izd j .k frljs iap ok f kZd ;kst u k vk f.k ejkB ok M;krhy ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97681/8/08_chapter -iii.pdflk i+{ ki. ks L=h f’ k{ k. k kps ie k.k deh tkLr

128

izdj.k frljs

iapokf"kZd ;kstuk vkf.k ejkBokM;krhy

fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodkl

129

izdj.k frljs iapokf"kZd ;kstuk o ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodkl

1izLrkouk

2- futke’kkghrhy ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh

3- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkrhy leL;k

4- egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hlq/kkj.kk pGoGhyk ejkBokM;kpk izfrlkn

5- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & izkFkfed f’k{k.k

6- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & ek/;fed f’k{k.k

7- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k

8- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp f’k{k.k

9- iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu jkcfoY;k tk.kkÚ;k L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d

;kstuk

v½ lkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk ¼1983½

c½ eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k & 1985

d½ rkyqdkLrjkoj olrhx`gkaph lks;

b½ vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk& 1996

bZ ½ iqLrd is<h ;kstuk & 1976&77

m ½ L=hf’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy fo|kF;kZalkBh eksQr ikB;iqLrds

130

mq ½ L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVklkBh fo’ks"k lqfo/kk & 1997&98

, ½ L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl xVkrhy v/;kid fo|ky;kr efgykalkBh vkj{k.k

,s ½ loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku & 2002 ¼loZ f’k{k.k eksfge ½

vks ½ vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s eqyhalkBh vkj{k.k & 1994

vkS ½ inoh vH;kldzekr eqyhalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k & 2000

va ½ ekr`izcks/ku izdYi

10 lekjksi

131

1- izLrkouk %& ^^f’k{k.k gs dsoG uksdjhps lk/ku ukgh rj L=h&iq:"kkauk mRre ukxfjd

cufo.;kps rs lk/ku vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwu f’k{k.k lq/kkj.kspk fopkj ^rGk* iklwup >kyk

ikfgts- eh vls ekurs dh] mRrekrY;k mRrekps lao/kZu Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;**1

iariz/kku Jherh bafnjk xka/kh

HkkjrkP;k ifgY;k efgyk iariz/kku Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh f’k{k.kkcíy

O;Dr dsysys R;kaps er vfr’k; mn~cks/kd o leiZd vkgs- Hkkjrkr fL=;kaps f’k{k.k

gk usgehp fparspk fo"k; jkfgysyk vkgs- jk"VªkP;k yksdla[;spk v/kkZ Hkkx vl.kkÚ;k

fL=;k Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr fnlrkr- L=hf’k{k.kkrhy gs izek.k

LFkGlkis{k deh tkLr gksrkauk fnlrs- rqyusr vkfFkZd o oSpkfjd n`"V;k lq/kkjysY;k

jkT;kae/;s L=h f’k{k.kkps izek.k tkLr vlrs rj vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxkl jkT;kae/;s gsp

izek.k deh fnlrs- dsoG jkT;kae/;sp uOgs rj jkT;karxZr foHkkaxke/;s lq/nk ifjfLFkrh

lkis+{ki.ks L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k deh tkLr vk<Grs- “It has been found that

where the region was relatively developed and female beneficiaries were

educated the result were more positive as campared to backward regions

with low level of literacy as campared to backward regions with low level

of literacy and skills amongst women”2 ,dkRehd xzkfe.k fodkl dk;ZØekP;k

ikg.khlanHkkZr fu?kkysyk ojhy fu"d"kZ izknsf’kd fodkl vkf.k fL=;kapk fodkl

;krhy lglaca/k nk[kfo.;klkBh cksydk vkgs- egkjk"Vªkrhy ejkBokMk gk foHkkx

ns[khy vkfFkZd] ’kS{kf.kd] jktdh; n`"V;k ekxklysyk vkgs- R;keqGs ;sFkhy fL=;kapk

’kS{kf.kd fodkl ns[khy brj foHkkxkaP;k rqyusr deh fnlwu ;srks- ^^ L=h&iq:"kkaP;k

lk{kjrsP;k izek.kkr ejkBokMk 18 rs 20 o"ksZ ekxs fnlrks- 1981 P;k vkdMsokjh

izek.ks egkjk"Vªkr fL=;kaP;k fuj{kjrsps izek.k ,dk lk{kj L=h ekxs nksu fuj{kj fL=;k

132

vls gksrs] rj ejkBokM;kr rsp izek.k ,dk lk{kj L=hekxs ikp fuj{kj fL=;k vls

gksrs- fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph ljkljh 18-3 VDds v’kh gksrh- 1991 P;k tux.kusuqlkj

egkjk"Vª o ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph VDdsokjh vuqØes 44 VDds o 27

VDds v’kh vkgs**3 ejkBokM;krhy lkekftd o jktdh; ifjfLFkrheqGs fL=;kaaP;k

’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk vkiksvkip f[kG clyh gksrh fdacgquk R;kauk f’k{k.kkph la/khp

miyC/k uOgrh- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarjgh ikjra«;kr vl.kkÚ;k

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkpk fopkj djrkuk vls fnlwu ;srs dh

futkekP;k jktoVhiklwu eqDrrk feGkY;kuarjp ;sFkhy fL=;kauk gGwgGw f’k{k.kkP;k

la/kh izkIr >kY;k o R;kiq<hy dkGkr iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaP;k

f’k{k.kklkBh T;k fofo/k mik;;kstuk dj.;kr vkY;k R;kpk Qk;nk gksÅu

ejkBokM;kr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkyk pkyuk feGkyh- ^^ egkjk"Vª jkT; >kY;koj

ejkBokM;kP;k ’kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.kkph tkf.ko ’kklukyk gksrh vls frlÚ;k

iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy foospuko:u fnlrs- **4

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd okVpkyhpk vk<kok lnjhy izdj.kke/;s

?ks.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs-

2- futke’kkghrhy ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh %&

vktPkk ejkBokMk gk HkkSxksfyd Hkkx iznh?kZ dkG futkeh jktoVhpk ,d

fgLlk gksrk- futkekP;k tkpd lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd o ’kS{kf.kd

/kksj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;kph loZp {ks=krhy izxrh daqBhr >kysyh gksrh] R;kyk L=hf’k{k.k

gk Hkkx ns[khy viokn uOgrk- okLrfod ikgrk ;k jktoVhr iq:"kkaukp f’k{k.k

?ks.;kP;k vR;Yi la/kh miyC/k gksR;k frFks fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkaph dk; ckc \ eqGkr

^gSækcknsr f’k{k.k O;oLFkspk 1834 iklwu vkjaHk >kyk- f’k{k.kkps ykHk laLFkkukrhy

iq:"kkai;Zar iksgp.;klkBh folkO;k ’krdkpk iqokZ/kZ tkok ykxyk vkf.k lgkftdp

fL=;kauk f’k{k.k gs folkO;k ’krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZr miyC/k >kys- ^^izkFkfed ’kkGkarwu

133

mnwZ gs f’k{k.kkps ek/;e BsoY;keqGs eqlyekusrjkaP;k f’k{k.kkph Qkjp nSuk gksr vkgs-

**5 lu 1928 P;k lqekjkl gSnzkckn laLFkkuke/;s mnwZ Hkk"kk cksy.;kÚ;kaph la[;k

1209866] rsyxw Hkkf"kdkaph 6015174] dkuMh Hkk"kdkph 1436928 rj ejkBh

Hkk"kk cksy.kkÚ;kaph la[;k lokZf/kd Eg.kts 3296858 brdh gksrh- ejkBokMk gk

ejkBh Hkkf"kd izns’k gksrk vkf.k ejkBhe/kwu f’k{k.kkph la/kh ulY;keqGs lgkftdp

yksdla[;spk Qkj eksBk Hkkx f’k{k.kk iklwu oaphr gksrk- ^^ fganw tursP;k f’k{k.kkph

th eqíke rkjkcaG dsyh tkrs] R;kPkk gsrw gkp gks; dh] vkiY;k iztsyk vf’kf{kr

BsÅu o R;kaph Hkk"kk] ijaijk o laLÑrh ;kl ikj[ks d:u vfHkeku’kwU; cufo.ks**6

R;krgh L=hf’k{k.kkph rj vfr’k; nqjkoLFkk gksrh- ^laLFkkukrhy L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh

ikfgyh rjh vYila[;kdkadjhrk cgqla[;kdkaP;k fgrlaca/kkyk fryktayh ns.;kph

izo`Rrhp fnlwu ;srs**7

Û izkFkfed f’k{k.k %&

futkeh jktoVhe/;s L=hf’k{k.k ;k ladYiusph O;kIrh cgqrka’k% izkFkfed

f’k{k.k ;k d{ksiqjrhp e;kZfnr gksrh- R;kckcr vkiys fopkj O;Dr djrkauk lkS-

dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj Eg.krkr dh] ^^ eqykauk fo|k f’kdowu vkbZcki ’kgk.ks djrkr]

ijarq eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs vxnhp nqyZ{k djrkr- vkEgkyk mPp f’k{k.k udks i.k

lalkjksi;ksxh f’k{k.k vko’; fnys ikfgts**8 ;ko:u vls y{kkr ;srs dh fL=;kaP;k

f’k{k.kkph vxnh ekQd vis{kk ns[khy iw.kZ gks.;kr izpaM vMp.kh gksR;k- eqyhaP;k

f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk ekr`Hkk"ksrwu vl.ks gh ’kS{kf.kd fodklkP;k –"Vhus vfr’k;

egRokph ckc Bjrs- ek= gSækckn laLFkkuke/;s v’kh O;oLFkk uOgrh- foosdo/khZuh]

’kkjnkeanhj v’kk nqfeZG ’kkGke/kwu gh O;oLFkk izkFkfed ikrGhoj dj.;kpk iz;Ru

dj.;kr vkyk gksrk ek= dsoG Hkkf"kd vMp.kheqGs eqyh f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr jkgr

gksR;k- pkSFkhi;Zar ejkBh Hkk"ksr f’kdk.;kph rqjGd fBdk.kh lks; gksrh ek= mnwZ

Hkk"ksP;k vH;klkuarjp ikpohr izos’k feGr vlY;keqGs loZlkekU;i.ks eqyhaps

134

f’k{k.k pkSF;k b;Rrsi;Zrp gksr vls- ^^;k laLFkkukr izkFkfed f’k{k.k Qkjp

ekxklysys vkgs- brj izkarkaP;k ekukus lk{kj euq";kaps izek.k ;k laLFkkukr Qkjp deh

iMrs-**9 gSækckn ;sFks dk;Zjr vl.kkÚ;k foosdof/kZuh ;k laLFksekQZr eqyhaP;k

izkFkfed f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh] ek= R;kpk Qk;nk ejkBokM;krhy

LFkkfud fL=;kauk gks.ks ’kD; uOgrs- ejkBokM;ke/;s vkSjaxkckn ;k fBdk.kh ljLorh

Hkwou ;k ’kS{kf.kd laLFksP;k varxZr ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh ’kkjnkeanhj gh ,deso

’kkGk gksrh- b- l- 1915 e/;s frph LFkkiuk >kyh- 1937 ;k o"kkZar ;k ’kkGse/kwu

175 eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksr vlY;kph uksan futke fot; ;k orZekui=kr vk<Grs-

^^’kkjnk eafnj ;k ’kkGse/;s l/;k 175 eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksr vkgsr o rsFks lkr vkB

f’k{kfd.kh dke djhr vkgsr**10 ejkBokM;krhy yk[kksaP;k la[;sus vl.kkÚ;k

fL=;kiSdh QDr 175 eqyhauk feG.kkjs izkFkfed f’k{k.k gs vfr’k; vYi izek.k gksrs-

^^eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr v’kh voLFkk gksrh dh] QDr vkSjxkckn ’kgjkr ’kkjnk eafnj

gh [kktxh ’kkGk gksrh- fdacgquk loZp ejkBokM;kr dksBsgh eqyh Qkj’kk ’kkGsr

tkrp uOgR;k- dkj.k eqyhauk xks"kkrwu tkos ykxr vls o xks"kkrp f’kdkos ykxr

vls- 1930 P;k lqekjkr ftYgkps xkoh eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.;kr vkyh

ek= ;kpk ykHk rkyqD;kaP;k xkoP;k eqyhauk lq/nk ?ksrk vkyk ukgh- dkj.k

[ksM;krhy eqyhalkBh tk.;k;s.;kph lks; ulY;kus fdaok ’kgjkr eqyhalkBh olrhx`gs

uly;kus R;kauk dks.kR;kgh izdkjps f’k{k.k ?ksrk vkys ukgh-**11 laiw.kZ ejkBokM;kr

fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkph iqjs’kh lks; ulY;keqGs fL=;k f’k{k.kkr ekxs iMY;k- T;kosGh

moZjhr egkjk"Vªke/;s L=hf’k{k.kkP;k pGoGhus tksj /kjyk gksrk R;k osGh Eg.kts

toGikl 1930 i;Zar ejkBokM;kr vkSjaxkckn ;sFks ljLorhe/kwu varxZr ’kkjnk

eanhj] xqtjkrh ikB’kkGk] paikorh fo|ky; chM] ;ksxs’ojh fo|ky; vacktksxkbZ]

uwru fo|ky; ijHk.kh vkf.k fgIijxk ;sFkhy ’kkGk lksMY;k rj ejkBokM;kr

Lo;alsoh laLFkkaP;k izkFkfed ’kkGk uOgR;k-**12 fn- 10 uksOgsacj 1936 P;k futke

135

fot; P;k vadko:u rRdkyhu dkyk[kaMkrhy gSnzkckn laLFkkukrhy dkgh ’kkGkaph

ekfgrh feGrs- ;k ’kkGkae/kwu ejkBh Hkk"ksrwu f’k{k.k ?ks.;kph lks; gksrh- R;ke/;s

foosdof/kZuh ’kkGk] u`iraqx fo|ky;] guqeku O;k;ke ’kkGk] uqru ejkBh ’kkGk

fladnjkckn] vka/kz dU;k gk;Ldwy] xqtjkFkh ’kkGk] ekjokMh fganh ikB’kkGk

vkSjaxkckn] ;ksxs’ojh uqru fo|ky; vacktksxkbZ b- ’kkGkapk lekos’k gksrks- ;k

’kkGkaiSdh QDr rhu ’kkGk ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy vlY;kps fnlrs] R;k Eg.kts

ljLorhHkou] xqtjkFkh ikB’kkGk o ;ksxs’ojh fo|ky; ;k gks;- ;ko:u fL=;kalkBh

f’k{k.kP;k lqfo/kkaph dYiuk dsysyh ;ksX; Bjrs-** egkjk"Vªh; eqyhauk foosdof/kZuh

f’k{k.k laLFksf’kok; f’k{k.kkph nqljh lks;p ukgh- tuHkk"kps f’k{k.k fganw eqyhauk

feG.;kph lks; ulY;keqGs] fganwaP;k nhM dksVhaP;k yksdla[;sr QDr 15]502

eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;srs] rsp eqlyekukaph yksdla[;k QDr ia/kjk y{kp vlrkuk

