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IUCN-WCPATASKFORCEONOTHEREFFECTIVEAREA-BASEDCONSERVATIONMEASURES
COLLATIONOFCASESTUDIESSUBMITTEDTOTHETASKFORCE(2016-2017)
NOTE
This is a collation of case studies submitted to the IUCN-WCPA Task Force on Other Effective Area-based Conservation MeasuresforconsiderationaspotentialOECMs.
Thecasestudieshaveneitherbeeneditednorfact-checkedandremaintheintellectualpropertyoftheauthors.WhetherornottheseareasqualifyasOECMswilldependonmorerigorousevaluationonacase-by-casebasisusingthedraftGuidelinesandrapidassessmentscreeningtool.AllthecasestudieshavebeenincludedastheyshowtherangeanddiversityofsituationsforconsiderationasOECMs.
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CONTENTS1. NORTHAMERICA
• StraitofGeorgiaGlassSpongeReefFishingClosures,BritishColumbia(Canada)-SabineJessen• CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve,BC(Canada)-SabineJessen• RockfishConservationAreas,BritishColumbia(Canada)-SabineJessen• 3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador(Canada)-SigridKuehnemund• NetworkofAreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterestintheClarionClippertonZoneinthePacific,intheInternationalSeabedAreaoftheEastern
CentralPacificbetweenMexicoandHawaii(USA)-KristinaGjerde• Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingArea,NorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii(USA)-MimiD’Iorio• NationalWaterReservesProgram(Mexico)-NinelEscobar• AreasVoluntarilyDestinedforConservation(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• FishingRefugeAreas:Akumal,QuintanaRoo(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• ForestManagement(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• ProgramofPaymentforEnvironmentalServices(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• UnitsfortheConservation,ManagementandSustainableUseofWildlife(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• PrivateProtectedAreasCertification(Mexico)-WCPAPrivateProtectedAreasSpecialistGroup• NorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganizationVulnerableMarineEcosystem,NorthwestAtlantic,NAFORegulatoryArea(outside200milelimit)-
KristinaGjerde2. SOUTHAMERICA
• ForestCode(Brazil)-AllisonPritchard• Bita,ProtectedRiver,ColombianOrinocoBasin(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• SpecialManagementAreaofAfroColombianCommunitiesoftheupstreamoftheAmurrupaRiver,Risaralda(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro(Santander)(Colombia)-Humboldt
Institute• CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElOasis”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
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• CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• WaterReciprocalAgreements,aCaseofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• “ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark,LocalProtectedArea(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• CerroSancancio,CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelRíoPastaza(Peru)-MarinaRosales• “ElBreo”ConservationConcession(Peru)-JeffPradel
3. EUROPE
• ScapaFlow(UK)-DanLaffoley• PartofHopeQuarry,PeakDistrictNationalPark,Derbyshire(England)-NigelDudley
4. AFRICA
• HuntingZonesinNorthCameroon(Cameroon)-PaulScholte• Yélisoubé,LoosIslands,Conakry(Guinea)-AlkalyDoumbouya• MabasoCommunityStewardshipProject,KZNProvince(SouthAfrica)-OnkemetseNteta
5. ASIA
• HutanHarapan,Sumatera(Indonesia)-AgusB.Utomo• Community-basedMPA:AyandRhunIsland,Maluku(Indonesia)-HestiWidodo• Tana’UlenLapanRiver(Indonesia)-CristinaEghenter• MountCandalagaDumutICCA(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles• DanjuganIsland(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles• MountApoKBA(thePhilippines)-NicoleBendsenandGünterMühlbauer
6. PACIFIC
• BradfieldFieldTrainingArea,NorthernTerritory(Australia)-MarcHockings• CableZone,HaurakiGulf,SouthwestPacificOcean(NewZealand)-MarcCostello
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• ZairaCommunity,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince(SolomonIslands)-JoeMcCarterandSimonAlbert
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StraitofGeorgiaGlassSpongeReefFishingClosures,BritishColumbia(Canada)–SabineJessenOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Full,legal,bottom-contactfishingclosureswereputinplacetoprotectnineglassspongereefsintheStraitofGeorgia,offthesoutherncoastofBritishColumbia.Thefishingclosuresprohibitallbottomcontactfishingactivities,includingbottomtrawling,bottomlongline,andtrapfisheries(prawnandcrab),within150moffthereefs.Theclosurescoverallfishingactivities:commercial,recreationalandaboriginal(food,social,ceremonial).Thebufferzonewasdeterminedfollowingconsultationwiththecommercialandrecreationalfishingsectors,conservationgroupsandFirstNations.Initiallya200mbufferwasproposedinkeepingwiththeproposed“adaptivemanagementzone”aroundtheHecateStraitandQueenCharlotteSoundMPA.Itisworthnotingthattheoriginalrecommendationbygovernmentscientistswasfora5-8kmbufferzonefortheMPA.Thoughttohavegoneextinctaround40millionyearsagolivingglassspongereefs(bioherms)werefirstdiscoveredinBritishColumbiain1987.JustahandfuloflivingglassspongereefshavebeenfoundinBritishColumbiaandonlyasinglesmallreefinAlaska.Thereefsareaveryimportantbiogenichabitat,creatingrefugiaandnurseryhabitatforcommerciallyimportantandthreatenedspecies,includingrockfish,spotprawns,halibutandherring.Inadditiontothisongoingscientificstudiesofthereefsarerevealingthesignificantrolethereefsplayinnutrientcyclingandfilteringbacteriafromwaterwhentheyfeed.Glassspongesareveryfragileandeasilycrushedbyfishinggear.Asfilterfeedersthereefsarealsovulnerabletosedimentation,whichcansmotherandchokethesponges,reducingtheirabilitytofilterfeedandeffectivelystarvingthesponges.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Thereareclosuresaroundfourteenglassspongereefbiohermstotaling
51km2(breakdownforindividualreefsbelow)
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BiohermName/LocationForeslopeHills
Size(km2)0.89
OuterGulfIslands 2.85OuterGulfIslands 1.62HalibutBank 7.35Sechelt 7.82EastofHornbyIsland 3.08HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh. 5.85HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh. 0.70GabriolaIsland 0.72OuterGulfIslands 1.33HoweSound-DefenceIslands 0.96Parksville 2.71HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh(alt.) 7.71Sechelt-alternative 8.23
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Thefishingclosuresaredefinedbypolygons,whichencompasstheentiretyofeachreefwitha150mbuffer.Thepolygonsweredesignedwithminimalcornersandsimplisticshapesforoptimalcoverageandenforcement.Thecoordinatesfortheclosuresweremadepubliclyavailableandincludedinthegroundfishintegratedfisheriesmanagementplans(IFMPs)foreacharea.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
TheclosuresweredesignatedfederallybytheFisheries,OceansandCanadianCoastguardwhohavejurisdictionovermarinefishingactivitiesandthewatercolumn.Theclosuresweredesignatedthrougha“FisheryNotice”andincludedintheIntegratedFisheriesManagementPlans(IFMPs)whichareproducedforeachfishery.FirstNationshaveconstitutionallyprotectedrightstoaccessresources.DFOpolicystatesthat“afterconservationneedsaremetFirstNations’FSCrightsandtreatyobligationstoFirstNationshave
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firstpriorityinallocationdecisions”.Asallbottomcontactfishingactivitieswillhavedetrimentalimpactsonthereefs,nobottom-contactfishingactivityisdeemedtobeconsistentwiththeconservationobjectivesofthefishingclosureandsoallFirstNationsbottom-contactfisheries,includingFood,SocialandCeremonial(FSC)areprohibited.RestrictionsonFirstNationsfishingactivitiescameintoeffecton1April2016.AtleastoneFirstNationvoicedstrongsupportfortheclosures.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Tothebestofourknowledge.FirstNationsconsultationswerebilateralsowedonotknowthediscussionsandoutcomeforeachNation.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
TheFisheryNoticeandIFMPsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? TheFisheryNoticestatesthattheclosurewillbeinplace“Untilfurthernotice”.DFOstaffhasindicatedtheintentionfortheclosurestobepermanenthoweverasitisimplementedasafisheriesclosureitlacksthefirmnessoflegislatedprotectionsandcouldbeoverturnedatanytime.IFMPsforcrabandgroundfisharerenewedannuallyandprawnandshrimptrapandtrawlfisheriesarerenewedeverytwoyears.The
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themanagementobjectiveistheprotectionandconservationoftheglass
spongereefs.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Implicit.Theclosuresareintendedtoprotectthereefs,whichcomprisea
fewspecies,howeverthereefssupportagreatmanymorespeciesandsoprotectionofthereefswouldbenefitthebiodiversityconservationofanumberofspecies.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittake Protectionoftheglassspongereefsistheprimaryobjectiveandit
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primacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict? supersedesallotherconsiderations.AsperDFOpolicy,FirstNationsFSCfisheries,althoughconstitutionallyprotectedrightsarenotconsistentwiththeconservationobjectiveandthereforenotpermitted.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Theclosuresareintendedtoprotectthereefs,whichcompriseafewspecies,howeverthereefssupportagreatmanymorespeciesandsoprotectionofthereefswouldbenefitthebiodiversityconservationofanumberofspecies.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessintermsofadherencetotheregulations,ismeasuredthroughregularpatrolsoftheareasbyDFOenforcement.Reefsurveyswillalsobeconductedtomonitorreefhealthandbiodiversity(seebelow).
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Thereefsaretobesurveyedoverthesummer,thiswillbeusedtoprovideabaselineforfuturemonitoringofreefhealth.ThereareobviousissuesinusingcurrentsurveydataasabaselineforreefhealthandwehopethatDFOwilltakeintoaccount“shiftingbaselines”.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Thefishingclosuresonlyaddressbottomcontactfishingactivitiesanddonotdictateanyothermarineorcoastalactivitiesthatoccurnearthereefs.Bottomcontactfishingactivitiesweredeemedtobethemostsignificantthreattothereefs.Theclosureswereintendedtoprotectthereefsfromdamagefromdirectimpactandalsofromindirectimpactslikesedimentplumes.Thereefsarestillatriskfromotheractivities,inparticularanchoring(ofrecreational,commercialand/orindustrialvessels)andthelayingofunderwatercables,whicharepressingthreats.Theseactivitiescancausedirectharmiftheycontactthereefsandcanimpactthereefsindirectlybyscouringsediments.Somereefsareatgreaterriskthanothersintermsoftheseactivitiesduetotheirproximitytorecreationalareasandpopulationcentres.
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Since1972therehasbeenafederalmoratoriuminplaceregardingoffshoreoilandgasexplorationandproductioninBritishColumbia,howeverthemoratoriumisnotlegislatedandthereforecouldbeeasilyoverturned.Itisnotknownhowseismictestinganddrillingwouldaffectthespongesbutintheleast,sedimentationissuesarelikely.Otherfishingactivitiesstilloccurinthewatercolumnaboveandaroundthereefs.Midwatertrawlingdatashowsthatgroundfishareoccasionallycaught,whichshowsthatthegearmustperiodically(unintentionally)touchtheseafloor(Boutillierreference).Thereforethereremainsasignificantriskofdamage.Evenwherepelagicandsurfacefishingactivitiesdonotdirectlyaffectthespongereefstheremaybeecologicaleffectsthroughremovalofbiologicalmatterandtheresultantconsequencesonnutrientflowandcyclingtodeepwaterecosystems.TheseconnectionsarepoorlyunderstoodbutpresentagreatenoughconcernthattheIUCNguidelinesforapplyingprotectedareamanagementcategoriestoMPAsstronglyadvisesagainstverticalzoning(Dayetal).Theirpositionalsoreflectsthechallengeswithmanagingandenforcingverticalzoning.Thefishingclosuresalsodonotprohibitotheractivitiessuchasdumping,dredgingorcoastaldevelopmentsornearshoreactivities(suchasoutflowsandpointsourcepollution,dockconstruction,etc.)thatwouldalsopotentiallyaffectthereefs.
CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve,BC(Canada)–SabineJessen
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ProvincialMarineParksandEcologicalReservesarealreadyincludedinCanada’sofficialprotectedareastatisticsasMPAs.However,theprovincial
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governmentdoesnothavejurisdictionovermaritimeactivitieslikefishing,shipping,andoilandgasdevelopment.Thereforetheabilityofaprovincialprotectedareatoeffectivelyprotectbiodiversityisquestionable,withoutfederalengagement.Forthisreason,CPAWSdoesnotconsiderthemtobefullyimplementedMPAs.
Ecologicalreservedareestablishedto“preserverepresentativeandspecialnaturalecosystems,plantandanimalspecies,featuresandphenomena”1andtheprincipalusesareforresearchandeducation.Ecologicalreservescanbeterrestrial,marineoracombinationthereof.Thereareover20ecologicalreservesinBCwithamarinecomponent.Ecologicalreservesarenotcreatedforrecreationbutmanyareopentolowimpact,non-extractiveactivities.
CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve(CBER)isalmostentirelymarineandhasthelargestmarinecomponentofallecologicalreservesinBCat331km2.TheoriginalpurposeofCBERwastoprovidehighqualityhabitatforthereintroductionofseaotters.TheprimaryroleoftheCBERistoprotectarepresentativemarineecosystemonthewestcoastofVancouverIsland.Thesecondaryroleistoprotectahighdiversityofmarinehabitatsthatinturnsupportahighdiversityofspeciesfromalgaetoseaottersandnorthernsealions,whales,porpoises,pinnipeds,seabirds,finfishandshellfish.Therearealsoanumberofterrestrialmammalsthatusetheislands.ThetertiaryroleofCBERistoprotectandpreserveculturalheritagefeaturesincludingarchaeologicalsites,tiedtoarichheritageforFirstNationsandsettlers.Thequaternaryroleistosupportopportunitiesforscientificresearchonseaotters.
1http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/eco_reserve/
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Thenorth-eastportionofCBERisincludedinaRockfishConservationArea(RCA)(seeothercasestudy).
