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Ivette Perfecto University Michigan [email protected]/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Apr 24, 2018

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Page 1: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Ivette PerfectoUniversity of [email protected]

Page 2: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Outline

• Challenge the assumption that increasing yields should be a priority under all circumstances

• Biodiversity is working for us• The debate of separation and integration (lands sparing vs land sharing)

• What is needed: small scale agroecological farms with strong local markers and strong communities

Page 3: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 4: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 5: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 6: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 7: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 8: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Coccusviridis, a pest of coffee

Page 9: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Azteca instabilisforms a mutualistc association with Coccusviridis

(Vandermeer &Perfect 2006; Perfecto & Vandermeer 2008)

Page 10: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Densities of scales are higher within the Azteca clusters

(Vandermeer and Perfecto, 2006)

Page 11: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Coccinelidae eating scaleAzya orbigera is a predator of C. viridis.

Page 12: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 13: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Waxy filaments protect Azya from the ants

Page 14: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 15: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Azya larvae parasitized

(Liere and Perfecto, 2008)

Page 16: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

adulto

larva

Azteca instabilisattacking an adult Azyaorbigera

Page 17: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

With Azteca

Without Azteca

Page 18: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

How is Azyaable to locate Azteca clusters, and prevent their eggs from  being detected by the ants?

Clusters represent 5% of the farm

Page 19: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Eggs and first instar larvae of Azya orbigera

Page 20: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Azteca instabilis

Pseudacteonsp. (Phoridae)

Phorid flies reduce foraging activity of Azteca and show a density dependence effect on ant cluster size. 

(Philpott, 2005; Philpott et al, 2004 and 2009; Vandermeer et al., 2008)

Page 21: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

What control pests in the coffee agroecosystem?

Spatially explicit ecological complexity!

Page 22: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 23: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Separations versus Integrations

Page 24: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Industrial MonoculturesA Lose‐Lose Situation

• Overproduction  low prices  rural exodus, suicides, etc.

• 1 billion hungry; 1 billion overweight

• Contamination due to pesticide and fertilizer use (freshwater contamination, dead zones, etc)

• Increases in GHG  global warming

• Loss of biodiversity 

Page 25: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

• Most natural habitats are fragmented• Local extinctions occur even in continuous habitats• Migration maintains populations as metapopulations

• The quality of the matrix determines migration

The matrix matter!

(Perfecto and Vandermeer, 2008; Perfecto et al., 2009)

The ecological argument:

Page 26: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 27: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
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•Sustainable, diverse, non‐toxic agriculture represents a higher quality matrix that maintain ecosystem services at local, landscape and global levels.• The more agriculture resembles the natural habitat the better for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Page 29: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 30: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

The productivity argument:• Sustainable (knowledge intensive) agriculture can be as productive as chemical/capital intensive agriculture (Badgley et al., 2008; and others).

• Large scale farms are inefficient (Sen, 1962).

• Agroecological systems are more resilient:– Hurricane Mitch in Central America (Holt‐Giménez, 2002)

– Agroforestry systems buffer climate extremes (Lin et al., 2008; Philpott et al.,  2008)

Page 31: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Can agroecological farms feed the world?

Badgley et al. 2007. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22: 86‐108

Actual food production

Predictions based on yield ratios from developed countries

Predictions based on yield ratios from developing countries

Page 32: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Amartya Sen: The inverse size‐productivity relationship

The relationship between farm size and totaloutput in different countries (Rosset, 1999)

Can smallholders feed the world?

Page 33: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

The socio‐economic argument

• Well supported small/medium scale farmers with land tenure, water rights, intellectual property rights, can create vibrant and stable rural communities.

• Stabilization of the agricultural frontier.

Page 34: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

The socio‐economic argument• UNEP‐UNCTAD Capacity Building Force (2008):

– Improvements in social capital including stronger social organizations

– Increased education skills and health

– Improvements in infrastructures and markets

– Increase household income

Page 35: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Social Movements for Food Sovereignty

Page 36: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide
Page 37: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

“Business as usual is not an option”

Page 38: Ivette Perfecto University Michigan perfecto@umichorgprints.org/18247/1/18247.pdfThe inverse size‐productivity relationship. The relationship between farm size and total ... Slide

Multifunctional Agricultural Landscapes

• High Diversity (α, β, and γ diversity)• No (or minimal use of) agrochemicals• Knowledge intensive (instead of capital intensive) (use of local knowledge 

and materials)• Soil and watershed protection• Small/medium size farms• Seeds adapted to local conditions  (vigorous seed exchange)• Focus on local markers and community based rural‐urban networks• Diverse market structures (CSA, farmers market, direct marketing, links to 

supermarkets, etc.)• Link to local processing• Secure land tenure, water rights, intellectual property right for farmers • Protection from dumping