R;kaP;k 26]847 eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;srs- gk Qjd dsoG tuHkk"ksr f’k{k.k

feG.;kph lks; ulY;keqGs vkgs**13 ;kpkp vFkZ futkeh byk[;kr brj tkrhaP;k

eqyhais{kk eqfLye eqyhae/;s f’k{k.kkps izek.k tkLr gksrs- tkrokj L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k

dls gksrs ;kpk cks/k iq<hy vkdMs okjho:u gks.;kl enr gksbZy-

tkr@/keZ f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k ewyh yksdla[;k

eqfLye 26]847 15]34]600

fganw 15]502 1]21]76]727

f[kz’pu 2]246 1]51]382

ikjlh 122 1]784

brj 583 5]71]581

Hkk"ksP;k vMp.kheqGs ejkBokM;krhy eqyh Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr

gksR;k- ^^1950&51 e/;s ejkBokM;kP;k ikpgh ftYg;kar ,dw.k 33 ’kkGk gksR;k

o ;k loZ ’kkGkar feGwu fo|kfFkZ la[;k 15]919 gksrh **14

136

2- ek/;fed f’k{k.k %&

ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k izkFkfed f’k{k.kkphp izpaM nqjkoLFkk vlY;keqGs

eqyhalkBh gk;Ldwyps f’k{k.k Eg.kts ,d LoIup gksrs- oLrqr% laiw.kZ ejkBokM;ke/;s

ewyhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph lks; miyC/k uOgrh-^^T;kaph ekr`Hkk"kk mnwZgh uOgs v’kk

eqyhaph la[;k ’ksdMk 85 vlwu R;kaP;k djrk gk;Ldwy ukghr [kqí gSnzkckn ’kgjkr

eqyhadjhrk rhu gk;Ldwy vlwulq/nk rsyaxw]ejkBh dkuMh ;kiSdh dks.krhgh ekr`Hkk"kk

f’kdfo.;kph lks; R;kiSdh ,dk gk;Ldwykr lq/nk ukgh-**15 ;kpkp vFkZ eqyhauk

ejkBhrwu ek/;fed f’k{k.k ns.;kph lks; fdeku 1931 i;Zr rjh miyC/k uOgrh- b-

l- 1984 uarj Eg.kts Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGwu 37 o"kZ >kY;kauarj ejkBokM;kr

[kktxh izkFkfed o ek/;fed ’kkGk dk<.;kr futke ljdkjus ijokuxh fnyh- ek=

R;klkBhgh vusd tkpd vVh yknY;k- ^^ tknk oxkZalkBh LFkkfud tursus dkgh

izek.kkr iSlk iqjokok] Eg.kts foukewY; tkxk iqjokoh- dehr deh fo|kFkhZ la[;k

30 vlkoh o izR;sd oxkZlkBh lkfgR; ?ks.;klkBh 200 :i;s |kos- ,o<s dsY;koj

ljdkjus v/;kidkapk ixkj o [kpkZph geh ?ksryh-**16

lk/kkj.k 1950 uarj ejkBokM;kr ek/;fed ’kkGkaph la[;k tjh gGwgGw ok<w

ykxyh- rjh eqyhaps f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k ek= vfr’k; deh gksrs dkj.k cgqrka’k ’kkGk

;k izkeq[;kus ftYgkLrjkoj o dkgh izek.kkr rkyqD;kP;k Lrjkoj LFkkiu >kysY;k

gksR;k- R;keqGs xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy eqyhauk R;kapk Qkjlk mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- R;kp

cjkscj lgf’k{k.kkl ikydkapk fojks/k vlY;keqGs lks; vlyh rjh ikyd vkiY;k

eqyhuk ’kkGsr ikBo.;kl r;kj ulr ^^1962 P;k lqekjkl rkyqD;kaP;k xkoh

eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkps izek.k lkroh uarj ,dne deh gksr vls- eqyhaP;k Lora= ’kkGk]

Lora=oxZ UkOgrs- R;keqGs 8 oh uarj eqyakuk lgf’k{k.kklkBh ’kkGkae/;s ikBfoys tkr

uls**17 Lora= egkjk"Vªkrhy ejkBokM;kr fL=;kaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph tj v’kh

fLFkrh gksrh rj futkeh jktoVhrhy ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph dk; voLFkk vlsy ;kph

137

dYiukp dsysyh cjh ^^ gk;Ldwykr 328 eqlyeku fo|kfFkZuh vlwu fganw QDr 73

vkgsr-**18 ek/;fed f’k{k.kke/;s ejkBokM;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaps izek.k vfr’k; ux.;

gksrs-

3- mPp f’k{k.k %&

gSnzkckn laLFkku gs izkFkfed o ek/;fed f’k{k.kk izek.ksp mPp f’k{k.kkrgh

moZjhr egkjk"VªkP;k o HkkjrkP;k rqyusr vfr’k; ekxklysys gksrs- b-l- 1918 lkyh

mLeku vyh[kk futke ;kauh gSnzkcknsr LFkkiu dsysys fo|kihB ^mLekfu;k fo|kihB*

Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- ;k fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiuscjkscjp laLFkkukr mPp f’k{k.kkl

lq:okr >kyh- fo|kihBkrhy f’k{k.kkps ek/;e gs mnwZ gksrs- 1922&23 P;k lqekjkl

fo|kihBkP;k vH;klØekr ejkBh ;k fo"k;kpk lekos’k dj.;kr vkyk- ek=

f’k{k.kkps ek/;e mnwZ vlY;keqGs cgqla[; fganw vFkkZr ejkBh Hkkf"kd iq:"kkauhgh

f’k{k.kkdMs ikB fQjoyh] R;keqGs fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.;kpk iz’up fuekZ.k gksr

uOgrk- mLekfu;k fo|kihBk e/;s b-l- 1952 iklwu baxzth ek/;ekpk Lohdkj

dj.;kr vkyk- laLFkkukrhy vFkkZr R;kvarxZr vlysY;k ejkBokM;krhy efgykaP;k

mPp f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh pkSF;k lkekftd ifj"knsP;k bfroRrkao:u dGrs- ;k ifj"knsP;k

v/;{kLFkkuh izfl/n lektlq/kkjd o Hkkjrkrhy ifgY;k efgyk fo|kihBkps laLFkkid

/kksaMks ds’ko dosZ gs gksrs- R;kauh vkiY;k Hkk"k.kkr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkps egRo iVowu

fnys o gSnzkckn laLFkkuk e/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs gks.kkÚ;k nqyZ{kk cíy fpark

O;Dr dsyh- ;k ifj"knsr ts vusd Bjko >kys R;kiSdh Bjko dzekad rhu e/;s vls

Eg.k.;kr vkys dh] ^^;k ifj"knsP;k ers lektksUUkrhdjhrk L=h f’k{k.kkP;k izxrhph

vR;ar vko’;drk vkgs- vkf.k gSnzkckn laLFkkukr] Hkkjr efgyk fo|kihBkP;k ¼dosZps

efgyk fo+|kihB½ vH;klØekizek.ks f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k dU;k fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh ikfgts-**19 ;k Bjkokoj vkiys fopkj O;Dr djrkuk ikoZrhckbZ

vkBoys Eg.kkY;k dh] ^^ eqyhaph Hkqd QDr izkFkfed f’k{k.kkusp Hkkxr ukgh rj

138

R;kauk nq ;e o mPp f’k{k.kkph vko’;drk vkgs- R;kaP;kdjhrk oqbesUl ;qfuOgflZVh

e/kwu fnY;k tk.kkÚ;k f’k{k.kkph vko’;drk vkgs-**20 fL=;kauh fL=;kalkBh mPp

f’k{k.kkpk vkxzg Ëkjyk vlyk rjh R;kps ifj.kke ek= Qkjls fnlr uOgrs- 1932

P;k L=hf’k{k.kkP;k vkdM;kao:u vls fnlrs dh] ^^eqyhaph l[;k dkWyste/;s 13]

gk;Ldwy 274] feMy Ldwy 649] vkf.k izkFkfed ’kkGk e/kwu 46]870 brdh

gksrh-**21 dkWyste/;s f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo+|kfFkZuhe/;s ,dgh ejkBh Hkkf"kd eqyxh

ulY;kps mys[k 1928 e/;s futke fot;P;k vadkr vk<Grkr- ^^ljdkjus QDr

nksu gk;Ldwy o ,d dkWyst mnwZrwu f’k{k.k ns.kkjh pkyfoyh vkgsr o R;keqGsp

eqlyeku fL=;kais{kk fganw fL=;k f’k{k.kkr d’kk ekxs iMrkgsr rs igk- dkWystkr

eqlyeku fo+|kfFkZuha QDRk 8 vlwu fganw ewGhp ukghr o gk;Ldwykr 328 eqlyeku

fo|kfFkZuh vlwu QDRk 73 fganw eqyh vkgsr- loZ f’k{k.klaLFkkar loZ fo|kfFkZuhaph

la[;k ?ksryh rj 1333 r 1253 fo|kfFkZuh deh >kY;k vlwu 1334 Q-r-

vk.k[kh 14 deh >kY;kus vk<Grs- ^^ gSækcknsr fL=;kalkBh [kkl vls mLekfu;k

dkWyst LFkkiu >kysys vkgs- ijarq g;kr fdrh fL=;k f’k{k.k ?ksrkr vls tj fopkjys

rj QDr 25 vkf.k g;k 25 t.khalkBh ljdkjpk okf"kZd [kpZ fdrh gksrks rj

32000 :i;s!! Eg.kts izR;sd fo|kfFkZuhlkBh okf"kZd [kpZ 1500 :i;s gksrks- g;k

vkdM;kauh ljdkj L=h f’k{k.kklkBh fdrh [kpZ dj.;kr r;kj vkgs gs m?kM fnlrs-

**22 ;kpkp vFkZ fganw eqyhauk lk/kh izkFkfed f’k{k.kkph lqfo/kk u iqjfo.kkjs futkeh

’kkld eqlyeku eqyhaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkoj HkjelkB [kpZ djr gksrs- ljLorhHkqou ;k

’kkGsyk okf"kZd oxZ.kh Eg.kwu QDr 200 :i;s feGr gksrs ;k ik’oZHkwehoj

futkekph eqfLye/kkthZ.kh Hkwfedk vf/kd Li"V fnlrs- b-l- 1937 lkyh eqDrkckbZ

lqCckjko ;k ifgY;k efgysus enzkl fo+|kihBkrwu ch-,- vkWulZph inoh izkIr dsyh-

gSnzkckn laLFkkukrhy vkf.k R;krgh fganw vl.kkÚ;k eqDrkckbZ Eg.kts laiw.kZ fganw

L=hlektkyk ’kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy vkn’kZ BjY;k- ^^dq- eqDrkckbZ lqCckjko ;k gSækckn

139

;sFkhy futke dkWystkrwu ch-,- vkWulZP;k ijh{ksr ikl >kysY;k ifgY;k L=h mensokj

gksr- R;kaps o;gh QDr ohl o"kkZaps vkgs- fe- ,e- ch- lqCckjko fjVk;MZ bUlisDVj

vkWQ Ldwy ;kaP;k R;k dU;k vlwu iq<hy vH;klØeklkBh R;k yodjp ;qjksiyk

tk.kkj vkgsr- R;klkBh R;kauh ;qjksih;u f’k";o`Rrh feGkoh Eg.kwu iz;Ru pkyfoyk

vlY;kps letrs-**23 ejkBokM;ke/;s loZ= ckyfookgkps izpyu vlY;keqGs

fL=;kauk mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uOgrs- ejkBokM;krhy vLi`’;kaph vFkkZr nfyrkaph

fLFkrh rj vfr’k; okbZV gksrh- R;kaUkk thou tx.;kpkp vf/kdkj t.kw ukdkjys gksrk

frFks f’k{k.kkph dk; ckc \ ejkBokM;krhy nfyr o loZlkekU; tursyk mPp

f’k{k.k izkIr Ogkos Eg.kwu MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh loZizFke iz;Ru dsys-

vkSjxkckne/;s egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;klkBh R;kauh futkekdMs ikBiqjkok dsyk- ^^MkW-

ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh vkSjxkckne/;s egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;klkBh gSækckn

ljdkjdMs] vkfFkZd lgk¸;kph ekx.kh dsyh- futkekus iksyhl dkjokbZiwohZ vuqlqfpr

tkrh fo’oLr fu/kh LFkkiu dsyk gksrk- R;krwu gh enr feGkoh vls MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdjkauh lqpfoys- R;kizek.ks ;k fuf/krwu gSnzkckn ljdkjus ckjk yk[k :i;s

¼futke’kkgh pyu½ vkf.k 100 ,dj tkxk fnyh- vk’kk fjrhus vkSjaxkckn ;sFks

1950 e/;s dyk vkf.k foKku fo"k;kps f’k{k.k ns.kkjs fefyan egkfo|ky; LFkkiu

>kys- iq<P;k o"kkZiklwu rsFks okf.kT; foHkkxgh lq: >kyk-**24 ;k egkfo|ky;kP;k

LFkkiusuarj dkgh o"kkZauh nfyr fL=;k f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr ;sÅ ykxY;k- MkW-

ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph n;fu; f’k{k.kfLFkrh Kkr gksrh

R;keqGsp R;kauh fL=;kauk mPp f’k{k.kkph la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.;klkBh iz;Ru dsyk-

^^ejkBokM;krhy vkSjaxkckn lkj[;k lkekftd n`"V;k ekxklysY;k vkf.k

lgf’k{k.kkpk xa/kgh ulysY;k fBdk.kh egkfo|ky;s lq: d:u eqykaP;k cjkscjhus

eqyhaukgh izos’k fnyk- ,o<sp ukgh rj eqyhauh eksB;k la[;sus f’k{k.k ?;kos ;k gsrwus

140

,d Lora= clgh lq: dsyh- eqyhaps ,d Lora= O;Drh Eg.kwu vlysys lkekftd

LFkku ckcklkgsckauh lokZauk nk[kowu fnys**25

3- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkrhy leL;k %&

laiw.kZ ns’kHkjkrhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr vusd vMFkGs gksrsp i.k