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ThemarinecomponentofCBERis331.50km2intotal,(anadditional15km2
isterrestrial,comprising40smallislands)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Themapshowingtheparkboundaryandcoordinatesareavailableonthe
BCMinistryofEnvironmentwebsitehttp://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/eco_reserve/checleset_er/checleset_bay_map.pdf?v=1466697569277
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
EcologicalreservesareimplementedbytheBCprovincialgovernmentundertheEcologicalReservesAct.Theprovincialgovernmentdoesnothavejurisdictionoveractivitiesthatoccurinthewatercolumn,whichincludesfishing,marinetransportationoroilandgasactivities.DFOhasestablishedaRockfishConservationAreathatoverlapsthenorthernportionoftheecologicalreserveandprohibitsthefollowingactivitiesaccordingtoHaggerty(2014).2Therecreationalfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbyhookandline•salmontrolling,jiggingormooching•spearfishingCommercialfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbottomtrawl•groundfishhookandlineforhalibut,insiderockfish,outsiderockfish,lingcod,dogfish•sablefishbytrap•salmontrolling
2http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/RockfishConservationAreas-OurCurrentStateofKnowledge-Mar2014.pdf
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OutsidetheRCA,therearenorestrictionsonfishingactivitiesintherestoftheecologicalreserve.FirstNationshaveconstitutionallyprotectedrightofaccess.
ThepurposestatementforCBERstatestheProvincialgovernmentintendstoworkwithFisheriesandOceansCanadatoseekcooperationregardingthemanagementoffisheriesandwithFirstNationsto“reachamutualunderstandingofecologicalreservemanagementinterests.”
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
ThepurposestatementforCBERstatestheProvincialgovernmentsintentiontoworkwithDFOtoseekcooperationregardingthemanagementoffisheriesandwithFirstNationsto“reachamutualunderstandingofecologicalreservemanagementinterests.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThePurposeStatementfortheCBERoutlinesmanagementissuesandconservationobjectives.TheEcologicalReservesActoutlinesthelegalframeworkandjurisdictionforecologicalreservesincludingrestrictionsondisposition,permitrequirements,conservationobjectivesandpowertomakeregulations.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AnecologicalreserveestablishedundertheEcologicalReservesActislegislatedandnoteasilyoverturned.FishingrestrictionsinplacethroughtheRockfishConservationAreaareestablishedthroughfishingclosuresandmaybeoverturnedatanytime.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheprimaryroleoftheCBERistoprotectarepresentativemarine
ecosystemonthewestcoastofVancouverIsland.Thesecondaryroleistoprotectahighdiversityofmarinehabitatsthatinturnsupportahighdiversityofspeciesfromalgaetoseaottersandnorthernsealions,whales,porpoises,pinnipeds,seabirds,finfishand
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shellfish.Therearealsoanumberofterrestrialmammalsthatusetheislands.ThetertiaryroleofCBERistoprotectandpreserveculturalheritagefeaturesincludingarchaeologicalsites,tiedtoarichheritageforFirstNationsandsettlers.Thequaternaryroleistosupportopportunitiesforscientificresearchonseaotters.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitobjective.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
TheCBERdoesnothavejurisdictiontoaddressconflictsregardingfishingactivities,includingshellfishharvesting.AccordingtothepurposestatementstheCBERdoeshave“cooperativemanagementarrangementsforcommercialfisheryclosuresspecifictothereserve:Harvestingisprohibitedforanchovy,surfperch,pileperch,seacucumber,geoduck,horseclam,octopus,scallop,redandgreenurchins.”Howevernosupplementaryinformationisavailablepertainingtothenatureandpermanenceofthesefisheriesclosures.Accordingtoa2011analysisoffishingactivitiespermittedwithinMPAsthefollowingfisheriesarepermittedwithinatleastpartofCBER:BottomTrawl,Clam,Crab,Halibut,HerringSU,MidwaterTrawl,OpalSquid,PrawnTrap,RockfishH&L,Sablefish,Sardine,Schedule2,ShrimpTrawl,Surfperch,andTuna.3FortheportionoftheCBERthatfallswithinaRockfishConservationArea(RCA),onlycertainfisheriesarerestrictedandrestrictionsdonotapplytoFirstNations.Thereareconcernsaboutenforcementofrockfishconservationareas,especiallyinmoreremotelocationslikeCheclesetBay.TheCBERcanaddressimpactsfromtourismandrecreation:vessellandingalongtheshorelineofCBERisrestrictedandpermitsarerequired.ThePurposeStatementalsoincludesanobjectivetoworkwiththeMinistryofForeststoensureuplandactivitiesdonotimpacttheecologicalreserveandmitigate
3Robb,C.,Bodtker,K.,Wright,K.&Lash,J.2011.CommercialfisheriesclosuresinmarineprotectedareasonCanada’sPacificcoast:theexception,nottherule.MarinePolicy(35)pp.309-316
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risks.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
AsCBERdoesnothavejurisdictionoverfishingactivitiesandvesseltrafficitisnotabletoadequatelyprotectspeciesfromdisturbanceandtrophicimpacts.Itofferssomespecies,someprotections.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
BCParkswardensenforceregulations,howeverasisthecaseforDFOenforcementofRockfishConservationAreasandfisheriesclosures,limitedfundingandlogisticalcapacityrestrictmanagementeffectiveness.ThePurposeStatementincludesanobjective“Inthelongterm,reviewthedesignationtoensurethatobjectivescanbemet”.Thereisnomonitoringplanoutlined.BCParkshasvery,verylimitedstaffingtoensureadherencetoregulations.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
AllthoughtheCBERhasstrongconservationobjectivesandisbuiltongoodintentions,itdoesnothavethejurisdictiontoprohibitextractiveordisruptiveactivitieslikefishingandvesseltraffic,andthereforeitdoesnoteffectivelyconservebiodiversity.Itisnotclearfromtheavailableinformationwhetherorhowconservationeffectivenessismeasured.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
CBER–likeotherecologicalreservesinBC–failstoaddresskeyactivitieslikefishingandtransportationthatareknowntohavemultipleandsignificantimpactsonmarineecosystems.Sincetheecosysteminquestionhasbeenaffectedbyactivitiesandcontinuestobe,theecologicalreservedesignationisnoteffectiveorencompassing.Fisheriesclosuresareinplacetoaddresssomeissuesbutthereisalackofclarityaroundthenatureandpermanenceoftheclosureswhichpreventseffectiveintegratedmanagementandimpedesproperassessmentoftheeffectivenessoftheconservationmeasure.
RockfishConservationAreas,BritishColumbia(Canada)–SabineJessen
Overview
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Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Between2004and2007164RockfishConservationAreas(RCAs)wereestablishedthroughouttheBCcoast.AccordingtotheFisheriesandOceansCanada’s(DFO)rockfishconservationstrategy,37speciesofrockfishcaughtinfisheriesofftheBCcoastandinshorerockfish(yelloweye,quillback,copper,china,tiger,black,brown,andbluerockfish)areat“lowlevelsofabundance”.RCAswereestablishedspecificallytoprotectinshorerockfish.4RCAsareintendedtoprotectrockfishwithintheirboundariesfromaccidentalortargetedcatchbyrecreationalandcommercialfisheries.RCAsarelargelylocatedininshorerockyreefareas,andhavebeenestablishedbothinremoteareasandclosetohumancommunities/populations.DFOliststhefollowingrecreationalandcommercialfishingactivitiesaspermittedwithinRCAs,theydonotprovidealistofprohibitedactivities.Therecreationalfishingactivitiesallowedare:•invertebratesbyhandpickingordive•crabbytrap•shrimp/prawnbytrap•smeltbygillnetCommercialfishingactivitiesallowedare:•invertebratesbyhandpickingordive•crabbytrap•prawnbytrap•scallopsbytrawl•salmonbyseineorgillnet•herringbygillnet,seineandspawn-on-kelp•sardinebygillnet,seine,andtrap
4Yamanaka,K.L.,Logan,G.,2010.DevelopingBritishColumbia'sinshorerockfishconservationstrategy.MarineandCoastalFisheries2,28-46.
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•smeltbygillnet•euphausiid(krill)bymid-watertrawl•opalsquidbyseine•groundfishbymid-watertrawlThefollowingactivitiesareprohibitedinRCAsaccordingtoHaggerty(2014).5Therecreationalfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbyhookandline•salmontrolling,jiggingormooching•spearfishingCommercialfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbottomtrawl•groundfishhookandlineforhalibut,insiderockfish,outsiderockfish,lingcod,dogfish•sablefishbytrap•salmontrolling
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 164RCAscoveratotalareaof4847.2km2.Theyrangeinsizefrom0.1km2to
493km2.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? EachRCAhaslegallydefinedboundariesandGPScoordinatesareavailable
onlineandinprintedmaterialsaimedatcommercialandrecreationalfishers.RCAboundariesaredesignedwithminimalcorners/sidestoaidnavigationandenforcementandareboundbyshorelinestosomeextent.ThelocationandcoordinatesforRCAsarepublishedontheDFOwebsite,inabooklet,andarealsolistedinIntegratedFisheriesManagementPlans(IFMPs)forcommercialfisheries.Commercialgroundfishfishershaveonboardobservers
5http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/RockfishConservationAreas-OurCurrentStateofKnowledge-Mar2014.pdf
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andVMS,andcomplywiththeboundaries,butcompliancebyrecreationalfishersispoor(seebelow).6
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
RCAsarefederallydesignatedfisheriesclosuresestablishedbythefederalfisheriesagency,DFO.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
RCAstheoreticallyhavethepowertoexcludeactivitiesharmfultorockfish.However,DFOhasnothadthecapacitytoenforcethoseexclusions,especiallyforrecreationalfishers.WhiletherewasanextensiveoutreachandconsultationprocesssurroundingtheestablishmentoftheRCAs,theyremainacontentiousissueforsomeusergroups.ThefisheriesclosuresdonotapplytoFirstNationsconstitutionallyprotectedrightstofishforFood,SocialorCeremonialfisheries(FSC).DFOdoesnothavethejurisdictiontograntorexercisesubsurfacerights.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
RCAsareestablishedunderthefederalFisheriesAct.TheareasandregulationsarelistedontheDFOwebsite,inabooklet,andintheIFMPsforcommercialfisheriesandtheSportfishingGuideforrecreationalfishers,whichareallpubliclyavailablefromDFO.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AccordingtoDFO,RCAsareintendedtobelong-termclosures(andmanyhavebeeninplacefortenyears).However,fishingclosuresareimplementedthroughregulation,andcanbeoverturnedorchangedbytheMinisteratanytime.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round
5.ManagementObjectives
6Lancaster,D.,Dearden,P.,Ban,N.,2015.Driversofrecreationalfishercomplianceintemperatemarineconservationareas:AstudyofRockfishConservationAreasinBritishColumbia,Canada.GlobalEcologyandConservation4,645-657.
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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themanagementobjectiveistheprotectionandconservationofspecificinshorerockfishspecies.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityisnotspecificallymentioned.Rather,RCAsareintendedtoprotectrockfish,butmayhavetheaddedbenefitofprotectingotherspeciesfoundinthesamekindofhabitatandsubjecttothesamefishingmethods.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
FirstNationsfood,socialandceremonialfisheries(FSC)arepermittedwithinRCAs.RCAsallowsomekindsoffishingthatmaycatchrockfishasbycatch(e.g.,commercialprawnbytrap,scalloptrawl,groundfishmid-watertrawlareallowedwithinRCAs).
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Theclosuresonlyprovideprotectionfromfisheriesmortalitytorockfishandsimilarspecies.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
MonitoringandenforcementofRCAsisgenerallypoor,particularlyforrecreationalfishers.AstudyinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiafoundthatthemajorityofrecreationalfisherseitherarenotawareoftheexistenceofRCAs(26%),ordonotknowwheretheboundariesare(60%),resultinginlowcompliancewithRCAsbythissector.Otherstudieshavefoundthat,onaverage,recreationalfishingoccurrencedidnotchangeafterRCAimplementation,7andthat79%ofRCAsinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiahadconfirmedorsuspectednon-compliance.v
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
ThereislittleinformationavailabletoassesstheeffectivenessofRCAs.BaselinestudieswerenotconductedpriortotheimplementationoftheRCAs.Whilesomesurveyshavesincebeenconducted,itisdifficulttodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaneffectonrockfishpopulationsduetotheRCAs.SomestudieshaveshownsomeRCAstobeeffective,whilemosthaveshownnodifference.iiFurthermorethesestudieshaveonlylookedat
7Haggarty,D.R.,Martell,S.J.,Shurin,J.,2016.LackofrecreationalfishingcompliancemaycompromiseeffectivenessofRockfishConservationAreasinBritishColumbia.CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences.
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theeffectsofRCAsonrockfishnumbers,notwiderbiodiversitywithintheRCA.Furtherstudiesareplannedtodetermineeffectivenesshoweverthelackofbaselinedataandnewdatawilllimitthevalidityandreliabilityoftheseassessments.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
RCAstheoreticallyhavethepowertoexcludesomeactivitiesharmfultorockfish.However,theyonlyrestrict/preventfisheriesmortalitytorockfishandsimilarspecies.ThemechanismusedforRCAs,fishingclosures,donotcompelDFOtoprohibitactivitiesincompatiblewithconservation.ThefishingclosuresonlyapplytoasubsetoffisheriesthatcanoccurwithinRCAssothereisstillpotentialbycatchofrockfishinotherfisheries,andtheregulationsdonotprotecthabitatorconsidertrophicrelationships.Forexample,anumberofRCAsoverlapglassspongereefswhichactasimportantrefugiaforrockfish,howeversomebottomcontactfishing(althoughnotgroundfishbottomtrawling)isstillpermittedwithintheRCAwhichisamajorthreattothereefs.FurthermoreitisnotclearhoweffectiveRCAscurrentlyareasaconservationmeasure.Alackofbaselinedataandlackofmonitoringcontinuestohamperattemptstoevaluatetheireffectiveness.DFOhasnothadthecapacitytoenforceexclusions,especiallyforrecreationalfishers.Studieshavefoundthat,onaverage,recreationalfishingoccurrencedidnotchangeafterRCAimplementation,andthat79%ofRCAsinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiahadconfirmedorsuspectednon-compliance.8
3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador(Canada)-SigridKuehnemund
1.Overview
8Lancaster,D.,2015.Conservationandcompliance:aquantitativeassessmentofrecreationalfishercomplianceinRockfishConservationAreasInSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies.UniversityofVictoria,Victoria.
