IX. Classical Chamber Music. Classical Chamber Music Designed for intimate setting of a room in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hall.

IX. Classical Chamber IX. Classical Chamber MusicMusic

Classical Chamber MusicClassical Chamber Music

Designed for intimate setting of a Designed for intimate setting of a roomroom in a home or palace, rather than in a home or palace, rather than for a public concert hallfor a public concert hall

2-9 musicians2-9 musicians, , one player to a partone player to a part

Lighter in sound than classical Lighter in sound than classical orchestral musicorchestral music

It’s intended to be pleasurable for a It’s intended to be pleasurable for a performer as well as the listener.performer as well as the listener.

The group is a team- The group is a team- each individual each individual part is essentialpart is essential!!

There is There is NONO conductor needed- each conductor needed- each individual needs musical sensitivityindividual needs musical sensitivity

String QuartetString Quartet: : 2 violins, 1 viola & 2 violins, 1 viola & 1 cello.1 cello.

String Quartet: 2 violins, 1 viola & String Quartet: 2 violins, 1 viola & 1 cello.1 cello.

… … Is usually in 4 movements:Is usually in 4 movements: 1) fast1) fast 2) slow2) slow 3) minuet or scherzo3) minuet or scherzo 4) fast4) fast

Other types of chamber music:Other types of chamber music: Sonata for violin and pianoSonata for violin and piano Piano trioPiano trio ( (violin, cello, pianoviolin, cello, piano)) String QuintetString Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, (2 violins, 2 violas,

cello)cello)

X. Franz Joseph Haydn X. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)(1732-1809)

HaydnHaydn Born in AustriaBorn in Austria At a young age he was sent to live with a At a young age he was sent to live with a

relative who gave basic music lessons relative who gave basic music lessons for 2 years.for 2 years.

Age 8- went to Vienna where he became Age 8- went to Vienna where he became a choirboy in the Cathedral of St. a choirboy in the Cathedral of St. Stephen.Stephen. His voice changed and was kicked out. His voice changed and was kicked out.

Struggled for years giving lessons and Struggled for years giving lessons and teaching himself composition.teaching himself composition.

HaydnHaydn Age 29 (1761)- he entered the service of Age 29 (1761)- he entered the service of

the “the “Esterhazy’s”Esterhazy’s” (richest and most (richest and most powerful of the Hungarian noble families).powerful of the Hungarian noble families). Highly skilled servantHighly skilled servant Composed all the music requested by his Composed all the music requested by his

patronpatron Conducted the orchestra of about 25 playersConducted the orchestra of about 25 players Coached singersCoached singers Oversaw the condition of instruments and Oversaw the condition of instruments and

operation of music libraryoperation of music library

HaydnHaydn

He was unhappily married, even though, He was unhappily married, even though, he was good-humored and unselfish. he was good-humored and unselfish.

Very conscientious about his professional Very conscientious about his professional duties, he cared about the personal duties, he cared about the personal interests of his musicians.interests of his musicians.

Met Mozart in early 1780’s and became Met Mozart in early 1780’s and became close friendsclose friends Prince Nicholas Esterhazy died and Haydn Prince Nicholas Esterhazy died and Haydn

went to Londonwent to London

HaydnHaydn

He was very successful in London. He was very successful in London. Aristocracy wined and dined him and Aristocracy wined and dined him and he was even given an honorary he was even given an honorary doctorate at Oxford.doctorate at Oxford.

Returned to Vienna in 1795 to work Returned to Vienna in 1795 to work for Nicholas II. Nick only liked for Nicholas II. Nick only liked religious music so Haydn composed religious music so Haydn composed masses and masses and oratoriosoratorios for him. for him.

HaydnHaydn

Haydn died in 1809 (77 years old), Haydn died in 1809 (77 years old), while Napoleon’s army was occupying while Napoleon’s army was occupying Vienna.Vienna.

His His wide recognitionwide recognition was obvious in a was obvious in a memorial service held for him. Joining memorial service held for him. Joining the Viennese were French generals and the Viennese were French generals and an honor guard of French soldiers.an honor guard of French soldiers.

Haydn’s MusicHaydn’s Music

A pathfinder for classical style. A pioneer A pathfinder for classical style. A pioneer in the in the development of thedevelopment of the symphonysymphony and and string quartetstring quartet..

Mozart and Beethoven both influenced his Mozart and Beethoven both influenced his style.style.

Many of his works have a Many of his works have a folk-like flavorfolk-like flavor due to his due to his exposure to peasant tunes and exposure to peasant tunes and folk musicfolk music his father would sing when he his father would sing when he was a young child.was a young child.

Haydn’s MusicHaydn’s Music

He was a master at developing He was a master at developing themes.themes.

