ex-

The hydrostatic pressure in the venous capillaries &

lymphatic channels is about 20mmHg where as in

larger venous vessels it is about 100mmHg. But the

arterial pressure on an average is 120 mmHg

&sometimes it rises to 180 mmHg in lower limbs.

So, the efforts can be made to slow down the

lymphatic & venous drainage & not to obstruct the

arterial supply as result of this spreading of poison to

all over the body is stopped.[9]

Incision at the bite site is known as

Principle

After taking the incision at bite site spreading of

can be stopped with the destruction of root

cause. Incision of the skin at the site of bite &

permitting bleed is another method of removing the

unabsorbed venom. Current view is generally

against such practice but still some practitioner's

say, incision when it is done within 5- 10 min after

bite is an effective but that incision must be parallel

to fang marks, about 1 cm long & no deeper than

3mm in the long axis of the limb. [10]

means to squeeze out the

locally entered venom along with blood depending

on the accessibility of body part. but this should not

be done on Marma & Joints. Its purpose is to stop the

spreading of venom from the bite into the

circulation .

Principle . The concept of pressure embolism is

given in modern era for the treatment of poisoning

Researches have shown that very little snake venom

,

bandhan Arishta &

Arishtabandhan.

Utkartan.

Visha

Nishpidana

Principle:

3

:

4.

:

. Utkartana

Nishpidana:

[11]

reaches the bloodstream if firm pressure is applied to

bitten area.[12 ]

Sucking of blood through mouth is known as

Principle:Through these the which is spread

nearby the site of bite, gets removed along with the

blood & further the does not get spread in the

body.

When the bite is on the part of body that

cannot be subjected to in that case

is applied .

Principle:

The fire converts everything into ash immediately,

even earlier than a second. This is mainly indicated in

. In modern it is known as

Cauterization.

This destroys some tissues in an attempt to mitigate

damage, remove an undesired growth or minimize

infection when antibiotics are not available.

is procedure of washing the

affected area with running plain water or medicated

water, depending on condition of patient .

Principle:

This application helps in the condensation of the

blood thus helping to pacify the intensity of poison as

it is said that the blood is the only media for spreading

of poison in body.

In modern science it is known as Sprinkling.

Appropriate irrigation of bite wound has been shown

to decrease their rate of infection.

means immersion or dipping

the affective part in a medicated decoction or oil .

Principle:

The speed of absorption can be reduced by this way

& is good enough to clean the wound in later stage.In

modern it is known as immersion Bath. They help in

proper blood circulation & eliminate toxic matter

from body.

5.

6

7.

8.

Chushana

.Agnikarma

Parisheka

Avagaahana

Chushan .

visha

visha

Arishtabandhan

Agnikarma

Twaka & Mamsagatavisha

Parisheka

Avagaahana

[13]

[14]

[14]

[15]


80

9.

:

10.

11

12.

Raktamokshana

Vamana:

Virechana

Upadhana:

Raktamokshana

Raktamokshan

Vaman

Kapha

Vaman

Pakwasaya virechan

Upadhana i

i.e. bloodletting eliminates

the poison from the blood as the blood is the major

media which blow up the poison.

Principle should be speedily

restored in the case where the poisoned area has

become discolored, rigid, swollen & painful.[14] It

should be performed by scraping, application of

horns ,leech or venesection.

During the first phase of poison means when

the poison is in stomach, is indicated.[14],

same procedure is done in modern when the poison is

unabsorbed.

This procedure is also indicated in other

conditions such as the patient who is affected with a

poison marked by predominance of aggravated

& bitten in winter would have secretion of

cold saliva, fainting & intoxication, induction of

is to be done by the strong emetics[16]. In

modern it is known as emesis which is useful for

removing an ingested unabsorbed poison& done by

Salt solutions, apomorphine, etc.

During the second phase of poisoning where

the poison is in is carried out

which means Expulsion of ingested poison from

intestines through anal route.[14].In modern also

after the absorption of poison this method is used.

Principle:

It cleanses the body toxins in the pitta zone by

drawing the toxins back to the small intestine through

the bodily channels & then eliminating them

downwards. In modern science it compares with

whole bowl irrigation therapy(WBI). WBI may be

advantageous for patients who have ingested toxic

foreign bodies (e.g., disc batteries, drug packets),

toxic amounts of substances not bound by activated

charcoal (eg, iron, arsenic, lithium) and sustained-

release or enteric-coated pharmaceuticals.

s a treatment in which the vortex

is incised in a cross shape or in the shape of crow's

legs & fresh flesh with blood taken from animals is

placed above the incised part .

Principle: To neutralizes action of poison

immediately& to make patient conscious.

Blowing up of medicated powders into the

nose is called as

Principle:

When the medicated powder is blown into the nose it

gets spread through the respiratory passage into the

body by which the spreading of poison is reduced &

this is one of the preventative measures to reduce

spread of poison.

The powders of medicine like

should be blown up into the persons

nostrils to reduce the spreading of the poison.[17]

Severe poisoning can cause potentially fatal

cardiac depression so to protect the heart

is done. In modern also cardio

protective drugs is given as it is one of the most

important vital organs .

Principle:

Poisons derange including their

reservoirs & then occupy the heart. From the heart, it

spreads all over the body quickly. In general poisons

& ghee have diametrically opposing properties.

Administrating of ghee soon after poisoning or

envenomation slows down the spread of poison

whereby more time is available for treatment.

is indicated when the patients eyes

are edematous ,congested ,vision is hazy or colored,

also in the case of swelling of eyeballs, blurred

vision & discolored appearance of all objects &

when he is sleepy[19]. In current era too medicated

collyrium is used. Collyrium cleanses the eye,

relieves irritation by removing loose foreign

material, air pollutants, or chlorinated water

Principle: to protect the eye damage from poison.

Nasal medications are given in the form of

liquids or fine powders

[17]

[18]

13.

14.

15.

16.

Prdhamana

Hridayaavarana

Anjana:

Nasya:

Prdhamana.

Katuka, Katabhi,

Katphala

Hrudayavaran

Kapha, Pitta &Vata

Anjana



81

It is indicated in loss of consciousness & when poison

is located in head; [20] Nasal drops are used for either

local or systemic effect. Locally acting drugs are

decongestants and for allergy treatments.

Systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays

are migraine drugs, nicotine replacement and

hormone treatments.

Principle:

In the case of poisoning to restores consciousness

is given

means medicated smoke,

inhaling medicated smoke through

nostrils .

Principle:

Fumes or smoke arising from antitoxic materials are

used for detoxification. This antitoxic medicated

smoke enters in the body & clear the all the channels

of circulation from all kinds of obstruction .on

entering the body this fumes also nullify the toxic

effect of the poison .

Preparation of medicine in the palatable form or

semisolid medications prepared from various drugs

are used in poisoning are termed as .

Principle:

Generally in poisoned conditions the dryness of

throat & mouth is most common & in such patient

feels difficult to swallow the medicine so in the form

of it is easy to administer ,quick to get absorbed

& easily digestible condition as to avoid the adverse

effects of poisons, the immediate medication should

be administered which also should be easily

digestible

This is a rational therapy, depending on the

nature of poison & patient condition medicine of

different forms & combinations are used. InAyurveda

different types of 's are mentioned in different

type of poisoning. In modern also the different

medicines are given depending on symptoms of

patient .

Principle: To arrest the complication & to revive the

17.

18.

19

Nasya

Dhooma

Dhoomapana

leha

Leha

Agada

Dhoomana

Leha:

. Oushadha:

[21]

[22]

[22]

patients.

It means local application of drugs .After the

process of if the blood doesn't come

out then certain medicated powders are rubbed at

that particular site to enhance the flow of blood or

body fluids . In some case if the pure blood is

oozes out then also it is given to stop the bleeding.In

modern also medicated powder is used as it absorbs

excess moisture, relieves itching and irritation, and

cools skin & also dries the oozing [2 ]

When the spread of poison becomes

uncontrollable by mantra &other procedures. Then

this is the last measure in the treatment of poison &

hence should be used in extreme cases if it is

administered after the lapse of suitable stage it cause

different complication & diseases. In modern also

specific antidote is mentioned in specific poisoning

.

This is very important procedure which

plays a vital role in regain the conscious state of an

unconscious person for that venesection is done in

the veins of forehead or extremities. n modern also

various efforts has to be taken to bring consciousness

like use of ventilators, artificial respiration &

stimulant drugs .

It is an external application of the medicated paste.

As the force of poison cause narcosis, fainting,

palpitation, these should be controlled by the

application of cold paste which pacify the poison just

as water cause the fire. In modern science also

Medicated paste bandages are used in the treatment

of skin conditions, often those associated with leg

ulcers, particularly those of venous origin

It is one of the ancient classical therapies

through which the life of an individual can be

regained. But, now a day this therapy has vanished.

This therapy could be considered as a broad

spectrum or a universal antidote which can be used

20. :

21.

22.

23.

.

24.

Pratisarana

Prativisha

Sandnyasansthapana

Lepa

Mrutasanjeevanam

Raktamokshana

[24]

3

[24]

I

[25]

[26]



82

to nullify the toxic effect of almost all types of poisons

[4]

After reviewing this 24 modalities it was

found that th first seven are carried out in the

(animate poison )as a first aid .Out of these 24

,16 procedures are generalized & 7

procedures (

)are local. Remaining

procedure is carried out in as well as in

depends on stages of poisoning. After

analyzing this with Modern principle of

poisoning it is found that these are based on same

principle as that of modern so we can classify this

under the following heading of modern

principle.

These can be classified into

Discussion& Conclusion :

e Jangam

visha

Upkrama

Mantra, Arishta, Utakarten, Nishpidan,

Chooshan, Agni & Parisheka

Sthavar

Jangam Visha

Upakrama

Upakarma

24 Upkramas

following subgroups.

24 have their own significance in

neutralizing the poison in different ways. It can be

seen that most of them are based on same principle as

that of modern. T but for

the application is not sure particularly in remote

areas, where medical facilities are meager.

The twenty-four given by Charaka has

great importance in emergency. In this

such equipments are used which are easily available

& can be done anywhere. It does not require more

time & most important is, these are quick action.

As these modalities are based on scientific

approach, it's the time need to apply & see the realism

of this treatment. This will definitely help to prove the

Ayurveda in emergency services also.

Conclusion:

Upakarma

Upakramas

Upakrama

hough these are very useful

Sr.

No.

To check entry of

poison in blood

Eliminative

therapy

Symptomatic

therapy

Counteracting

measures

Pacifying

measures

1 ArishtaBandhanam RaktaMokshanam Hrudayavaranam Mantram Anjanam

2 Utkartanam Vamanam SajnaSamsthapanam Aushadham Lepa

3 Nishpeedanam Virechan MrutaSanjeevanam Prativisha Dhumam

4 Cushanam Nasyam Leham

5 Agni Upadhanam

6 Parishekam Pradhamanam

7 Avagaham Pratisaranam

Table 1: Classification of 24 on the basis of modern principle:UpkramaReferences :

[1] Sharma RK, Bhagvan Das, Caraka Samhita, critical

exposition based on Cakrapani Datta's Ayurveda Dipika

,Vol IV, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series office,Varanasi,

Edition- reprint 2005,pp 323

[2] SharmaP.V.SushrutSamhita,Dalhan's commentary

vol III kalpasthana &Uttarsthan, Chaukhamba

Vishvabharati publication,1 Edition reprint 2005.pp.6

[3] Prikh C.K., parikh's textbook of medical

jurisprudence forensic medicine & toxicology, CBS

publishers, sixth edition,reprint2011,pp8.11


exposition based on Cakrapani Datta'sAyurveda Dipika,

Vol IV, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series office,Varanasi,

Edition- reprint 2005,pp 334

[5]SharmaP.V. Sushrut Samhita ,Dalhan's commentary

vol III kalpasthana & Uttarsthan, Chaukhamba


[6] Huparikar S.G. ,Textbook of Agadtantra, Rashtriya

shikshan mandal publication,1 edition 2008,pp65

st

st

st

[7] Kumar V. Ayurveda for life ,Motilal Banarasidas

Publishot private limited ,Delhi,1 Edition -2001 ,pp

149

[8] Mishra B.& Vaishya R, Bhavprakash of shree

Bhavmishra, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,11

edition2004,pp160

[9] KetanBhardava, First Aid ,National book depot,first

Edition 2000 pp. 44-46


exposition based on Cakrapani Datta's Ayurveda

Dipika,Vol IV, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series

office,Varanasi, Edition- reprint 2005,pp 338

[11] Shrikantha Murthi K.R, AshtangSangraha Of

Vagbhata, Chaukhamba publications 9 edition, pp 331

[12] Ketan Bhardava, First Aid ,National book depot,

first Edition 2000 pp. 48

[13] Shrikantha Murthi K.R, Ashtang Sangraha Of



st

th

th

th



83


Dipika,Vol IV, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series office,

Varanasi, Edition- reprint 2005,pp 337-338[15] B Tripathi B,CharakaSamhita, SutrasthanChaukhambha surbharati prakashamn ,reprint 2009pp135

[16] SharmaP.V .SushrutSamhita, Dalhan's commentary






Varanasi, Edition- reprint 2005,pp 344



[19] SharmaP.V. Sushrut Samhita, Dalhan's commentary


st

th



Vagbhata, Chaukhamba publications 9 edition, pp 396[21] B Tripathi B, Charaka Samhita, SutrasthanChaukhambha surbharati prakashamn ,reprint 2009pp122

[22] Prasad P.V.N.R, Illustrated Agadtantra,

Chaukhamba publications 2 edition 2013, pp95.