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Nameandlocationofthearea 3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador,CanadaBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
The3OCoralClosureisacoralprotectionzoneintheNorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(NAFO)conventionarea,whichstraddlesbothnationalandinternationalwaters.Thisareahasthehighestdensityofcold-watercoralsinthearea,includingbrittle,slow-growingcorals,andhasbeenidentifiedasaVulnerableMarineEcosystem(VME)byNAFO9,andaSensitiveBenthicArea(SBA)byFisheriesandOceansCanada(DFO).10Coralandspongecommunitieshavehighspeciesrichnessandbiodiversity,andprovideanimportantecologicalroleinmaintainingdiverseandhealthyaquaticecosystems.11Almost50%ofthisclosureoverlapswiththeSouthwestShelfEdgeandSlopeEcologicallyandBiologicallySignificantArea(EBSA)foundinthePlacentiaBay/GrandBanksArea.1213Inadditiontocoralsandsponges,thisareaisimportantforgroundfish,seabirdsandleatherbackturtles.Deep-seacoralsarevulnerabletotheimpactsofbottomcontactfishinggear,thereforeanygearthathasthepotentialtoimpactthebottomhasbeenprohibitedfromuseatthissite.14ThefisheriesclosurewasinitiatedbyCanadain2007-thefirstfishingclosurecreatedtoprotectdeep-seacoralswithintheNewfoundlandandLabradorregion,andsubsequentlyimplementedbyNAFOcontractingpartiesin2008.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Theareais14,040km2.Nearly75%(10,396km2)ofthatisinsidethe9NAFO(2017).Vulnerablemarineecosystemsclosures.Retrievedfromnafo.int/Fisheries/VME10DFO(2009).PolicyforManagingtheImpactsofFishingonSensitiveBenthicAreas.Retrievedfrom:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports/regs/sff-cpd/benthi-eng.htm#n111DFO(2015).CoralandspongeconservationstrategyforEasternCanada2015.Retrievedfrom:http://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/363832.pdf12DFO(2007).PlacentiaBay-GrandBankslargeoceanmanagementareaecologicallyandbiologicallysignificantareas.CSASResearchdocument2007/052.Retrievedfrom:http://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/331779.pdf13DFO(2016).RefinementofinformationrelatingtoecologicallyandbiologicallysignificantareasinidentifiedintheNewfoundlandandLabradorbioregion.CSASScienceResponse2016/032.Retrievedfrom:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ScR-RS/2016/2016_032-eng.pdf14NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf
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CanadianExclusiveEconomicZone(EEZ),withtherestinareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction(ABNJ).
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareaanditsboundarieshavelatitudesandlongitudesdefinedbyNAFO.15Thatbeingsaid,thissiteisinessenceverticallyzoned,asthemanagementtoolonlyprotectsbenthicspeciesandhabitats,anddoesnotmanagespeciesintheremainderofthewatercolumn.Geographicalspaceinthecontextofmarineprotectedareas(andothermarineconservationtools)isa“generalpresumptionagainsttheuseofverticalzoning,duetothefactthatthereisincreasingevidenceofstrongecologicalbentho-pelagiccouplingandthesubsequentverticallytieredmanagementisparticularlydifficult,ifnotimpossible,toeffectivelypoliceandenforce”.16
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Thearea’sgovernanceisthroughgovernment:underDFOinCanada’sEEZ,andunderNAFOinABNJ.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
UNResolutionA/RES61/105(2006)17calledforidentificationofVMEsandaninvestigationintotheirprotection.Thesecommitmentswerere-affirmedin2009viaA/RES64/72.18NAFO’sregulatorypowersarelimitedtotheNAFORegulatoryArea,whichistheABNJportionoftheNAFOConventionArea,andcanconsequentlyidentifyandprotectVMEswithintheirjurisdiction.Canada,asaContractingPartytoNAFO,hasregulatorypowersinsideitsEEZ,
15NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Article1.7.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf16Day,J.,Dudley,N.,Hockings,M.,Holmes,G.,Laffoley,D.D.A.,Stolton,S.,&Wells,S.M.(2012).GuidelinesforapplyingtheIUCNprotectedareamanagementcategoriestomarineprotectedareas.IUCN.Retrievedfrom:https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/uicn_categoriesamp_eng.pdf17UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.(2006).UNResolutionA/RES61/105.Retrievedfrom:https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/500/73/PDF/N0650073.pdf?OpenElement18UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.(2009).UNResolutionA/RES64/72.Retrievedfrom:https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/466/15/PDF/N0946615.pdf?OpenElement
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andcanidentifyandprotectSBAsusingFisheriesClosuresundertheFisheriesAct.19
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThegovernancepreventsthedestructionofVMEsbyprohibitingbottomcontactfisheries.TheprohibitionisoverseenbythegoverningbodiesofNAFOandDFO.Thegovernancearrangement,however,doesnotconsiderotheractivitiesbeyondfisherieswhichmaypotentiallyimpactthemarineareas,speciesandecosystems,includingshippingandoilandgasdevelopment,andonlyprotectsaportionofthewatercolumn(inthiscasethebenthicenvironment).
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Asthemeasurecoversbothnationalandinternationalwaters,differentlegaltoolsareusedtoconservethearea.FortheportioninABNJ,NAFOConservationandEnforcementMeasures,Article17(2017)isused.20FortheportioninsideCanada’sEEZ,aFisheriesActvariationorderisused.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NAFOVMEmanagementisa“continuousprocess”,meaningthatclosuresarereviewedperiodicallyandaresubjecttochange.The3Oclosurehasbeenreviewedtwicepreviously,attheendsofboth2012and2014,andissettobereviewedagainin2020.Theclosurecurrentlyexpiresthe31stofDecember,2020,thoughtheclosurecanberenewed.
TheCanadianportionoftheclosurecouldbereversedbyMinisterialorderbytheMinisterofFisheries,OceansandtheCanadianCoastGuardatanytime,thoughthisisthoughttobeunlikelyforcoralandspongeclosures.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term TheclosurehasbeeninforceunderNAFOsince2008,andwillbereviewedagainin2020.ItisinterestingtonotethattheNorthEastAtlanticFisheries
19FisheriesAct,RSC1985,cF-14.Retrievedfrom:http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/F-14.pdf20NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Article1.7.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf
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Commission(NEAFC)haspermanentVMEclosures,unlikeNAFOthatperiodicallyreviewsitsVMEclosures.
Isthemeasureinplaceyear-roundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Themeasureisinplaceyear-round.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
ThesolemanagementobjectiveistoprotectcoralVMEsbyclosingtheareatoallbottom-contactfishingactivities.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
TheprotectionofthecoralVMEisthesoleandexplicitmanagementobjective.Assuch,thesoleobjectiveistheconservationofbenthicbiodiversity.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
AstheconservationoftheofcoralVMEisthesoleandexplicitmanagementobjective,itcanbearguedthatitwouldtakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesinthecaseofconflictastherearenootherobjectives.However,thetoolsusedtoprotectthissiteareonlyfisheriesmanagementtools,andareonlybeingusedtomanagespecifictypesoffisheries.Otherimpactsfromoilandgasdevelopmentandshipping,forexample,arenotbeingmanagedbythetoolanddevelopmentsinothersectorsmaytakeprecedencetobiodiversityconservationiffutureconflictsarise.Also,thistoolisnotconservingbiodiversityasawhole,asitisonlyprotectingbenthicbiodiversity.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Themeasureonlyprotectsthebenthosandspeciesassociatedwiththebottomhabitatsinthearea.WhilethecoralVMEandassociatedbiotaarebeingprotectedfromtheirmainthreat(bottomcontactfishing),non-bottomcontactfishingisstillopenforsomeotherspecies,andotheractivities,suchasshipping,arenotmanagedfortheconservationofbiodiversity.Thetoolcannotbesaidtoprotectbiodiversityasawholesincetheareaisverticallyzonedandthetoolisnotprotectingtheentirewatercolumn.Thereisaneedtoconsiderthebiodiversityoftheentirespaceandnotjustbenthichabitats.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessforthissiteismeasuredintermsofifvesselsareadheringtotheprohibitionsagainstbottom-contactfisheries.ManagementismeasuredusingVesselMonitoringSystems(VMS),whichrecordsvessel
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presence,typeofvessel,andactivity(speed,course)withintheclosure.21Areviewof2016VMSdata22showsthatclosedareaswererespectedbyvessels,while201523showedtwovesselswhichfishedinsidetheclosedarea.By-catchinnon-bottomcontactfisheriesisalsoreportedtoensurethatsensitivebenthichabitatsarenotbeingdamaged(i.e.thatcoralisnotbeingcaught).Itcouldbearguedthattheeffectivenessofthetooltoconservebiodiversityisn’tbeingmeasured,butthattheadherencetorulesisbeingmeasured.Assuch,itappearsthattherulesarebeingfollowedforthemostpart,meaningthatthebenthicenvironmentisnotbeingdisturbedbytheimpactsofbottomcontactfishing.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
EffectivenessofthespatialcoverageoftheclosurehasbeenraisedbyNAFO,andgivenamoderatepriorityforreviewofboundaries.2425Advicehasbeengiventhatthe400mdepthcontourwouldbeamoreecologicallyappropriateboundaryforthisclosureratherthanthecurrent800mdepthcontourthatisusedtoidentify/delineatethesite.Concentrationsofsmallandlargegorgoniancorals,inadditiontoextensiveseapenfields,arenotprotectedfromtheanthropogenicimpactsofbottomcontactfishinggear,astheyexistatshallowerdepthsthanarecurrentlyprotected.Theareadirectlyoutsidetheclosure,wherethesepotentiallyvulnerablespeciesarelocated,isalsosubjecttohighfishingpressure.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,do ThisclosureisasectoralmeasurelimitedtoNAFOandDFOregulatory
21FAO(2017).NAFOVMEdatabasesummary.Retrievedfromfao.org/in-action/vulnerable-marine-ecosystems/background/vme-tools/en/22NAFO(2016).Annualcompliancereview2016(compliancereportforfishingyear2015).NAFO/FCDoc.16/19.Retrievedfrom:https://archive.nafo.int/open/fc/2016/fcdoc16-01.pdf23NAFO(2015).Reportofthe8thMeetingoftheNAFOScientificCouncilWorkingGrouponEcosystemScienceandAssessment.NAFOSCSDoc.15/19.Retrievedfrom:https://archive.nafo.int/open/sc/2015/scs15-19.pdf24NAFO(2013).Reportofthe6thMeetingoftheNAFOScientificCouncilWorkingGrouponEcosystemScienceandAssessment.NAFOSCSDoc.13/024.Retrievedfrom:https://gadcap.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/report_wgesa_2013.pdf25NAFO(2014).ScientificCouncilreports2014.Retrievedfrom;https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/rb/2014/SC-parte-2014.pdf?ver=2016-02-19-111738-023
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conservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
powers,andisonlylimitedtomanagingtheimpactsoffishing.Itwouldnotnecessarilytakeprimacyincaseofconflictwithotheractivities.Thatsaid,currentlythemainhumanactivityisfishing,andthatactivityisbeingmanagedinthearea.Asstatedpreviously,thereisonlyasingleexplicitconservationobjectiveandthereforenoconflictamongmanagementobjectives.Theconflictwouldcomefromactivitiesoutsidethefisheriessector,suchasshipping(whichhaslimitedbenthicimpactbutcouldimpactotherspeciesfoundintheareasuchasendangeredleatherbackturtles)oroilandgas(whichisn’tcurrentlyhappeninginthearea,howeverlicensesexisttothewestofthesite).
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessoftheareaisduetogovernanceandmanagement;howeverotherpotentiallydamagingactivitiessuchasoilandgascouldoccurinthefuturewhichcouldimpacttheeffectivenessofthemeasure,andwhichthecurrentmanagementhasnoauthoritytocontrol.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
InitscurrentformthisareawouldNOTcountasanOECM.Itdoes,however,havethepotentialtobecounted,butonlyifmanagementisstrengthened.
- Thetoolneedstoprotecttheentirewatercolumn.VerticalzonationgoesagainstCBDguidanceasmentionedpreviously.Theentirewatercolumnneedstobeprotectedtoachievetheconservationofbiodiversityasawhole.
- Managementneedstoconsiderothersectoralactivitiesoutsideoffishing,especiallyoilandgas.Itisquestionablewhetherconservationoutcomescanbesustainedifchallengedbyuseoftheareabyanothersector,asNAFOandDFOdonothavetheauthoritytomanageotheractivitiesbeyondfishing.
- Thereareconcernswiththepermanenceofthismeasure,asfisheriesclosurescanbeoverturnedinCanadianwatersbyavariationorderfromtheMinister(althoughunlikely),andNAFOVMEclosuresareperiodicallyreviewedandcanbeoverturned(as
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opposedtoNEAFCVMEclosureswhicharepermeant).ItwouldbemoreappropriatetocountthisclosureunderAichiTarget11(withthecaveatsincludedabove)ratherthananotherAichiTarget(6forexample),becausewhilemostfisheriesclosuresareputinplaceforstockmanagementpurposes,thisclosurewasimplementedtoprotectbenthicbiodiversity.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Thistoolcouldimproveitseffectivenessifitweretoexpandtheareaprotected.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthe400mdepthcontourwouldbeamoreecologicallyappropriateboundaryfortheclosureasnumerouscoralsandseapensarefoundoutsideofthe800mdepthcontour.
NetworkofAreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterestintheClarionClippertonZoneinthePacific,intheInternationalSeabedAreaoftheEasternCentralPacificbetweenMexicoandHawaii(USA)-KristinaGjerde
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Nineso-called“AreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterest”wereadoptedonaprovisionalbasisinJune2012bytheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA)aspartofanenvironmentalmanagementplan(EMP)fortheClarionClippertonZone(ISBA/18/C/22).Theprimaryconservationobjectiveistomaintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrossapoorlystudiedbutrichlybiodiverse,fragileandslow-torecoverdeepseabedinthefaceoffuturemineralmining;Theplanistobeimplementedoveraninitialthree-yearperiod.Thedetailsofthesize,locationandnumberofrequiredareasofparticularenvironmentalinterestaresubjecttobeingredefinedbasedonimprovedscientific,technical,environmentalbaselineandresourcesassessmentdata.Theprimaryconservationmeasureisthatnoapplicationforcontractofworkforexplorationorexploitationistobegrantedforaperiodoffiveyearsoruntil
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furtherreviewbytheInternationalSeabedAuthority.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Eachofthe9sitesis400kmx400km,includingabufferzoneof100km2
extendingineachdirection.Thuseachsiteisapproximately160,000km2insize.ThetotalareaoftheCCZnoduleprovinceisapproximately6000,000km2.ThenineAPEIscover1440,000km2,orapproximately25%ofthemanagementarea.TheCCZisbroadlycomparabletothesizeofEurope,witheachAPEIbeingaboutthesizeofEngland.
