IV. Surface markings A. Foramen – A rounded passageway for blood vessels nerves, ligaments (foramen magnum, vertebral foramen, obturator foramen) B. Meatus – an tube-like opening or passageway ( external auditory meatus) C. Paranasal sinus – air- filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities (frontal sinus
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IV. Surface markings A. Foramen – A rounded passageway for blood vessels nerves, ligaments (foramen magnum, vertebral foramen, obturator foramen) B. Meatus.
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B. Meatus – an tube-like opening or passageway ( external auditory meatus)
C. Paranasal sinus – air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities (frontal sinus
D. Fossa – A shallow depressionin or on a bone(olecranon fossa)E. Condyles – A large, smooth, rounded articular prominence (lateral and medial)F. Head – The rounded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neckG. Facet – A small, smooth, flat articular surface
H. Tuberosity – A roughened process (deltoid tuberosity)I. Trochanter – A large, blunt projection only on femurJ. Crest – A prominent ridge or border (iliac crest)
V. Skull – two sets of bones – 8 cranial/14 facialA. Sutures – seam or stitch, immovable joint found between skull bones1. Coronal – attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones2. Sagittal – extends from the lambdoidal suture to the coronal, separates the parietal bones3. Lambdoidal – separates the occipital bone from parietal4. Squamous – boundary between parietal bone and temporal bone
1.Frontal bone – forms forehead, orbits, frontal sinuses
2.Parietal bones – two sides and roof of cranial cavity
3.Temporal bones – two interior lower sides and part of cranial floor, mandibular fossa, forms temporomandibular joint (TMJ) -external auditory meastus – leads to inner ear-mastoid process – attachment for muscles-styloid process – attachment for muscles
B. Cranial Bones – enclose the cranial cavity, fluid-filled to cushion and support the brain
4. Occipital – back of cranium for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
-occipital condyles – articulate a joint with cervical vertebrae -foramen magnum
5. Sphenoid bones – middle of base of the skull (bat with outstretched wings)
-sphenoidal sinuses – drain into nasal cavity - sella turcica – depression – contains pituitary gland6. Ethmoid bone – light spongy bone located in the front part
of the floor of the cranium between the orbits - contains superior and middle nasal conchae
C. Facial bones
1. Nasal bones – two, bridge of nose
2. Maxillae – upper jaw
-contain alveoli into which upper teeth are set
-cleft palate – improper fusion of left and right sides
3. Zygomatic bones – two cheek bones
4. Mandible – lower jaw
- mental foramen – hole in mandible used as a dental landmark
5. Lacrimal bones – smallest bones in face
6. Palatine bones – posterior portion of the hard palate
7. Inferior nasal conchae – two scroll-like bones, inferior to other nasal conchae – filtration of air
8. Vomer – bone forms lower and back part of nasal septum
D. Fontanelles – soft spots between cranial bones of infants
E. Foramina – major openings
F. Hyoid Bone – suspended from the styloid process by ligaments and muscles
- located between mandible and larynx
- supports tongue
- often fractured during strangulation
VI. Vertebral Column – composed of vertebrae, encloses and protects spinal cord, supports head and is a point of attachment for ribs and muscles of backA.Divisions:
1. Intervertebral foramina – openings between vertebrae
2. Adult – 26 vertebrae
3. Made up of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum (5 fused), 1 coccyx (4 fused)