Varanasi, Edition- reprint 2005,pp 337



[25] Sinha V.,Practical ENT, neelam saxsena

publication ,2 edition pp 26

[26] Stoskar R.Bhandarkar S.,Ainapure S.,

Phrmacology & Pharmaco-therapeutics, pp 985-987.

st

th

nd

th

nd



84

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine

An “Imperative Appraisal” on Biological

Factors Affecting Intelligence in School

Going ChildrenSrihari S , Jyothy K B

1 2

1 & 2Asst. Professor, Dept. of Kaumarabhritya, MGACH & RC, DMIMS (DU), Wardha, Maharashtra, India

([email protected])

JISM1403H Received for publication: January 19, 2014; Accepted: February 11, 2014

Review Article



Srihari S, Jyothy K B, An imperative appraisal on Biological Factors Affecting Intelligence in School Going

Children

Abstract:

Intelligence is a vital essentiality in day today life in its purest and enriched form, especially in children who have

to build up their life in an appropriate manner. Individuals with high level of intellectual power are inevitable for

the current competitive era and factors influencing them are numerous as they embark to relate with one's life

from birth till death. Biological factor has a significant impact in influencing the intelligence. Few references in

this regard are also found inAyurveda which indicate their importance in influencing both the physical as well as

the psychological health of an individual. The review focuses on to amplify these concepts and to emphasize

upon the need to understand them by which the needy are dealt effectively. Upon analyzing the role of biological

factors it can be concluded that these factors indeed affect the intelligence of School going children both

positively and negatively.

Key words: Intelligence, School going children, Factors influencing intelligence

Introduction:

“Quantity disintegrates but quality does not”.

Twenty first century has witnessed a huge demand for

people with quality and has offered them in return

magnanimously. Academic success of children in

schools is a commonest way of assessment and

demonstration of their quality which is prejudiced

principally by the echelon of intelligence inherited by

them either by birth or through the influence of nature

Building an individual with consecrated quality starts

right from pregnancy, more pronounced in childhood

period and continues till his death. Ongoing feelings

of anxiety fear or nervousness can rob people of their

quality of life and even negatively impact their health

[1]

.

.

Early identification of those factors and dealing them

appropriately is the aim of the medical man.

The memory demands for school age

children are much greater than they are for adults as

they are continuously fed with new knowledge in

various areas which might be interesting or not.

Moreover children are expected to learn and

remember them and repeat it during exams [2].

Except when there is a marked deviation from the

normal, young children are not aware of what their

intellectual level is. The bright, for e.g., do not realise

how bright they are, the dull are unaware of their

dullness and the average take their intelligence for

granted.After they enter the school, children measure

their level of intellectual power by the kind of

adjustment they make to school work. [2]


Srihari S, Jyothy K B, An imperative appraisal on Biological Factors Affecting Intelligence in School Going Children 84-90, pp.

85

Intelligence is the capacity to acquire and

apply knowledge where intellectual ability is a

complex phenomenon, influenced by various factors

like biological, psychological and social etc. Used in

its broadest sense, intelligence is what people use to

learn, remember, solve problems and in general deal

effectively with the world around them [3].

For a person to develop certain intellectual

abilities they need to be assessed for potential causes

which could hamper them and should be provided

with appropriate stimuli during childhood, before the

critical period of adapting their neuronal connections

ends. It should be mentioned that some researchers

believe 'the critical period effect' is a result of the

manner by which intellectual abilities are acquired-

these changes in a neuronal connections inhibit or

prevent possible future changes which may explain

the differences in intelligence types between people

of different cultures [4].

The potential causes for hampering and

stimulating the intellectual abilities due to biological

influence may be grouped into.

Biological

Race and genetic constitution

Gender

Nutritional status

Infestations of helminthes

Recurrent infections

Gestational maturity

Nature of delivery

Birth weight

Trauma

Antenatal well being of mother

Breast feeding

Table1: Showing the Factors afflicting the Intelligence

Observations and Discussion:

BIOLOGICALFACTORS

1)Race and genetic constitution - No one race is

endowed with better intelligence than others.

Differences in achievement of races are due to better

opportunities and facilities found in developed

countries.All traits of an individual are inherited from

his ancestors only. "Most of what is currently known

about the genetics of intelligence comes from twin

and adoption studies, which have documented

significant and substantial genetic influence."

Developmental genetic analyses have found that the

magnitude of genetic effects increase during the life

span and that genetic factors are primarily

responsible for stability during development but also

affect age-to-age changes. Multivariate genetic

analyses suggest that the same genes largely overlap

in their effect across most specific cognitive abilities,

that the strong association between intelligence and

scholastic achievement is almost exclusively due to

the same genes that affect both domains, and that

genetic factors mediate the association between

cognitive development and home environment.

Genetic analyses also suggest that genetic effects on

high intelligence may merely be the high end of the

normal distribution of genetic influences on

individual differences in intelligence [5]. Galton

Francis, in 1869, prepared a list of 977 famous

individuals, their nearest blood relations out of whom

536 were also famous. He made another list

consisting of 977 laymen out of them only 4 were

famous enough. However, not all individuals are

endowed with the same intelligence and many

believe this must have something to do with genes

and the way they interact with the environment [6].

Ayurveda also gives due importance to the

genetic and hereditary aspect of (intelligence)

and (intelligence quotient). During the

embryogenesis it is mentioned that these

(factors) are inherited.

//

Indicate that is also influenced by the

adapted lifestyle of ancestors [7-9]

Consanguineous marriage, congenital

anomalies and mentally retarded parents/ siblings all

contribute negatively.

A few studies [10, 11] in which the effects of

inbreeding on cognitive performance have been

examined revealed that offspring of first-cousin

marriages had lower IQ scores than offspring of

unrelated parents.

Saadat (2008) [12] and Woodley (2009) [13]

suggested that inbreeding depression and associated

Buddhi

Medha

Gunas

Medha cha satmyajani

Medha


86

reduced phenotypic quality is a cause of the variation

in cognitive ability across the world. They found

cross-national correlations of = −0.77 ( = 35, <

0.0001) and = −0.62 ( = 71, < 0.01), respectively,

between average IQ and measures of inbreeding.

Woodley (2009), however, noted that rates of

consanguineous marriage itself may not account for

the magnitude of this variation because (i) the

statistical significance of the effect disappears when

education and gross domestic product (GDP) are

controlled for, and (ii) the effect of inbreeding on

intelligence had previously been shown to be

relatively small.

When standardized IQ tests were first

developed in the early 20th century, girls typically

scored higher than boys up to the age of 14 [14]. As

testing methodology was revised, efforts were made

to equalize gender performance [14-16]. The mean

IQ scores between men and women very little [17-

20]. One study concluded that after controlling for

socio-demographic and health variables, “gender

differences tended to disappear on tests for which

there was a male advantage and to magnify on tests

for which there was a female advantage” [21]. A

study from 2007 found a 2-4 IQ point advantage for

females in later life [22]. One study investigated the

differences in IQ between the sexes in relation to age,

finding that girls do better at younger ages but that

their performance declines relative to boys with age

[23]. While research has shown that males and

females do indeed excel in different abilities, maths

and science might be an exception to this.

Achievement in maths and the science gives females

an advantage because it requires effective

communication and the ability to comprehend

abstract ideas. On the other hand, males have an

advantage also, due to the fact that on average men

perform better at visuo-spatial abilities [24].

The results from research on sex differences

in memory are mixed and inconsistent, with some

studies showing no difference, and others showing a

female or male advantage [25]. Most studies have

found no sex differences in short term memory, the

rate of memory decline due to aging, or memory of

r n p

r n p

2) Gender

visual stimuli [25]. Females have been found to have

an advantage in recalling auditory and olfactory

stimuli, experiences, faces, names, and the location

of objects in space [25-26]. However, males show an

advantage in recalling "masculine" events [25]. A

study examining sex differences in performance on

the California Verbal Learning Test found that males

performed better on Digit Span Backwards and on

reaction time, while females were better on short-

term memory recall and Symbol-Digit Modalities

Test [22].

The brain is the most complex

and costly organ in the human body. In human

newborns, the brain demands 87 per cent of the

body's metabolic budget, 44 per cent at age five, 34

per cent at age ten, and 23 per cent and 27 per cent for

adult males and females, respectively (Holliday

1986). Presumably, if an individual cannot meet

these energetic demands while the brain is growing

and developing, the brain's growth and

developmental stability will suffer [27].

“The food that is good for the heart is likely

to be good for the brain."Hippocrates. The role of

nutrition in intelligence remains obscure. Severe

childhood malnutrition has clear negative effects,

but the hypothesis that certain 'micro- nutrients' may

affect intelligence in otherwise adequately-fed

populat ions has not been convincingly

demonstrated. A balanced diet will provide all the

foods required to maintain the correct balance of

neurotransmitters. Proper academic performance is

consistently associated with the degree of

malnutrition and it is a prime factor in Indian

primary school children [28].

Optimal nutrition during pregnancy and

first 3 years of life is most crucial because 70% of the

human brain develops during fetal life and the

remaining 30% during preschool years. Every baby

must be breast fed to promote rapid brain growth

during infancy. Optimal nutrition of nursing mother

improves the quality of breast milk by ensuring

adequate concentration of smart nutrients. Children

should be encouraged to take brain-friendly diet rich

in smart nutrients and antioxidants. Intake of junk

3) Nutritional status



87

food and soft drinks should be discouraged. School-

going children should not miss their breakfast

because of its adverse effects on physical growth and

learning capabilities [29].

Studies reveal that a low standard fat, low

cholesterol diet during the first 5 years of life affects

normal neurological development (JAMA;

leena.Rask et.al) but no need to become fatty for

brilliancy [30].

The fear of neurological dysfunction in

children exposed early to fat- modified diets is based

on the rapid development of the central nervous

system during the first year of life. Because 75% of

brain growth is completed by the age of 3 years, [31]

the ability of the brain to recover from early

nutritional deficiencies is limited. Severe

malnutrition in the first year of life, even if corrected

later, is associated with intelligence deficiencies at

ages 11 to 18 years [32]

The basic concept of the amount and quality

of food in Ayurveda is abbreviated as

[33] if proper

quantity and quality of food is not supplied, it can

cause several disorders both on psyche and soma. In

Ashtanga Samgraha it is told that

can cause .

[34]

Acharya Charaka mentions,

(Low/less quality of food) may hamper the

optimal functioning of and

[35]

Kashyapa Advocates a child

studying should not do any studies when he is hungry

or thirsty as the mind will not be able to grasp due to

lack of energy.