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareasarelocatedsoastoincludeawiderangeofthedifferenthabitattypespresentintheCCZthatarefarenoughandlargeenoughtoberelativelyimmunetotheimpactsofmininginthelargerregion.TheareasaredefinedbygeographicCoordinateslistedinanAnnextotheCouncilDecision.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
ByaninternationalorganizationconsistingofUNCLOSmemberStates--theInternationalSeabedAuthority.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes,the9APEIsarecontainedinanEnvironmentalManagementPlanfortheClarionClippertonZoneadoptedbytheISACouncilin2012thatappliestoexistingaswellaspotentialfuturecontractors.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThereisalegalinstrumentthatapprovestheEnvironmentalManagementPlananditsarrangements:DecisionoftheCouncilrelatingtoanenvironmentalmanagementplanfortheClarion-ClippertonZone,ISBA/18/C/22.TheactualplanissetoutinISBA/17/LTC/7.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Unclear.TheEMPwasadoptedforaninitialthreeyearperiod,whichincludedthedesignation,“onaprovisionalbasis,ofanetworkofAPEIs.TheAPEIsaresubjecttofurtheradjustmentbasedontheresultsofworkshopsthathaveyet
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tobeconvened,butareplannedforeitherthisyearornext.Theplanitselfissubjecttoperiodicreview,everytwotofiveyears,andisintendedtobeupdated.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Unclear,theDecisionsaystheyareinplaceforfiveyearsoruntilfurtherreview.TheLTCistokeeptheAPEIsunderreviewanddeterminetheirsuitabilityorneedforamendment.TheDecisiondoesenvisagethatanydecisiontoamendtheareasshouldbebasedontheoutcomesofexpertworkshopsandnewdataandinformationfromthecontractors,andtakingintoaccounttheviewsofrecognizedexperts.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Inordertoprotectthefullrangeofhabitatsandbiodiversityacrossthe
Zone,destructiveseaflooractivitiesmustbeexcludedinparticularareasdistributedacrossthosegradients.ThegoalsofthepresentEnvironmentalManagementPlaninclude:(a)Facilitateexploitationofseabedmineralresourcesinanenvironmentallyresponsiblemanner,consistentwiththelegalframeworkandenvironmentalguidelinesoftheInternationalSeabedAuthorityformanagingdeep-seanoduleminingandprotectingthedeep-seaenvironment;(b)ContributetotheachievementofthemanagementgoalsandtargetssetforthinthePlanofImplementationoftheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment,including:haltingthelossofbiodiversity;establishingecosystemapproachestomanagement;anddevelopingmarineprotectedareas,inaccordancewithinternationallawandbasedonthebestscientificinformationavailable,includingrepresentativenetworksby2012;(c)Maintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrosstheClarion-ClippertonZone;
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(d)ManagetheClarion-ClippertonZoneconsistentwiththeprinciplesofintegratedecosystem-basedmanagement;(e)Enablethepreservationofrepresentativeanduniquemarineecosystems;…(j)Avoidoverlapbetweenthecontractorareas,reservedareasandanyareasofparticularenvironmentalinterest
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Anexplicitmanagementobjective:Maintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrosstheClarion-ClippertonZone;
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes,butonlyonaprovisionalbasis.TheCouncildecisionalsospecificallyretains“flexibility”iethat“Anydesignofareasofparticularenvironmentalinterestallowsfortheabilitytomodifythelocationandsizeofsuchareas,basedonimprovedinformationaboutthelocationofminingactivity,measurementofactualimpactsfromminingoperations,andmorebiologicaldata”,withanexplicitreferencetotheneedtoapplytheprecautionaryprinciple.Incaseofapotentialconflict,individualAPEIsmaybemovedunderspecificconditions:“Anyproposaltoalterthelocationornatureofanareaofparticularenvironmentalinterestwillrequireinformationonanysuggestedalternativetoensurethatthestrategicandoperationalobjectivesaremaintained.”
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
No.Itdoesnotcoverareasofecologicalorbiologicalsignificance(EBSAs)“Areasofspecialsignificancefortheiruniqueness,biologicaldiversityorproductivity,aswellasareasofspecialimportancetothelifehistoriesofnon-fishspeciesreferredtointhecriteriaoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversityhavenotbeenincorporatedinthescientificdesign.Thenetworkdesignprinciplesarebasedonareasrepresentativeofthefullrangeofecosystems,habitats,communitiesandspeciesofdifferentbiogeographicregions;andhavingareasofsufficientsizetoprotectandensuretheecologicalviabilityandintegrityofthefeaturesforwhichtheywereselected.Thiswasduetolackofknowledgeatthetime.Thenetworkdoesnotcoverbiodiversityinthewatercolumn.Itisexplicitly
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aimedatconservationoftheseafloor.ThebufferzonearoundeachsiteishoweverintendedtoputtheAPEIsawayfromanypotentialimpactsfromsedimentplumesraisedduringminingoperationsandhencewillprovideincidentalprotectiontothewatercolumn.Itonlyaddressesasingleactivity:seabedmining,anddoesnotaddressotherpotentiallyharmfulactivitiesorimpactsfromegfishing,shipping,oceandumping.No.Theareasweredesignedtoexplicitlyavoidoverlapwiththecurrentdistributionofclaimantandreserveareasandhencescientificdesignprinciplesforrepresentativenetworkscouldnotbefullyapplied,butneededtoadjusttoavoidexistingclaims.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes,theLTChasconductedapreliminaryreviewofthestatusoftheimplementationofthePlan,basedonanindependentassessment.Therecommendationswereprimarilyfocusedonimprovingresearchanddataavailabilityanddatamanagement.Amongtherecommendationswereafurtherscientificworkshopin2016,anditisunclearifitwilltakeplace.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Conservationeffectivenesswillbedifficulttomeasureuntilminingbegins.Intheinterim,theAuthority,StatesPartiesandcontractorsareencouragedtosupportandconductmarinescientificresearchintheseareastoenhanceknowledgeandunderstandingoftheecosystemstructuresandfunctions.TheLTCisencouragedtodevelopsuitablemechanismsformonitoringtheachievementoftheconservationobjectivesfortheareabutitappearsthishasnotbeendone.
Howencompassingisthemeasure,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Themeasuredoesnotenvisageactivesitemanagement,butdoesencouragescientificresearch,thesupplyofavailabledata,andregularreportsontheimplementationoftheplan.
Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingArea,NorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii(USA)-MimiD’Iorio
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1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingAreaNorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii,USA
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
AreadesignatedtosustainablysupporttheconsumptiveneedsoftheHā'enaahupua'athroughculturally-rootedcommunity-basedmanagement,ensurethesustainabilityofnearshoreoceanresources,particularlyinordertopreserveandprotectthisnurseryhabitatforjuvenilereeffishes,andrecognizeandprotectcustomaryandtraditionalnativeHawaiianfishing.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 9km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Hā‘enaCommunity-BasedSubsistenceFishingAreaincludesthat
portionofthenorthwesterncoastofKaua‘iconsistingofallStatewatersandsubmergedlandsboundedbyalinedrawnalongtheshoreline;astraightlinethatextendsseawardfromtheshorelineattheboundarybetweenHā‘enaStateParkandNaPaliStatePark,asdrawnthroughthepoints22°12’42.50”N,159°35’44.50”Wand22°13’21.62”N,159°36’22.27”W;alinethatfollowsthecontoursoftheshorelineatadistanceofonemileseawardfromtheshoreline;andastraightlinethatextendsseawardfromtheshorelineattheboundarybetweenHā‘enaandWainiha,asdrawnthroughthepoints22°13’28.00”N,159°33’13.50”Wand22°14’19.91”N,159°33’6.21”W;
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Stategovernment(HawaiiDeptofAquaticResources)andcommunity
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
COMMUNITY-BASEDSUBSISTENCEFISHINGAREADESIGNATIONSrepresentanagency-recognizedavenueforlocalcommunitygroupstotakecareoftheceanbyproposingmanagementmeasuresinformedby
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traditionalandcustomaryfishingandmanagementpracticesthatwereintegraltosustainingthehealthandabundanceofmarineresourcesforgenerationsintheHawaiianIslands.Inthisway,CBSFAdesignationrepresentsacollaborativeco-managementapproachtofisheriesmanagementthatisplace-based,communitydriven,andculturallyrooted.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?
CBSFAsprovideamechanismforcommunitygroupstorecommendregulationsandcarryoutmanagementactivitiestosupporttheState’smanagementofnearshoremarineresources(i.e.monitoring,outreach),theDLNRmustdeterminethebalanceofinterestsandactionsnecessarytomanagemarineresourcesandprotecttraditionalandcustomaryfishingpractices,andisultimatelyresponsiblefordesignatingandadoptingandenforcingrulesforCBSFAs
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
HARChapter13-60.8andSiteManagementPlanhttps://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/files/2016/08/Haena_CBSFA_Mgmt_Plan_8.2016.pdf
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? UnknownOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term
Assumedlong-term
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
• SustainablysupporttheconsumptiveneedsoftheHā‘enaahupua‘athroughculturally-rootedcommunity-basedmanagement;
• Ensurethesustainabilityofnearshoreoceanresourcesintheareathrougheffectivemanagementpractices;
• Preserveandprotectnurseryhabitatforjuvenilereeffishes;• RecognizeandprotectcustomaryandtraditionalnativeHawaiianfishing
practicesthatareexercisedforsubsistence,cultural,andreligious
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purposesinthearea;and• Facilitatethesubstantiveinvolvementofthecommunityinresource
managementdecisionsforthearea.Toachievethesegoals,thefollowingmanagementobjectiveswillguidemanagementactivities:
• Establishrulesthatreflecttraditionalfishingandmanagementpractices.• Establishrulestoaddressadverseimpactsoftourismandocean
recreationactivitiesonmarineresourcesandassociatedsubsistencepractices.
• Increasetheabundanceofnativefishspecies,limukohu,he‘e,urchins,lobsters,‘ōpihiandothershellfish.
• Increasepercentcoralcoverbyreducinghumanuseimpactsoncoralreefresources.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Explicitbutthroughlensesofcommunity-basedsubsistence
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Probablynotoversubsistence,butlikelyovereverythingelse.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Mostelements
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Newlyestablished,sonoresultsofyet.Seemonitoringmeasuresbelow.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
ToinformtheadaptivemanagementofmarineresourceswithintheHā‘enaCBSFA,ThefollowingindicatorswillbeusedtoassessthestatusofmarineresourceswithintheHāʻenaCBSFA:1.Abundanceoffishpopulationsbyspeciesinsideandoutsideofthemakuapu‘uhonuaarea.2.Abundanceoflimukohu,urchins,andlobsters.3.‘Ōpihiabundancewithinthe‘ōpihirestorationarea.4.Percentcoralcover.DARandotherswillseekfundingandtechnicalsupporttomonitortheabundanceoffish,shellfish,andcoralcoverinaccordancewithDAR
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supportedmonitoringprotocols.Community-basedmonitoringmethodsmayinclude:•‘Ōpihimonitoringusingtheōpihirapidassessmentmethod.•Limumonitoringusingthe“OurProjectinHawaii’sIntertidal”(OPIHI)method.•Logsoffishcatch,spawningseasons,andlunarcycles.•Waterqualitymonitoring.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Unknown,but…Asappropriate,DLNRmayprovideanindependentavenueforresolvingconflictsbetweenoceanresourceuserswithinCBSFAstoensurevolunteerandpublicsafety,andpromotetheeffectivemanagementofpublictrustresources.Thismayincludeholdingmeetingstofostercommunicationamongdisputants,facilitatecooperativeproblemsolving,and/orarbitratesolutionstointractableconflictsbetweenoceanusers.Ifneeded,legalactionmayalsobetaken.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Notyetknown.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Afterselectingthissite,IrealizeditiswithintheHumpbackWhaleNationalMarineSanctuary,soitwouldbedisqualifiedunderStep1oftheScreeningTool,butthereareothersitessimilartothisthatdonotliewithinanotherprotectedarea,soisstillvalidfordiscussion.IfthiswouldnotaprotectedareaoranOECM,thenmaybecandidateforT18?
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Thishasbeenavaluableexercise.EvenafteryearsofworkingwiththeIUCNdefinitionandcategoriesandreviewingsitesfromsomanydifferentmanagementagencies,IstillstrugglewithwhatshouldbeconsideredanIUCNprotectedareasandnowsimilarlyanOECMdefinition.Andassuch,evenafterselectingandreviewingmysamplepotentialOECMsiteindetail,IamstillunsureifthisisapotentialOECM.Orifitcouldbeconsideredaprotectedarea!Orneither!
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NationalWaterReservesProgram(Mexico)–NinelEscobarOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheNationalWaterReservesProgram(NWRP)isaninitiativelaunchedbyMexico’sWaterCommission(ComisiónNacionaldelAgua,CONAGUA),theNationalCommissionofNaturalProtectedAreas(ComisiónNacionaldeÁreasNaturalesProtegidas,CONANP)andWorldWildlifeFund-Mexico.Itaimstowardstheestablishmentofanationalsystemofwaterreservesfortheenvironment,thatentailsalegalallocationofwaterforecologicalprotectionundertheNationalWaterLaw.Watervolumeisestimatedbasedonecologicalflowassessments,andwhenneeded,additionalvolumesareallocatedtoprotectwaterrightsanddownstreamecosystemservices.ThefirststageoftheNWRPtargeted189basinsthatwereselectedbasedontheirhighbiologicalrichnessandconservationvalues,andlowwaterusers’demand.Themainbenefitsoftheprogramarethe:i)improvementinthehydrologicalandecologicalconnectivityinprioritystateandfederalconservationareas;ii)conservationofwetlands’hydrologicalregime;iii)enhancementofresilienceconditionsagainstextremeweatherevents(droughtsandfloods).Inasecondstageoftheprogram,Mexico’sFederalGovernmentcommittedtodecreewaterreservesin356riverbasinsbySeptember2018;nearhalfofthetotalnumberofbasinsinthecountry..TheNWRPisapowerfulenvironmentaltoolthatwillfillabigwatermanagementgapinMexico’sconservationstrategies.Therefore,itshouldbeconsideredasOECM,becauseofitseffectiveness,conservationobjectivesandscope.Effectiveness:Atthetimeawaterreserveisestablished,ripariancorridorsareinevitablyprotectedbysecuringecologicalfunctions,theprovisionof
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ecosystemservicesandpreventingimpactsderivedfromhumanactivitiesand/orirregularsettlements.Migratoryroutes,connectivitywithuplandareas,energytransportandgeneticresourcesarealsosafeguarded.Intermsofwaterresourcesmanagement,theNWRPiseffectivebecauseitsecureswaterfortheenvironmentbylockingwaterallocationsforanyotheruse.Thelastinadditiontothecreationofsynergieswithnaturalprotectedareas.Fromthelegalperspective,theNWRPisofficiallygazettedbyMexico’sfederalgovernmentthroughtheNationalWaterProgram2014-2018,theNationalEnvironmentalProgram2013-2018,andtheSpecialClimateChangeProgram(2012-2018).Area-Based:Waterreservesdecreesprotectthenaturalhydrologicalregimeofariver.Theyprotectawatervolumerunningonriverbeds,ageographicalareadefinedbylawasafederalzoneandthatismanagedbythefederalgovernment.Federalzonescoincidewithripariancorridors,floodplains,deltas,coastallagoons,andotherfreshwaterecosystems,andprovidenaturalconnectivityalongbioregions.Conservation:TheNWRPtargetstheconservationoffreshwaterecosystemsinselectedbasinswithhighbiodiversityvalue.Duringthefirststage(i.e.189riverbasins),theNWRPwillstrengththeprotectionofexisting97NaturalProtectedAreasand55Ramsarsites.Other:Inadditiontobiodiversityconservation,waterreservesbenefitindigenouscommunitiesbecausetheysafeguardwateravailability,securingtheprovisionofculturalecosystemservices.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? BasedonestimationsmadebytheNWRP,ripariancorridorsinpotentialwater
reservescoveraround2.6millionhectares.