Wrote Wrote 104 symphonies, 68 string 104 symphonies, 68 string quartets, oratorios, piano quartets, oratorios, piano sonatas, piano trios, sonatas, piano trios, divertimentos, concertos, divertimentos, concertos, operas, and masses!operas, and masses!

Symphony No. 94 (The Symphony No. 94 (The Surprise)Surprise)

RememberRemember… Movement 2 is widely … Movement 2 is widely known for its use of “known for its use of “Theme and Theme and VariationsVariations”” (Could this be on the test? Yes…)(Could this be on the test? Yes…)

XI. Wolfgang Amadeus XI. Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart

(1756- 1791)(1756- 1791)

Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart

Born in Salzburg, AustriaBorn in Salzburg, Austria Child ProdigyChild Prodigy

Age 6- could play harpsichord and violin, Age 6- could play harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write minuets, read improvise fugues, write minuets, read music perfectly at first sightmusic perfectly at first sight

Age 8- wrote symphonyAge 8- wrote symphony Age 11- wrote an oratorioAge 11- wrote an oratorio Age 12- wrote an operaAge 12- wrote an opera

Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart

His father, Leopold, was a court musician. His father, Leopold, was a court musician. He liked to show off Mozart. He liked to show off Mozart. During Holy Week in Rome they heard the During Holy Week in Rome they heard the

Sistine Chapel performing a treasured work Sistine Chapel performing a treasured work that was their propertythat was their property

Anyone caught copying was to be punished by Anyone caught copying was to be punished by excommunicationexcommunication

Mozart (14) heard it once, copied it perfectly.Mozart (14) heard it once, copied it perfectly. He escaped punishment and was knighted by the He escaped punishment and was knighted by the

pope for his musical accomplishmentspope for his musical accomplishments

Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart

The irony is that Mozart had more The irony is that Mozart had more acclaim as a boy wonder than as an adult acclaim as a boy wonder than as an adult musician.musician.

He began his professional life as an He began his professional life as an international celebrity, pampered by international celebrity, pampered by kings.kings.

1781- 25 years old- traveled to 1781- 25 years old- traveled to Vienna to become a freelance Vienna to become a freelance musician.musician.

Freelancing in ViennaFreelancing in Vienna His first few years were successful.His first few years were successful. Popularity began to decline when he Popularity began to decline when he

began using dissonance morebegan using dissonance more.. During his last year, he was happier and During his last year, he was happier and

more successful- more successful- wrote wrote The Magic FluteThe Magic Flute A stranger visited him asking for a A stranger visited him asking for a

requiem (a mass for the dead)requiem (a mass for the dead) He died on Dec 5, 1791, of rheumatic He died on Dec 5, 1791, of rheumatic

fever at only 35.fever at only 35. He did not finish the requiem, Franz He did not finish the requiem, Franz

Sussymeyer, one of his pupils did.Sussymeyer, one of his pupils did.

Mozart’s musicMozart’s music Most versatile of all Most versatile of all

composers, wrote composers, wrote masterpieces in all the masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time.musical forms of his time.

He believed that music He believed that music “must never offend the ear, “must never offend the ear, but must please the hearer, but must please the hearer, or in other words, must or in other words, must never cease to be music”.never cease to be music”.

His compositions sound His compositions sound effortlesseffortless

Mozart’s musicMozart’s music

Wrote more than 600 compositions, Wrote more than 600 compositions, catalogued during 19catalogued during 19thth c. by Ludwig von c. by Ludwig von Kochel (K. #’s).Kochel (K. #’s).

Master of opera-Master of opera- few composers have few composers have matched his ability to coordinate music matched his ability to coordinate music and stage action (both serious and and stage action (both serious and comic).comic).

Influenced by Italian opera and J.C., J.S. Influenced by Italian opera and J.C., J.S. Bach, and HaydnBach, and Haydn

C MozartC MozartT Requiem in D minor K. 626; Dies T Requiem in D minor K. 626; Dies

IraeIrae

D 1791D 1791 S Orchestra, ChoirS Orchestra, Choir H D minorH D minor MM R DupleR Duple F RequiemF Requiem T Homophonic/ Latin “Day of Wrath”T Homophonic/ Latin “Day of Wrath”

The Magic FluteThe Magic Flute

Was working on this at the same time an Was working on this at the same time an anonymous letter came in the hands of a anonymous letter came in the hands of a stranger, asking to commission a Mass stranger, asking to commission a Mass for the Dead, The Requiem Mass.for the Dead, The Requiem Mass.

Working on several things at once, Working on several things at once, became overwhelmed and died of became overwhelmed and died of Rheumatic Fever on December 5Rheumatic Fever on December 5thth, 1791., 1791.

““Die Zauberflote” was wildly successful!Die Zauberflote” was wildly successful! Too little, too late.Too little, too late.