- Helminthes

infestation are impairing normal growth and

development of a child and it is an alarming problem

in the country like India. From different studies it is

well proved that these infestations consistently impair

the cognitive development of a child[36]

Cognitive deficiencies are

Matravat

Aharasya Yat Phalam Shubham

Heenamatra Ahara

Buddhi Aghata

Tatra heena matramashanam

…….manobudhindriyopaghata

Heena Matra

Ahara

Manas Buddhi Indriya

Na Cha Kshut Pipasa Vyadhi Vaimanasyadi

yukto abhyaset

Acharya

4)Infestations of helminthes

5) Recurrent infections -

being noted in case of immunologically challenged

patients like AIDS [37]. Any recurrent infection

especially those involving the nervous system

contain the risk of disabilities in general functioning

and thus also the intellectual functioning.

The negative relationship between

infectious disease and IQ was statistically

significant at the national level both worldwide and

within five of Murdock's (1949) six world regions.

All analyses showed that infectious disease was a

significant predictor of average national IQ, whether

using either of Lynn and Vanhanen's (2006) two

datasets or Wicherts .'s (2010 ) data [38-40].

- Preterm infants are

vulnerable to sub-optimal early nutrition and their

cognitive performance notably, language based

skills are highly reducing at 7 1/2 - 8 years [41].

According to Kashyapa proper gestational

maturity is inevitable to produce an ideally

intellectual child and this is assessed by certain

anthropological measurements which are given in

detail in the [42].

According to Charaka Samhita this concept

is abbreviated as

||

and perfection is only

attained to a fully matured infant [43]. Hence

completing full gestational period is inevitable for a

better and

Even minor hypoxia can

hamper the cognitive ability. Premature babies are at

a moderate or even minor risk for birth-related

hypoxia. Children who have oxygen deprivation

within the body, score lower on “IQ” tests and

language skills, according to a study published in the

Neuropsychological magazine [44].

Children who had been at a risk of hypoxia

scored 10 points lower on average in IQ tests

compared with those who had not been at risk. Also,

those who had been at higher risk for hypoxia tended

to score the lowest in cognitive performance and

expressive communication.

8) Birth Weight: Children who are born with birth

et al b

Acharya

Lakshanadhyaya

Tatra prapta kala: Sarvendriyopapannaparipurna

shariro balavarna Satwa samhanana sampatupeta

Satwa sampat Indriya

Buddhi Medha.

6) Gestational maturity

7) Nature of delivery



88

weight of more than 2.5kgs have higher mean IQ

score which suggests that babies who are a little

bigger at birth have a marked advantage in terms of

intelligence later in childhood. This is probably

because heavier babies have been better nourished in

the womb at crucial stages of brain development.

Other studies have clearly shown that being

underweight at birth seems to correspond with poorer

mental development. Premature babies are at a much

greater risk of being born underweight. However, the

latest study, published in the British Medical Journal,

suggests that the weight to intelligence link extends

to normal-sized babies [45].

- Neuropsychological deficit and

academic performance in children and adolescents

following traumatic brain injury is well studied one.

Severity of injury has a significant impact on

nonverbal IQ performance. Children and adolescents

with more severe head injuries used less effective

learning strategies to encode and recall information

[46]. Trauma to head is therefore a significant

precursor of low intelligence and any damage or

insult to the developing brain does produce marked

changes in the cognitive performance of children.

Better

antenatal care is of absolute necessity for children

having better intelligence in later part of life. The last

3 months of pregnancy and first 3 years of post-natal

life are most crucial for brain development. Also

certain drugs if consumed during pregnancy can

hamper brain development of the child. Healthcare

during pregnancy and childbirth also influences

cognitive development. Preventable causes of low

intelligence in children include infectious diseases

such as meningitis, parasites, and cerebral malaria,

prenatal drug and alcohol exposure, newborn

asphyxia, low birth weight, head injuries, and

endocrine disorders [47].

All regimens described in

chapter aims at this point. If one follows

these regimens it will lead to the birth of a good

quality progeny [48].

Breast milk is the one and only

complete food to an infant. Susrutha while

9) Trauma

10) Antenatal well being of mother-

11) Breast feeding-

Jatisutriya

Shareera

Acharya

classification of age [49] gives a special attention for

(children), he classifies them based on nature of

food intake at that age as period (first year

of life) where exclusive breast feeding is done

suggests it is the only complete food for children of

those ages and period (till 2years of

life) during which breast feeding is supplemented

with external dietary substances suggesting.

Vagbhata while explaining the qualities of

(breast milk) [50] suggests and

is fast if the children who consume

Charaka while enlisting the ideal qualities

of , mentions the benefits of as

and means

nourishment (of both mind and body) whereas

means healthy status (of mind and body).

Studies often find higher IQ in children and adults

who were breastfed [52-53]. It has also been

proposed that the omega-3 fatty acids that are found

in high doses in breast milk, and that are known to be

essential constituents of brain tissues, could at least

partially account for an increase in IQ. Breast milk

contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and

arachidonic acid (AA) a long-chain polyunsaturated

fatty acids that appear to support brain development.

Formulated milk lacks these nutrients. Apart from

this, breast milk, providing easy digestion, a battery

of other benefits include, providing natural

antibodies supplement that confer natural passive

immunity, helping to protect newborns from

common childhood ailments, and also cheaper

compared to infant formula. In a study of 17,046

children, the team found that breastfeeding

exclusively during the first year of life was

associated with an increase in a child's intelligence

by first grade. Long-term, exclusive breastfeeding

appears to improve children's cognitive development

(thinking, learning and memory). Researchers at

McGill University found that those who are

breastfed exclusively for the first three months - with

many also extending to 12 months - scored an

average of 5.9 points higher in IQ tests in childhood.

Teachers also rated these children significantly

higher academically than control children in both

Bala

Ksheerapa

Ksheerannada

Acharya

Sthanya Bala Deha

Vriddhi Sthanya.

Acharya

Sthanya Sthanyapana

Pushtikara Arogyakara [51]. Pushti

Arogya



89

reading and writing. Canada's McGill University

found breastfed babies ended up performing better in

IQ tests by the age of six. But the researchers were

unsure whether it was related to breast milk itself or

the bond from breastfeeding. The study of nearly

14,000 children is the latest in a series of reports to

have found such a positive link. They found that

babies who are breast-fed for less than a month had an

average IQ of 99.4 as adults, close to 100, average for

the population as a whole. Those who are breast-fed

for two to three months had IQs on average of 101.7,

while those breast-fed for seven to nine months

scored highest with 106. They found that breast-

feeding beyond nine months had no further benefit on

IQ, with the score dropping to 104 [54].

Importance of childhood has been

emphasized right from the ancient medical literature

up to current modern medical science as every

incidence in the childhood has an influence in the

adult life.Ahealthy childhood is therefore mandatory

for expecting a healthy adult life; it is indeed a

foundation of the adulthood. Higher mental faculty

i.e. the instrument of knowledge, the discriminating

power, and final decision maker is considered as

intelligence and the most common method which

contend to measure it is Intelligence Quotient Test

(IQ test). It of absolute imperativeness to identify

those biological factors which negatively affect the

intelligence of School going children as early as

possible and deal with them effectively with suitable

measures, while ignoring them may change the

course of the child future. Biological factors tend to

have a drastic and long term influence on

intelligence. More emphasis on the measures of

preventing these biological factors affecting children

should be the aim of the every medical man.

Conclusion:

References

1] http://www.naturalnews.com/ 030135_ anxiety_herbal_

medicine.html, Last accessed on 13/04/2013

2]Glenda Thorne, Ph.D., “Strategies to enhance student's

memory” CDL's on-line library.http://www.cdl.org/

resourcelibrary/articles/memory_strategies_May06.php,

Last accessed on 13/04/2013

3] Clinical Psychology, Lesson 19, 'INTELLIGENCE',

19A.203, pg.no 54 © Copy Right: Rai University.

4] Http://iqandenvironmental.blogspot. in/2008/05/list-of-

environmental-factors-that.html?m=1, Last accessed on

13/04/2013 5] Plomin, R, Genetics and intelligence. Talent

Development III, pp. 19-39 Gifted Psychology Press 1995

6]Www.shareyouressays.com/ 116599/5-studies-regarding-

the-influence-of-heredity-on-development-of-a-child, Last

accessed on 13/04/2013

7]Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira sthana, 3

chapter, Shloka 3, Chaukhamba Publication, Varanasi, 2009

8]Acharya Vagbhata, Astanga Sanghraha, Shareera Sthana,

Chpater 5, shloka 17 , with Sasilekha commentary by Indu,

Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Varanasi, 2006

9]Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka

Samhitha, Shareera Sthana, chapter 3, Shloka 11, with

Chakrapani commentary, Choukhamba KrishnadasAcademy,

Varanasi, 2006

10]Cohen, T., Block, N., Flum, Y., Kadar, M. and

Goldschmist, E. in E. Goldschmist (ed.).

(Williams and Wilkins,

Baltimore, 1963).

11]Schull, W. J. and Neel, J. V.

. (Harper and Row, NewYork, 1965).

12]Saadat, M. 2008 Consanguinity and national IQ scores. J.

Epidemiol. Commun. H. 62, 566567. (doi:10.1136/

jech.2007.069021)

13] Woodley, M. A. 2009 Inbreeding depression and IQ in a

study of 72 countries. Intelligence 37, 268276. (doi:10.

1016/j.intell.2008.10.007)

14] Rider, Elizabeth A. (2000).

. Belmont, California: Wadsworth. p. 202. ISBN 0-

534-34681-2.

15] Archer, John, Barbara Bloom Lloyd, Sex and gender,

Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-63533-0,

ISBN 978-0-521-63533-2

16] Sternberg, Robert J., ,

Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-59648-3

17] Baumeister, Roy F (2001).

. Psychology Press. ISBN 1-

84169-019-8, 9781841690193.

18] Baumeister, Roy F. (2010).

. Oxford

University Press. ISBN 0-19-537410-X, 9780195374100.

19] Hedges, L.; Nowell, A. (1995). "Sex differences in mental

test scores, variability, and numbers of high-scoring

i n d i v i d u a l s " . 2 6 9 ( 5 2 2 0 ) : 4 1 4 5 .

doi:10.1126/science.7604277. PMID 7604277.

20] Colom, R.; García, L. F.; Juan-Espinosa, M.; Abad, F. J.

(2002). "Null sex differences in general intelligence:

Evidence from the WAIS-III".

5 (1): 2935. PMID 12025362.

21] Jorm, A. F.; Anstey, K. J.; Christensen, H.; Rodgers, B.

(2004). "Gender differences in cognitive abilities: The

mediating role of health state and health habits".

rd

th

The Genetics of

Migrant and Isolated Populations

The Effects of Inbreeding on

Japanese Children

Our Voices: Psychology of

Women

Handbook of intelligence

Social psychology and human

sexuality: essential readings

Is there anything good about

men?: how cultures flourish by exploiting men

S c i e n c e

The Spanish journal of

psychology

Intelligence



90

32: 7. Doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.08.001.

22] Keith, T. Z.; Reynolds, M. R.; Patel, P. G.; Ridley, K. P.

(2008). "Sex differences in latent cognitive abilities ages 6 to

59: Evidence from the WoodcockJohnson III tests of

cognit ive abil i t ies". 36 (6): 502.

Doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.001.

23] Colom, R.; Lynn, R. (January 2004). "Testing the

developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence on

1218 year olds". 36:

7582. Doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00053-9.

24] Halpern, D. F., Benbow, C. P., Geary, D. C., Gur, R. C.,

Hyde, J. S., and Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007). The science of

sex differences in science and mathematics. Association for

Psychological Science, 8, 1-51

25] Ellis, Lee, Sex differences: summarizing more than a

century of scientific research, CRC Press, 2008, ISBN 0-

8058-5959-4, ISBN 978-0-8058-5959-1

26] Halpern, Diane F., Sex differences in cognitive abilities,

Psychology Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8058-2792-7, ISBN 978-0-

8058-2792-7

27] Holliday, M.A. 1986 Body composition and energy needs

during growth. In Human growth: a comprehensive treatise,

vol. 2 (eds F. Falkner and J. M. Tanner), pp. 101117. New

York, NY: Plenum.