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Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Federalzones,aredefinedbytheNationalWaterLawas:“Theinundatedareathatoccurswithanordinarymaximumwaterlevelofa5-yearreturnperiodstorm,plus10meterswidebandsadjacenttobothsidesofriverbeds.”Thisisdelimitationisconsideredasabaselinefortheestablishmentofwaterreserves.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Waterreservesareestablishedthroughapresidentialdecreeafterfollowingaparticipatoryprocess.CONAGUAisresponsibleof:1)estimatewatervolumes;2)informRiverBasinsCouncilsinapublicconsultationprocess,and3)ensurecomplianceoftheprogram.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
RiverBasinsCouncilsareintegratedbywaterusers’representativesaswellasnational,regionalandlocalgovernmentinstitutions,privatesector,academics,NGOsandinvitedexperts.Waterreservesarerecognizedbyriverbasinscouncils.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Waterreservesareincludedinthemanagementplanofnaturalprotectedareas,toensuretheirpermanenceandtheestablishmentofdirectlinksbetweenlanduseandwatermanagementforconservation..Area-basedprotectionfollowsatierapproach,startingwiththelegaldefinitionofthefederalzone,followedbytheprotectedrunoffestablishedbytheNWRPandatthetop,theoptionofincludingadditionallandprotectionintheformofaspecificdecreeoffederalzonewithdetailusesandcoordinates.Federalzonescanbelicensedtolocalgovernmentsorlegalorganizationsforspecificpurposes.Insomecases,itcouldbeneededtofurtherdevelopamoredetailedregulatoryframeworktospecifywatermanagementrules.Thisforexample,inthepresenceofactivitiessuchashydropoweroperation).
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Presidentialdecreescanberemovedonlybythepresident.FederalProtectedAreasinMexicoarealsoestablishedbypresidentialdecrees.Awaterreservedecreeisthehighestlevelofprotectionforawatervolume.
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Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Awaterreservedecreecomesintoeffectthedayafteritisreleasedanditiseffectivefor50years.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Itisapermanentmeasurewhilethedecreeisineffect(50years)
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheMexicanNormofEnvironmentalFlowsassignsanenvironmental
objectivetoeachwaterreserveincludingthefederalzone(ripariancorridorsandfloodedhabitats).Accordingtothenorm,“ObjectiveA”receivesthehighestlevelofprotectionwhereas“ObjectiveD”isthelowestone.Theseobjectivesdesignateaspecifichydrologicalregimetoprotectbiologicalvalues,suchasriparianvegetation,fishandmacroinvertebratepopulations,migratoryprocesseswithinothers.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Itisexplicitlybecausethetechnicaljustificationofthewaterreserve,considersthepresenceofspeciesofnationaland/orinternationalrelevanceaswellashabitatintegrity.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
TheNWRPwasdesignedtoreinforcecurrentnationalconservationstrategiesbymakinglandandwatermanagementtocoincideonacommonenvironmentalobjective.Currently,thereisalackofoverlappingbetweenlandandwatermanagement.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Itshowsastrongcoverageonfreshwaterecosystems.Italsosupportsecologicalprocessesofrelatedecosystemssuchasforest,mangrove,orevencoralreefs.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessismeasuredbythelimitationsonwaterusageandthepresenceofspecificactivitiessuchasagriculturalfields,hydraulicinfrastructureprojects,andindustrialoperations.Currently,duetoawaterreservedecreeahydropowerdamauthorizationwasrejected.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Asapartoftheprogram,amonitoringsystemhasbeendevelopedbasedonecologicaljustificationofthewaterreservesintermsofspeciesandhabitat.
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AreasVoluntarilyDestinedforConservation(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Certification isatoolthathelpsownerstotheestablishment,administrationand management of their private protected natural areas. It is a unilateralprocess by the applicant, CONANP participates as a notary of the will topreservetheirlandandpolicies,criteriaandactionsthattheapplicantintendsto make to achieve their ends. This process is ideal for society in theconservationofforests,jungles,swamps,desertsandthewildlifethatinhabitsthem.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? By2016thereistotalof404,238.46hainAVDCsHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Depends on the scope of environmental services, and the preservation of
representative natural environments of different geographical regions andecologicalandmostfragileecosystems.Nowadays,thereare370AVDCin20states.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
These properties are considered as productive areas dedicated to a publicinterest function, but there are several categories: Public, Private, Public-Centralized,Public-Parastatal,andSocial-Communalland.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes.Ca.78,675peopleparticipateintheecosystemsrestauration,includingindigenousandlocalcommunities.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasother
GeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection(http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/148_130516.pdf)
Currently,theNWPRisonanearlystagetoshowresults.Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Waterreservesisquiteencompassingsinceitlimitsalleconomicactivitiesinariverbasin.
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factors(below) Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Preserverepresentativenaturalenvironments.
• Safeguardthegeneticdiversityofwildspecies.• Ensurethepreservationandsustainableuseofecosystems.• Provideanenablingenvironmentforscientificresearchfield.• Generate,rescueanddisseminateknowledge,practicesand
technologies,traditionalornew.• Protectvillages,roads,industrialfacilitiesandagricultural
exploitations.• Protectnaturalenvironmentareas,monumentsandarchaeological,
historicalremainsandartisticandtouristareasIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes,theNationalCouncilofProtectedAreasisanorganizationofconsultationand support of theMinistry of Environment andNatural Resources and theNational Commission for Protected Areas in the formulation,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of public policy for theestablishment, management and monitoring federal Protected NaturalAreas(PNA).
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservation Yes.EachAVDCworkswithinaframeworkormanagementplanwhichguides
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effectivenessmeasured? theactionsandassessmentsfocusedonbiodiversityconservation.Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Notavailable.
FishingRefugeAreas:Akumal,QuintanaRoo(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
In2015anagreementestablishingafishingrefugeareainmarinewatersunderfederaljurisdictionwasissuedfortheconservationofseveralspecies.FishingRefuge:Definedareasinwatersunderfederaljurisdiction,withtheprimarypurposeofconservingandcontribute,naturallyorartificially,tothedevelopmentoffisheriesresourcesontheoccasionofreproduction,growthorrecruitment,andtopreserveandprotectthesurroundingenvironment.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Couldextendtomorethan9.88km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AlongthecoastoftheRivieraMaya,inthemunicipalityofTuluminthestate
ofQuintanaRoo,itislocatedAkumal,whichcomprisestheAkumalBaySouth,AkumalBayNorth,JadeBayandCaracolesBay,withdepthslessthan5metersthatconstitutereeflagoons,sincetheyarelinedwithbarrierreefsandseagrassbeds.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
NationalFisheriesCommission(CONAPESCA,byitsacronyminSpanish)andtheNationalFisheriesInstitute(INAPESCA,byitsacronyminSpanish).
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Agreementestablishingafishingrefugeareainmarinewatersunderfederaljurisdiction,locatedintheareaofAkumalinQuintana(2015)(http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5388585&fecha=13/04/2015)
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Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term:Ithasbeenconsideredaperiodofsixyearsastheminimumtime
tobeabletoassessthegrowthoffishstocksandotherresourcesthatinhabittheareasestablished.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Temporarypartialfishingrefuge:Itcanonlybecarriedoutsportsandrecreationalactivities,aswellascommercialfishingordomesticconsumptionofoneormorespeciesofaquaticfloraandfauna,foradefinedperiodoftimeandonlybyusinghighlyselectivespecificfishingmethods.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Therecoveryofbiomasslevelsofcommercialexploitationspeciesregulated
bytheGeneralLawonSustainableFisheriesandAquacultureIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes,naturalresourcesthatconstitutethefloraandfaunawhosetotal,partialortemporarylifeiswater.Exceptions:CommercialfishinganddomesticconsumptionofPteroisvolitansisallowed.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes.Todate,thereisnoinformationavailableofresults.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Notavailable
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Notavailable
ForestManagement(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasons Consists on the sustainable use of resources of forests, jungles and arid
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forconsideringtheareaasanOECM vegetation,providingfinancialsupporttoforestownerstohirethenecessarytechnical assistance to develop studies that allow them to obtainauthorizationsforuseoftimberandnon-timberresources
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 1,708,000haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Itisimportanttoincorporatenewforestproducerstolowplanned,legaland
sustainablemanagement.3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
TheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
• NationalStrategyforSustainableForestManagementforIncreasingProductionandProductivity2013-2018:AimstomeetthegoalsofincreasedtimberproductionestablishedintheNationalDevelopmentProgram,andthenumberofjobsinthesector,accesstocredit,thenumberofhectaresundermanagementplannedandthenumberofhectareswithsomesortofcertification.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelated.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Economic resources are granted to people performing harvesting (timber,
non-timberandwildlife)tocarryoutpracticesthatallowtheestablishmentofnaturalregenerationandrecoveryofthepopulationsinthoseareassubjecttouseandalsotoimproveroadinfrastructureandmodernizeequipmentusedintheprocessofobtainingrawmaterials.
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Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Coversforestelementsofthearea.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Yes,basedontheassessmentoftheimplementationoftheNationalStrategyforSustainableForestManagement.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Informationnotavailable.
ProgramofPaymentforEnvironmentalServices(Mexico)–AndrewRhodesOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
The Payment for Environmental Serviceswas designed to provide economicincentivesto forest landowners (communitiesandsmallowners) tosupportconservationpracticesandavoidusechange(deforestation)offorests.ItaimstobuildcapacitytodevelopmarketsforenvironmentalservicesinMexico.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Morethan2millionhaHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Definedbypropertiesthatmaintainforestcoveringoodcondition,including
thosewithalegallyauthorizedforestmanagementanduse.3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Inthecountry,theNationalForestryCommission(CONAFOR,by itsacronyminSpanish) is theresponsible for theoperationand forestpolicy,aswell fortheproductiveactivities,conservationandrestorationofforests,junglesand
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vegetationinaridandsemi-aridregions.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes.Ithasbenefited4,893communities.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
• NationalForestryProgram:aimstoimprovethequalityoflifeofownersandownersofforestland,andcontributetotheconservationofecosystems.(file:///D:/Downloads/Reglas%20de%20Operaci%C3%B3n%20PRONAFOR%202015%20(1).pdf)
• BiodiversityEndowmentFund:Instrumentforfinancinglong-termconservationofforestecosystemswhosebiodiversityisconsideredofglobalimportance,throughpaymentschemesforenvironmentalservices.
• ConcurrentFundScheme:Promotetheconcurrenceoffundsfortheexpansionoftheprogram“PaymentforEnvironmentalServices”.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NoneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheProgram.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Increaseandpreservebiodiversity,andprotectforestecosystemsandglobally
significantmountains,throughimprovedtargetingcurrentprograms,andtheestablishmentofanEndowmentFundtoprovidelong-termfinancingforthepaymentofenvironmentalservices.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes
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Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes. SomeofOpportunitiesare: Thereareareasoflandwithagro-ecologicalconditions suitable for the development of highly productive CommercialForest Plantations; The program is part of a comprehensive forestrydevelopment policy with clear and achievable objectives, and with acontinuous assessment which translates into greater efficiency in theirbusinessprocesses.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Yes,theactionshaveallowedthepermanenceof98.8%oftheforestareaofthecountrywithinfiveyears(2005-2010).SeveralassessmentshavebeenmadeinjointworkbetweentheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,theNationalForestryCommissionandtheNationalCouncilofPolicyDevelopmentAssessment.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
CONAFOR is currently carrying out the work needed tomeasure the forestareaofMexicoby2015, so that99%ofpermanenceof the country's forestarea is estimated.Also, the1.37%of the susceptible forest area restorationsupported by actions of conservation and restoration of soil and/orreforestation representing a compliance rate of 86.7% compared to theannualtargetsetandastayof98.3%ofregisteredsurfacesupportedbyPESfortheperiod2009-2012withafulfillmentof99.3%comparedtothetarget.
UnitsfortheConservation,ManagementandSustainableUseofWildlife(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
The Units for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use ofWildlifeaimtopromotespacescompatiblewith theconservationofwildlifealternativeproductionschemes,andareintegratedintoaNationalSystem.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Informationnotavailable
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Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Conductactivitiesofconservationandsustainableuseofspecimensofwildlifedeveloped under natural conditions without imposing restrictions on theirmovements,orconditionsofcaptivityorconfinement.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
TheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
• RegulationtotheGeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection
• ManagementPlan:Theydescribeandprogrammanagementactivities.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelated.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Promotealternativeproductionschemescompatiblewithcareforthe
environmentthroughrationaluse,orderlyandplanneduseofnaturalresources,renewablecontentinthem,andsloworreverseenvironmentaldegradationprocesses.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes
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Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes, throughAssessmentsProjects.Someoftheassessmentsconcludedthatthere is a need for consistent Management Plans; the need for morebiologicalmonitoring;managementfocusedona fewspeciesandessentiallybasedoneconomicincentives.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Yes.ThroughtheAssessmentsofManagementPlans.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Informationnotavailable.