R;koj ekr djr lektlq/kkjdkaP;k iz;Rukauk ;’k ;sÅu L=hf’k{k.kkph lq:okr >kyh

gksrh- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr ns[khy moZjhr Hkkjrkrhy

fL=;kaP;k izek.ks vMp.kh gksR;kp iajrq futkeh jktoVhpk Hkkx vlY;kdkjukus dkgh

osxG;k leL;k ns[khy gksR;k- ^^Hkkjrh; izcks/kukph izfdz;k gh tjh ,d O;kid

ns’kO;kih loZlk/kkj.k izfdz;k vlyh rjh rh vusd izknsf’kd vfo"dkjklae/kwu lkdkj

>kY;kps fnlrs-**26 ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr iq<hy izdkjP;k

leL;k gksR;k gs ekxhy foospuko:u y{kkr ;srs-

1½ jktdh; ifjfLFkrh %&

ejkBokM;kpk izns’k ;knokaP;k dkjdhnhZuarj lkrR;kus eqfLye jktoVhP;k

jktdh; vf/kiR;k[kkyh jkfgyh- lqyrku vykmíhu f[kythP;k vkØe.kkiklwu

bFkY;k izknsf’kd lkekftd] /kfeZd o lkaL—frd thoukoj eqfLyekaps opZLo iMY;kps

fnlwu ;srs- lqyrku’kkghuarj eq?ky ckn’kkghP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh jkfgysY;k

ejkBokM;koj fczVh’k dky[kaMkr ns[khy futke’kkghps opZLo gksrs- lgkftdp

ejkBokM;kps yksdthou eqfLye oG.kkps cur xsys ifj.kkeh fL=;k xks"kkr oko:

ykxY;k- R;kaP;k lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd thoukoj vusd ca/kus ;sÅu

f’k{k.kkiklwu R;kaph Qkjdr >kyh-

2½ futkekph f’k{k.k fo"k;d vukLFkk %&

ejkBokM;koj lk/kkj.kr% 1824 e/;s LFkkiu >kysyh futke’kkgh b-l-1948

i;Zar vckf/kr gksrh- futkekP;k opZLooknh /kksj.kkeqGs ;sFkhy tursP;k loZp

141

vf/kdkjkapk ladksp >kY;keqGs ;sFkhy tursP;k loZp vf/kdkjkapk ladksp >kY;keqGs

fL=;k f’k{k.kkiklwu Qkj dkG oaphr jkfgY;k-

3½ ckyfookg %&

ejkBokM;krhy lekt gk iq:"kiz/kku vlY;keqGs fL=;kauk lektkr nq ;e

LFkku gksrs- dks.kR;kgh ckcrhr eqyhph ethZ fdaok er fopkjkr ?ks.;kph i/nrp t.kw

vfLrRokr uOgrh- eqyhPkk ;ksX; o;kr fookg d:u ns.ks ghp vkiyh ,deso

tckcnkjh vkghs vls cgqla[; ikydkaps er gksrs- ^^14 o"kkZP;k eqyh d:u R;kaph

,dnk yXus d:u Vkdyh Eg.kts vkiyh tckcknkjh laiyh vls vkbZckikauk okVrs-

**27 R;keqGs ckyfookg ljkZl gksr o eqyhauk f’k{k.kkph la/khp feGr uls-

4½ mnwZ ek/;ekrwu f’k{k.k &

ejkBokMk gk ejkBh Hkkf"kd izns’k vkgs- ek= futkeh jktoVhr f’k{k.kkps

ek/;e mnwZ gksrs- ejkBh ’kkGk vxnh cksVkoj ekst.;kr brD;k gksR;k vkf.k R;krwugh

QDr pkSF;k b;Rrs Ik;Zarp ejkBhr f’k{k.k fnys tkr vls- mnwZ Hkk"ksP;k

vH;klkf’kok; lk/kk ikpO;k b;Rrsr izos’k feG.ksgh ’kD; uOgrs- Hkkf"kd

vMp.kheqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uOgrs-

5½ gaqMk &

eqyxh f’kdY;kl gqaMk tkLr ?kkok ykxsy rlsp pkaxyk oj feG.ks nqjkikLr

gksbZy ;k fopkjkus ns[khy ikyd eqyhauk f’kdor ulr-

6½ viqÚ;k ’kS{kf.kd la/kh &

ejkBokM;kr eqGkrp izkFkfed] ek/;fed o mPp f’k{k.kkP;k lqfo/kk rqViqaT;k

gksR;k R;kapk ykHk loZp fL=;kauk ?ksrk ;s.ks ’kD; uOgrs-

142

7½ lgf’k{k.kkyk fojks/k &

L=h&iq:"k fo"kerkf/k"Bhr lektke/;s ikyd lgf’k{k.kkyk vuqdwy uOgrs

vkf.k eqyhaP;k ’kkGk rj Qkjp deh gksR;k R;keqGs eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uls-

8½ vkfFkZd vMp.kh %&

vo"kZ.k] nq"dkG ;k lkj[;k ladVkaeqGs ejkBokM;kph vkfFkZd fLFkrh usgehp

[kkykoysyh fnlwu ;srs- ewykauk f’k{k.k ns.;kl ÁkËkkU; ns.kkÚ;k ikydkauk eqyhaP;k

f’k{k.kkoj [kpZ dj.;kph ,sir u mjr uls o lgkftdp ewyh f’k{k.kk iklwu oaphr

jkgr-

9½ f’k{k.kkP;k O;kogkjhd mi;ksxkP;k la/khpk vÒko %&

eqyhaus f’k{k.k ?ksrys rjh R;kpk mi;ksx gksbZy v’kk uksdÚ;k fdaok O;olk;

dj.;kph la/kh miyC/k uOgrh- lgkftdp f’k{k.kkpk dkghp mi;ksx ukgh vlk

let lektkr :< >kyk vkf.k fL=;k f’k{k.kkiklwu nwj jkfgY;k-

10½ nG.koG.kkP;k lqfo/kkapk vHkko %&

ejkBokM;kr nG.ko.kkph lk/kus] jLrs ;kapk fodkl u >kY;keqGs

ftYg;kaP;k fdaok rkyqD;kP;k fBdk.kh tkÅu f’k{k.k ?ks.ks eqyhauk ’kD; gksr

uls- laiw.kZ vk;q";kr QDr fru xkos ikfgyh vlk mYys[k ,dk vkthckbZus dsyk

gksrk- xkos Eg.kts ekgsj] lklj vkf.k cktkjps xko gs gks;-

FkksMD;kr L=h f’k{k.k gs nq"dj dk;Z gksrs- ^^ejkBkokMk L=hf’k{k.kkr

ekxklysyk fnlrks ;kph vusd dkj.ks vkgsr- ejkBokMk gk foHkkx vk/kh eksxy uarj

futkekP;k lRrs[kkyh gksrk- mnqZpk vH;kl dsY;kojp 5 ohr izos’k feGr vls-

eqyhaps f’k{k.k pkSFkhrp Fkkacs- fL=;k ?kjkckgsj iMr uOgR;k] moZjhr egkjk"Vªkr v’kh

ifjfLFkrh uOgrh- f’k{k.kkP;k lks;h vR;ar deh gksR;k- mPp lk/kus vfr’k; deh

gksrh- ;k loZ dkj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k ekxklysys jkghys**28 Okjhy

143

izek.ks fujfujkG;k leL;kaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr jgkos

ykxrs-

4- egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hlq/kkj.kk pGoGhyk ejkBokM;kpk izfrlkn &

fczVh’kkaP;k vkxeukuarj Hkkjrkr ,dk UkO;k iokZyk izkjaHk >kyk- R;kaP;k

laidkZeqGs Hkkjrh;kauk ik’pkR; Hkk"kk] Kku] foKku] fopkj ijaijk] mnkjerokn ;k

lkj[;k uo fopkjkapk ifjp; >kyk o R;krwu vkiY;k lkekftd mf.kokaph o R;k

nwj dj.;kph izd"kkZus tkf.ko >kyh vkf.k R;krwu laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr izcks/kukph uoh

pGoG lq: >kyh R;ke/;s fL=;kaP;k iz’ukauk dsanzh; LFkku feGkys- L=hf’k{k.k]

ckyfookg] fo/kok] iwuhZookg canh] lrhizFkk] ds’koiu ;k lkj[;k vusd

dqizFkkafo:/n lekt lq/kkjdkauh pGoGh lq: dsY;k- R;ke/;s egkRek tksrhck Qqys]

lkfo=hckbZ Qqys] jktkjke eksgu jkW;] bZ’opanz fo|klkxj] cgsjketh eyckjh] /kksMks

ds’ko dosZ] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k lkj[;k Fkksj lektlq/kkjdkapk mn;

>kyk- ^^baxzth lRrscjkscj baxzth Kkugh Hkkjrkr vkY;kus Hkkjrh;kauk vkiY;krhy

mf.kokapk cks/k gksÅ ykxyk** 29 ejkBokM;kP;k ckcrhr ek= gh ckc ykxw iMr

ukgh dkj.k futkekoj tjh fczVh’kkaps fu;a=.k vlys rjh ejkBokM;krhy tursoj

ek= izR;{k fczVh’kkaps ’kklu uOgrs rj rh futkekph iztk gksrh- ifj.kkeh T;k xrhus

moZjhr egkjk"Vª fczVh’k laidkZewGs] ik’pkR; Kku foKkukP;k KkukeqGs lq/kkj.kkoknkdMs

oGyk rh izfdz;k ejkBokM;kr frrD;k rkdnhus gksÅ ’kdyh ukgh-

^^lektlq/kkj.kspk iz’u gk egkjk"VªkP;k Hkkxkr T;k i/nrhus mifLFkr >kyk o

gkrkGyk xsyk R;k i/nrhus gSnzkckn jkT;kP;k varxZr lektlq/kkj.kspk iz’u letwu

?ksrk ;s.kkj ukgh- fczVh’kkaph jktoV] o`Rri=kapk izlkj] yksdfgroknh] Qqys&vkxjdj]

b-ps dk;Z] ‘kS{kf.kd izlkj] ik’pkR; i/nrhps f’k{k.k o laLdkj] ;k loZ ?kVdkaps o

L=h;kaps ifj.kke egkjk"VªkP;k yksdthoukoj >kysys fnlrkr- ejkBokMk R;kn`"Vhus ekxs

fnlrks-30

144

dks.kR;kgh oSpkfjd pGoGhP;k xfrekurspk izokg o`Rrki=kaP;k ek/;ekrwu

loZlkekU;ki;Zar izokfgr gksr vlrks- pGoGhP;k mn;kyk o fodklkyk [kk|

iqjfo.;kps dke rkRdkyhu o`Rri= djr vlrkr o R;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu loZlkekU;

O;Drh lnj pGoGhpk ?kVd curs] R;k pGoGh’kh fopkjkus o d`rhus tksMyh tkrs-

ejkBokM;kph ifjfLFkrh ek= osxGh gksrh- 1920 i;Zar ejkBokM;kr ,dgh ejkBh

o`Rri= uOgrs- ;kpk vFkZ ns’kHkjkrhy lq/kkj.kk pGoGh ckcr ejkBokM;kyk ekfgrh

iqjfo.kkjs lk/kup miyC/k uOgrs- jsMhvks] VhOgh ;klkj[ks ek/;es rj Qkj uarj

ejkBokM;kyk ifjfpr >kyh o rh loZlkekU;kai;Zr vxnh vyhdMs iksgpyh vkgsr-

1920 e/;s Jh- y{ejko QkVd ;kauh gSnzkckn laLFkkukvarxZr izfl/n gks.kkjs ifgys

ejkBh lkIrkfgd lq: dsys] rs ^futke fot;* ;k ukokus ukoko:up R;ke/;s futke

fojks/kh ys[ku vl.;kph ’kD;rk uOgrh vls lkaxrk ;srs- dkj.k futkekP;k fo:/n

ys[ku dj.ks R;k dkGh ’kD;gh uOgrs- Eg.kwup y{e.kjkokauh futkekyk u nq[kfork

tutkx`rhps dke dj.;kps /kksj.k Lohdkjys ^1920 lkyh y{e.kjko QkVdkauh

futke fot; lq: dsys- ljdkjh vodisyk rs cGh iMw u;s Eg.kwu n{krk ?;koh

ykxr vls**31 futke fot; O;frfjDr ejkBokM;kr ejkBk o`ri=kaph lq:okr gksÅ

’kdyh ukgh gs okLro vkgs- ^^vkSjxkcknP;k dkgh t.kkauh 10 ,fizy 1927 yk

^ukxfjd i=* lq: dsys- futkekus R;koj canh ?kkryh rs 8 vkWxLV 1931 jksth can

iMys-**32

futkekus ys[ku] o Hkk"k.k Lokra«;kph xGpsih dsyh gksrh- R;keqGs

egkjk"Vªkrhyp uOgs rj futkeh byk[;ke/khy ?kMkeksMhapk oRrkar ns[khy loZlkekU;

tursi;Zar iksgp.ks nqjkikLr gksrs- lq/kkj.ksps okjs ejkBokM;k i;Zar iksgpw ’kdr uOgrs

dkj.k loZp o`Rri=kauk ejkBokM;kr canh gksrh- ^^egkjk"Vªkr izfl/n gks.kkjh toG

toG loZ o`Rri=s ;kauk gSnzkcknsr canh gksrh- egkjk"Vªkrhy ;kpk vFkZ egkjk"VªkP;k

ftYg;karwu fu?k.kkjh loZ NksVh eksBh i=as- dsljhyk 1907 iklwu canh gksrh-

145

Kkuizdk’k] dkG ;k lkj[kh i=s ;k ;knhr lkiMrkr rj fo|klsodgh vk<Grs-

R;keqGs egkjk"VªkP;k ,dw.k lkekftd] jktdh;] okM%e;hu o lkaLd`frd thoukr ts

?kMs rs rsFks okp.;kl feG.ks toG toG nqjkiLr vls**33 futkekps fucZa/k dsoG

ejkBh Hkkf"kd o`Rrai=kaojp gksrs vls ukgh rj egkjk"Vªkr O;frfjDr brj izkarkrhy o

Hkk"ksrhy o`Rri=kauk ns[khy fojks/k gksrk- Hkkjrkrhy Lokra= pGoGhps yks.k

ejkBokM;kr iksgpw u;s vkf.k bFkY;k tursus dks.kR;kgh Lo:ikr futkek’kkgh

fo:/n caM d: u;s ghp futkekph ;k ikBhekxhy jktdh; Hkwfedk gksrh- ^^t’kh

ejkBh i=s ;kauk gSnzkcknsr canh gksrh r’khp Hkkjrkrhy vU; izkarkrhy vU; Hkk"kkaph

i=s ;kaukgh gh canh ykxw gksrh- ejkBhuarj iatkc e/kwu izfl/n gks.kkÚ;k o`Rri=kapk

dze fnlrks-**34 ejkBokM;krhy tursph futkeh jktoVhr loZp {ks=kae/;s izpaM

xGpsih >kysyh gksrh- R;keqGs moZjhr egkjk"Vªk e/;s T;k i/nrhus lektlq/kkj.kk

pGoG mHkh jkghyh o frpk izlkj >kyk R;kizek.ks ejkBokM;kr gksÅ ’kdys ukgh-

vkSjaxkcknps xksfoanHkkbZ JkWQ] ijHk.khps xksfoanjko ukuy] vkSjaxkcknps fnxacjnkl

pkS/kjh] y{e.kjko QkVd] okeujko ukbZd] MkW-flear] vk-d`-ok?kekjs ;k lkj[;k dkgh

lekt lq/kkjdkauh ejkBokM;ke/;s tutkx`rhps dk;Z dsys ek= R;kaukgh osGksosGh

futkekP;k /kksj.kkauk rksaM |kos ykxys- ejkBokM;k e/;s L=hf’k{k.k pGoG]

ckyfogkg] fo/kok fookg] lrhizFkk] ds’koiar ;k lkj[;k pGoGhapk izlkj

loZlkekU; fL=;kaai;Zr gksÅ ’kdyk ukgh R;keqGs ;k fuj{kj fL=;kauk vkiY;k ojhy

vU;k;kph tkf.kop Qkj m’khjk >kyh- mf’kjk tkxk >kysyk ek.kwl izoklkrgh

lgkftdp brjkaP;k ekxs jkgrks ;k U;k;kus ejkBokM;rhy fL=;k ’kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd]

jktdh; o lkekftd fodklkr moZjhr egkjk"Vªkrhy fL=;kais{kk ekxs iMY;k- Lokeh

jkekuan rhFkZ ;kaP;k usr~Rok[kkyh tsOgk ejkBokMk eqfDrlaxzke lq: >kyk rsOgkgh izFke

fL=;kapk ;k pGoGhrhy lgHkkx vR;ar deh gksrk- 1937 e/;s ijrwj ;sFks

HkjysY;k egkjk"Vª ifj"knsP;k vf/kos’kukr lkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs Eg.kkY;k- dh] ^^

146

vkEgkykgh Lokra«; laxzkekr lgHkkxh d:u ?;k- xka/khthaP;k cjkscj dLrqjck xka/kh]

deyknsoh pVksik/;k;] ljksftuh uk;Mw b- fL=;k dke djhr vkgsr- ex vkEgh ekxs

dk jkgkos\ R;klkBh vkEgkyk rqeph ijokuxh goh-**35 FkksMD;kr bPNk vlwugh

ejkBokM;krhy L=h&iq:"kkauk egkjk"VªkP;k lkekftd o jktdh; pGoGhae/;s

lgHkkxh gksrk ;sr uOgrs- R;keqGsp ,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkrhy o folkO;k‘’krdkrhy

lektlq/kkj.kk pGoGha e/;s ejkBokM;kyk ldzh; lgHkkxh gksrk vkys ukgh- ek=

R;kaP;k Hkkouk lrr vizR;{ki.ks dk gksbZuk ;k pGoGhaP;k ikBh’kh gksR;k vls

EgVY;kl okoxs B: u;s-

5- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & izkFkfed f’k{k.k & 36

izkFkfed f’k{k.k Ikf’pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk

1950&51 78-3 15-3 6-4

1970&71 m- uk m- uk 11-4

1978&79 66-1 21-5 12-4

1978&79P;k rqyukRed vkdMsokjhoj utj Vkdrk vls fnlrs dh]

ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh vfr’k; ekxkl gksrh- ejkBokM;kyk Lokra«;

feGkY;kuarjp [kÚ;k vFkkZus ;sFkhy L=hf’k{k.kkyk pkyuk feGkyh vlyh rjh

egkjk"VªkP;k brj HkkxkP;k rqyusr rs izek.k dehp gksrs- ek= if’pe egkjk"Vª] fonHkZ]

dksd.k ;kaP;k rwyusr gs izek.k deh vlys rjh rs futkedkyhu ejkBokM;kP;k

rwyusr uDdhp tkLr gksrs- ejkBh ek/;ekrwu f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k ’kkGkaph >ikV;kus

ok<ysyh la[;k] ’kklukP;k fofo/k izksRlkguij ;kstuk ;keqGs ewyh eksB;k izek.kkoj

izkFkfed ’kkGkae/;s nk[ky >kY;k-

147

o"kZ 'kkGkaph la[;k

fo|kFkhZ la[;k f'k{kdkaph la[;k

eqys eqyh ,dw.k eqys eqyh ,dw.k

1960&61 5736 261000 92000 353000 10220 1122 11342

1964&65 7268 405669 141178 546847 14322 1767 15989

1969&70 8095 495734 199448 695282 19221 2303 21524

1974&75 8468 553127 273815 826952 23367 3088 26455

1979&80 8886 667923 375454 1043377 24131 4010 28141

1984&85 9293

¼17-40½

784772

¼15-27½

513685

¼12-54½

1298457

¼14-06½

25609

¼16-32½

5333

¼6-40½

30942

¼12-88½

1989&90 9717 922107 702772 1624879 27189 7092 34281

ojhy vkdMsokjho:u vkiY;k vls y{kkr ;srs dh izkFkfed f’k{k.kke/;s

eqyhaph la[;k eqykais{kk tkLr osxkus ok<yh rlsp L=h f’k{kdkaph la[;k ns[khy iq:"k

f’k{kdkais{kk xrhus ok<yh- ^^f’kd.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k eqykaP;k la[;sP;k lqekjs 30

VDds gksrh vkrk rh 60 VD;kgwu vf/kd >kyh vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ xsY;k 25 o"kkZar

ejkBokM;krhy ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<ys vkgs**37 1960 uarjP;k

dky[kMke/;s ejkBokM;krhy izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr osxkus ok< >kY;kps fp=

fnlr vlys rjhgh g;k la[;kRed fodklkP;k uarjgh ejkBokM;krhy fo|kFkhZ

f’k{kdkaph la[;k yksdls[;sP;k izek.kkr 15 VDds vlko;kl goh r’kh rh ukgh-

ejkBokM;krhy eqyhaP;k izkFkfed f’k{k.kke/;s xGrhpk iz’u Qkj Hk;kog vkgs- 5

VDdsgwu vf/kd eqys] fo’ks"kr% eqyh] vkfFkZd vkf.k lkalkfjd dkj.kkaewGs ’kkGsP;k

osGsr ’kkGsr ;sÅ ’kdr ukghr**-38 ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk iz’u gk moZjhr

egkjk"Vªkis{kk osxG;k ifjizs{kkr ikfgyk ikfgts- Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr futkekP;k

/kksj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k ekxs iMys R;keqGs Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr lkfey gks.;kl ns[khy m’khj >kyk- ^^

Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph VDdsokjh tjh 16-8 vlyh rjh ejkBokM;kr rh 5-

148

8 brdhp gksrh Eg.ktsp HkkjrHkj lxGhdMs lk{kjrsps izek.k lkj[ks uOgrs o vktgh

ukgh- f’k{k.kkpk vkf.k vkfFkZd fodklkpk laca/k fdrh ?kfu"B vkgs gs ;ko:u Li"V

gkrs- ts ts foHkkx vkfFkZdn`"V;k ekxklysys vkf.k jktdh;n`"V;k ikjaikfjd lRrsP;k

nckok[kkyh vkgsr rs f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr vkf.k fo’ks"kr% L=hf’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr ekxs

vkgsr-**39 ek= L=hf’k{k.kkPkk ldkjkRed cktwus fopkj dsY;kl lk/kkj.kr% 1960

iklwu b-l-2000 i;Zar ejkBkM;krhy eqyhaps izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k Hkjiwj

ok<ys vkgs- dkj.k izkFkfed ’kkGkaph la[;k ns[khy eksB;k izek.kkr ok<yh vkgs-

izkFkfed ’kkGkaph la[;k 1960 e/;s 5736 brdh gksrh rh 1965 i;Zar Eg.kts

QDr 5 o"kkZaP;k vo/khr 1268 brdh >kyh- lu 2000 i;ZarP;k brj dks.kR;kgh

iapokf"kZd dky[kaMkis{kk 1960&65 ;k ikpo"kkZae/;s izkFkfed ’kkGkaP;k la[;sr

>kysyh ok< lokZf/kd gksrh vls ojhy vkys[kko:u lgt y{kkr ;srs- izkFkfed

’kkGkaph la[;k 2000 i;Zar 11722 brdh >kyh- lgkftdp ’kkGkaph la[;k

tlt’kh ok<yh rlr’kh f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k ewyhaP;k la[;sr ns[khy ok< >kyh-

ejkBokM;krhy izkFkfed ’kkGkaps O;oLFkkiukuqlkj fofo/k izdkj ikMrk ;srkr-

R;ke/;s dasnz ’kklu] jkT;’kklu] ftYgk ifj"kn] uxj ifj"kn] [kktxh vuqnkuhr]

[kktxh foukvuqnkuhr v’kk O;oLFkkiukuqlkj fofo/k izkFkfed ’kkGkapk lekos’k

gksrks40

149

v-Ø-

ftYgk dsanz ‘’kklu

jkT;’kklu ftYgk ifj"kn

Ukxj ifj"kn

[kktxh vuqnkuhr

[kktxh foukvuqnkuhr

,dq.k

1 vkSjaxkckn 01 09 1430 100 148 125 1813

2 tkyuk 01 00 1174 21 63 27 1286

3 ijHk.kh 01 00 945 17 80 29 1072

4 fgaxksyh 00 02 760 02 38 26 828

5 chM 01 04 1842 00 87 69 2003

6 ukanzM 00 20 1903 11 252 112 2298

7 mLekukckn 00 00 907 29 89 30 1055

8 ykrwj 00 00 1096 23 196 52 1367

8 ejkBokMk

egkjk"Vª

04

32

35

446

10057

53603

203

4304

953

3992

470

3206

11722

65586 ojhy rdR;ko:u vki.kkl lu 2000 ;k o"kkZe/;s ejkBokM;krhy

O;oLFkkiukuqlkj vlysY;k izkFkfed ’kkGkaph ekfgrh feGrs o ejkBokM;krhy

ftYgk fugk; ’kkGkaP;k la[;so:u rsFkhy izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps fp= js[kkVrk ;srs- lu

2000 i;Zar izkFkfed ’kkGkaP;k la[;sckcr lokZr vxzdzekoj ukansM ftYgk gksrk- rj

lokZr ’ksoVh fgaxksyh ftYg;kpk dze ykxr gksrk- mrjR;k Hkkt.khus izkFkfed

’kkGkaP;k Øeokjhe/;s ejkBokM;krhy ftYgkaps LFkku iq<hy izek.ks gksrs- 1½ ukansM

¼2298½ 2½ chM ¼2003½ 3½ vkSjaxkckn ¼1813½ 4½ ykrwj ¼1367½ 5½

tkyuk ¼1286½ 6½ ijHk.kh ¼1072½ 7½ mLekukckn ¼1055½ 8½ fgaxksyh

¼828½ lai.kZ ejkBokM;kpk fopkj djrk ;sFks dsanz’kklukP;k ,dw.k 4 ’kkGk]

jkT;’kklukP;k 35 ’kkGk] ftYgk ifj"knkaP;k 10057 ’kkGk] uxj ifj"knkaP;k 203

’kkGk] [kktxh vuqnkfur 953 ’kkGk rj [kktxh foukvuqnkuhr 470 ’kkGk v’kk

,dw.k 11722 izkFkfed ’kkGk b-l- 2000 e/;s gksR;k- ukansM ftYg;ke/;s

150

jkT;’kklu] ftYgkifj"kn] [kktxh vuqnkfur rlsp [kktxh foukvuqnkuhr izkFkfed

’kkGkaph la[;k lokZf/kd gksrh- ’kS{kf.kd xq.koRrspk ntkZ cÚ;kp va’kh O;oLFkkiukP;k

izdkjkoj voyacwu vlrks vls fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs ljdkjh ’kkGkais{kk [kktxh

’kkGkadMs ikydkapk vks<k vf/kd fnlwu ;srks-

6- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & ek/;fed f’k{k.k

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/;s ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.;kps izek.k lkekU;r% 1960

uarjp ok<ys- R;kiwohZ ejkBokM;krhy laiw.kZ ek/;fed f’k{k.kkrhy xrh vfr’k; ean

gksrh- ek/;fed ’kkGkaph la[;k ns[khy vR;Yi gksrh- 1950&51 e/;s

ejkBokM;kP;k ikpgh ftYg;kar ,dw.k 33 ek/;fed ’kkGk gksR;k o ;k loZ ’kkGkar

feGwu 15919 fo|kFkhZ gksrs- 1956&57 e/;s ejkBokM;kr ,dw.k 135 ek/;fed

’kkGk gksR;k R;krhy 72 ’kkldh; gksR;k o 63 [kktxh gksR;k- ;k ’kkGkae/;s ,dw.k

2352 f’k{kd gksrs- R;krhy 320 fL=;k gksR;k- rlsp R;krhy ts 673 inoh/kj

gksrs R;krhy dsoG 38 fL=;k gksR;k- izf’kf{kr f’k{kdkaps izek.k 14 VDds gksrs-

egkjk"Vªkrhy brj Hkkxkae/;s R;kosGh gs izek.k 40 VDds gksrs- 1956&57 e/;s

ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed ’kkGkarwu ,dw.k 54954 fo|kFkhZ gksrs-41 ek/;fed

f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo+|kfFkZuhaph la[;k deh gksrh- dkj.k Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy futkeh

jktoVhpk vaeyk[kkyh iznh?kZ dkG jkfgY;kus ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs ikg.;kP;k

n`"Vhdksukoj futkedkyhu lkekftd ekufldrspk FkksMkcgqr izHkko gksrk- “The

Nizam has criminally neglected this ared. There is not a mile of canal

irrigation, hardly a high school in taluka place.42 futkeh laLd`rhP;k

izHkkokrwu ejkBokM;krhy tursr fL=;kae/;s c?k.;kpk nq ;e n"Vhdksu vf/kdp n`<

>kyk gksrk- R;kewGsp eqyhauk ’kkGsr ikBorkauk xks"kkrwu ikBfo.;kpk iz?kkr vusd

fBdk.kh iMyk gksrk- ^^ loZ ejkBokM;kr dksBsgh ewyh Qkj’kk ’kkGsr tkrp

151

UkOgR;k- dkj.k eqyhauk xks"kkrwu tkos ykxr vls o xks"kkrp f’kdkos ykxr vls-**43

;kpkp vFkZ eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkoj vlysys lkekftd fucZa/k tkpd gksrs- ^^1962 P;k

lqekjkl rkyqD;kP;k xkoh ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkaps izek.k lkrohuarj ,dne jksMkor vls-

eqyhaP;k Lora= ’kkGk fdaok Lora= oxZ uOgrs- R;keqGs 8 oh uarj eqyhauk

lgf’k{k.kklkBh ’kkGkae/;s ikBfoys tkr uls-**44 lRrjP;k n’kdke/;s eqyhaP;k

f’k{k.kklkBh ejkBokM;krhy vusd rkyqD;kae/kwu Lora= ’kkGk fu?kkY;k- rlsp

gGwgGw lgf’k{k.kkyk vlysyk ikydkapk fojks/kgh deh gksÅ ykxyk o R;kuarj]

eqyhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<.;kl lq:okr >kyh-45

o"kZ ’kkGkaph la[;k

fo|kFkhZ la[;k f'k{kdkaph la[;k eqys eqyh ,dw.k iq:"k L«kh ,dw.k

1960&61 255 65580 1247 78927 && && &&

1970&71 822 238668 59818 298736 && && &&

1979&80 909 257263 94116 351379 12653 1990 14850

1980&81 913 257621 98075 355696 12861 1989 14850

1984&85 1176 374091 144267 518358 14507 2697 17204

1989&90 1443 543973 221132 765105 16632 6112 22744

1994&95 m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk-

1999&00 2067 471404 336638 808042 && && &&

152

ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k lu 2000- 46

vuq-dz- ftYgk ,dw.k ’kkGk fo|kFkhZ

la[;k

fo|kfFkZuh la[;k ,dw.k

1 vkSjaxkckn 347 89-697 64025 153722

2 Tkyuk 155 43268 24195 67463

3 ijHk.kh 155 40296 23095 63391

4 fgaxksyh 105 26153 14313 40466

5 chM 374 81863 56474 138337

6 ukansM 312 78963 61816 140779

7 mLekukckn 263 44956 35602 80558

8 ykrwj 356 66208 57118 123326

9 ejkBokMk 2067 471404 336638 808042

10 egkjk"Vª 11447 2657414 2219149 4876563

ojhy rdR;ko:u ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed f’k{k.kk e/;s eqyhapk lgHkkx fdrh

vkgs ;kph dYiuk ;srs- fL=;kaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkP;k fodklke/;s lu 2000

lkyh vkSjaxkckn gk ftYgk lokZr vk?kkMhoj gksrk rj fgaxksyh gk ftYgk dzeokjhr

lokZr ’ksoVh gksrk- ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaP;k la[;suq:Ik ejkBokM;krhy

vkB ftYg;kaph Øeokjh iq<hyizek.ks ykxrs- 1½ vkSjaxkckn 2½ ukansM 3½ykrwj

4½ chM 5½ mLekukckn 6½ tkyuk 7½ ijHk.kh 8½ fgaxksyh lokZ/khd laL;sus

ek/;fed ’kkGk chM ftYg;kr vlwu R;k[kkyks[kky ykrwj vkSjaxkckn] ukansM]

mLekukckn] tkyuk] ijHk.kh vkf.k fgaxksyh ;kapk Øekad ykxrks-

153

7- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k &

fL=;kauk dsoG izkFkfed o ek/;fed f’k{k.k nsÅu R;kapk fodkl gks.kkj ukgh

rj R;kauk mPp f’k{k.k izkIr dj.;kph ns[khy la/kh izkIr gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- R;k

n`"Vhus mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k gs mPp f’k{k.kkdMs tk.;klkBh vR;ar egRokps vkgs-

,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZe/;s mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.kkr eqyhaps izek.k >ikV;kus

ok<ys- ^10$2$3 vkd`rhca/kkuqlkj ekpZ 1975 e/;s uO;k vkd`rhca/kk uqlkj fo|kFkhZ

10 oh v[ksj gks.kkÚ;k ’kkykar ijh{ksl clys- twu 1975 iklwu 11 oh ps vkf.k

twu 1976 iklwu 12 oh ps oxZ lq: >kys- lkekU;r% 12 oh pkaxY;k xq.kkauh ikl

gks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZapk dyk’kkL= ’kk[ksdMs vls- vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrhuq:Ik fo|kFkhZ iq<s