28] Singh. Et.al; Indian journal of psychometry and

education; 1976; vol: 7; 5-8.

29] Meharban Singh, Nutrition, Brain and Environment: How

to have Smarter Babies? Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:213-220

30] Leena Rask-Nissilä, MD; Eero Jokinen, MD, PhD; Pirjo

Terho, MD; et al, Neurological Development of 5-Year-Old

Children Receiving a LowSaturated Fat, Low-Cholesterol

Diet Since Infancy A Randomized Controlled Trial, .

2000;284(8):993-1000

31] Nelson WE, Behrman RE, Kliegman RM,ArvinAM, eds.

Nelson Textbook of paediatrics. 15th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:

WB Saunders Co; 1996: chap 3.1-3.10.35

32] Galler JR, Ramsey FC, Forde V Salt P, Archer E. Long

term effects of early kwashiorkor compared with Marasmus,

II: intellectual performance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.

1987; 6: 847-854.

33] Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka

Samhitha, Vimana Sthana, chapter 1, Shloka 4, with

Chakrapani commentary, Choukhamba Krishnadas

Academy, Varanasi, 2006

34] Acharya Vagbhata, Astanga Sanghraha, Sutra Sthana,

Chpater 11, shloka 18 , with Sasilekha commentary by Indu,

Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Varanasi, 2006

35] Maharshi Marichi, Vriddhajeevaka, Kashyapa

Samhita,Vimana Sthana, 2 Chapter, shloka 8 ,

Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi, 2002

36] Nokes C, BundyD, APJournal: Parasitology Today,

10:14-18,Year: 1994

37] Tamula MA, Wolters PL, Walsek C, Zeichner S,Civitello

L.HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer

Intel l igence

Personality and Individual Differences

JAMA

th

n d t h

Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-

1868, USA

38] Murdock, G. P. 1949 Social structure. New York, NY:

Macmillan.

39] Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. 2006 IQ and global inequality.

Augusta, GA: Washington Summit.

40] Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V. and van der Maas, H. L. J.

2010b A systematic literature review of the average IQ of

sub-Saharan Africans. Intelligence 38, 120. (doi:10.

1016/j.intell.2009.05.002)

41]ALucas et.al bmj. 1998; 317:1481-1487, 28 November.

42] Maharshi Marichi, Vriddhajeevaka, Kashyapa Samhita,

Sutra Sthana, 28th Chapter, shloka 3, Chaukhambha

Visvabharati, Varanasi, 2002





44] Sarah Raz, PhD, and Tracy Hopkins- Golightly, PhD, and

neonatologist Craig J. Sanders, MD, 'Neuropsychological

magazine', Vol. 17, No. 1.

45] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1483134.stm, last


46] ElsaArroyos-Jurado, 'Traumatic Brain Injury in Children

and Adolescents: Academic and Intellectual Outcomes

Following Injury', EXCEPTIONALITY, (3), 125140,

Copyright © 2006, Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates, Inc.

47] Olness K (April 2003). "Effects on brain development

leading to cognitive impairment: a worldwide epidemic".

24 (2): 12030. PMID 12692458





49] Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, Sutra sthana, 35

chapter, shloka 21, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan,

Varanasi, 2005

50] Acharya Vagbhata, Astanga Hrudaya, Uttara Sthana,

Chpater 1, shloka 15-16 , Chaukhamba Krishnadas






52] Perlmutter, David; Carol Colman (2006). Raise a Smarter

Child By Kindergarten: Raise Iq Points By Up to 30 Points

and Turn on Your Child's Smart Genes Points. Morgan Road

Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2301-9

53] Masters R (1997). "Brain biochemistry and social status:

The neurotoxicity hypothesis". In White, Elliott.

. New

York, N.Y: Prager. pp. 141183. ISBN 0-275-95655-5

54] http://www.iqtestexperts.com/iq-breastfeed.php, last


14

J

Dev Behav Pediatr

Intelligence, political inequality, and public policy

th

th



91

Study of inShigru Taila Vasti Sthoulya

Journal of Indian

System of MedicineCase Report

Nilima N. Wadnerwar

Assistant Professor, Department of Agadtantra, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,

Hospital & Research Center, Salod (H), Wardha. ([email protected])

JISM1357H Received: December 17, 2013; Accepted: January 16, 2014

Abstract:

Sthoulya

Sthoulya “Ashta

Ninditiya” Ati Sthoolata Swasthya

Vaman Virechan

Vasti , Abhyang Swedan Udvartana , Yogasanas

Pranayam Apunarbhava

Chikitsa Prakriti

Shigru Taila Lekhan Vasti Sthoulya,

Shigru Tail Vasti Sthoulya.

(Obesity) is an increasing and worrisome problem in present population of age group 20-40 years as its

complications are contributing to hazardous diseases like diabetes, heart disorders, etc. The reason behind this is

altered life style of the population. Those who want to reduce the weight, find it difficult as the exercises, gym

practices and dietary restrictions are difficult to follow regularly. Ayurveda has described in

(eight unappreciated) conditions as is not a symptom of . Further, to overcome

this condition, Ayurveda has mentioned various treatment modalities like (Vomiting),

(Purgation), (Enema) (Massage), (Fomentation), (Rubbing)

(Postural exercises), (Breathing exercises), dietary regimen etc. trying to perform

(Treatment without complications) according to the (Constitution) of the patient. When

was given to a patient of his weight was reduced by 4.5kg in 45 days without

any exercise and dieting. This case study explains the role of in

Key Words: .Sthoulya, Apunarbhava Chikitsa, Shigru Taila, Lekhan Vasti



Nilima N. Wadnerwar, Study of Shigru Taila Vasti in Sthoulya,

Introduction:

Obesity is considered as a lifestyle disorder in

which a complex interplay of genetic, environmental

and psychological factors plays a major role. For

thousands of years obesity was rarely seen [1]. It was

not until the 20th century that it became common, so

much so that in 1997 the World Health Organization

(WHO) formally recognized obesity as a global

epidemic [2].

As of 2005 the WHO estimates that at least

400 million adults (9.8%) are obese, with higher rates

among women than men. As of 2008, the WHO

claimed that 1.5 billion adults, 20 and older, were

overweight and of these over 200 million men and

nearly 300 million women were obese [3].

The rate of obesity also increases with age at

least up to 50 or 60 years old [4]. Obesity has reached

epidemic proportions in India in the 21st century,

with morbid obesity affecting 5% of the country's

population [5]. Urbanization and modernization has

been associated with obesity. It may result into

several medical conditions like diabetes, heart

diseases, high blood pressure, stroke gall stones,

liver disease, osteoarthritis and reproductive

problems in women. Besides suffering from physical

illness, obese adults and children may experience

social stigmatization and discrimination as well as

psychological problems.

Ayurveda has described in

[6-7] (eight unappreciated) conditions as

is not a symptom of [8].

Those who want to reduce the weight, find it difficult

Sthoulya “Ashta

Ninditiya”

Ati Sthoolata Swasthya


Nilima N. Wadnerwar, Study of Shigru Taila Vasti in Sthoulya, pp 91-95

92

as the exercises, gym practices and dietary

restrictions are difficult to follow regularly.

Moreover, if weight is not reduced gradually in a

systematic way, person can gain weight again.

is defined as , and

(in male and female) due to excess increase in

and [9].

Obesity is an abnormal growth of adipose

tissue [10] due to an enlargement of fat cell size

(hypertrophic obesity), an increase in fat cell number

(hyperplastic obesity) and a combination of both. Its

features are excess body fat, abdominal adiposity,

increased subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat and

deposition of fat in ectopic sites (such as liver, muscle

and others). Obesity is a major driver for the widely

prevalent metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes

mellitus. Overweight (BMI ≥25) is classified as Pre-

obese (BMI 25-29.99), Obese class I (BMI 30-34.99),

Obese class II (BMI 35-39.99), Obese class III (BMI

≥40) [11].

There are so many drugs and various

treatment modalities described in Ayurveda for the

management of [12]. In , there is

need of and

and as well as

is having

and activity. It is

and . It scraps [14].

Sthoulya Chala Sphik Guda

Stana

Meda Mansa Dhatu

Sthoulya Sthoulya

Vataghna Anna Pana, Kapha Medohara

Ruksha Teekshna Dravyas Lekhana

Vasti [13]. Shigru Katu Tikta Rasa, Ushna

Veerya Deepana, Pachana Kapha

Vatahar Medohar Meda Dhatu Til

Taila Vatashamaka Shigru

Vasti

Shigru

Taila Vasti Sthoulya

is . Thus, the properties of

in oil form are useful in to regulate weight. In

light of the above, the present case study was

undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of

in .

A female patient aged 30 years having

weight 70.5 kg and height 152 cm (BMI= 30.51)

presented with the history of gradual weight gain in

subsequent three years. There were no other

complaints. One year before her weight was 75 kg,

BMI 32.46 (Obese class I). Within one year she lost

near about 4.5 kg by dieting and exercise but not on

regular basis. She was fed up with the exercises and

wanted to lose weight without dieting and exercises.

She has never used any sort of medicine for weight

reduction. On arrival in the OPD of M.G.A.C.H. &

R.C. Salod (H), Wardha, her detailed history was

taken and it came to know that the obesity was

hereditary in her family.

Vitals were normal. There was central

obesity along with bulky thighs and joints. Her body

measurement was taken with various parameters.

CBC, LFT, KFT were within normal limits.

Type 1 hyperlipidemia.

Case history:

Examination:

Investigations:

Diagnosis:

Parameter Day 0

(Before

treatment)

Day 16

(1st follow up

after Kala

Vasti)

Day 45

(2nd fo llow up

after Kala

Vasti)

Total

reduction

Percentage

of reduction

(%)

Weight (Kg) 70.5 69 .5 66 4.5 kg 6.38

BMI 30.51 30 .08 28.57 1 .94 6.36

Waist

circumference (cm)

104 86 80 24 cm 23.08

Hip circumference

(cm)

110 107 102 8 cm 7.27

Waist/Hip Ratio 0.95 0.77 0 .78 0 .17 17.89

Circumference

(Right Thigh) (cm)

67 65.5 62 5 cm 7.46

Circumference

(Left Thigh) (cm)

67 65 61.75 5 .25 cm 7.83

Circumference at

Umbilicus (cm)

108 102 91.5 16.5 cm 15.28

Table 1: Showing reduction in parameters within 45 days:


93

Treatment Plan:

Trial Drug:

Part used:

Posology: :

:

Discussion:

Kala Vasti

Panchkarma

Moringa oleifera

Patra .

Shigru Patra Taila

Hrasiasi matra

Saindhava

Madhu

Shigru Patra Taila

Triphala Kashay

Shatpushpa Kalka

[under the guidance and

supervision of HOD ( )].

(Leaves)

60 ml.

( ).

Total: 960 ml.

10 gm

60 ml

60 ml

820 ml

10 gm

Weight control is widely defined as

approaches to maintaining weight within the 'healthy'

(i.e. normal or acceptable) range of body mass index

of 18.5 to 24.9 Kg/m2 throughout adulthood (WHO

Expert Committee, 1995). It should also include

prevention of weight gain of more than 5 kg in all

people. In those who are already over-weight, a

reduction 5-10 percent of body weight is

recommended as an initial goal [16]. The percentage

of weight reduction in this patient is 6.38 whereas

percentage of reduction in BMI is 6.36 within 45

days.

Anuvasan Vasti

Niruha Vasti

Graph A: Showing percentage of reduction in all the parameters within 45 days:

According to Ayurveda, is

. Charaka has mentioned

, and

and as well as in the

treatment of [17]. is considered as

of [18]. When

was scheduled by using , it is

observed that it scraps by its

pharmacological properties [19].

�

�

�

�

�

� [34]

In , there is due to which

and are not properly nourished and

further channels are blocked ( ). To

correct this , there is need of

and

which will improve as well as

. Moreover, remove

from the thus make the channels

free for their normal function. To reduce weight,

Sthoulya

Santarpanjanya Vyadhi

Vataghna Anna Pana Kapha Medohara Ruksha

Teekshna Dravyas Lekhana Vasti

Sthoulya Vasti

Ardhachikitsa Vatavyadhi Kala Vasti

Shigru Patra Taila

Medodhatu

[20-33]

- Katu, Tikta

- Laghu, Ruksha, Teekshna

- Ushna,

- Katu

- Kapha Vatahar

- Medohar, Lekhana .