PrivateProtectedAreasCertification(Mexico),WCPAPrivateProtectedAreasSpecialistGroup
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Certification isatoolthathelpsownerstotheestablishment,administrationand management of their private protected natural areas. It is a unilateralprocess by the applicant, CONANP participates as a notary of the will topreservetheirlandandpolicies,criteriaandactionsthattheapplicantintendsto make to achieve their ends. This process is ideal for society in theconservationofforests,jungles,swamps,desertsandthewildlifethatinhabitsthem.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? By2016thereistotalof404,238.46hainAVDCsHowaretheareaanditsboundariesdefined? THEAREAANDITSBOUNDARIESAREDEFINEDINAPRECISEMANNERINTHE
CERTIFICATEDepends on the scope of environmental services, and the preservation ofrepresentative natural environments of different geographical regions andecologicalandmostfragileecosystems.Nowadays,thereare370AVDCin20states.
3.GovernanceType
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Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
These properties are considered as productive areas dedicated to a publicinterest function, but there are several categories: Public, Private, Public-Centralized,Public-Parastatal,andSocial-Communalland.ADVCs BECOME PRIVATELY MANAGED FEDERAL PROTECTED AREAS WHENCERTIFIED
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes.Ca.78,675peopleparticipateintheecosystemsrestoration,includingindigenousandlocalcommunities.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
GeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection(http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/148_130516.pdf)
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.THECERTIFICATIONINSTRUMENTCANBEOVERTURNEDUNILATERALLYBYTHEOWNWERATANYTIMESINCEITIS100%VOLUNTARY.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.ADVCsCANBECERTIFIEDFORAMINIMUMOF15YEARS,TOAMAXIMUMOF99YEARS,ALTHOUGHSOMEOFTHEMWERECERTIFIEDFORPERPETUITYATTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEPROGRAM.THISCREATESAPROBLEMWITHWHATISSTATEDINTHEFUTUREOFPPAs,WHERE25YEARSISINTERPRETEDASPERMANENT,WHICHMAYRESULTINTHATTHOSEBELOW25YEARLIMITBECOMEOECMsANDTHOSEABOVETHATLIMITPPAsANDICCAs,NEVERTHELESSSINCEADVCsAUTOMATICALLYBECOMEFEDERALPROTECTEDAREASWHENCERTIFIED,THEYAREREPORTEDTOTHEWCMCASSUCH.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? ·Preserverepresentativenaturalenvironments.
·Safeguardthegeneticdiversityofwildspecies.
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·Ensurethepreservationandsustainableuseofecosystems.·Provideanenablingenvironmentforscientificresearchfield.·Generate,rescueanddisseminateknowledge,practicesand
technologies,traditionalornew.·Protectvillages,roads,industrialfacilitiesandagriculturalexploitations.·Protectnaturalenvironmentareas,monumentsandarchaeological,
historicalremainsandartisticandtouristareasIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
NOTREALLYDUETOCAPACITYPROBLEMSYes,theNationalCouncilofProtectedAreasisanorganizationofconsultationand support of theMinistry of Environment andNatural Resources and theNational Commission for Protected Areas in the formulation,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of public policy for theestablishment, management and monitoring federal Protected NaturalAreas(PNA).
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Yes.EachAVDCworkswithinaframeworkormanagementplanwhichguidestheactionsandassessmentsfocusedonbiodiversityconservation.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Notavailable.
NorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganizationVulnerableMarineEcosystem,NorthwestAtlantic,NAFORegulatoryArea(outside200milelimit)-KristinaGjerde
Overview
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Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
NAFOhasclosed20areastobottomfishingoverthepast12years,withaparticularfocusoncorals,spongesandseapenconcentrationsidentifiedfollowingtheUNGAResolution61/105.Whileinitially“closed”tofishingin2004,seamountareaswerefullyclosedtoallbottomfishingin2015.Closuresareallforvulnerablemarineecosystemelementsorindicatorspeciesandareonlyclosedtobottomfishingandnottoanyotheractivity.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? (NAFOtoconfirmtotalarea)VMEareas~25,000km2,needkm2for
seamounts)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Seemapincludedbelow.Areasaredefinedintwoways–VMEclosuresand
seamountclosuresandincludedintheNAFOConservationandEnforcementMeasureswithspecificcoordinatesaswellasadefinedmap.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
NAFOisthegovernancebodyforstraddlingstockfisheriesandallbottomfishingactivitiesarerestrictedwithintheclosedareas,howeverthemostsignificantimpactonclosedareasremainsongoingscientifictrawlsurveysthatcontinuewithintheclosedareas,despitecallsforareviewoftheimpactofthesesurveysandevidencethatsignificantcatchesofVMEsoccuronanannualbasiswithintheclosedareas.TheareaalsooverlapswiththeInternationalConventionfortheConservationofAtlanticTunas(ICCAT),aswellasCanada’sextendedcontinentalshelfwheregovernanceofoilandgasresourcesisbytheCanada-NewfoundlandOffshorePetroleumBoard(CNOPB),InternationalMaritimeOrganizationgovernsshippingactivityandshippinglanesintheareaandtherearenorestrictionswithintheclosedareas.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Currently,thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheclosuresareprotectedfromotherhumanimpacts,exceptforbottomfishingunderNAFO’sjurisdiction.Thisisproblematic,asthereisexploration,seismictestinganddrillingforoilandgaswithinatleastoneclosedareaasof2016.ICCATdoesnotrestrictfisheriesforhighlymigratoryspecieswithintheclosedareas.
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4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
UNGA61/105SustainableFisheriesResolution,non-bindingsoftlawtriggeredtheclosuredecisions,NAFO’sConservationandEnforcementMeasuresincludetheclosuresaspartofNAFO’sfisheriesregulation.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Closurescouldbeopenedwiththeagreementof2/3rdsofNAFO’sContractingParties.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Generally,theclosuresareviewedaslongtermhowevertherearesomeContractingPartieswhorefusedtoagreetonewclosuresanddonotconsidertheclosuresnecessarilypermanent.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? NAFOmanagesstraddlingstocks,howeverunderUNGA61/105para83they
arerequiredtoavoidimpactsofbottomtrawlingonVMEs.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ImplicitinVMEindicatorsandelementsasidentified.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
VMEprotection
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
OnlybenthicVMEspecies.Closuresarespecifictocorals,spongesandseapensandseamountspecies,howevertheseareaslikelybenefitdemersalfishspeciesaswell.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
IncursionsandfishingvesseltrafficwithintheclosedareasismonitoredviaVMSandreporteduponviaannualcompliancereports.Todate,therehasbeenlittleevidenceoffishingwithintheVMEsclosedareas,withtheexceptionofoneseamountareawheremidwatertrawlingcontinuesforalphonsino.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
TheVMEclosuresprovideconsiderableprotectionforsomeVMEspecies(corals,sponges,seapens)andassociatedbenthicfaunaaswellasassociated
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demersalmarinefishspecies.EffectivenessismeasuredthroughtheAnnualNAFOComplianceReviewwherefishingvesselactivityismonitoredviaVMS.Tracksthroughtheclosedareasareassessedforvesselspeedtodetermineiffishingactivitymightbetakingplace.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Themeasureonlyrestrictsbottomactivities,currenteffectivenessisduetoagreementbyContractingPartiesthattheirflaggedvesselsabidebyNAFOs’CEM.Theareasusedtobeopentofishingactivityandarenowclosed.TherearenorestrictionsonotheractivitiesandoilandgasactivityisoccurringnearbyandwithinsomeVMEareas.Non-bottomfishingisallowed.ThereisnomechanismtoclosetheseareastooilandgasdrillingorexplorationwithinNAFOandnogovernancemechanismtoengagewiththeCanada-NewfoundlandOffshorePetroleumBoardonsharedprotections.
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2.
SOUTHAMERICA
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ForestCode(Brazil)-AllisonPritchard1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea
AreasofPermanentProtectionandLegalReserveonprivatelandundertheForestCodeinBrazil.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTION(APP)APPsareBrazil’sprimarymechanismforachievingREDD+objectives.Theyareareasthatarephysicallyandecologicallyfragile,coveredbynativevegetationornot,withtheenvironmentalfunctiontopreservewaterresources,landscapes,geologicalstabilityandbiodiversity,facilitategeneticflowsoffaunaandflora,protectthesoil,andensurehumanwellbeing.ExamplesofAPPsareasriparianareas,springs,hilltops,mountainslopes,andmangroves.LEGALRESERVE(LR)LRistheportionoflandthatmustbesetasideinnativevegetation,dependingonpropertysizeandlocation.LegalReservecanhelptoensuresustainableeconomicuseofnaturalresources,supportconservationandprovisionofecologicalprocesses,andpromoteconservationofnativefaunaandflora.ThesizeofaLegalReservedependsonwherethepropertyislocated.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Dependentonpropertysize(seebelow).Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTION:
WatercoursesRiparianstripsalongsideanyperennialandseasonalwatercoursemustmaintainthefollowingminimumwidthsfromtheedgeofthechannel:
• 30metersforwatercoursesthatarelessthan10meterswide• 50metersforwatercoursesthatare10to50meterswide• 100metersforwatercoursesthatare50to200meterswide• 200metersforwatercoursesthatare200to600meterswide• 500metersforwatercoursesthataregreaterthan600meterswide
Reservoirs
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Areassurroundinglakesandnaturalreservoirsmustmaintainastripof:• 100meters,exceptforwaterbodieswithlessthan20hectaresof
surfacearea,whichmustmaintainastripof50meters• 30metersinurbanareaswheretherearemanmadelakesor
reservoirsAreasinthevicinityofperennialsprings,regardlessoftopographicalsituation,mustmaintainastripof:
• Aminimumradiusof50metersPlateaus,hilltops,mountains,ridges,mangroves
• Areaswithaslopeofatleast45degreesorhighermustmaintainnativehabitat
• Areaswithsaltmarshes,dunes,ormangrovesmustmaintainnativehabitat
• Areasuptotheedgeofplateausmustbemaintainedatnotlessthan100metersfromahorizontalprojection
• Areasonhilltops,mountains,andridgeswithaminimumheightof100metersandanaverageslopegreaterthan25degreesmustmaintainnativehabitat
• Allareaswithanaltitudeexceeding1,800metersmustmaintainnativehabitat
• Areasalongswampsandwetlandsmeasuredhorizontallyfromtheedgeofthefloodedareamustmaintainaminimumwidthof50meters
LEGALRESERVEThesizeofaLegalReserverequirementdependsonwherethepropertyislocated.PercentoflandcoverthemustbesetasideintheLegalAmazonbylanduse:
• Forest:LegalReserve80%andProductiveUse20%• Cerrado:LegalReserve35%andProductiveUse65%
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• Grasslands:LegalReserve20%andProductiveUse80%FortherestofBrazil(i.e.outsidetheLegalAmazon):LegalReserve20%andProductiveUse80%Itshouldbenotedthatnothinginthelegislationspecifiesalocationorboundary–landownersareonlyrequiredtomeettheproportionalarearequirement.Thisalsomeansthatlandownerscan“move”thatareaovertime.Incaseswherethishappens,theseareaswillnotmeettheOECMguidance.AlllandinAPPsandLRsareregisteredinTheRuralEnvironmentalRegistry(CAR,theacronyminPortuguese)whichwillprovideprovideshighresolutionsatelliteimagesofallAPPsandLRs.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Governmentssetoutoverarchingrulesandregulations.Privatelandownerscontributetogovernancewithintheirprivateproperty.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
WhiletheForestCodeisfederallegislation,itsimplementationdependsonthestates’legislation,whichmayvarysignificantly.Stateshaveflexibilitytoaddresstheirprioritiesandaddressregionaldifferencesastheycreatetheirownrulesandmechanisms.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTIONOwnersofAPPsthathavebeenconvertedmaynotusecompensationtobecomecompliantand,instead,mustrestoretheAPP.Reforestationmustbecompletedwithin20years,withatleast10%ofthetotalarearehabilitatedeverytwoyears.LEGALRESERVEWhendecidingthelocationofLegalReserveinruralproperties,thefollowingcriteriamustbeconsidered:
• ConnectivityandthecreationofecologicalcorridorswithotherLegalReserves,APPs,ConservationUnits,oranyotherlegallyprotected
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areas;• Theareasofgreatestimportanceforbiodiversityconservation;• Theareasofgreatestenvironmentalfragility;• Thewatershedplan;and• Ecological-EconomicZoning(ZEE)
Itisunknownwhatmechanismsareinplacetoensurethattheabovecriteriaaremetandconsidered.MediumandlargelandownersandwhodeforestedmorethanwhatwasallowedbeforeJuly22,2008,areobligatedtotakeaction.TheymusteitherrestoretheirLegalReservesonthepropertyitselforviaan“offset”throughacompensationprocessinareasofequivalentsizeinthesamebiome.Compensationoptionsinclude:a)theEnvironmentalReserveQuota;b)adirectleasefromanotherpropertyowner;orc)alandpurchaseforordonationtothestateorfederalgovernmentofaprivateareawithinaConservationUnit.ThenewForestCodeestablishesthatcompensationofLegalReservesoutsidethestateinwhichthepropertyislocatedshouldbeinpriorityareasidentifiedbythefederalorstategovernments.ThenewForestCodeprovidesthefollowingdefinitionforselectionofpriorityareasforLegalReservecompensation:a.Recoveryofwatershedbasinswhichhavebeenexcessivelydegraded;b.Creationofecologicalcorridors;c.Conservationoflargeprotectedareas;andd.Conservationorrecoveryofthreatenedecosystemsorspecies.Itshouldbenotedthat,inreality,itislargelystatedependentwhetherornotcompensationareasarelocatedinpriorityareas–somestatesmandatethatcompensationareasmustbeinpriorityareaswhereasthisisnottrueforotherstates.Privateinitiativeshavesprunguptosupportcomplianceintheformof
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internationalcertificationstandards,commodityroundtables,andboycottsofproductsproducedonnewlydeforestedland.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Privatepropertyrightsapplytothearea’sgovernance.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NoteasilyasAPPsandLRsarelegallybindingprotectioninstrumentsforconservationonprivatelands.IflandownersdonotcomplywiththelawssetoutbytheForestCodetheywillincurfinesandpenalties.WhenunauthorizedremovalofvegetationhasoccurredonAPPs,thelandownerwillbefinedandobligatedtorestoreit
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
AreasofPermanentProtectionTheobjectiveofAPPsaretopreserveareasthatarephysicallyandecologicallyfragile.LegalReservesTheofobjectiveofLRsaretoensuresustainableeconomicuseofnaturalresources,supportconservationandprovisionofecologicalprocesses,andpromoteconservationofnativefaunaandflora.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityisanexplicitmanagementobjective;however,otherthanselectingthelocationofLR,managementactionsdonothaveexplicitbiodiversitygoals(forexample,thereisnowaytoensurethatpoachingdoesnottakeplace).