XII. Ludwig van BeethovenXII. Ludwig van Beethoven

1770-18271770-1827

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven Born in Bonn, GermanyBorn in Bonn, Germany Came from a Came from a family of musiciansfamily of musicians

Age 11- served as assistant to the court Age 11- served as assistant to the court organistorganist

Age 12- had several piano compositions Age 12- had several piano compositions publishedpublished

Age 16- went to Vienna to improvise for Age 16- went to Vienna to improvise for MozartMozart

Mozart said, “Mozart said, “Keep your eyes on him, Keep your eyes on him, someday he will give the world something to someday he will give the world something to talk abouttalk about”.”.

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven Returned to Bonn, his mother was ill and Returned to Bonn, his mother was ill and

died. Father became an alcoholic and was died. Father became an alcoholic and was dismissed from the court choir.dismissed from the court choir.

Beethoven became the legal guardian of Beethoven became the legal guardian of his two younger brothers at 18.his two younger brothers at 18.

Age 21- left Bonn to study with Age 21- left Bonn to study with Haydn in ViennaHaydn in Vienna Stayed in Vienna the rest of his lifeStayed in Vienna the rest of his life First 7 years brought hard work, growing First 7 years brought hard work, growing

confidence, and public praise.confidence, and public praise. He rebelled against social convention, He rebelled against social convention,

saying an artist deserved as much saying an artist deserved as much respect as the nobilityrespect as the nobility

This worked for him, not Mozart.This worked for him, not Mozart.

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

Age 29-Age 29- felt the first symptoms of felt the first symptoms of deafnessdeafness (Very detrimental to him- in a letter to his (Very detrimental to him- in a letter to his

brothers, he wrote that he would have ended brothers, he wrote that he would have ended his life, but it was only his art that kept him his life, but it was only his art that kept him from it.)from it.)

His victory over despair is reflected in his His victory over despair is reflected in his compositions- compositions- new power and heroism in new power and heroism in his workshis works

The mystery manThe mystery man Self-educated and widely read in Self-educated and widely read in

ShakespeareShakespeare Very weak in elementary arithmeticVery weak in elementary arithmetic

(Claimed the highest moral principles)(Claimed the highest moral principles) (But was often unscrupulous in dealing with (But was often unscrupulous in dealing with

publishers.)publishers.) Orderly and methodical when Orderly and methodical when

composing…composing………but dressed sloppily and lived in but dressed sloppily and lived in incredibly messy apartmentsincredibly messy apartments (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40

times.)times.)

Orderly and methodical when Orderly and methodical when composing…composing…

……but dressed sloppily and lived in but dressed sloppily and lived in incredibly messy apartmentsincredibly messy apartments (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40 (Lived 35 years in Vienna, he moved 40

times.)times.)

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven He fell in and out of love with several women, He fell in and out of love with several women,

mostly of noble birth, mostly of noble birth, never forming a never forming a lasting relationshiplasting relationship

As his hearing weakened, so did his piano As his hearing weakened, so did his piano playing and conductingplaying and conducting

By 44 he was forced to stop playing in public, By 44 he was forced to stop playing in public, however, he insisted on conducting his however, he insisted on conducting his orchestral works.orchestral works. The performers would be confused about his The performers would be confused about his

gestures and it would become chaoticgestures and it would become chaotic

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

His sense of isolation His sense of isolation grewgrew with his with his deafness.deafness.

People would communicate through People would communicate through an ear trumpet and during his last 8 an ear trumpet and during his last 8 years, he would carry a notebook years, he would carry a notebook with him for people to write on.with him for people to write on.

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

His brother died, and he got custody of his His brother died, and he got custody of his son.son. Problem child, attempted suicide, and Problem child, attempted suicide, and

shattered Beethoven’s worldshattered Beethoven’s world People talked about Beethoven losing it and People talked about Beethoven losing it and

never composing again.never composing again. He proved them wrong by composing some of He proved them wrong by composing some of

his most outstanding works in total deafness.his most outstanding works in total deafness. Ninth Symphony & Missa solemnisNinth Symphony & Missa solemnis

C BeethovenC BeethovenT Symphony No. 5 I Mvt; Allegro T Symphony No. 5 I Mvt; Allegro

con briocon brio

D 1808D 1808 S Woodwind, Timpani, StringsS Woodwind, Timpani, Strings H C minorH C minor M A Section- Famous melody B Section- M A Section- Famous melody B Section-

Horn solo, lyrical stringsHorn solo, lyrical strings R Duple 2/4R Duple 2/4 F SonataF Sonata T PolyphonicT Polyphonic

SYMPHONY NO. 9 (Ode SYMPHONY NO. 9 (Ode to Joy)to Joy)

Leonard Leonard Bernstein Bernstein conducting the conducting the Vienna Vienna Philharmonic Philharmonic Orchestra in Orchestra in this this video clip…video clip…