Sthoulya Dhatwagni Mandya

Dhatus Updhatus

Srotoavarodha

Dhatwagni Mandya

Laghu, Ushna, Teekshna, Deepana Pachana

Dravyas Jatharagni

Dhatwagni Teekshna Dravyas

Avarodha Srotasa,

Pharmacological properties of Shigru (Moringa

oleifera):

Rasa

Guna

Veerya

Vipaka

Doshghnata

Karma



94

Meda Kleda

Shigru Ushna, Teekshna

Meda(Prithvi+Aap)

Ushna guna Aap Teekshna guna

Prithvi meda Katu

Tikta Rasa Ushna Veerya Deepana

Pachana Kapha

Amashaya Meda [36].

Meda Kleda Pachana

Dravyas, Ruksha

Teekshna Shigru Til Taila

Ushna Vatanulomak

Shigru Til Taila

Lekhan Vasti

Kala

Vasti Hrasiasi Matra

Anuvasana Anuvasana

and should be removed from the body.

because of its

properties digests and absorbs it

[35]. evaporates and

combats against constituent of . Its

and and enhances

and by eliminating accumulated in

leading to scraping of The

already digested and by

is absorbed with the help of and

properties of . Further, is

and . Hence the properties of

both and are utilized with the help of

this to reduce weight.

Carbohydrate 13.4, Protein 6.7, Fat 1.7,

Fibres 0.9, Mineral 2.3, water 75, Calcium 440mg,

Phosphorus 70mg, Iron 7mg, Copper 1.1mg, Iodine

51mg, Carotene 11300 IU, Vitamin B 210mg,

Tocoferol 7.4mg, Nicotinic acid 0.8mg [36],

AscorbicAcid 22mg, [38], Flavanoids [39].

Ascorbic Acid is a reducing agent. It is

completely absorbed from GIT and widely

distributed extra and intracellularly. It plays a role in

many oxidative and other metabolic reactions [40].

Before treatment, the patient reduced 4.5 kg

weight with irregular exercise and diet control within

one year. The study showed reduction in weight by

4.5kg (6.38% of total body weight) only with

given with (60 ml) of

within 45days. If the dose of

is increased from 75-100 ml, it can show significant

reduction in weight.

The results will be more significant when the

study will be carried with appropriate diet and

exercise plan. The study is subjected to single case but

may show significant weight loss when carried out in

a group of patients.

Constituents of Shigru:

Conclusion:

References:

[1] Haslam D, Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric:

Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity, Obesity: a medical history,

Obesity Reviews Vol. 8, 2007, Elsevier Health Sciences

Chicago, Issue Supplement 1: p-31–36.

[2] Caballero B, The global epidemic of obesity: An

overview, Epidemiologic Reviews Vol. 29 Issue 1, Oxford

University Press, Oxford, p-1–5.

[3] World Health Organization, Technical report series 894:

Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic,

2000, WHO, Geneva, p-56.

[4] Peter G. Kopelman, Ian D. Caterson, Michael J. Stock,

William H. Dietz, Clinical obesity in adults and children: In

Adults and Children, 2005, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 1-

4051-1672-2, p-493.

[5] Selections from regional press, India facing obesity

epidemic: experts" The Hindu, Vol 26, 2007, Institute Of

Regional Studies SouthAsia, p-10-12.

[6] Shastri Kashinath, Charak Samhita, Vol. I, Sutrasthana,

Chapter 21/3, 2009, Choukhamba Bharti Academy,

Banaras, p-407.

[7] Sharma P V, Charak Samhita, Vol. I, Sutrasthana,

Chapter 21/3, 2011, Choukhamba Orientalia, Banaras, p-

300.

[8] Acharya Yadavji, Sushrut Samhita, Vol. I, Sutrasthana,

Chapter 15/41, Choukhamba Orientalia, Banaras, p-75.

[9] Agnivesha, Charak Samhita, edited by Tripathi

Bramhanand, Ashtouninditiya, Chapter 21, Verse 9,

Reprint 2006, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, Varanasi,

p-401.

[10] Jeffrey Flier, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, Biology of

Obesity Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, Vol. I,

1999, Mc Graw Hill Medical Publication, New York, p-

462.

[11] Park K, Epidemiology of non-communicable disease/

Obesity, Preventive Medicine, 21st edition (2011),

Banarasidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur, p-366.

[12] Kasture Haridas, Basti Vigyan, Ayurvediya

Panchkarma Vigyan, 7th edition, 2006, Shri Baidyanath

Ayurved Bhavan, Nagpur, p-376, 378.

[13] Murthy KRS, Ashtang Hridayam, Sutrasthana

Chapter 19/64, edition 2006, Choukhamba Krishnadas

Academy, Banaras, p-125.

[14] Vaidya Bapalal, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Vol. II,

reprint 2007, Chaukhamba BhartiAcademy, p-345-352.

[15] Sharma P V, Charak Samhita, Vol. II, Chikitsasthana,

Chapter 6/15, edition 2012, Choukhamba Orientalia,

Banaras, p-170.

[16] WHO, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention- Weight control

and PhysicalActivity, IARC Press, Lyon 2002.

[17] Murthy KRS, Ashtang Hridayam, Sutrasthana



95

Chapter 19/64, edition 2006, Choukhamba Krishnadas


[18] Shastri Kashinath, Charak Samhita, Vol. I,

Sutrasthana, Chapter 21/21, Choukhamba Bharti


[19] Shastri Kashinath, Charak Samhita, Vol. II,

Siddhisthana, Chapter 1/40, Choukhamba Bharti


[20] Vaidya Bapalal, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Vol. II,

reprint 2007, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, p-345-352.

[21] Sharma P V, Dravyaguna Vigyana, Vol II, Reprint

2011, Chaukhamba BhartiAcademy, p-112.

[22] Gogate V M, Ayurvedic Pharmacology & Therapeutic

Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhamba Publication New

Delhi, p-501.

[23] Bedi Ramesh, Bedi Vanaspati Kosh, Vol. 5, 2005,

Kitabghar Prakashan, New Delhi, p- 501.

[24] Sinha Ramsushil, Vanaushadhi Nidarshika, 3rd

edition 2002, Uttarpradesh Hindi Sansthana, Lucknow, p-

369.

[25] Varier P S, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. IV,

Universities Press Pvt.Ltd. Hyderabad, p-59.

[26] Sharma P V, Priya Nighantu, Haritakyadi varga, 2004,

Choukhambha Surbharti Prakashana, Varanasi, p-44.

[27] Sharma PV, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Oshadhi varga, verse

744-745, 2009, Choukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p-137-

138.

[28] Sharma P V, Dhanvantari Nighantu, 2008,

Choukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p-127.

[29] Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta, commentary by

Indradev Tripathi, Sthoulya Prakaran, verse 10, 4th edition,

Choukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, p-221.

[30] Chunekar K C, Bhavaprakash, Vol. I, verse 105-110,

2006, Choukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, p-255.

[31] Vaidya Bapalal, Nighantu Adarsh, 2007,

Choukhambha BhartiAcademy, Varanasi, p-346

[32] Nishteshwar K, Text Book of Dravyaguna, 2007,

Choukhambha Publishing House, New Delhi.

[33] Shastri Shukla Jayaram, Vanoushadhi Sangraha,

2009, Choukhambha BhartiAcademy, Varanasi, p-213.

[34] Sharma P C, Yelne M B, Dennis T J, Database on

Medicinal Plants Used In Ayurveda, Vol.I, CCRAS, Dept

of ISM & H, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Govt.

of India), 2000, p-431.

[35] Sastry J L N, Dravyaguna Vijnana, Vol. II, 2nd

edition 2005, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, p-139-

143.

[36] Deshpande, Ranade, Dravyaguna Vigyana, Reprint

2010, Proficient Publishing House, Pune, p-342.

[37] Vaidya Bapalal, Nighantu Adarsh, 2007,

Choukhambha BhartiAcademy, Varanasi, p-351.

38] The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Vol.II,

1st edition, The controller of Publications, Delhi, p-155-

157.

[39] Sharma P C, Yelne M B, Dennis T J, Database on

Medicinal Plants Used In Ayurveda, Vol.I, CCRAS, Dept

of ISM & H, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (Govt.

of India), 2000, p-431.

[40] Tripathi K D, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology,

7th edition 2013, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, p-916.

Fasting Lipid Profile Before Treatment After Treatment

Total Cholesterol 270 220

Triglyceride 94 90

LDL 158 155

HDL 47 47

VLDL 18 18

Table 2: Changes in Lipid profile within 45 days:



96

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine



Wankhade V.H., Management of Psoriasis by Panchakarma - A Case Report,

Management of Psoriasis byACase Report

Panchakarma -

Asst.Professor&H.O.D,P.GDepartmentof Kaychikitsa, Vidarbha Ayurved Mahavidyalaya

Amravati.,[[email protected]]

JISM1403H Received: January10,2014; Accepted:June29,2014

Wankhade V.H.

Case Report

Abstract:

Key words:

Psoriasis is one of the commonest non infective inflammatory skin disease characterized by raised silvery scaly

lesions. Lesions most commonly are seen on elbow, knee and lower back. In Ayurveda this disorder may be

correlated with , a type of described by Charaka.

In the present case report, a 31years old female presented with history of scaly pink patches on elbow, forehand,

knee, lower limb, back and abdomen. Patient complained of itching and pin pointed bleeding points (Aupitz's

sign). As Ayurveda advocates (purificatory) and (palliative) measures for its prevention as

well as curative aspect, the patient was treated by as and internal ayurvedic

medication. ( ).

, Psoriasis,

Mandal Kushtha Mahakushtha

Shodhan Shamana

Vamana Shodhana chikitsa

Abhyantar/ Shamana chikitsa

Mandala Kushtha Shamana, Shodhana

Introduction:

'Ayurveda', the science of life has many

treasures and remedies in its womb for day to day life,

which suggests remedies for diseases and prevention

of health. ' ' is one of the Ayurevdic

treatment method which helps to get rid of many

chronic diseases by eliminating vitiated from

the body.

Psoriasis (Psora-Itch, Sis-Action) is non

infective inflammatory skin disease characterized by

raised silvery scaly lesions, positive Koebner

phenomenon, slight to moderate itching, positive

Aupitz's sign, presence of erythema and indurations in

the lesions. Lesions vary from few millimeters to

several centimeters and most commonly are seen on

elbow, knee and lower back. It may develop at any

age, onset at adolescence, sometimes associated with

Arthritis. Psoriasis is one of the commonest skin

diseases of unknown etiology in Britain affecting

about 2 % of the population known.

Panchakarma

Doshas

In Ayurveda, skin diseases have been given

great importance and described in details under the

chapter ' ' This disorder may be

correlated with , a type of

with the dominance of and

in particular. According to ,

is caused by sour, salty hot foods,

(khichadi+milk, banana+milk etc.),

, , ,

, lack of exercise, , u ,

etc. due to which and

get vitiated ;leading to

causing (Psoriasis).

is the main treatment

modality which is widely used in all the eight

branches ofAyurveda. The therapy is more

admired by virtue of its capability to completely

eliminate the vitiated . In Ayurvedic classics,

is the disease where is indicated

first and ' ' is the best therapy for the

Kushtha Roga .

Mandal Kushtha

Mahakushtha Kapha Vata

Dosha Aacharyas

Mandal Kushtha

Viruddha aahar

Navannapana Addhyashan Asatmyasevan

Divaswap Papkarma G runinda

Purvakrut karma Kapha Vata

Doshas Dhatuvaishamya

Mandal Kushtha

Panchakarma

Shodhana

Doshas

Kushtha Shodhana

Vamana Karma


97

Wankhade V.H., Management of Psoriasis by Panchakarma A Case Report, pp 96-99

elimination of vitiated from all over the

body through (stomach) by means of

medically induced vomiting. Therefore, in the present

study ' ' has been selected for the

treatment of 'Psoriasis'.