’kkL=] dyk fdaok okf.kT; ’kk[kk fuoMr vlr fdaok O;kolkf;d o rkaf=d

f’k{k.kkdMs oGr- tkLrhr tkLr fo|kF;kZapk dy Mh-,M- lkj[;k [kk=hus ljdkjh

uksdjh feGowu ns.kkÚ;k infodk dkslsZldMs vls- ;ke/;s ewyhaph la[;k >ikV;kus

ok<w ykxyh gksrh- mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.kkps izek.k eqyhae/;s ok<w ykxY;kus

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodklkpk uohu izokl lq: >kyk- 1975 rs

1985 ;k dky[kaMkr gh ok< laFk xrhus >kyh 1990 iklwu mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k

?ks.kkÚ;k ewyhaph la[;k ok<yh] ek= eqykaph la[;k yk[kkaP;k vkdM;kae/;s ok<r

vlrkauk eqyhaph ek= gtkjkaP;k la[;srp gksrh gs iq<hy vkdMsokjho:u fnlwu ;srs47

oxZ eqykaph la[;k eqyhaph la[;k ,dw.k

1975&1976 & & 12535

1979&1980 25447 4628 30075

1984&1985 51364 8425 49749

1989&1990 103755 15337 119092

1994&1995 209585 27913 237498

1999&2000 423362 50802 474164

154

ejkBokM;krhy dfu"B egkfo|ky;kaP;k ,dk ikg.khrwu ;sFkhy fo|kF;kZaP;k ’kS{kf.kd

vMp.khapk vk<kok ?ksrkuk iq<hy ckc y{kkr vkyh- ^ejkBokM;krhy dfu"B

egkfo|ky;kaP;k fo|kF;kZaPkk fopkj djrk egkfo|ky;kaP;k ekukus ’kkGkae/;s [kwip

deh fo|kFkhZ vkgsr- mPp f’k{k.kkph lks; eq[;r% rkyqD;kP;k xkokr o eksB;k

’kgjkar >kY;keqGs vusd fo|kF;kZauk vkiY;k xkokiklwu nwj vlysY;k fBdk.kh tkos

ykxrs- R;krwu R;kaps jkg.;kps iz’u fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr- xjhcheqGs vusdkauk gkrkus

Lo;aikd d:u tsokos ykxrs- dkgh fo|kF;kZauk rj dqVqackyk vkfFkZd gkrHkkj ykokok

ykxrks- R;kauk iqLrds fodr ?ksrk ;sr ukghr- lxG;kauk ’kkGk egkfo|ky;krwu

iqLrds feGrkr vlsgh ukgh- ;k lxG;kapk vFkZ vlk dh] vusd fo|kF;kZauk

vH;klkyk vuqdwy vls okrkoj.k eqGkr miyC/k ukgh- R;krwu cgqla[; fo|kF;kZaps

vkbZoMhy vf’kf{kr vkgsr- R;keqGs ?k:u dkgh izfrlkn feGsy fdaok fu;a=.k gksbZy

v’kh ifjfLFkrh ukgh- vls vlrkukgh ’ksdMks fo|kFkhZ ifgY;k o nqlÚ;k inohps

f’k{k.k ?ksrkuk fnlrkr gs [kjks[kjp dkSrqdkLin vkgs-48 ojhy ifjfLFkrh gh eqykaP;k

ckcrhr vkgs rj eqyhaP;k ckcrhr f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh o vkMp.kh ;kis{kk vf/kd

iVhus dBh.k gksR;k vlsp tk.kors- ;k ik’oZHkwehoj f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyh [kjks[kj

dkSrqdkLin ekukO;k ykxrhy-

dkykuq:Ik ifjLFkrhe/;s Qjd iMr tkÅu ’kklukP;k fofo/k ;kstuakP;k

vk/kkjs eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ykxY;k o gGwgGw R;kaps izek.k ns[khy ok<w ykxys-

,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k ’ksoVP;k n’kdkr gs izek.k osxk.ks ok<ys- ejkBokM;krhy

fofo/k ftYg;krhy lu 2000 ;k o"kkZ rhy mPp ek/;fed L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh

iq<hyizek.ks gksrh-49

155

v-Ø ftYgk ,dw.k

’kkGk

Ekqykaph

la[;k

eqyhaph

la[;k

,dw.k

1 vkSjaxkckn 59 35283 29044 64327

2 Tkyuk 33 25105 15001 40106

3 ijHk.kh 33 20779 18561 39340

4 fgaxksyh 16 9156 6433 15589

5 chM 61 39800 28436 68236

6 ukansM 88 58745 36413 95158

7 mLekukckn 40 26826 17119 43945

8 ykrwj 121 59251 42028 101279

ejkBokMk 451 276145 193835 469980

egkjk"Vª 3060 1980800 1]47]5404 3456204

2000 e/;s ejkBokM;krhy mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhph lokZf/kd la[;k

ykrwj ftYg;kr gksrh- rj lokZr deh la[;k fgaxksyh ftYg;kr gksrh- eqyhaP;k mPp

ek/;fed f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr ftYg;kaph dzeokjh iq<hyizek.ks vkgs- 1½ ykrwj 2½

ukansM 3½ vkSjaxkckn 4½ chM 5½ ijHk.kh 6½ mLekukckn 7½ tkyuk 8½

fgaxksyh-

Û ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp f’k{k.k

ejkBokM;krhy 1948 i;Zar inohi;Zarps f’k{k.k ns.kkjs ,dgh egkfo|ky;

uOgrs- ;ko:u ;sFkhy mPp f’k{k.kkph voLFkk dk; vlsy ;kpk fopkj djrk ;srks-

Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s MkWa- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh vkSjaxkckn ;sFks dyk o

okf.kT; egkfo|ky; ¼1950½ LFkkiu dsys- ukansM ;sFks ¼1950½ o ;ksxs’ojh

156

egkfo|ky; vacstksxkbZ ¼1956½ v’kh egkfo|ky;s LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyh- gh

egkfo|ky;s rRdkyhu mLekfu;k fo|kihBk’kh layaXu gksrh- gSnzkckn ljdkjus 1954

e/;s vkSjaxkckn ;sFks f’k{k.k egkfo|ky; lq: dsys rlsp R;kpo"khZ ijHk.kh ;sFkhy

d`"kh ’kkGsps d`"kh egkfo|ky;kr :ikarj dsys- vkSjaxkckn ;sFks fo/kh egkfo|ky;

dk<k;yk fyxy ,T;qds’ku lkslk;Vhl ijokuxh ns.;kr vkY;keqGs R;k laLFksus

1956 e/;s rs egkfo|ky; lq: d:u R;kyk ,d izeq[k usrs Jh- ekf.kdpanth

igkMs ;kaps uko fnys- oS|dh; egkfo|ky; dk<.;klkBh dsUnz ljdkjph ijokuxh

vko’;d gksrh- rh feGkY;kuarj 1956 e/;s vkSjaxkckn ;sFks oS|dh; egkfo|ky;

LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- ejkBokM;krhy egkfo|ky;s gSnzkckn ;sFkhy mLekfu;k

fo|kihBk’kh layXu vlY;keqGs loZlkekU; fo|kF;kZauk inO;wRrj f’k{k.kklkBh

gSnzkcknyk tk.ks ’kD; gksr uls ifj.kkeh inO;wRrj f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZaph la[;k

deh gksrh-50

mPp f’k{k.k if'pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk

1950&51 79-6 19-1 1-3

1970&71 64-6 24-3 10-1

1978&79 77-0 16-0 29-7

Û ejkBokMk ¼MkW-ck-vka- ejkBokMk½ fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk &

ejkBokM;kP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklklkBh Lora= fo|kihB vlkos v’kh laiw.kZ

ejkBokM;krhy tursph ekx.kh gksrh- R;klkBh turk fuosnus] ekspsZ ;k ek/;ekrwu

osGksosGh ’kkluki;Zar vkiyh gh ekx.kh iksgpfo.;kpk gj rÚgus iz;Ru djr gksrh-

^^;klaca/khps ifgys fuosnu vkSjaxkcknP;k izeq[k ukxjhdkauh 1950&51 e/;s

mLekfu;k fo+|kihBkP;k dqyxq:auk fnys- R;kuarj fot;sanz dkcjk ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh

fo|kF;kZauh nsoxhjh ¼nkSyrkckn½ rs gSnzkckn v’kh in;k=k dk<yh-**51 rlsp nqlÚ;k

157

iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s ejkBokMk fo|kihB LFkkiu dj.;klkBh vkfFkZd rjrwn dsyh

tkoh v’kh gh tksjnkj ekx.kh lq: dsyh- ejkBokM;krhy loZlkekU; tursizek.ksp

;sFkhy [kklnkj] vkenkj] f’k{k.krK] fofo/k egkfo|ky;kps izkpk;Z] f’k{kd o

fo|kFkhZ ;k lokZauhp fo|kihB LFkkiuslkBh tksjnkj iz;Ru dsys- fnolsafnol tksj

/kj.kkÚ;k ;k ekx.khoj fopkj dj.;klkBh rKkaph ,d lferh gSnzkckn ljdkjus useyh

R;ke/;s MkW-,l-ch-lqCckjko] MkW-vk;-rks;k] izk-,l-,l-nksjkbZ Lokeh vkf.k f’k{k.k

lpho Jh-lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;k rK lnL;kaPkk lekos’k gksrk- ejkBokM;ke/;s

Lora= fo|kihBph vko’;drk fdrh vkgs ;koj lkaxksikax vH;kl d:u 27

vkWDVksacj 1956 jksth HkjysY;k ea=heaMGkP;k cSBdhr ^^ejkBokMk foHkkxklkBh osxGs

fo|kihB LFkkiu dsys ikfgts vls ea=heaMGkps er >kys vkgs vkf.k R;kn`"Vhus ikoys

Vkdkohr v’kh uO;k ljdkjyk fouarh dj.;kps Bjys vkgs**-52 ;k Lo:ikpk izLrko

eatwj dsyk- jkT;iwujZpuk >kY;kuarj ejkBokMk foHkkx nSwHkkf"kd eqacbZ jkT;kpk Hkkx

cuys- rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h Jh- ;’koarjko pOgk.k ljdkjus ejkBokMk fo|kihB

LFkkiu dj.;kpk fu.kZ; lu 1958 e/;s ?ksryk o R;klkBh U;k;ewrhZ iG.khVdj

;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,d lferh xBhr dsyh- ^gs fo|kihB LFkkiu dj.;kckcrpk

ejkBokM;krhy turspk fu/kkZj vkf.k ;k foHkkxkph LkkaLd`frd oSf’k"B;s y{kkr ?ksÅu

fo|kihBkps uko ^ejkBokMk fo|kihB* vls Bsokos v’kh ;k lferhus f’kQkjl dsyh

R;k izek.ks lu 1958 e/;s ejkBokMk fo|kihB vfLrRokr vkys vkf.k R;kps

mn~?kkVu iaMhr tokgjyky usg: ;kaP;k gLrs 23 lIVsacj 1958 jksth dj.;kr

vkys-**53

ejkBokM;krhy fo|kF;kZauk mPp f’k{k.k feGkos gh MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdjkph euLoh rGeG gksrh- R;keqGsp R;kauh ejkBokM;kr inohi;Zarps f’k{k.k

ns.kkjs egkfo|ky; lq: dsys- ^^ejkBokM;krhy ikpgh ftYg;kar vkSjaxkckn ;sFks

QDr ,d baVjfeft,V egkfo|ky; gksrs- ;k ik’oZHkwehoj vkSjaxkckn ;sFks inoh

158

egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;kpk MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kapk fu.kZ; dzkarhdkjd Bjrks-

[kjs Eg.kts rhp ejkBokMk fo|kihB LFkkiusph eqgrZes< Bjrs-**54 fo|kihBkP;k

LFkkiusP;k osGh mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k vfr’k; ux.; gksrh-

^^ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiusP;k o"khZ 9 egkfo|ky;kae/;s feGwu 157 eqyh o

3089 eqys f’k{k.k ?ksr gksrs- 1963&64 rs 1985 i;Zar fo|kfFkZuhaps 5-1 VDds gs

izek.k ok<wu 14-8 i;Zar rj inO;wRrj ikrGhoj gs izek.k 19-8 VD;kai;Zar iksgpys

gksrs-**55 fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkrhy izxrh laFk xrhus gksr gksrh gsp ;ko:u fnlrs-

1985&86 lkyh egkfo|ky;hu f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k 48]421 fo|kF;kZaiSdh 6]908

¼14-8 VDds½ eqyh egkfo|ky;hu f’k{k.k ?ksr gksR;k- ejkBokM;kP;k yksdla[;sr L=h

iq:"k ;kaps izek.k lk/kkj.k% leku vkgs gs y{kkr ?ksrys Eg.kts mPp f’k{k.kkrhy gh

rQkor fdrh eksBh vkgs gs y{kkr ;srs-**56

inoh ikrGhojhy fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k ¼1958&1985½57

o"kZ eqys eqyh ,dw.k

1958&59 2912 159 3069

1959&60 3415 189 3604

1964&65 11444 773 12216

1969&70 25047 2016 22063

1974&75 64936 3895 71872

1979&80 15298 2818 18116

1984&85 28416 5407 34124

gSnzkckn ljdkjdMs R;kauh dsysY;k vkfFkZd lgk¸;kph ekx.kh ekU; d:u futke

ljdkjus MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauk egkfo|ky; LFkkiu dj.;klkBh ckjk yk[k

:i;s vkf.k 100 ,dj tehu fnyh gksrh- ;krwu 1950 e/;s ckcklkgsckauh fefyan

159

egkfo|ky;kph LFkkiuk dsyh- fo|kF;kZaP;k inO;wRrj f’k{k.kkP;k lks;hlkBh

ejkBokM;ke/;s fo|kihBkph vko’;drk fdrh eksBh gksrh gs ckcklkgsckalkj[;k Fkksj

f’k{k.klezkVkP;k utjsrwu d/khp lqVys ukgh- R;kauh osGksosGh gh ckc gSnzkckn

ljdkjP;k y{kkr vk.kwu fnyh- fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiuslkBh tfeu ns.;klkBh fiiYl

,T;qds’ku lkslk;Vhus ekU; dsys- FkksMD;kr ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiusekxs MkW-

vkacsMdjkaph Qkj eksBh izsj.kk gksrh- R;k vuq"kaaxkus R;kaP;k vuq;k;kauh o

ejkBokM;krhy ifjorZuoknh f’k{k.kizseh tursus ejkBokMk fo|kihBkyk MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdj ;kaps uko ns.;klkBh ukekarj vkanksyu lq: dsys- vfr’k; izfrdqy

ifjfLFkrh e/;s tursus ukekrajkpk y<k v[kaM 14 o"ksZ pkyfoyk] R;klkBh vusdkauh

gkSrkRE; iRdjys] jDr lkaMys] ’ksoVh ;k vkanksyukyk ;’k ;sÅu ^^14 tkusokjh

1994 jksth ejkBokMk fo|kIkhBkpk ukefoLrkj dj.;kr ;sÅu MkW- ckcklkgsc

vkacsMdj ejkBokMk fo|kihB** vls ukedj.k dj.;kr vkys-

Û fL=;kaps mPp f’k{k.k &

ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk djrkukp 1974 P;k fo|kihB dk;|kuqlkj

fo|kihBkoj rhu vfr’k; egRokP;k tckcnkÚ;k lksifo.;kr vkysY;k gksR;k- R;k

Eg.kts 1½ fo|kihB lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ifjorZukps dsanz cukos- 2½ L=h-

f’k{k.kkdjhrk fo’ks"k iz;Ru dsys tkosr- 3½ izk/;kidkaP;k izf’k{k.kkph lks; djkoh-