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Unclear.Theframeworklargelycoversvegetationcover,butdoesnotaddressotherconservationissuessuchashuman-wildlifeconflicts.Thereisno
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legislationpreventingthelandownerfromprioritizingnon-conservationobjectivesthatdon’tinterferewithvegetationcover.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Themeasurecovershabitat;however,therearenoregulationsonhowtomanagethesetasideareasforbiodiversity.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
TheRuralEnvironmentalRegistry(CAR,theacronyminPortuguese)isamandatorynationalpublicenvironmentalregistryfortheintegrationofenvironmentalinformationofallruralproperties.RegistrationintheCARaredonethroughtheRuralEnvironmentalRegistrySystem(SICAR)whichispartoftheNationalEnvironmentalInformationSystem(SINIMA),managedbytheMinistryofEnvironment.TheCARisusedtocontrol,monitorandcombatthedestructionofforestsandotherformsofnativevegetationinthecountryandtofacilitateenvironmentalandeconomicplanningforruralproperties.DataprovidedbytheCARwillhelptoidentifydeficitswithrespecttotheareaslegallyrequiredtobeconserved,monitorareasunderrestorationand,ingeneral,contributetotheenvironmentalmanagementcapacityofthecountry.ThegoaloftheCARistoprovideanintegrateddatabasewithinformationabouteachpropertyandtheirenvironmentalsituationthatallowsmunicipalities,states,andthefederalgovernmenttocontrol,monitorandidentifyenvironmentaldeficits,conductenvironmentalandeconomicplanning,andcombatdeforestation.TheCARwillhelplandownersandpossessorstoprotectnaturalresourcesandimprovetheplanningoftheirproduction.TheCARsystemisanationalelectronicsystemoperatedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentthatprovideshighresolutionsatelliteimagesthatlandownerscanusetolocateandregistertheirproperty.
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TheCARsystemonlymonitorsforestcovertoensurethatareasarebeingsetaside,butdoesnotgivedetailedinsightintothestateofbiodiversity.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Yestheareaisconservingbiodiversityeventhoughthemainconcernisforestcover.Thereisnoonthegroundmonitoringofconservationeffectivenessorbiodiversity.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Yes–inlegalreserveslandcollectionoftimberandnon-timberforestproductsisstillpermittedaslongasitdoesnotjeopardizetheconservation.SustainablemanagementofthevegetationinLegalReserveareasmaybeimplementedinoneoftwoways:1.Sustainablemanagementfornon-commercialpurposes:
• Mustbeforconsumptionwithinthepropertyitself;• Maybeimplementedindependentlyofauthorizationbyresponsible
agencies;• Mustbedeclaredtotheenvironmentalagencypriortoactivityand
statethereasonandthevolumestobeextracted,upto20cubicmetersoftimberperyear.
2.Sustainablemanagementforcommercialpurposes:• Requiresasustainableforestrymanagementplanandauthorization
fromresponsibleagencies;• Shouldguaranteeconservationofadiversityofspecies;• Shouldnotdisfiguretheplantcoverorharmconservationofnative
vegetationinthearea;and• MayinvolvetheintroductionofexoticspecieswhentheLegal
Reservesareunderrestoration,ifplantingsareinterspersedwithnativespeciesanddonotexceed50%ofthearea.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Theeffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.
7.Assessment
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Bita,ProtectedRiver,ColombianOrinocoBasin(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheBitariverbelongstotheColombianportionoftheOrinocoBasinandhasatotallengthof500km.WithouthydrologicalconnectionwiththeAndeanregion,itisablackwaterriver,richinhydrobiologicalresourcesbuthighlysensitivetochangestowaterconditions.Sparselyinhabitedandisolatedfromtherestofthecountry,theregionremainsinagoodgeneralconservationcondition.Mainfeaturesofthebasinaretropicalsavannas,grasslands,temporarywetlandsandriparianforests,resultoftheextremeseasonalclimaticregimeandriverpulse.SpeciespresentintheregionincludeBotosorOrinocoRiverDolphins(Iniageoffrensishumboldtiana),GiantOtters(Pteronourabrasiliensis)WestIndianManatee(Trichechusmanatus),Capybara(Hydrochaerishydrochaeris),Tapir(Tapirusterrestris)andJaguar(Pantheraonca).Fish:Brycon(Bryconmelanopterus),bocachico(Prochilodusmariae),piranha(Serrasalmusmanueli),Blackarowana(Osteoglossumbicirrhosum)andBlackSpotpiranha(Pigocentruscariba).Reptiles:OrinocoCrocodile(Crocodylusintermedius),SpectacledCaiman(Caimancrocodilus),Cuvier’sDwarfCaimanandSmooth-frontedCaiman(Paleosuchuspalpebrosus
Inrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
TheseareascouldqualifyasOECMs;however,notalllandownersarecompliant,sonotallAPPsandLRswillqualifyasanOECM–amethodofdetermininggoodmanagementofAPPsandLRstoclassifythemasOECMsisneeded.Overall,APPsaremorelikelytobeOECMsthanLRs.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
FormoreinformationontheForestCodecanbeaccessedfrom:https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/859/files/original/wwf_brazils_new_forest_code_guide.pdf?1455912714https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Policy-Brief-Part-I-How-to-Navigate-the-Complexity.pdf
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andPaleosuchustrigonatus),ArrauRiverTurtle(Podocnemisexpansa)andYellow-spottedAmazonRiverTurtle(Podocnemisunifilis)whileitboastsalmost200speciesofplantsbelongingto114generaand41families.Theregion,originallyinhabitedbyindigenouspeoples(mainlysikuani,amorúa,Piaroaandpiapoco)wasdestinationforimmigrationwavesfromthecountries’inlandduringtheXIXandXXcenturies,maineconomicactivitiesincludedcattleranching,farmingandfisheries(includingornamental).Nevertheless,duringthelast10to15years,theregionhasbeenscenarioofafasttransformationprocess,drivenmainlybythedevelopmentoflargescaleforestryandagribusinessprojects,accompaniedlandacquisitionprocesses.Thistransformation,evenifanopportunityintermsofeconomicdevelopment,posesarisktobiodiversity,hydrologicalcyclesandthesocioculturaltissue.Inthissetting,theproposedmanagementstrategy,ProtectedRiver;basedintheEcologicalIntegrityapproach,aimstopreservethecontinuityoftheriverinesystemasawholeandfocusesinthemaintenanceoftheecologicalflow,fromaninitialobservedstateorbenchmark.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Around8500sqkm.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundarieshavebeendefinedexclusivelyafterhydrologicalaspects,
includingonlythewatershedarea,aftertheNationalGeographicService.Nevertheless,itcanbereviewedasaresultoftheassessmentofbioticandsocioeconomicconnectionsanddynamics.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Therearenotyetanyspecificofficialorunofficialgovernancearrangementsonplace,oneofthemainweaknessesantthreatsofanareafacingarapidtransformationprocess
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Thereisnotanagreementaboutthisissueyet,perceptionsarefragmented.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’s Needtobedeveloped.Oneofthemainoutcomesofthecurrentstageisto
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governanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
promotethedevelopmentofthenecessaryinstitutionalframework.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Asthereisnotyetaformalinstrument,butitisprocessinconstruction,thereisnotyetanydecisiontooverturn.Asamanagementstrategylargelybasedonvoluntaryagreements,thoseareasstrongasthewillofeachmember.Wearestillinavulnerablestageasthesocialtissuehasnotbeenfullydeveloped,butthisstrengtheningisalsooneofthemaingoalsoftheproposal.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? theProtectedRiverinitiativeseekstoestablishbasesforaprocessof
integratedmanagementofthebasinbasedonsocioeconomicknowledgeofthelandscape,informationmanagement,andthecreationofscenariosforparticipation,learning,communicationandgovernance.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? BiodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
No.Itaimstoallowaprudentandagreed-ontransformationprocesswithinboundariesidentifiedas“safe”.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
AsetofEcologicalIntegrityindicatorshasbeenidentified,includingbiodiversityandlandscapemetrics,asaproxytomeasureandmonitorEcologicalIntegrity
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Theprocessisstillinaninitialphase(baseline,indicatorsetting,developmentofthefirstsconservationagreements,andcommunicationstrategy)andthereisnotyetenoughdataavailabletomeasureeffectiveness.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Biodiversityislessstillingoodconditioninthearea,mainlyasaresultofastatingtransformationprocess;lessthan10%ofthebasin,butthegoalistoavoiddegradationbeforeitreachesanirreversiblethreshold.Currentlyitismeasuredthroughthenumberofstakeholders(organizationsorindividuals)
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willingtojointheinitiativeHowencompassingthismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Itisastraightforwardmeasureeasilycollected,butitdoesnotyetincludealltheactors,anddamagingactivitieshavenotbeencompletelytargeted.
SpecialManagementAreaofAfroColombianCommunitiesoftheupstreamoftheAmurrupaRiver,Risaralda(Colombia)–HumboldtInstitute
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ThisisaspecialmanagementarealocatedonacollectiveterritoryofafroColombiancommunities,atthenorthwestoftheRisaraldadepartment,whichispartoftheChocoBiogeographicRegion.Approximately80%oftheareaiscoverbynativetropicalrainforest,10%iscoverwithsecondaryforestandtheremainingareaisusedforcrops.TheterritoryisinhabitedmainlybyindigenouspeoplefromtheEmberaChamiethnicgroupandafroColombians.TheChocoBiogeographicregionisrecognizedasoneofthemostbiologicallyandculturallydiverse,inpartbecauseisinbetweentheAndeanandtheAmazonregions.Ithasmorethan11.000vascularplantsand900speciesofbirds.IntheareaoftheAmurrupaRiver,thereare80speciesofbryophytes,1.900speciesofvascularplants,fromwhich330speciesareorchids.Thecommunitiesrecognizeatleast43plantswithmedicaluses.Regardingthefaunasomestudiessuggestthatintheareacouldinhabitabout500speciesofbirdsand83mammals.Forothergroupsinformationisstillmissing.Theareaismanlyusetoestablishagroforestalsystemsandtimberextractionthatisthemaineconomicactivityofthecommunities.Atleast19treespeciesareusedfortimber.TheareacouldbeconsiderasanOECM,becauseithasalegalbackground,acommunitythatsupportsitmaintenance,ithasclearconservationobjectives,
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hasaclearlydefinedlimitsandamanagementplan.Theareaisnotconsideraprotectedarea,butisrecognizedasaspecialmanagedarea.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 10.823hectaresHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareaincludetheupstreamoftheAmurrupáRiver,itslimitareestablished
inamapcontainedinanagreementoftheregionalenvironmentalauthority.3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Theareaismanagedbyacommunitycouncilsupportedbytheregionalenvironmentalauthority.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Thecommunityproposedthecreationoftheareatotheenvironmentalauthority,sotheyrecognizedtheprotectedstatus,andagreewiththeconservationobjectives.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thereisanagreementoftheregionalenvironmentalauthoritythatcreatesthearea.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thedecisioncannoteasilybeoverturned.Therewillbenecessarytosignanewagreementwiththecommunitiesandotherstakeholdersoftheregion.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Theagreementthatcreatesthisareaswassignin1999,sotheexpectedtimeframeisforalongterm.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Themeasureisinplaceyearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Conserveandrecoverthebiologicaldiversity,habitatsand
ecosystemspresentinthearea.• PromotetheparticipationoftheafroColombiancommunityonthe
managementofthearea.• Preservethetraditionalknowledgeofthecommunitythatinhabitthe
area.
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• Supportasustainableeconomicgrowthofthecommunity.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityisanexplicitobjective.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Theagreementdoesnotgivemoreimportancetoanyoftheobjectives.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Itcoverallthebiodiversity,butwithanemphasisonspeciesusedfortimber.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Theareahasamanagementplan,whichprogressismeasuresporadically,inparticulartheregionalauthorityhasidentifytheprincipaldifficultiestoitimplementation.Themainproblemsarehowtoreallyworkincooperationwiththecommunityandtakingintoaccountalltheirnecessities.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Thetropicalrainforestoftheareaiswellconserved,buttherearenotperiodicalmeasuresofthestateoftheforestandthemanagementplandonotseteffectivenessindicators.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Toanswerthisquestionmoreresearchhastobedone,theregionalauthorityandthecommunitycouncilbelievesthattheareaiseffective,butthereareotheraspectsthatmayinfluencethestateof,suchasthedifficultyforaccessandpresenceofarmedgroups.NowadaysthewholeChocobiogeographicregionphasesthreatscausedbyillegaldeforestationandmining.
JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea-Nombreyubicacióndelárea
Sacredsite–JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta.DepartmentofLaGuajira;municipalityofDibulla,Punticaregion,locatedbytheJerezrivermouthacrosstheCaribbeanbeaches.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasons LineaNegrasacredsiteculturalvalue;thissitecontainsworkingmaterialssuch
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forconsideringtheareaasanOECM-Brevedescripción,incluidoslosvaloresnaturales,culturalesysociales,yrazonesparaconsiderareláreacomounOECM
asshellsandseeds.ItconnectsthelagoonthatservesastheJerezRiversource,ithascoastallagoonsthathaveaspiritualconnectionwiththeSierraNevada,ithasmarshlandsinprocessofrecovery;oxbowlakesusedasnestingplacebyalligators,turtles,andfish;mangroveareasanddryforests,itisamigratorybirdsite.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea?-¿Dequétamañoeselárea? 230haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined?-¿Cómosedefineeláreaysuslímites?(Limitesdefinidos)
ItisthefirstseashoresacredsiterecoveredfortheindigenouspeopleoftheSierraNevada-PtoBrisa;atotaloffourpropertieswereacquired.PartoftheJerezrivermouthisconnectedtoprivatepropertiesandislocatednexttoamileandahalflongbeach;itiscurrentlyfenced;beforebeingacquiredin2012,thisterritorywasagarbagedump,itwasfrequentedbyhunters,andslashandburnwasacommonpractice;thecommunityworkcarriedoutinthisplacehascontributedtoitstransformation.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?-¿Cuáleseltipodegobernabilidaddelazona,deacuerdoconlaorientacióndelaUICN:esdecir,elgobierno,lospuebloscompartidos,privadosolospueblosindígenas/comunidadeslocales?