A 31-year-old female presented at the OPD of

PG Department of Kayachikitsa, V.A.M., Amravati

with the history of inflamed patchy scaly lesions,

Kapha Dosha

Aamashaya

Vamana Karma

Case Report:

positive Aupitz's sign (pin pointed bleeding spots)

and itching over elbow, forehand, back, abdomen,

knee and lower extremities since 8 years and was

treated by modern science with no relief. After

thorough examination, it was diagnosed as

(Psoriasis). As the patient was willing for

the Ayurvedic treatment, 2 sittings of

therapy with an interval of one month along with

internal medications were given as - Procedure,

drug, dose and duration in table-1..

Mandal

Kushtha

Vamana

The same procedure was administered again

after one month. Meanwhile, the patient was

prescribed oral medication viz

250mg + 250mg + 1gm +

1gm + 1gm thrice a day along

with Syp.Purodil 3tsp thrice a day with plain water

and Zinlep ointment for local application.

The sign and symptoms of Psoriasis

improved by 3 day of and skin changes

improved by a month leaving some hyper

pigmentation over the affected part. Administration

Arogyavardhini

Gandhak Rasayan Sariva

Manjishtha Khadir

Vamana

RESULTS:

rd

of 2 with a follow up, the patient has shown

complete remission with no sign of recurrence.

The formation of is due to

improper digestion. This forms the

. When this forms

deformity in , and Skin, then

there is formation of pus and at that region

which ultimately leads to . Due to

, there is formation of in human body.

Similarly it is responsible for formation of

which is one of the common cause to produce

ndVamana

Vikrita Kapha

Apachit Kapha

Vikrita Kleda Vikrita Kleda

Mamsa Rakta Dhatu

Kotha

Kushtha Vikrita

Kapha Kandu

Krimi

Kandu

DISCUSSION:


Procedure Drug and Dose Duration

A] Poorvakarma (Pre Procedures)

Deepana and Pachana

(appetizers and digestives)

Yavakshar 250mg + Trikatu 1gm once a day with

warm water.

Five days.

Snehapana

( Internal oleation)

Mahatikta ghrita daily morning at 8 am as per

Koshtha (bowel) and Agni (digestive power) in

increasing manner of 25 ml each day i.e. from 50ml

to 150ml.

Day 1 to Day 5 i.e.

Five days.

Abhyanga (Massage) and

Swedana ( Fomentation)

Mahanarayana Taila (Medicated oil) along with

Dashmoola-nirgundi nadi swedana on last day of

Snehapana, on Vishrama days (Rest days) after

Samyaka Snehapana and on the day of Vamana.

Day 5,6 and 7 i.e.

Three days.

Niruha Basti Dahmoola Kwath 750ml prior to Vamana Karma. Day 8 i.e. One day

B] Pradhankarma (Main Procedures)

Vamana Karma Yashtimadhu Phanta ? 3 to 4 litre, Madanphala +

Saindhav with Madhu for licking after aakanthapaan

of yashtmadhu phanata.

Lavan jala ? 250ml-500ml.

Day 8 i.e. One day.

C] Pashchatkarma (Post Procedures)

Samsarjana karma Rice gruel.

Rice gruel+.

Day 9 (whenever

hungry)

Day 10 and 11 i.e.

for Three days.

98

and in human body.

� (appetizer): It

improves the digestive capacity, enhances the

metabolic activity of the cells and does the

, thus ensuring the optimal state of GIT

(drinking medicated ghee): This

is a prerequisite procedure which is carried for

specific period of 5-7 days according to acceptance

capacity of patient and symptoms. This helps for the

exit of the toxins from the body and adds up

greasiness to the body. It also adds up greasiness to the

body. During this process patient was asked to drink

sips of warm water until the smell of ghee was lost in

his burp ( ) and felt hungry.

(whole body oil

massage): It helps to bring the (toxins) from all

over body (periphery- ) to the excretory

channels (centre- ). This was carried for three

days.

(sudation therapy): It helps

to eliminate the waste and (toxins) from the

body. This was carried immediately after oil massage

until symptoms of proper sweating were present.

(medicated enema): It was

given prior to to eliminate excessive

out of the body.

(therapeutic emesis): It is a process

by which the contents of the stomach including

and are expelled out of the body through

mouth. It is a type of . The main

place for is (stomach), so removal

of vitiated from is the best

way to cure a disease. The emetic substances having

, , , and

qualities, reaches the by own penetrating

power and from there, it gets into the

(channels) and enters the big and minute

throughout the body, liquifies the lodged

there. The thus liberated, enters the circulation,

comes into the and from the alimentary

canal, the is finally vomited out by the action

of .

Kushtha

Agnideepaka Aushadhi

Aamapachana

Snehapana

Jeerna Udgara

Sarvang Abhyanga

Dosha

Shakha

Koshtha

Bashpa Swedana

Dosha

Niruha Basti

Vamana Karma

Vata

Vamana

Kapha Pitta

Urdhwaga Shodhana

Kapha Aamashaya

Kapha dosha Aamashaya

Ushna Tikshna Sukshma Vyavayi Vikasi

Hridya

Dhamanees

Strotas

Doshas

Dosha

Koshtha

Dosha

Udaan Vayu

PROBABLE MODE OFACTION:

: In this procedure, strict

bland diet was maintained for 3 days for proper bowel

functioning.

In this way patient was monitored for diet,

along with purificatory measures for removal of

toxins by ' '. The mental stress of

living with Psoriasis can have a psychological impact

on the sufferer. So. The patient during treatment

procedure was also counseled and was managed only

onAyurvedic treatment modalities.

:

1) → : 3

(based on no. of bouts) : 4

: 2

Average 20 minutes was taken for induction of

the 1 .

2) → (based on quantity)

3) →the clear greenish yellow found

on end point.

(based on end points)

4) →

were found in the patient.(based on

sign and symptoms)

Skin is widely covering part of human body

and attributing the colour, complexion, beauty and

luster of the body. It reflects the physical, mental and

psychological state of an individual. Any

discoloration or deformity in the skin attracts the

attention of physic-mental manner of the sufferer. So,

it is important to give special attention towards the

skin diseases.

is quite similar to Psoriasis

due to maximum similarity in chief signs and

symptoms. The psychological challenge faced by the

patient of Psoriasis is insurmountable. The natural

desire to scratch an itchy rash just makes the

condition worse. is the disease where

is indicated at specific times interval.

From above study, ' ' can be

considered as one of the best among

in the management of 'Psoriasis' as it

helps to give a blissful life by improving the immune

Samsarjana Krama

Vamana Karma

Vaigiki Pravara vega

Madhyam vega

Avara vega

vega

Maniki

Antiki Pitta

Laingiki Samyaka Vamita

Lakshanas

Mandal Kushtha

Kushtha

Shodhana

Vamana Karma

Karma

Panchakarma

Symptoms during Vamana Karma

st

CONCLUSION:


pp.96-99Wankhade V.H., Management of Psoriasis by Panchakarma A Case Report,

99

pp.96-99Wankhade V.H., Management of Psoriasis by Panchakarma A Case Report,

system of the individual by removing the toxins and

even controlling the mind along with improvement to

the patient's quality of life.

REFERENCES

[1] Agnivesh Charaka samhita- Ni 5/8-3, Ayurveda Dipika

commentary of Chakrpanidata edited by Vaidya Yadavji

Trikamji Aacharya , Re printed Varanasi, India :

Chaukhanba Sanskrit Samsthana, 1984 P-218

[2] Agnivesha Charak Samhita - Chi 7 Ayurveda Dipika

commentary of Chakrapanidatta. Edited by Vaidya Jadavji

Trikamji Aacharya , Re-printed Varansi, India

:Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthan 1984.p..450

3] Sushrrut samhita of Maharshi Sushruta edited with

Ayurveda Tantra Sandipika by Kaviraj Ambikadutta

Shastri Part I edition 17 , Varanasi Chaukhamba Sanskrit

Samsthana 2003 , Ni-5 P- 246 and Chi -9 P-49

[

th

[

BeforeTreatment

After First Vamana

After Treatment (Complete Remission)

[4] Vagbhat,Astang Hridayam, with the commentaries

Sarvangsundara of Arundatta and Ayurvedarasayana of

Hemadri collated by Dr. Anna Moreshvara Kunte, And

Krishna Ramchandra Shastri Navre, edited by

Bhisagacharya Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya,7 edition Ni-

14 and chi-19 Gopal Mandar Lane Varansi, Chaukhamba

Orentatia P-5242 , 8711

[

[6]API Textbook of Medicine edited by Siddharth N Shah

Ed 5 published the association of Physicians of India

1994, P-1258

th

th

[

th

5] Vd. H.S. Kasture, Ayurved Panchakarma Vijana,

published by Baidynath Ayurveda Bhavan , 6 Edition

Page 212-294

[7]Available from http://www.psoriasisguide .com

8]Available from : . Dermatology.com

[9]Available from : http://www.psoriasis.org

[ http://www


100

Problems faced inAyurvedic Drug ResearchJournal of Indian

System of Medicine



Supriya R. Gokarn, Rohit Gokarn, Problems faced in Ayurvedic Drug Research,

1 2Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Assistant Professor,Department

of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda

College,Hospital and Research Centre,Salod(H),Wardha.

JISM1414H Received for publication: May 04, 2014;Accepted: June 29, 2014

Supriya R. Gokarn , Rohit Gokarn1 2

Abstract:

Key words

Constant research inAyurveda is essential to update and upgrade the existing knowledge with current

research trends. Several problems have been encountered in Ayurvedic research, hence it is essential for

researches to know these problems and find ways to resolve it. The major issues in Ayurvedic research include

quality control, standardisation, lack of standard protocol, and lack of publication awareness. Raw drug

standardisation can be achieved by taxonomy and pharmacognostic tools like fingerprinting techniques, GMP

and GAP could be few measures for standardisation of manufacturing process and the end product. The

experimental and clinical models chosen should be designed in accordance with the principles of Ayurveda

Interdisciplinary research can bring much needed development in the field ofAyurveda.

:Ayurveda, Research, Standardisation.

.

Introduction:

Research should aim to enrich the existing

knowledge with the help of advancements in science

and technology. Charaka after describing the

500 , says that the drugs mentioned

under these are enough for a person of lower intellect

but people of higher intellect can add further to the

existing.[1] Thus a continuous upgrading of

knowledge is essential while keeping the principles of

Ayurveda intact. In this era of globalization, to make

Ayurveda a globally accepted science there is a need

to update and upgrade the existing knowledge with

current research trends. Further with the recent ban of

Ayurvedic medicines in Europe and claims of

Ayurvedic medicines being toxic it is the need of the

hour to address questions put on the quality of

Ayurvedic medicines. There is a growing need for an

“evidence based medicine” hence research is the

prime need of contemporary Ayurveda.[2]

Ayurveda being a holistic science, Research

in Ayurveda with the modern research designs is

facing lot of problems thus it is essential for

researchers to know the problems faced so as to find a

Acharya

Mahakashayas

proper solution and make the research work fruitful.

A review of Ayurvedic classics and Research

works was done to know about the limitations and

backdrops of Ayurvedic drug Research and the aim

of this paper is to highlight the problems faced in

drug research.

The major problems faced in the field of

research in Ayurveda over the years are absence of a

standard protocol, Controversies in the identity of

raw herb, Quality control and standardization of raw

drug, the process and the finished product, ability to

assess the efficacy of Ayurvedic drugs with

experimental and clinical models based on modern

research and methodology, toxicity studies, lack of

publication awareness.