;kpkp vFkZ ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkP;k fodklklkBh iz;Ru dj.;kph dsoG

uSfrdp UkOgs rj dk;ns’khj tckcnkjh fo|kihBkoj lksifo.;kr vkysyh vkgs-

^^ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k jpukdkjkauh 1958 lkyhp ejkBokM;krhy L=h-f’k{k.k gk

fparspk fo"k; ekuyk vkf.k fo|kihBkoj L=h f’k{k.kkP;k ok<hph ?kVukRed tckcnkjh

Vkdyh-**58 ojhy vkdMsokjh o:u ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkrhy

la[;k fdrh deh gksrh ;kph dYiuk ;s.;kl enr gksrs- 1958&59 e/;s QDr

159 eqyh inohps f’k{k.k ?ksr gksR;k rj gs izek.k gGwgGw ok<r tkÅu 1974&75

160

e/;s 6895 i;Zar iksgpys- 1975&76 iklwu uok vkd`rhca/k ¼10$2$3½ lq:

>kY;kus gh la[;k >ikV;kus ?kVyh- 1979&80 e/;s rh lokZr deh Eg.kts

¼2818½ gksrh-

inO;qRrj ikrGhojhy fo|kfFkZuh la[;k ¼1959&2000½ 59

o"kZ eqys eqyh ,dw.k

1959&60 70 10 80

1964&65 441 52 493

1969&70 1132 115 1247

1974&75 6261 436 6697

1979&80 5127 620 5747

1984&85 6547 917 7464

1989&90 8380 1357 9737

1994&95 10726 2008 12734

1999&2000 13730 2972 16702

ejkBokM;krhy eqyhaP;k ’kkGk o egkfo|ky;kaph la[;k lu & 200060

v- Ø

ftYgk izkFkfed ’kkGk Ekk/;fed ’kkGk mPp ek/;fed dfu"B egkfo|ky;s

ofj"B egkfo|ky;s

’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k

’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k

‘’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k

1 vkSjaxkckn 44 16871 31 16727 14 10720 02 02 2 Tkkyuk 18 8901 07 3114 02 1823 00 01 3 ijHk.kh 24 9318 06 3180 07 7659 00 01 4 gaxksyh 21 5234 03 1604 02 1177 00 00 5 chM 53 16913 20 10691 08 5254 04 04 6 mLekukckn 38 11878 23 6363 02 1582 00 00 7 Ykrwj 38 14864 26 11306 16 8331 00 01 8 UkkansM 47 19217 35 12754 05 12750 00 02 9 ejkBokMk 283 103]196 151 65687 56 49]296 06 11

161

Lku 2000 i;Zar ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k izkFkfed ’kkGk 283 gksR;k rj R;ke/;s

f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k 1]03196 brdh gksrh- ek/;fed ’kkGkaph ,dw.k

la[;k 151 gksrh o R;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k 65687 gksrh- ,dw.k 56 mPp

ek/;fed f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k ’kkGk gksR;k T;ke/kwu 49]296 fo|kfFkZuh mPp ek/;fed

f’k{k.kkpk ykHk ?ksr gksR;k- laiw.kZ ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k dfu"B egkfo|ky;kaph

la[;k 6 gksrh rj ofj"B egkfo|ky;kaph la[;k 11 gksrh- ejkBokM;krhy chM

ftYg;ke/;s lokZf/kd eqyhaP;k izkFkfed o ek/;fed ’kkGk gksR;k- R;kuarj vuqØes

ukansM] vkSjaxkckn] mLekukckn] ykrwj] ijHk.kh] fgaxksyh o tkyuk ;k ftYg;kapk Øe

ykxr gksrk- efgykalkBh vlysY;k Lora= ojh"B egkfo|kay;kaph lokZf/kd la[;k 4

chM ftYg;ke/;s gksrh] rlsp vkSjaxkckn o ukansM ftYg;kae/;s izR;sdh 2 o tkyuk]

ijHk.kh] vkf.k ykrwj ftYg;kr izR;sd ,d ofj"B efgyk egkfo|ky; gksrs- lu

2000 i;Zar fgaxksyh vkf.k mLekukckn ftYg;kae/;s eqyhalkBh Lora= vls ,dgh

dfu"B rlsp ofj"B egkfo|ky; UkOgrs- eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh R;kauk Lora= ’kkGk o

egkfo|ky;kaph lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u ns.;kr chM ftYgk lokZr vk?kkMhoj gksrk rj

fgaxksyh ftYgk ;k lqfo/kkaP;k ckcrhr lokZr ekxkl gksrk ;kps dkj.k R;kph Lora=

ftYgk Eg.kwu fufeZrh gksÅu Qkjp deh dkyko/kh yksVyk gksrk gs gh vlw ’kdrs-

9- iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu jkcfoY;k tk.kkÚ;k L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d ;kstuk

fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklklkBh Hkkjrkrhy fujfujkG;k iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k

dkGkr vusd mi;qDr ’kS{kf.kd ;kstuk jkcfo.;kr vkY;k- R;kaP;k lgk¸;kus

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk gkrHkkj ykxwu f’k{k.kkr ekxs iMysY;k

fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr lkfey gks.;kl enr >kyh- Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus dye

45 uqlkj jkT;koj gh tckcnkjh lksioyh vkgs dh] ?kVuk ykxw >kY;kiklwu 10

o"kkZaP;k dkyko/khe/;s pkSnk o"kkZai;ZarP;k loZ ewyk&ewyhaauk eksQr o lDrhps f’k{k.k

162

|kos- “The state shall endvour to provide within a period of ten years from

commencement of this constitution, for free and compulsory education

for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”61 ;k

dyekrhy eksQr o lDrhP;k f’k{k.kkph tckcnkjh jkT;dR;kZaoj VkdY;keqGs

L=hf’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr ok< gks.;kl enr >kyh vlyh rjh rs izek.k iq:"kkaP;k

lk{kjrs is{kk usgehp deh jkfgysys vkgs- ^^2001lkyh >kysY;k tux.kusuqlkj

Hkkjrkr 24 dksVh fL=;k fuj{kj gksR;k- txkrhy lokZf/kd fuj{kj fL=;k Hkkjrkr

vkgsr gs gh vkrk fl/n >kys vkgs-**62 egkjk"Vªk e/;s ejkBokMk ;k foHkkxkr lokZr

vf/kd fuj{kj fL=;k vlY;kpsgh vkrk ’kkldh; ikrGho:u ekU; dj.;kr vkysys

vkgs- ^^ ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy loZ lkr ftYg;kae/;s ¼vktpk fgaxksyh ftYgk /k:u

vkB ftYgs½ efgykaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k efgyk lk{kjrsP;k jk"Vªh; izek.kkis{kk deh

vkgs **63 uoO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusP;k dky[kaMk i;Zar tj ejkBokM;krhy

L=hf’k{k.k brds ekxs vlsy rj lgkftdp vlk iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks dh] [kjks[kj

iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k fofo/k

mik;;kstukapk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk brj fL=;kaaizek.ks mi;ksx gksrks dh ukgh\

okLrfod ikgrk ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k gs futke’kkaghP;k jktoVheqGs toGikl

iUukl o"ksZ ekxs jkghys gksrs- ;sFkhy fL=;kauk ns’kkP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkP;k izokgkr

lkehy gks.;kykp folkO;k ’krdkpk mRrjk/kZ mtkMkok ykxyk R;keqGs lgkftdp

R;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr vktgh ekxs fnlrkr- iapokf"kZd ;kstukae/khy ’kS{kf.kd

rjrqnhaPkk Qk;nk R;kaP;ki;Zar mf’kjk iksgpr vlY;keqGs gh ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k >kysyh

vkgs vls Eg.kko;kl gjdr ulkoh- iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dkyko/kh e/;s dks.kdks.kR;k

’kS{kf.kd ;kstukapk fLodkj dj.;kr vkyk o egkjk"Vª ’kklukus dks.kdks.kR;k

;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh dsyh ;kpk FkksMD;kr vk<kok ?ks.ks vko’;d Bjrs-

163

ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy f’k{k.k fo"k;d /kksj.k o rjrqnhaoj jk/kkd`".k.k

vk;ksxkpk izHkko fnlrks- 4 uksOgsacj 1948 ;k o"khZ Hkkjrljdkjus Hkkjrh; f’k{k.kk

fo"k;h lokZaxh.k fopkj dj.;klkBh f’k{k.k vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dsyh gksrh- MkW-

loZiYyh jk/kkd`".k.k gs R;k vk;ksxkps v/;{k gksrs- ;k vk;ksxkus L=h f’k{k.kkP;k

izxrhlkBh vusd egRokP;k f’kQkjlkh dsY;k- R;kuqlkj L=hf’k{k.kklkBh vf/kd

loyrh miyC/k OgkO;kr] fL=;kauk raKkps ;ksX; ekxZn’kZu feGkos] leku ntkZps

f’k{k.k feGkos] x`g vFkZ’kkL=kps f’k{k.k feGkos vkf.k lg f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k laLFkkuh

ewyhauk vko’;d R;k loZ lq[klks;h miyC/k d:u |kO;kr v’kk egRokP;k

f’kQkjlh dj.;kr vkysY;k gksR;k- R;k utjsleksj BsÅu ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr

fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd dY;k.kk fo"k;h rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k- ifgY;k iapokf"kZd

;kstusP;k izkjaHkhpk ek/;fed f’k{k.kkpk fopkj dj.;klkBh 1952&1953 e/;s

eqnyh;kj vk;ksXkkph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkus v’kh f’kQkjl dsyh

dh] eqyhalkBh x`g foKku ;k fo"k;kph lks; loZ ’kkGkae/;s dj.;kr ;koh o ckdh

vH;kldze eqykeqyhalkBh leku vlkok- ;k ;kstusP;k dkGkr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkps

izek.k vfr’k; deh gksrs rs ok<fo.;klkBh dsanzh; lektdY;k.k foHkkxkP;k orhus

fofo/k ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkY;k- 1958 e/;s xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy Mksaxjh Hkkxkrhy

o vkfnoklh fL=;kauk f’k{k.k o O;kolkf;d izf’k{k.k ns.;klkBh ;kstuk lq:

dj.;kr vkyh- izkS< fL=;kauk lk{kj dj.;kps iz;Ru dj.;kr vkys-

ek= ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy ’kS{kf.kd rjrwnhapk Qk;nk ?ks.;kbrdh

leFkZrk futkeh jktoVhrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/;s uOgrh-^^ ejkBokMk 1948 rs

1956 i;Zar gSnzkckn jkT;kpk Hkkx gksrk- R;kp lqekjkl ifgyh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk

r;kj >kyh- ifgY;k ;kstusrhy dsoG pkj VDds jDde ejkBokM;kpk [kkR;koj

nk[kfo.;kr vkyh-**64

164

nqlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusP;k dkGkr L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ v’kk

^nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k* vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkP;k

LFkkiuso:up dsanz ljdkjph L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d fpark vki.kkl letrs- 5 es 1958

jksth LFkkiu >kysY;k ;k vk;ksxkus izkFkfed o ek/;fed Lrjkojhy L=hf’k{k.k]

fo|kfFkZuhaph ’kS{kf.kd xGrh] izkS< L=h&fuj{kjrk] fL=;kaps O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k ;k

lkj[;k egRokP;k ’kS{kf.kd iz’ukapk l[kksy o lkaxksikax vH;kl d:u vfr’k;

ewyHkwr Lo:ikP;k lwpuk dsY;k- ^^L=h f’k{k.kkph leL;k vR;ar egRokph vlwu

iq<hy vusd o"kkZai;Zar R;k leL;ssyk vxzdze |kok- rlsp L=h f’k{k.kklkBh iq<hy

iapokf"kZd ;kstusr vf/kd foRriqjoB;kph lks; djkoh** v’kh vfr’k; egRokph

lwpuk ;k vk;ksxkus dsyh gksrh- ifj.kkeh R;kiq<hy vFkkZr frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd

;kstusiklwu vktrkxk;r L=h f’k{k.kkojhy [kpZ izR;sd ;kstusr ok<rp xsysys vkgs

vls fnlwu ;srs- ;k cjkscjp fo|kfFkZuhaph xGrh jks[k.;kph] eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k]

O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k] ikWfyVsfDudy e/khy lgf’k{k.k] fo|kfFkZuhalkBh O;kolk;

ekxZn’kZu dsanz v’kk fofo/k Lo:ikP;k lqpuk d:u R;kaph vaeyctko.kh

dj.;klkBh National council for the Education of Girls and women ph

LFkkiuk dj.;kpk vkxzg /kjyk- ;kp ;kstukdkGkr 1959&60 e/;s ns’kkr

L=hf’k{k.kk fo"k;h tuer r;kj dj.;klkBh jk"Vªh; efgyk f’k{k.k ifj"knsph LFkkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh gksrh-

frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkyk fo’ks"k egRo ns.;kr vkys

gksrs- lektke/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr mnkflurk dk vkgs- ;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;klkBh

o fL=f’k{k.kkckcr tkx`rh dj.;klkBh ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fo’ks"k eksfge

jkcfo.;kr vkyh- fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr tulg;ksxkph derjrk dk vkgs\ ;kP;k

dkj.kkapk ’kks/k ?ksÅu R;koj mik;;kstuk lqpfo.;klkBh ;k ;kstukdkGkr b-l-

165

1963&64 e/;s HkDroRlye lferhph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k

;ksutkdkGkr efgykaP;k f’k{k.kkoj vf/kd y{k dsanzhr dj.;kr vkys**65 frlÚ;k

iapfof"kZd ;kstuk dkGkr lexz ns’kkP;k f’k{k.kO;oLFkspk vH;kl dj.;klkBh 1964

e/;s izfl/n dksBkjh vk;ksxkph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkus ns[khy

eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr tuer tkx`r dj.;kph vko’;drk vxzdzekus izfriknhr

dsyh- rlsp L=h f’kf{kdkaph la[;k ok<fo.ks eqyhauk v/;;u lkfgR; o x.kos’k

eksQr ns.ks] eqyhalkBh va’kdkyhu f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.ks] eqyhauk vko’;d rs rka=hd

f’k{k.k ns.ks b- ckchoj fo’ks"k y{k dsaanzhr dsys- vk;ksxkP;k fujfujkG;k lqpukapk

fopkj d:u iq<hy dkGkr iapfof"kZd ;kstukae/kwu fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk

pkyauk ns.;klkBh vusd rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k-

v½ lkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk ¼1983½

Lkkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk b-l-1983 iklwu f’k{k.k lapkydkaP;k

Lrjkoj jkcfo.;kr ;sr vkgs- lektkps eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs T;k izdkjs nqyZ{k gksr

vkgs R;keqGs izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZ=hdj.kkps mfí"V; xkBrk ;s.kkj ukgh gh ckc

’kklukP;k y{kkr vkY;keqGs gh ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh- L=h f’k{k.kkl xrh ns.ks

gk ;k ;kstuspkk eq[; mís’k vkgs- ;k ;kstusuqlkj ^^ T;k eqyhaps o; 6 o"ksZ iw.kZ

gksÅu vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrheqGs ikydkus fryk ’kkGsr ?kky.;kckcr vleFkZrk nk[kfoyh

vlsy vkf.k ;kp dkj.kklkBh fryk ’kkGsrwu dk<wu ?ks.kkj vlrhy rj vk’kk

eqyhaph fuoM nRrd ikydkauh djko;kph vlrs o v’kh eqyxh nRrd ikydkauh

nRrd ?;ko;kph vlrs- nzO;:ikus fdaok oLrw:ikus njegk fdeku 25 :i;kaph

enr nRRkd ikydkauh lnj eqyhyk vFkok frP;k ikydkauk |ko;kph vkgs- nRrd

ikydkadMwu gh enr fdeku b-7 oh i;ZarP;k Lrjkojhy vH;kl iw.kZ gksbZi;Zar lq:

Bso.ks vfHkizsr vkgs-**66;k ;kstus[kkyh 1988&89 ;k o"kkZr lqekjs 1]63]133

eqyhauh ykHk ?ksrysyk vkgs-

166

c½ eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k & 1985

lgkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fL=;kaP;k fodklkr vMFkGk Bj.kkÚ;k vkfFkZd

leL;soj mik;;kstuk d:u L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<fo.;kpk iz;Ru dj.;kr vkyk-

twu 1984 iklwu eqyhauk ngkO;k b;Rrsi;Zarps f’k{k.k eksQr ns.;kph O;oLFkk

dj.;kr vkysyh gksrh- b-l-1985 iklwu ewyhauk ckjkohi;Zarps f’k{k.k eksQr ns.;kps

?kksf"kr dj.;kr vkys- R;kquqlkj b;Rrk ifgyh rs ckjkoh i;Zar vuqnkfur vFkok

foukvuqnkfur f’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s f’k{k.k ?ks.;kÚ;k loZ eqyhauk f’k{k.k ’kqYd ekQ

dsysys vkgs- vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxkl vlysY;k ejkBokM;krhy ewyhalkBh gh ;kstuk

vfr’k; ykHknk;d Bjyh-

d½ rkyqdkLrjkoj olrhx`gkaph lks; &

Ekqyhauk mPPk ek/;fed rlsp mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;kos Eg.kwu rkyqdk ikrGhoj

olrhx`gkaph lks; dj.;kph ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh **67

M½ O;kolkf;d izf’k{k.kklkBh eqyhauk fo|kosru &

vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxloxhZ; daVqckrhy eqyhauk lax.kd] uflZax] iafpx] VsfyQksu

vkWijsVj] vk-Vh-vk;-e/khy loZ dkslZ ;klkBh ’kkluekU; laLFkkae/kwu izf’k{k.k

?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhauk njegk 100 :i;s] brds fo|kosru fnys tkrs-

b½ vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk& 1996

egkjk"Vª jkT; gs eqyhaP;k ’kS{kf.kd izxrhlkBh ukfoU;iw.kZ midze jkcfo.;kP;k

ckcrhr usgehp vxzslj jkfgysys vkgs- ^^L=h f’k{k.k gs izxrhps fufoZokn lw= ekuwu

egkjk"Vª ’kklukus eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdjhrk loZrksijh iz;Ru dsysys vkgsr- xzkfe.k

Hkkxkrhy ikydkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh xfjchph vlY;keqGs xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy ewyh

’kkys; f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ’kdr ukghr- R;kdfjrk eqyhauk ’kkGsr nk[ky dj.;kdjhrk

ikydkauk izoRr dj.;klkBh rlsp] R;kauk ’kkGsr fVdowu Bso.;klkBh xzkfe.k

Hkkxkrhy b;Rrk 5 oh 10 oh i;Zar f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kfFkZuhauk ’kkGsr tk.;klkBh

167

,l-Vh us eksQr izokl dj.;kph loyr lu 1996&97 ;k ’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu

ns.;kps ’kklukus Bjfoys vkgs- gh ;kstuk 1996 iklwu vaeykr ;sr vkgs- ;k

;ktusl ^vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk* vls lacks/k.;kr ;kos-**68

gh ;kstuk QDRk xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy fo|kfFkZuhlkBh vlwu LFkkfud fBdk.kh tj

ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph lks; ulsy rj nqlÚ;k xkokr vFkok ’kgjkr tkÅu fo|kfFkZuhauk

f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;kos gk ;k ;kstuspk ewG mís’k vkgs- ;k ;kstuspk ykHk fo|kfFkZukauk

feG.;klkBh eq[;k/;kidakP;k ekQZr r;kj dsYksyh fo|kfFkZuhaph ;knh vkxkj izeq[kkauk

ikBfoyh tkrs- R;kuarj rs vkxkjizeq[k fo|kfFkZuhauk frekgh ikl eksQr miyC/k d:u

nsrkr- lnj iklP;k uwruhdj.kk dfjrk nj efgU;kl rh fo|kfFkZuh fdeku 75 VDds

’kkGsr mifLFkr gksrh vls eq[;k/;kidkapas izek.ki= vkxkj izeq[kkauk izkIr gksrs

vko’;d vlrs- ;k ;kstuseqGs ejkBokM;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkrhy

vkfFkZd vMp.k nwj gksÅu xzkfe.k Hkxkfry fo|kfFkZuhauk f’k{k.kkph lqfo/kk izkIr gksÅ

’kdyh-

iqLrd is<h ;kstuk & 1976&77

jkT;krhy ftYgk ifj"knsP;k izkFkfed ’kkGsrhy vuqlwphr tkrh] HkVD;k

tekrh o foeqDr tkrhP;k b- 1 yh rs 4 Fkh rhy fo|kF;kZaph xGrh jks[kwu R;kaph

mifLFkrh ok<fo.;klkBh ’kklukus 1976&77 ;k ’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu iqLrdis<h

;kstus varxZr eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;kph ;sktuk lq: dsyh vkgs- ;k

;kstusvarxZr ^egkjk"Vª jkT; ikB;iqLrd* fufeZrh o vH;kkldze la’kks/ku eaMGkrQsZ

ikB;iqLrds [kjsnh d:u izkFkfed ’kkGkae/khy ik= fo|kF;kZauk ijrQsMhP;k vVhoj

,d o"kkZdfjrk iqjfo.;kr ;srkr- nj rhu o"kkZauh ikB;iqLrdkps lap cny.;kr

;srkr ek= b;Rrk ifgyh o nqljhrhy eqys ygku vlY;keqGs cjhp iqLrds

QkVysY;k voLFksr ijr ;srkr Eg.kwu ’kklukus ;k nksu oxkZalkBh njo"khZ ufou iqLrds

168

ns.;kps /kksj.k ;k ;kstusr fLodkjysys vkgs- ;k ;kstuseqGs ikydkaojhy vkfFkZd rk.k

deh gksÅu eqyhauk ’kkGsr ?kky.;kps izek.k ok<rs-

L=hf’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy fo|kF;kZalkBh eksQr ikB;iqLrds &

Ekgkjk"Vªkrhy 103 ekxkl fodkl xVkae/;s L=h f’k{k.kkps izek.k jk"Vªh;

lk{kjrsP;k ljkljh izek.kkis{kk deh vkgs- ;k 103 fodkl xVkae/;s nqnsZokus

ejkBokM;krhy loZp ftYg;apk lekos’k vkgs- L=h f’k{k.kke/;s jk"Vªh; ljkljhis{kk

deh izek.k vl.kkjk ,d laiw.kZ foHkkx Eg.kwu QDr ejkBokMk ;k ,dkp foHkkxkpk

lekos’k gksrks- vU; foHkkxkrhy dkgh ftYg;kae/khy Bjkfod rkyqD;kpkkp lekos’k

gksrks- 103 fodkl xVke/;s ejkBokM;krhy iq<hy ftYg;kapk o rkyqD;kpk lekos’k

gksrks-

1½ vkSjaxkckn ftYgk &

1½ [kqYrkckn 2½ dUuM 3½ flYyksM 4½ lks;xko

5½ iSB.k 6½ xaxkiwj 7½ oStkiwj

2½ ykrwj ftYgk &

1½ vgeniwj 2½ mnxhj 3½ fuyaxk 4½ vkSlk

3½ tkyuk ftYgk &

1½ Hkksdjnu 2½ tkQjkckn 3½ tkyuk 4½ vacM 5½ ijrwj

4½ ijHk.kh ftYgk & ¼fgaxksyhlg ½

1½ ijHk.kh 2½ fgaxksyh 3½ ftarwj 4½ dGeuwjh 5½ oler

6½ xaxk[ksM 7½ ikFkjh

5½ ukansM ftYgk &

1½ gnxko 2½ fduoV 3½ Hkksdj 4½ fcyksyh 5½ nsxywj

6½ eq[ksM 7½ da/kkj

169

6½ mLekukckn ftYgk &

1½ mejxk 2½ rqGtkiwj 3½ijkaMk 4½ Hkwe

7½ chM ftYgk &

1½ chM 2½ xsojkbZ 3½ ektyxko 4½ vkacstksxbZ 5½ dst 6½ ikVksnk

7½ vk"Vh

ejkBokMk foHkkx gk L=hf’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr loZ foHkkxkae/;s ekxs vkgs-

L=hf’k{k.kkckcr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy 103 xVkae/khy ftYgk ifj"knsP;k izkFkfed

’kkGsrhy b;Rrk 1yh rs 4 Fkh P;k loZ fo|kFkhZ fo|kfFkZuhauk 1996&97 pk

’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;kpk fu.kZ; ’kklukus ?ksrysyk vkgs-

1998&98 ;k o"kkZr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;klkBh ’kklukus ,dw.k 3]59]22]000@&

¼ rhu dksVh ,dks.klkBh y{k ckohl gtkj :i;s ½ [kpZ dj.;kl etwjh fnysyh

gksrh**-69 gh [kpkZph rjrwn iapokf"kZd ;kstukarxZr ftYgk ifj"knkauk izkIr vkysY;k

fuf/krwu dj.;kr ;srs-

L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVklkBh fo’ks"k lqfo/kk & 1997&98

izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps lkoZ=hdhdj.k gks.;klkBh L=h lk{kjrsps izek.k T;k

rkyqD;kae/;s jk"Vªh; L=h lk{kjrsP;k ljkljhis{kk deh vkgs v’kk] jkT;krhy 103

fodkl xVkrhy ftYgk ifj"kn izkFkfed ’kkGsrhy b-1yh P;k loZ fo+|kF;kZauk

1996&97 ;k o"kkZiklwu o ;k xVkrhy iq<hy oxkZrhy izfro"khZ ,d b;Rrk izek.ks

VI;kVI;kus b-1yh rs 4 Fkh P;k loZ fo|kF;kZauk eksQr x.kos’k o ys[ku lkfgR;

iqjfo.;kpk ’kklukus fu.kZ; ?ksryk vkgs-**70 1997&98 ;k o"kkZr lnj ;kstuslkBh

,dw.k 5]78]24]000 :i;s [kpkZl eatwjh ns.;kr vkysyh gksrh-

170

L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl xVkrhy v/;kid fo|ky;kr efgykalkBh vkj{k.k &

L=h f’k{k.kkyk izksRlkgu ns.;kP;k n`"Vhus efgyk f’k{k.kkaP;k laLFksr ok< Ogkoh

fo|kfFkZukaph la[;k ok<koh ;kdjhrk efgyka dfjrk izkFkfed ’kkGsr tkxk jk[kho

Bso.;kps /kksj.k ’kklukus Lohdkjys vkgs- R;kuqlkj efgyk lk{kjrsP;k jk"Vªh;

izek.kkis{kk deh izek.k vl.kkÚ;k ejkBokM;krhy vkSajaxkckn] tkyuk] ykrwj] ukansM]

mLekukckn] ijHk.kh] chM ;k ftYg;kae/;s rlsp /kqGs o xMfpjksyh ;k ftYg;kae/khy

’kkldh; vuqnkfur o fouk vuqnkfur v/;kid fo|ky;kr ,dw.k izos’k vlysY;k

30VDds tkxk efgykalkBh vkjf{kr Bso.;kpk o R;kauk fu%’kwYd izf’k{k.k ns.;kpk

fu.kZ; ’kklukus ?ksrysyk vkgs-**71

loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku & 2002 ¼loZ f’k{k.k eksfge ½

Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kiklwu ljdkjus f’k{k.kkdMs xkaHkh;kaZus y{k

iqjfo.;kps /kksj.k fLodkjysys vkgs o R;klkBh izR;sd iapokf"kZd ;kstusr fof’k"V

[kpkZph rjrwn ns[khy dsysyh vkgs- ^^vusd o"kkZiklwu tksiklysys izkFkfed

f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZf=dhdj.kkps mfí"V iw.kZ dj.;klkBh dsanz’kklukus loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku

gk dk;Zdze lq: dsysyk vkgs- fof’k"V dkyko/khr ,dkRe i/nrhus] jkT;kP;k

Hkkxhnkjhus gk dk;Zdze vaeykr ;sr vkgs- rlsp 6 rs 14 o"ksZ o;ksxVkrhy loZ

eqyk&eqyhauk b-l-2010 i;Zar thouko’;d o xq.koRrkiw.kZ f’k{k.k ns.;kph Xokgh

loZ f’k{k.k eksfger ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs-**72 izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps lkoZ=hdhdj.k

dj.;klkBh dsanz’kklukus th mfí"V;s Bjfoysyh vkgsr rh vkiY;k jkT;kP;k lanHkkZr

iw.kZ dj.;klkBh gh eksfge jkT;kr jkkcfo.;kps Bjfo.;kr vkys-

171

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesph mfí"Vs &

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgeasps mfí"V;s iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-

1½ lu 2003 i;Zr loZ ewys&eqyh] ’kkGk] f’k{k.k geh dsanz] i;kZ;h f’k{k.k dsanz

bR;knhe/;s nk[ky dj.ks-

2½ lu 2007 i;Zr loZ eqyk eqyhaps ikp o"kkZps vkr izkFkfed f’k{k.k iw.kZ dj.ks-

3½ lu 2010 i;Zar loZ eqyk eqyhaps vkB o"kkZps ’kkys; f’k{k.k iw.kZ dj.ks-

4½ ÁkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lek/kku dkjd ntkZ o thouksi;ksxh f’k{k.kkoj Hkj ns.ks-

5½ izkFkfed Lrjkojhy fyaxHksn o lkekftd {ks=krhy Qjd 2007 i;Zar nwj dj.ks

o mPp izkFkfed f’k{k.kkckcr gsp mfí"V 2010 i;Zar lk/; dj.ks-

6½ b-l- 2010 i;Zar 100 % mifLFkrhps mfí"V lk/; dj.ks**73

Û loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesrhy midze &

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgese/;s ,dw.k ckohl izdkjps midze jkcfo.;kps /kksj.k

vk[k.;kr vkysys vkgs- R;kiSdh dkgh egRokps midze iq<hyizek.ks vkgsr-

1½ izf’kf’k{khr f’k{kdkaph] fu;qDrh dj.ks-

2½ oxZ[kksY;kaps cka/kdke dj.ks] ns[kHkky o nq:Lrh dj.ks]

3½ eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.ks-

4½ ’kkGkauk vuqnku] v/;;u o v/;kiu lkfgR; iqjfo.ks-

5½ f’k{kdkauk izf’k{k.k ns.ks] R;klkBh jkT; ’kS{kf.kd O;oLFkkiu]iz’kklu vkf.k

izf’k{k.k laLFksph LFkkiuk dj.ks-

6½ viax eqykaP;k f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.ks-

7½ eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh uoksidze] ckyf’k{k.k]laxksiu vkf.k vuqlqphr

tkrhrekrhrhy leqnk;krhy eqykalkBh fo’ks"k midze jkcfo.ks-

8½ mPp izkFkfed oxkZarhy eqykauk lax.kd izf’k{k.k ns.ks-

9½ ’kkGkckg; eqyk&eqyhaps f’k{k.k dj.ks-

172

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesph vaeyctko.kh &

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.khe/;s iq<hy egRoiw.kZ ckchapk lekos’k

gksrks- ;k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.kh dfjrk dsanz o jkT; ’kklu ;kaP;k la;qDr

iz;Rukarwu fu/kh mHkkjyk tkrks- R;ke/;s dsanz o jkT; ’kklukPkk fgLlk iapokf"kZd

;kstuk dkGkr iq<hyizek.ks Bjfo.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dsanz ’kklu jkT; ’kklu

9oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 85 VDds 15 VDds

10 iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 75 VDds 25 VDds

10 oh iapokf”kZd ;kstusuarj 50 VDds 50 VDds

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesvaxZr T;k f’k{kdkaph fu;qDrh dj.;kr vkysyh vlsy R;kaP;k

osruklkBh dsanz o jkT; ’kklukpk [kpkZpk okVk iq<hy izek.ks vlsy-

iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dsanz 'kklu jkT; ‘'kklu

9oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 85 VDds 15 VDds

10 oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 75 VDds 25 VDds

10 oh iapokf"kZd ;kstusuarj 50 VDds 50 VDds

loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.khph tckcnkjh izkFkfed f’k{k.k ifj"kn]

eqcbZ ;k Lok;Rr laLFksdMs lksifo.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;klkBh ftYgk Lrjkoj ftYgk

lfeR;k o milfeR;k xBhr dj.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- ;k ;kstusP;k vaeyctko.khr

leUo; jkgkok ;k lkBh jk"Vªh; ckyHkou o jk"Vªh; f’k{kd izf’k{k.k laLFkk ;kaP;k’kh

laca/khr ;kstukapk viokn oxGrk izkFkfed f’k{k.kk’kh laca/khr loZ ;kstuk uoO;k

iapokf"kZd ;kstusuarj ,d=hr dj.;kps /kksj.k fuf’pr dj.;kr vkysys vkgs-**74

173

loZ f’k{kk vkfHk;kukeqGs eqyhaps izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k ok<.;kl

fuf’pri.ks lgk¸; >kys- uoO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku gk L=h

f’k{k.kkP;k n`f"Vhus [kjks[kj vfr’k; egRokpk VIIkk gksrk vls Eg.k.;kl gjdr ukgh-

vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s eqyhalkBh vkj{k.k & 1994

fL=;kauk vkfFkZd n`"V;k lcy d: ’kd.kkjs O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k ns.ks gs

egkjk"Vª ljdkjP;k efgyk lcfydk.kkP;k /kksj.kkrhy ,d egRokps rRo gksrs-

R;kuqlkj jkT;krhy ’kkldh; vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/khy izos’kklkBh eqyhauk uÅ

O;olk;kr 25VDds o 11 O;olk;kr 12-5 VDds vkj{k.k miyC/k d:u ns.;kr

vkys gksrs- vkj{k.kkps gs izek.k ok<fo.;kph xjt okVY;keqGs ’kklukus rs 50 VDds

i;Zr ok<foys- ^^’kklu fu.kZ;] lkekU; iz’kklu foHkkx daekad

chlhlh&1093@2167@lhvkj 141@93@16&c] fnukad 32-9-1994 vUo;s

fofgrdsysY;k ,dw.k 50 VDds vkj{k.kkuqlkj izR;sd laoxkZr jkT;krhy vkS|ksfxd

izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/khy loZ O;olk;kae/kwu efgykalkBh Eg.kts vuqlqfpr

tkrh]tekrh]HkVD;k o foeqDr tkrh] vkschlh vkf.k [kqY;k laoxkZrhy laoxZfugk;

Bso.;kr ;kos- izLrwr vkns’k 1995&96 P;k ’kS{kf.kd l=kiklwu vaeykr

;srhy**75

inoh vH;kldzekr eqyhalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k & 2000

Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus lersps /kksj.k Lohdkjysys vlys rjh efgykaP;k

lcyhdj.kklkBh izlaxh ldkjkRed HksnHkko dj.;klkBh dye 15 ¼v½ uqlkj

’kklukl ijokuxh fnysyh vk<Gwu ;srs- ^^efgykauk iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus la/kh ns.ks

visf{kr vlys rjh fofo/k f’k{k.k vH;kl Øekdfjrk fL=;kauk leku la/kh izR;{kkr

feGr ukgh] fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd mUurhlkBh R;kn`"Vhus [kjk iz;Ru dj.ks vko’;d

vkgs- R;kuqlkj efgykaps cy’kkyhdj.k vkf.k lektkP;k loZ +{ks=ke/;s efgykaPkk

174

ldzh; lgHkkx d:u lokZaxh.k ekuoh fodklkP;k fofo/k {ks=ke/;s ldkjkRed ifj.kke

?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh efgykaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs tkf.koiwoZd y{k ns.ks vko’d vkgs- gh

ckc fopkjkr ?ksÅu ’kklu fu.kZ; fn- 22&6&1994 vUo;s ’kklukus efgykauk

’kkldh; uskdjh e/;s 30 VDds tkxk vkj{khr BsoY;k vkgsr- ek= efgykauk mPp

f’k{k.kkP;k la/kh ;ksX; izek.kkr miyC/k u >kY;keqGs uksdjhrhy ;k vkj{k.kkpk ykHk

?ks.;kps lkeF;Z fL=;kae/;s ;sÅ ’kdr ukgh gs okLro y{kkr ?ksÅu ’kklukus

efgykalkBh inoh vH;kldzekr 30 VDds vkj{k.k Bso.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrysyk vkgs-

^^ojhy loZ oLrqfLFkrh fopkjkr ?ksÅu ’kklu vkrk vls vkns’k nsr vkgs dh]

egkjk"Vª jkT;krhy loZ ikjaikfjd fo|kihB o R;kauk layXuhr vlysY;k loZ

’kkldh;] vuqnkfur o foukvuqnkuhr egkfo|ky;karhy inoh vH;kldzekP;k

izos’kkdjhrk efgykalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k Bso.;kr ;sr vkgs-**76 lnjP;k

vkj{k.kkph rjrwn fofo/k lkekftd izoxkZdfjrk T;k lafo/kkukRed jk[kho tkxk

fnysY;k vkgsr R;k varxZr lekarj vkj{k.k v’kh dsysyh vkgs-

ekr`izcks/ku izdYi %%&

‘The hand that rocks the cradle; rules the world’, ftP;k gkrh

ikG.;kph nksjh] rh txk m/nkjh fdaok f’kdysyh vkbZ ?kjknkjk iq<s usbZ ;k izdkjP;k

lqHkk’khrka e/kwu lqf’kf{kr ekrsph frP;k eqyk&eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkrhy Hkwfedk fdrh

egRokph vkgs gs y{kkr ;srs- vusd fuj{kj ekrk ns[khy vkiY;k eqykewyhaP;k

f’k{k.kkckcr tkx:d vlrkr ek= ejkBokMk foHkkxkr gs izek.k vfr’k; deh fnlwu

;srs eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh R;kaP;k ekrkae/;s tkx:drka fuekZ.k dj.;kph vko’;drk

’kklukyk okVY;keqGs b-l-1987 e/;s ekrizcks/ku izdYi gh ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr

vkyh gksrh- ^^izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZ=hdhdj.kkps /;s; 1990 i;Zar iw.kZ

dj.;klkBh xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy ekrk vkiY;k ikY;kaP;k f’k{k.kkfo"k;h tkx:d

jkgkO;kr o f’k{k.kkcíy R;akuk vf/kd ftOgkGk jkgkok ;k n`"Vhus R;kaps izcks/ku

175

dj.ks] eqykeqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr ekrsph tckcnkjh R;kauk letkowu ns.ks] L=hPkk

lokZaxh.k O;fDreRo fodkl lk/k.ks] xzkfe.k L=h usRk`Rokpk fodkl lk/k.ks gs ;k

izdYikps eq[; mfí"V;s vkgsr-**77 Ekr`izcks/ku izdYi egkjk"Vªkrhy ,dw.k ckjk

ftYga;ke/;s lq: dj.;kr vkysyk gksrk- ejkBokM;krhy ykrwj o tkyuk ;k

ftYg;kapk ;k izdYikarxZr lekos’k gksrks-^^izR;sd dk;ZdzeklkBh izR;sd ’kkGsr vankts

100 fL=;k mifLFkr vlrkr R;keqGs ;k izdYikarxZr vk;ksftr ,dk dk;Zdzekpk

ykHk vankts 32]000 fL=;k ?ksrkr- ,dw.k ;k dk;Zdzekph O;kIrh c?krk gk izdYi

L=h f’k{k.kkP;k n`"Vhdksukrwu vR;ar egRokpk o mi;qDr vlY;kps fl/n >kys

vkgs**78

lekjksi

Lkexz ns’kkrhy L=hlk{kjrP;k izek.kkoj ,d utj VkdY;kl vki.kkl fnlrs dh

iq:”kkaP;k rqyusr fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k usgehp deh jkfgysys vkgs-

Hkkjrkrhy L=hlk{kjrk & 1901&2001

sr.no Census year Male literacy Female Literacy

1 1901 9-83 0-60

2 1911 10-56 1-50

3 1921 12-21 1-81

4 1931 15-59 2-93

5 1941 24-90 7-30

6 1951 24-95 7-93

176

7 1961 34-44 12-25

8 1971 39-25 16-69

9 1981 46-89 24-82

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k nsf[ky rqyusr dehp vk<Gwu ;srs-

lk{kjrsph VDsdokjh if'pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk

1951 24-42 19-00 9-09

1961 33-52 27-88 16-29

1971 42-66 37-45 25-86

1971 i;Zar ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k dsoG 25-86 VDds brdsp

gksrs- ‘kklukP;k fofo/k ‘kS{kf.kd ;kstukaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps

izek.k ok<.;kl dkgh izek.kkr enr >kyh- b-l-1991 vkf.k b-l-2001 P;k

tux.kusrwu feGkysY;k vkdMsokjhoj utj VkdY;kl gh ckc fl/n gksrs R;ko#u

vki.k Lokra«; iwoZ dkGkrhy ejkBokM;kP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fL=;kfo”k;h dYiuk d#

‘kdrks

177

ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k &1991] 2001

s.No Name of

District

Census Report

1991

Census Report

2001

person Male female person Male female

1 vkSjaxkckn 58-98 72-93 39-64 73-63 85-07 61-28

2 Tkyuk 46-25 64-43 27-30 64-52 79-17 49-25

3 ijHk.kh 47-58 64-90 29-41 67-04 80-58 52-98

4 gaxksyh & & & 66-86 81-11 51-96

5 chM 49-82 66-34 32-34 68-48 80-69 55-38

6 ukansM 48-17 64-38 30-96 68-52 81-14 55-12

7 mLekukckn 54-27 68-39 39-16 70-24 82-03 57-55

8 Ykkrwj 55-57 70-47 39-72 72-34 83-03 60-28

178

lanHkZ lwph

1- Jherh- bafnjk xka/kh] fL=;k vkf.k f’k{k.k] yksdjkT; tqyS 1984] i`- 1

2- (Das B.K, women and Development, vol.4 Discovery publishing

House, New Delhi 1991, p.93

3- ’ksorsdj ’kjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i`- 53-

4- mDr i- 53

5- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 2-

6- futke fot;] 26 twu- lu 1928] i`- 2-

7- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 226-

8- futke fot;] uksOgsa- lu 1921] i`- 2-

9- futke fot;]o"kZ 3]vad 47 10 twu 1924] i`- 52-

10- futke fot;] 16 uksOgsa- lu 1937] i`- 3-

11- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i`- 57-

12- mDr] i- 55-

13- futke fot;] 22 uksOgsacj- lu 1938] i`- 494-

14- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i- 58-

15- futke fot;] 1 lIVscj- lu 1993] i`- 405-

16- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 59-

17- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 76-

18- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 225-

19- futke fot;] uksOgs lu 1921-

20- mDr i- 48-

21- futke fot;] 22 fMlsacj lu 1936] i`- 276-

179

22- futke fot;] 22 fMlsacj - lu 1936] i`- 276-

23- futke fot;] 11 rs 1937] i- 306-

24- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 68-

25- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k]

1848&1956] n rkbZph izdk’ku iq.ks 2008] i`- 306-

26- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k] rkbZph

izdk’ku] iq.ks 2008] i`- 82-

27- futke fot;] uksOgsa] 1921-

28- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 216-

29- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k] rkbZph

izdk’ku] iq.ks 2008] i`- 63-

30- mijksDr

31- tks'kh n-ia- dkGkP;k iM|kvkM] 1992] i- 6-

32- QMds ;-nh- folkO;k ‘k’krdkrhy egkjk"Vª] [kaM frljk] Jh- fo|k izdk’ku]

iq.ks] 1999] i`- 205-

33- tks'kh n-ia- dkGkP;k iM|kvkM] 1992] i- 11-

34- mijksDr

35- futke fot;

36- lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30

uksOgsacj 1982] i- 14-

37- Lkaik] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`- 12-

38- mijksDr

39- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988 i`- 42-

40- mijksDr

180

41- Jh- c-xksxVs] ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] 1947 rs 1987 vkf.k uarj]

ejkBokMk 2001]vkSjaxkckn 1988] i`- 14-

42- Dr. Ambedkar, Babasaheb, writing and speeches,

vol, 1, Education Department, Govt. of

Maharashtra, 1979, p 162.

43- Jh- c-xksxVs] ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] 1947 rs 1987 vkf.k uarj]

ejkBokMk 2001]vkSjaxkckn 1988] i`- 11-

44- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`-

46-

45- mijksDr

46- vk/kkj %& f’k{k.k lapkyuky; iq.ks-

lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30 uksOgsacj

1982] i`- 14-

47- lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30

uksOgsacj 1982] i- 14-

48- xksxVs Jh- c- ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988]

i`- 20-

49- mijksDr-

50- mijksDr-

51- mijksDr-

52- mijksDr] i- 25-

53- ns'kikaMs ,e- ;w- ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph Hkwfedk vkf.k dk;Z] ejkBokMk

2001] vkSjaxkckn] 2001] i`- 55-

181

54- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`-

46-

55- ns'kikaMs ;w-,e- ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph Hkwfedk vkf.k dk;Z] ejkBokMk

2001] i`- 59-

56- mijksDr-

57- mijksDr-

58- mijksDr-

59- mijksDr-

60- mijksDr-

61- pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k"kZ] i- 2-

62- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vª ’kklu] LFkkfud%ih vkjbZ 1097@¼37½

192½ izkf’k&4] izi= v½

63- djis jktkHkkÅ ejkBokM;krhy ’ksrdjh pGoG&,d fpfdRld vH;kl]

i`- 30-

64- txnkGs vk’kk] iapfof"kZd fu;kstu o efgykapk JelgHkkx] vFkZlaokn tqyS

lIVsacj 2012] i`- 207-

65- QkrjQsdj olar y{e.k lkfof=ckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk] yksdjkT;

Qsczqokjh 1989 i`- 2-

66- lgkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy ’kSf{k.kd izxrh yksdjkT; ,fizy 1985] i-

20-

67- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vª ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad &,QbMh &

1096@84883@1957@96 lk’kh &5-

68- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 1097@377@97 lk’kh &4-

182

69- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 1097@354@97 izk’kh &4-

70- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&Vhlh,e& 1096@8@96 ek’kh &4 fn- 5 lIVsacj 1996-

71- ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ&2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-

72- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-

73- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-

74- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad % vk;Vhvk; 1594@¼5011½ O;kf’k &1] 5 twu

1995-

75- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad % thbZlh 1000@¼123@2000½ rkaf’k &1] 17

,fizy 2000-

76- tks'kh jes’k] ekr` izcks/ku izdYi] yksdjkT; twu 1990 i`- 3-

77- tks'kh jes’k] ekr` izcks/ku izdYi] yksdjkT; twu 1990 i`- 3-