Controversies in identification of classical

drugs is one major hurdle faced due to various

r e a s o n s l i k e r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s e g .

is identified as

chois( Convolvulaceae),

Linn.(Convolvulaceae) and

Materials and Methods:

Observation & Results:

Shankahapushpi Convolvulus

pluricaulis Evolvulous

alsinoides Canscora


Current Theme

Supriya R. Gokarn, Rohit Gokarn, Problems faced in Ayurvedic Drug Research, pp.100-103

101

diffusa

C l i t o r e a t e r n a t e a

Murva

Berberis aristata

Coscinium fenestratum Daruharidra

Doshas

Doshas

Rasa Guna

Veerya Vipaka Prabhava

R.Br.(Gentianaceae) all over India except

s o u t h i n d i a a n d

Linn.(Papilionaceae) is used in south India,[3] lack

of understanding of the herb and inability to identify

with the information present in classics is another

reason eg: , and unavailability in certain

regions: eg : being unavailable

is used as in

south india.[4] Quality control and standardization is

another important area of concern. The method of

harvesting, processing and storage effect the quality

of the drug to a great extent where excessive and

improper harvesting may destroy the natural habitat

of the drug, improper processing and storage will

hamper the quality of the drug. Herbal adulteration is

one of the common malpractices in herbal raw

material trade which affects the quality of raw drug.

Adulteration is a practice of substituting original

crude drug partially or wholly with other similar

looking substances but the later is either free from or

inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties.[5]

Ayurvedic medicines were prepared by the

physician based on the need of patients in earlier

days but in the present day when people want to buy

ready medicaments from the market it becomes

essential to maintain uniformity in the

manufacturing process. Variation in the end product

is seen due to variation in the techniques right from

the source of the drug used to the operating

procedure. The problems faced in the finished

product is mainly with the palatability of the dosage

form where the modern day patients demand better

palatability and user friendly form of drug. Further

Ayurvedic medicines do not have a single indication,

they have wide application because every disease

arises because of the imbalance of and our

treatment is targeted at the correction of the .

Ayurveda believes in the use of the drug as a whole

where every single ingredient of the drug has a

specific role to play in the drug action.[6] Adrug can

act through any of its properties viz , ,

, , and .[7] Interaction of

properties is also important and any of these

properties can dominate. The use of active principle

of a drug may serve a limited purpose because

Ayurveda believes in a broad spectrum approach

where the minor and unidentified principles

present in the whole drug are expected to play their

respective role.

Preclinical and clinical researches help to

validate the safety and efficacy of a drug. Toxicity

in Ayurvedic formulation maybe a result of

reasons like improper identification of raw drug,

adulteration or substitution, improper ,

improper processing method and so on. Animal

studies are carried out to understand the mode of

action of drugs but the animal models designed

based on modern pharmacology may not match

w i t h t h e p h a r m a c o d y n a m i c s a n d

pharmacokinetics ofAyurveda

Ayurveda and other traditional medical

systems often prescribe complex treatments

consisting of a combination of drugs, diet,

detoxification procedures, lifestyle changes, and

yoga practices, customized to the needs of

individual patients.[8] Thus making it difficult to

match with modern concepts of research. In

Ayurvedic medicine research, cl inical

experiences, observations or available data

becomes a starting point. In conventional drug

research, it comes at the end. Thus, the drug

discovery based on Ayurveda follows a 'reverse

pharmacology' path.[9]

Lastly lack of publication awareness and

documentation in Ayurveda is one more concern

thus making it difficult to prove the efficacy of

Ayurvedic medicines. Many good researches go

unnoticed eventually leading to repetitions thus

causing loss of valuable time and energy.

The aim of standardisation is to combat

the problems faced in the research. Research topic

itself is a problem where researchers will look up

on justification. The concepts of standardisation

and its techniques were prevalent even during

ancient times and they were extremely scientific.

As circumstances have changed, it has become

necessary for the incorporation of modern

Shodhana

.

Discussion


102

methods in streamlining the standardisation

techniques, alongside with the existing ones.

Standardization is a system that ensures a predefined

amount of quantity, quality & therapeutic effect of

ingredients in each dose.[10]

The question now is how far a standardisation can be

achieved with the identity of the various controversial

drugs. The drug only when properly identified and

used in the right dosage form is effective in disease

m a n a g e m e n t . [ 11 ] T h u s t a x o n o m i c a n d

Pharmacognostic studies should help in providing

proper identity and to clear the controversy. Tools like

fingerprinting techniques, molecular DNA etc may

provide better understanding of issues of raw drug

standardization.

Variation in the raw drug may occur due to

various factors like regional, seasonal, storage pattern

etc. Establishing standards for identity is only the first

stage or level of standardization of a raw material.

Higher level standards can be established when a raw

material is also standardized in terms of its

traditionally prescribed collection time, region of

collection, and way of processing and storage

conditions. ( 2001) and

scientific studies have shown that using a

traditionally recommended medium for processing a

raw drug can increase the bioactivity several fold

( ., 2004).[12]

` Process standardization is one thing which

plays an important role in determining quality of the

medicament and hence the process can be controlled

with implementation of standard operating

procedures. Concerns related to palatability may be

tackled by opting different dosage forms of the same

medicament as told by Charaka in context of

which is further

explained by Chakrapani that the palatability of the

dosage form varies for each individual.[13]

Modification in dosage forms is also an area where

researchers have been constantly working on.

are manufactured with sugar coating to enhance the

palatability and outer appearance, bitter tasting

are made into tablets but it may

Venkatasubramanian,

Sudha et al

Acharya

Panchavidha Kashaya kalpana

Vatis

Kashayas Kashayam

lead to change in the properties of the medicine and

the same action may not be achieved. So if only

palatability is the concern, should we not resort to

other such as . This itself is an

area of research where we can evaluate the difference

in efficacy of a classical dosage form to that of an

altered form like tablet or sugar coated

tablet.

In any research, the goal of research should

not be compromised to suit the convenience of

research methods. But unfortunately in Ayurvedic

research, there has always been a reverse

compromise. Modern research on Ayurveda has not

been very rewarding for Ayurveda itself. Much of it

uses Ayurveda to extend modern bioscience.[14]

Drug development includes various steps, starting

from a passport data on raw materials, correct

identification, pharmacognostic and chemical

quality standardization, safety and preclinical

pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and

randomized controlled clinical trials.[15] There are

only few databases such as Researches in Ayurveda

published by which provide

information about Researches done all over India.

DHARAonline is also one such step towards

bringing allAyurvedic publications under one roof.

Early implementation of the GMP and GAP

regulations will ensure the quality assurance and

standardisation. Drug evaluation could be done by

following the reverse pharmacology approach. The

experimental and clinical trials should be designed

so as to help the development of Ayurveda and

interdisciplinary research can bring much needed

development in Ayurveda Awareness of proper

documentation and publication could make

researches inAyurveda useful.

Kalpanas Avalehas

Kashayam

Dr.M.S.Baghel

.

Conclusion

References

[1] Charaka Samhita with Ayurveda

Deepika Commentary of Chakrapani datta, sutra sthana

4/28, ,Chaukhmabha BharatiAcademy,2004.

[2] Ram H Singh, Exploring issues in the development of

Ayurvedic Research Methodology, Journal of Ayurveda

and Integrative medicine, P-91,April2010,Vol1,Issue 2.

Y.T. Acharya ed,



103

[3] Bapalal Vaidya,Some Controversial drugs in Indian

M e d i c i n e , p - 2 3 0 , C h o u k h a m b h a

Orientalia,Varanasi,Third edition,2010.

[4] Ibid as ref. 3

[5]C.K.Kokate, A.P. Purohit, S.B. Gokhale, Pharma-

cognosy Vol.I ,6.1,forty fifth edition june 2010,Nirali

prakashan.

[6] Shivcharan Dhyani, Rasa Panchaka, Krishnadas

Academy, Varanasi,1st edition,1994.


Deepika Commentary of Chakrapani datta, sutra sthana

26/71, ,Chaukhmabha BharatiAcademy, 2004.

[8] Ashwini Mathur, Vivek Sankar, Standards of reporting

Ayurvedic clinical trials Is there a need?, Journal of

Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine | January 2010 | Vol 1 |

Issue 1

[9] Bhushan Patwardhan,Ashok D. B. Vaidya and Mukund

Chorghade,Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery,

current science, vol. 86, no. 6, 25 march 2004,

[10] Neeraj Choudhary and Bhupinder Singh Sekhon, An

Y.T.Acharya ed,

overview of advances in the standardization of herbal

drugs, J Pharm Educ Res Vol. 2, Issue No. 2, December

2011.

[11] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita with Ayurveda

Deepika Commentry of Chakrapanidatta, edited by

Y.T.Acharya , sutrasthana 1/124-125,Chaukhmabha

BharatiAcademy.

[12] Padma Venkatasubramanian, Unnikrishnan. P.M,

Darshan Shankar, Traditional Knowledge Guided

Research and Standardization of Traditional Medicines,

Traditional Knowledge Systems of India and Sri Lanka,

July 2006,


Deepika Commentry of Chakrapanidatta, , sutra sthana

4/7, ,Chaukhmabha BharatiAcademy,2004.

[14] Ram H Singh, Exploring issues in the development of

Ayurvedic Research Methodology, Journal of Ayurveda

and Integrative medicine,April2010, Vol1,Issue 2,

[15] Bhushan Patwardhan, Ashok D. B. Vaidya and

Mukund Chorghade,Ayurveda and natural products drug

discovery, current science, vol. 86, no. 6, 25 march 2004,

Y.T.Acharya



104

Prakriti - important tool for health and diseaseJagruti Chaple

Assistant Professor, Dept.of Kriya sharir, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved college,

Hospital & RC, [[email protected]]

JISM1361H Received for publication: December 30, 2014;Accepted: June 14, 2014

How to cite the article: J-ISM, V2 N2, Apr-June 2014, pp.104-106Jagruti Chaple, Prakriti - important tool for health and disease,

Journal of Indian

System of Medicine

Abstract

Prakriti

Doshas

Vata Pitta Kapha

(Prakriti)

Doshas

Dosha Dhatu Indriya Manas Buddhi Atma

is the profile or unique psychosomatic temperament of an individual, encompassing his or her

physical, functional and behavioral characteristics. In Indian system of healthcare, three , namely,

, , and , are the basic mutually reciprocal mechanisms that are responsible for the maintenance

of homeostasis in human beings. First of all the mostly accepted theory of prakriti is based on

tridosha.Ayurveda classifies entire human population into seven constitutional types , based on the

dominance of any single or a combination of two or three . or the body is considered to be a

combination of various components like , , , , and . Like genetic

coding, every individual has a different combination and is therefore a distinct entity. Dietary preferences,

behavioral patterns, job options, performance abilities are all strikingly different between any two individuals.

Purusha

Prakriti, Tridosha,

Knowing one's Prakriti holds the key to health, liberation, and ultimately, self-realization.

: Health ,DiseaseKey words

Introduction

The word means 'nature' and this

reflects the natural state of human beings an

anatomical, physiological, and psychological level

[1]. In Ayurveda, no two people are alike, or we can

say that every person is born with a definite genetic

constitution. The is vital in determining our

body type, behavior patterns, needs, and our

predispositions. The are three forms of

energy that work as a team in the body, like

executives of an organization.

There is certain relation between parents and

inborn child in blood grouping. The hereditory gene

is directly concerned with the inborn child's

metabolic pattern too. The inborn metabolic pattern

of an individual is the continuation of metabolic

pattern of the parents. So this relation according to

modern discovery is due to gene [4].But around

thousands of years ago no word called “gene was

'Prakriti'

Prakriti

Doshas

used. In fact the (Father's character) and

( character) refer to gene xx and xy

, it is not so direct but pointing towards these genes.

Still re discovery of is not there in modern

techniques. Some questions are still unanswered,

why someone is successful, rich, poor and variation

in their life? Is this also inborn character that one get

success every time? No answer but Philosophy in

Ayurveda is trying to show path for the answers.

According to Ayurveda, the native Indian

system of medicine, the entire human population can

be divided into seven constitutional types

Among all vata are lean and thin. Pitta is

intelligent and kapha are remarkably less intelligent

with large size body. Usually body is not only one

type, so Vata-Pitta body has the pure circulation and

has mixed characteristics. Whereas, many people

who achieve all round success in life are pitta-kapha

people. is usually jealous. Sama

( all balanced) people are

pitrij bhav

matrij bhav Matrij

Prakriti

(Prakriti).

Prakriti

Prakriti Vata-kapha

Prakriti vata pitta kapha


Short Communication

105

best of all [2]. As per this system, three mutually

reciprocal mechanisms known as namely,

and are responsible for the

maintenance of homeostasis, and thus, the health [3].

For the individual, basic knowledge of the

is a vital tool in helping one determines

holds

the key to health, liberation, and ultimately, self-

realization.

It is very important and useful for us. Just

take a look at some of the basis, which helps us to

understand the importance of in an

individual: The characteristics of doshas tell about the

nature of the person-

The following factors of a human life can be

applied to understand the variations in different

persons by the help of , and on the basis of

this, an individual is able to understand him/herself

better and able to live according to his/her 'nature,

thus carving out a more appropriate life for

him/herself.

- Life span of an individual

(Social life)

- Measuring of an individual

- To choose the perfect partner in

marital affairs

-To choose an appropriate

profession / occupation

reveals everything about a particular

individual. We can therefore assess his/her status of

health, such as strength (physical and mental),

appetite, adaptability, compactness of his body, and

on the basis of these findings we can form some

conclusions about his health status.

Each person in the universe has a unique

combination of Doshas in their body, known as

1. Understanding of human life with the help of

2. Observation of Health status according

3. Disease susceptibility and

Doshas,

Vata, Pitta, Kapha

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

- Sadavritta

Prakriti

the

most auspicious lifestyle factors that will ensure

wellness and longevity ― appropriate foods, herbs,

exercise regimes, medicines, therapies, and even

suitable professions. Knowing one's

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Dincharya

Ritucharya

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

. Due to faulty dietary habits or lifestyles or

by not following a regimen according to his/her

, a person can be more prone to diseases that

are caused by the very same Dosha of his It

is also described in Ayurveda that Vata

persons are more prone to diseases, so such a person

should adhere to the suggestions and rulings

regarding food and lifestyle according to his/her

.

A person is able to prevent various disorders

from developing and is also able to promote his

health by knowledge of his/her . It helps in

analyzing and observing dietary habits, lifestyles,

daily and seasonal regimens etc. Ayurveda also

prescribes various foods and lifestyles according to

one's and suggests that one should follow

these guidelines to prevent various disorders and to

promote health [1]. To adopt healthy dietary habits &

healthy lifestyle in the reference of and

.

The analysis of is very important to

diagnose the underlying disorders and to treat that

patient. By observing the , diagnosis of a

particular disease becomes more simple, as it not

only provides an idea about the vitiated Dosha but

also provides the treatment principles for that

person.

Treatment is dependant on the acceptability

of body to medications. shows us which

types of herbs, diets, and lifestyles will help in the

treatment of that person. With the help of we

can assess the patient very well for his physical and

mental strength, appetite, likes and dislikes and his

adaptability to food and medicines

The concept of in Ayurveda holds

good factor that it takes the individual's constitution,

susceptibility to diseases, mental makeup, lifestyle

and diet factors into consideration for treatment.

4. Preventive and promotive health care

according

5. Diagnosis of the diseases according

6. Role of in the management of disease

Conclusion

Prakriti

Prakriti

Prakriti

.


Jagruti Chaple, Prakriti - important tool for health and disease, pp.104-106

106

Jagruti Chaple, Prakriti - important tool for health and disease, pp.104-106

Thus in this method of treatment they consider the

individual as a whole rather than just focusing on the

diseases. Once the patient's constitution is known the

treatment in Ayurveda is carried out in such a way

which helps in leading a balanced optimal health in

all fields

One's holds the key to health, liberation, and

ultimately self-realization.

Thus, analysis or knowledge of is essential

for all to remain healthy and to achieve the goals of a

human life.

Prakriti

Prakriti

References

[1] Sharma PV. Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana. chapter

8. Vol. 1. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2008.

(JaikrishnadasAyurveda Series No.36).

[2] Murthy KRS. Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthana.

chapter 4. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Orientalia;

2008. (JaikrishnadasAyurveda Series No.102).

[3] Patwardhan K. Human Physiology in Ayurveda.

Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2008.

(Jiakrishnadas Series No.134).

[4] Patwardhan B, Joshi K, Chopra A. Classification of

human population based on HLAgene polymorphism and

the concept of Prakriti in Ayurveda. Journal of Alternative

and Complementary Medicine. 2005;11(2):349–353.


Announcements

Details of Event Contact info:

107Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 2, April-June, 2014

National Workshop on Sarpavisha Chikitsa

On 26 September 2014th

At

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital &

Research Centre, Salod(H), Wardha, Maharashtra.

Details can be obtained from:

Dr. Nilima Wadnerwar

8275399319 / 8275399321

Dr. Amol Kadu

8275948131

Department of Agadtantra Vyavhar

Ayurved Evum Vidhivaidyak

108 Journal of Indian System of Medicine Vol.2-Number 2, April-June, 2014

DG01:

Potential uses of Moringa oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. Oleifera seed

and leaf extracts using crude Extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations

HepatoprotectiveActivity of Leaves and Roots Extracts of Lam.

Rockwood, J.L., Anderson, B.G., Casamatta, D.A., International Journal of Phytothearpy Research, Volume 3

Issue 2 2013, pp 61-71

Moringa oleifera, a pantropical plant, is one of approximately thirteen species belonging to the monogeneric

Moringaceae family. Ethnobotanical studies conducted in Guatemala found that one of the primary medicinal

purposes of M. oleifera was its use for the treatment of infectious skin and mucosal diseases. As it is common

practice for researchers to scientifically validate the efficacy of traditional medicine, it is less common for

researchers to scientifically validate simple, reproducible means of conferring therapeutic benefits of plant

parts. This study was conducted to investigate pragmatic extraction techniques for seed and leaf extracts of M.

oleifera, a plant species for which numerous studies have demonstrated its antimicrobial efficacy. M. oleifera

seeds and leaves were extracted using three different solvents (de-ionized water, inorganic ethanol, organic

ethyl acetate) and two different extraction methods (crude, sophisticated). Sensitivity disks impregnated with

the various extracts were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing of fourteen bacterial species: seven

representative Gram-negative and seven representative Gram-positive. De-ionized water was the only solvent

capable of extracting plant constituents which conferred bacterial inhibition. Seed extracts were found to inhibit

a broader range of organisms than leaf extracts. 75% of the organisms inhibited by seed extracts were Gram-

positive bacteria.Asingle parameter, the zone of inhibition, was used to compare antibacterial efficacy between

extraction methods, trials, and controls. No difference was observed between the zone of inhibition of crude and

sophisticated extracts. Seed extracts demonstrated a zone of inhibition comparable to that of penicillin and

tetracycline.

DG02:

C. Senthil Kumar, , S. Murugeswaran, P. Natarajan, S.P. Sharavanan, S. Petchimuthu and S.

Thiru Senthil Murugan,

The present objective of this study was to compare the hepatoprotective activity of leaves and roots of

Lam against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The leaves and roots were

collected and dried under shade followed by crushing. Methanolic extract was prepared using 100gm of crushed

powder in soxhlet apparatus and concentrated to a dry mass by using vacuum dryer. A dark green waxy residue

(leaves) and dark brown waxy residue (roots) were collected separately. The Hepatoprotective activity of the

both extracts was tested in albino rats by using histopathological studies, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, SGPT

and SGOT. Liver section of methanolic extract of Lam (leaves & roots) treated groups clearly

showed normal hepatic cells and central veins, which are comparable with Silymarin treated group of animals.

The potent hepatoprotective activity of leaves of was confirmed from this study.

Moringa oleifera

B. Balamurugan

Int J Med Res. 2010; 1(2): 90-93

Moringa

oleifera

Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera

Research Abstracts

Author's Instructions

“Journal of Indian System of Medicine

Original research articles:

2500 words

Review articles:

2500 words

Case studies:

1000 words

Short communications:

500 words

Announcements:

100

words

Book reviews:

” is

Quarterly Peer Reviewed International Journal

of research in Ayurveda published from

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College, Hospital &

Research Centre, a Constituent College under

Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, (DU)

Nagpur. It offers the publication of -

· Randomized

controlled trials, interventions studied,

studies of screening and diagnostic test,

outcome studies, cost effectiveness analyses,

case-control series, and surveys with high

response rate. ( )

· Systemic critical

assessments of literature and data sources,

etc. ( )

· New/ interesting/ rare cases or

conditions of clinical significance or

implications ( )

· conceptual studies,

innovative hypothesis, observations, etc.

( )

· Announcements of

conferences, meetings, courses, awards, and

other items likely to be of interest to the

readers should be submitted with the name

and address of the person from whom

additional information can be obtained. (

)

· Books submitted to the

editorial board are reviewed by the selected

reviwers.

Authors should follow the following

specifications of the Journal.

Abstract

Keywords (

Introduction – Methods – Observations &

Results – Discussion – Conclusion –

References

(Authors / Editors: Name of chapter,

Name of book, Publisher, Place, year,

inclusive page numbers)

· Authorship is limited to two authors and

third may be accepted with permissions.

Provide authors academic (e.g. M.D.) and

positions (e.g. Professor) and the mailing

address, telephone/ mobile / fax numbers

and Email address.

· Provide a statement / undertaking verifying

that –

(1) The manuscript is original,

(2) All the authors were active participants,

(3) Not been published, simultaneously

submitted, or already accepted for

publication elsewhere,

(4) Comple te f inanc ia l d i sc losure

information

(5) Signed permission forms from the

copyright holder and

(6) Responsibility of all the legal issues

regarding the article content.

· Pagination isA4, Times New Roman font 12

size of 1.5 line spacing, with margins of 1

inch on all sides.

· All Ayurveda terms should be in italics with

first letter in Capitals.

· All articles should provide - (less

than 200 words) 4 to 6)

(appropriative tables / statistics/

figures)

· The referencing (Books, Article, Reports,

Electronic, etc.) method is Vancouver

and the references

are typedArabic numerals in square brackets


(e.g.: [13]) in running text and also at the

references place.

e.g. [1] Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala,

Chakrapanidutta,

,

18/32. In: edited by Vaidya Jadavaji

Trikamji Aacharya, 5th ed. New Delhi:

Munshiram Mohanlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.;

1992. p.541.

[2] Choudhury P, Prajapati NC, Puri RK,

Sachdev HP. Impact of nat ional

immunization schedule on vaccine

preventable diseases: A hospital based

study. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29: 33-38.

· All articles are asked for resubmission after

reviewing time to time and author should

take the responsibility of corrections. In

case of withdrawal of the article from the

Charaka Samhita,

Chikitsa Sthana, Kasa Chikitsa Adhyaya

journal author should specify with a letter.

It is considered for all electronic submissions

that the author is abiding with the regulations

of J-ISM and any further legal situations

arise are not at the responsibility of J-ISM

and the author has to clear by his own

expenses and responsibility.

· Authors can “ ”

name along with his designation, mobile /

email contact details.

:

[email protected]

Chief Editor, J-ISM,

Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College,

Hospital & Research Centre,Salod (H),

recommend a Reviewer

Address for submission /

communication of the manuscripts

Electronic:

Please send a Hard copy of article along

with consent letter by Post to:


ªÉlÉÉ Ê´É¹ÉÆ ªÉlÉÉ ¶ÉºjÉÆ ªÉlÉÉÎMxÉ®ú¶ÉÊxÉªÉÇlÉÉiÉlÉÉè¹ÉvÉ¨ÉÊ´ÉYÉÉiÉÆ Ê´ÉYÉÉiÉ¨É¨ÉÞiÉÆ ªÉlÉÉ

+Éè¹ÉvÉÆ ÁxÉÊ ÉYÉÉiÉÆ xÉÉ¨É°ü{ÉMÉÖhÉèÎºjÉÊ É:Ê´ÉYÉÉiÉÆ SÉÉÊ{É nÖ ùªÉÖÇHÆò +xÉlÉÉÇªÉÉä{É{ÉtiÉä

SÉ®úEò ºÉÆÊ½þiÉÉ ºÉÚjÉ 1/124-5

Registrar,

DATTA MEGHE INSTUTUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (DU), NAGPUR

Printed at Swami Art & Computers, Wardha

Published by

A drug known is likened to poison; weapon, fire

and thunderbolt while the one known, to the nectar.

A drug known in respect of its name, form and

properties or even if known, improperly

administered, leads to bad consequences.

J ism-v2n2-april-june14

Health & Medicine