ThisterritoryisintheprocessofbeingincorporatedintotheKoguiMalayoArhuacoreservation.Althoughtheownershipofthisplacebelongstofourdifferentcommunities,theKoguipeopleareinchargeofitsmanagement;theterritorialmanagementissupportedbydifferentorganizationssuchastheAmazonConservationTeam(ACT).
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail-Porfavordescribaelarreglodegobiernomásdetalladamente
TheKoguipeopleareinchargeofitsmanagementandtheindigenousorganizationGonawindùaTayronahasspecificancestralstructuringfunctions,,itaisapagamento(traditionalretributionrite)sitethatrequiresthepresenceofaSiteGuardian–mamoallocatedbytheothermamos–tobeinconstantcontactwithothersacredsitesandreporttotheelderauthoritieswholiveuphill;thelowerareaisruledbythegoverningcouncilthatrepresenttheorganization;thedecisionsinrelationtothemanagementoftheareaarecollectivelytakenduringanassembly.Internalagreementsareestablished,followupactivitiesaremade;thewhat-to-doandhow-to-dodecisionsareconditionedbytheirownworld-view
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principles;sincetherearepartnershipdecisionsthatalsoneedtobetaken,thereservationsignedanagreementwithACTtosupportbiologicalandculturalconservation;thematerialworldisstrengthenedbyspiritualagreements;asthisprocessisstillnew(fouryears),therearemanyneedsthatneedtobecovered.Constructionshavebeendevelopedalongwithcrops,watersources,educationfortheyouth,afive-memberfamilylivesinthearea,therearemeetingsthathavebeenattendedby50oreven100people,shellsforthepoporoarecollected,biodiversityisused,themamosareconsulted;differenttypeofinfrastructureisbeingconstructedsuchascasasmarias,alongwithcommunity,meeting,andaccommodationfacilities.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?-¿Cómoelgobiernodelazonapromuevelosresultadosdelaconservación?
Themanagementofthesitehastwoprinciples:governmentalandterritorial.Everythingrevolvesaroundmaintainingabalancewithnature,keepinginmindconservationandrecoveringnature;thegovernmentorientationhasthesameguidelines;theimpactoftheactionsstillneedtobemeasured;however,theyareclearlyvisible,therearephotographs,drones,watermeasurementsthatshowtheevolutionandtheecosystemservicesrecovery.Thefaunaisreturning,therehavebeensightingsofcapybaras,thecowshavebeenremoved.Observationhasbeenthetraditionalmethodusedbytheindigenouspeopletomeasuretheworldaroundthem,thishasallowedthemtorealizethatthenaturalorderisbeingrestored.Thestategovernment/authorityisnotinvolved,CorpoguajirahasshowntheinterestinturningitintoaProtectedArea;however,theindigenousgovernmentanditscommunitiesarenotinterestedinbeingaProtectedArea,onlyareservation.ThatiswhytheindigenousorganizationhasproposedtoestablishtheProtectedAreaontheupperpartofthemountain,bythewaterstreamsthatfeedtheriver.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasother
ThelandisintheprocessofbeingallocatedtotheKoguiMalayoArhuacoreservation;in2012theMinistryofCulturedeclaredthisterritoryaNational
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factors(below)-¿Existeuninstrumentoodecisiónlegalodeotrotipoqueestablezcalosarreglosdegobernabilidadyconservacióndelazona,asícomootrosfactores(acontinuación)
CulturalAssetduetothehistorical,aesthetic,andsymbolicvalueofthisnaturalandtraditionalarea,resolution2873of2012.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?-¿Conquéfacilidadpuedevolcarseelinstrumento/decisión?
Theyareintheprocessofbeingimplementedsothattheseinstrumentsencouragetheprotectionofthesacredterritory;sincetheindigenouscommunitiesownthem,theyareprotectedbythenaturallaw;otherlandsarealsoconsideredtobeincludedinordertoestablishamanagement/protectionplanoftheareaofinfluence.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term-¿Cuáleselmarcodetiempoenelqueseencuentralamedida:largo/medio/cortoplazo
Itissetoverthelong-termperiod;however,itisexpectedtobecomepermanentafteritisdeclaredanindigenousreservation.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?-¿Estálamedidaenvigortodoelañoosólopartedelaño?Siestaúltima,¿quéprácticasdegestiónseaplicancuandolamedidanoestáenvigor?
Allyearlong
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?-¿Cuálessonlosobjetivosdegestióndelárea?
Maintainthespiritual,materialand,protectionobjectivesofthesite;instilltheunderstandingoftheculturalandnaturalimportanceamongthepopulationsothatthestrategyofprotectionoftheLineaNegrasacredsitesattheSierraNevadaofSantaMartacanbeextended.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?-¿Eslaconservacióndelabiodiversidadunobjetivodegestiónexplícitooimplícito?¿Ohayotramaneradedescribirlaformaenqueseplanteaestacuestiónenlagestióndelárea?
Thegoalisalsoexplicit.Tourism,garbage,logging,andcropsrepresentseriousthreads;thereisaverystrikingcontrastbutthisareaisconsideredveryimportantwithintheconservationefforts.Thisstrategyhascontributedtotheacquisitionofknowledgeonhowtorecoversacredindigenousseashoresites,soilrecoveryefforts,andcropslocatedindegradedland,relearnthepreviouslylostmanagementofthedownhillareaanddifficultenvironmentalconditions;thisinitiativeaimsto
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providelearningandreconnection.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?-Sihayunobjetivoexplícito/implícitodeconservacióndelabiodiversidad,¿tomaprimacíasobreotrosobjetivosencasodeconflicto?
Conservationtakesprimacy.Theplacentaofthemotherearthisinthemangrove.EveryelementofbiodiversityhasitsownmeaningandmustbemanagedinaccordancewiththelawoforiginoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheSierraNevada,sothatthebalanceinthecyclesofnatureandthewelfareoftheterritoryisensured.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?-¿Lamedidacubretodosolamayoríadeloselementosdelabiodiversidadeneláreaosólodeciertasespecies?
Alltheelementsofbiodiversityaretakenintoconsideration,astheyprovidetheresourcestomaintaintheconnectionswithothersacredsites.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?-¿Semidelaefectividaddelagestión?Siesasí,¿cómoycuálessonlosresultados?
Theyaremeasuredinaquantitativeway,throughtheconfrontationofbefore/afterphotographs,samplingtakingtoanalyzethequalityofwater,directobservation,recordbookstokeeptrackofanychangeinnaturedynamics;growingobservationofanimaltracks,developmentofcovermapstoestablishacomparisonpointofreference,establishmentofconnectionsbetweenmangrovepatches;sixyoungindigenouspeopleweretrainedtomanagethesacredsite;theMamosvisitthecommunityonamorefrequentbasistoconducttraditionaltasksandtokeeptrackoftheconnectionsthathavebeenreestablishedwiththeuphillsites,strengtheningmeetingsarebeingheldwiththeindigenousunitandthesupportteam;anincreasingnumberofindigenouspeopleisparticipatingintheactivitiesandthevisits.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?-¿Estáeláreaconservandoefectivamentelabiodiversidadycómosemideymonitorealaefectividaddelaconservación?
Althougheffectivenessisnotbeingmeasured,thereareinputsthatshoweffectivenessintermsofconservation,itisnotmeticulousmonitoring,butonethatisbasedontheperceptiongatheredduringthecommunityprocessesandareinagreementwiththeneedsandtheinterestofthoseestablishedbytheconservationstrategy.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,
Theconservationobjectivestakeprimacy.Thisprimacyisbasedonthecreationandmanagementofthesacredsites.
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managementapproachesoractivities?-Independientementedesieláreatieneonoobjetivosdeconservación,¿losresultadosdelaconservacióntienenprimacíaenloscasosdeconflictoentreobjetivos,enfoquesdemanejooactividades?Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?-¿Laefectividadactualsedebealagobernabilidadygestióndelárea,odebidoalhechodequeaúnnosehanproducidoactividadesperjudiciales?
Yes,itrespondstotherulingofthisareabytheindigenouscommunities.Adifferentdecisioninrelationtotherecoverywouldhaveresultedinadisastroussituation,astheconnectionandthenaturalvalueofthesacredsitewouldhavebeenlost.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?-Enrelaciónconelproyectodeguía(Sección3)yelproyectodeherramientadeselección(Sección4),¿creeustedqueeláreaesunOECM?Sinoesasí,¿esunáreaprotegidaounamedidaquecontribuyeaotroobjetivodeAichi?
ItisanOECMasitstayscompliantwiththecriteria;forthecommunity,itrepresentitslifeobjective,itsmissionandrepossessionoftheancestralterritory,therecoveryofthemanagementandconnectionwithnatureandthesacrednessoflife,theyarenotindependent.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.-Porfavor,agreguemáscomentariosaquí.Muchasgracias.
BothOECMandtheguidelineshaveveryinterestingpointsofviewinrelationtothebiodiversityconservationmanagement,anissuethatmustcontinuebeinganalyzedwiththecommunitiesandthelocalgovernment.Thereareseveralinterestingissuessuchasmonitoring,effectivenessandparticipatoryfollow-up,especiallyinexperience-sharingscenariosandknowledgeexchange.
Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro(Santander)(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea-Nombreyubicacióndelárea
The coverage of the conservation/production agreements at the Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro (Santander); this corridor is formedofnational andregional protected areas, and private lands. Andean forest, High-Andeanforestandmoorlandecosystems.
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Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM-Brevedescripción,incluidoslosvaloresnaturales,culturalesysociales,yrazonesparaconsiderareláreacomounOECM
Thisisacomprehensiveconservationstrategythatgatherssocial,productiveand environmental aspects along with conservation concepts andlandscaping tools aimed at creating connectivity, such is the case of thedesign of living fences, pastureland division, performance maximization,grassland improvement; it takes into consideration renewable/cleantechnologieswhichentailsmanagingapieceof landformedofnaturalandproductiveareas thatbringsalongabenefit to the local communities, andtheprotectionoftheEcosystemServices.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea?-¿Dequétamañoeselárea? Dimensionrange:Between1.5haand40ha(small-scaleproducers);
between200haand300ha(productivearea);and1hectare(forest).Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined?-¿Cómosedefineeláreaysuslímites?(Limitesdefinidos)
Privateproperty,landtenureandlimits;thedocumentationprovidedconfirmsandvalidatestheprivatenatureoftheselands(entitlement,possession,ortenure).
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?-¿Cuáleseltipodegobernabilidaddelazona,deacuerdoconlaorientacióndelaUICN:esdecir,elgobierno,lospuebloscompartidos,privadosolospueblosindígenas/comunidadeslocales?
Thegovernanceisexertedbyindividualsandprivateorganizations(usuallytheowners).Producersinconjunctionwithcivilsocietyorganizations.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail-Porfavordescribaelarreglodegobiernomásdetalladamente
Acivilcontract(legal)toolallowsreachinganagreementwhichprovidesthat,inexchangefortheconservationofnaturalecosystemsareas,orthegenerationoftherestorationand/orreconversionlandscapingtool,theproducersreceivelandplanningsuppliesandtechnicalsupportaimedatthedevelopmentoflandscapeconservation,preservationoftheEcosystemServices,reductionofthepressureexertedovertheforest,andencouragementofthesustainabilityoftheproductiveactivitiestoimprovethequalityoflifeofthefamilies.Thesecontractsapplycommunity-relatedgovernanceandconflictresolutionconcepts.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?- Theseagreementsgeneratetheconditionsfortheinterventionofthe
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¿Cómoelgobiernodelazonapromuevelosresultadosdelaconservación? forestsandthewatersourcesofeachproperty;byconservingtheforests,theprivateownersalsoprotectthewaterspringsthatsupplythemunicipalaqueducts;thistypeofeffortnotonlyreducesthecostsoftheactionsthattheownerwouldhavetopayfor,butgeneratesasocialinterestonconservationtopics,encouragingthepermanenceoftheseactionsandthecreationofenvironmentalandsocialsolutions.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)-¿Existeuninstrumentoodecisiónlegalodeotrotipoqueestablezcalosarreglosdegobernabilidadyconservacióndelazona,asícomootrosfactores(acontinuación)
Therearenoconceptsonthismatter,theonlyapproachiscarriedoutbyactionboardsandlocal-basedorganizationswithascopethatonlyreachesonesegmentofthecommunity;astheconservationdecisionisindividualandbasedonthecomprehensionoftheproducer’necessities,thecompliancewiththecommitmentsthathavebeenagreeduponareguaranteed.Theinstrumentaltoolistheregulationoftheprojectcontainedinsomearticlesoftheagreement,whichstipulatethereturnofthesuppliesoritseconomicvalueincaseofnon-compliance,aswellascomplianceprocessoftheagreementsestablishedbetweentheparties,theimportanceofthesocial/collectiveawarenessandconcerntowardstheneighbors,thedecisiontogivetothecommunitiestheresourcesthathavebeenreturnedduetonon-compliance,theoversightandreportingprocessexertedbytheproducersovertheimprovementoftheproductivesystem,andtheinstallationofrelevantandnecessarytechnologiesaimedatthecommunitiesthatwouldbeaffectedincaseofnon-compliance.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?-¿Conquéfacilidadpuedevolcarseelinstrumento/decisión?
Theagreementsdependontheexpectationsoftheownersonissuesrelatedthewaytheseactionsgivevaluetothefarms,aswellastheconfidenceontheproductivesystem,theprincipleoftrustbetweentheparties,landtenureandheir-relatedissues.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term-¿Cuáleselmarcodetiempoenelqueseencuentralamedida:largo/medio/cortoplazo
Itissetoverthelong-termperiod;theeverydaylanguageandschemeoftemporalityagreeduponwiththeproducersisbasedontheecologicalfunctionalitycontemplated.ForREDD+itis30years.Butmostoftheagreementsaresetona10year-longtermthatbyyear5musthaveshowed
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progressonrestorationandreconversionissues.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?-¿Estálamedidaenvigortodoelañoosólopartedelaño?Siestaúltima,¿quéprácticasdegestiónseaplicancuandolamedidanoestáenvigor?
Allyearlong.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?-¿Cuálessonlosobjetivosdegestióndelárea?
Accordingtotheagreement:conservationandprotection,sustainableuseoftheresourcesbasedoncombinedlandscapestrategies.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?-¿Eslaconservacióndelabiodiversidadunobjetivodegestiónexplícitooimplícito?¿Ohayotramaneradedescribirlaformaenqueseplanteaestacuestiónenlagestióndelárea?
Itisexplicit;thebaseinstitutions,organizationsandindividualsareawarethattheagreementsaresignedwithanenvironmentalorganizationandwithaconservationandproductiveobjective.Themanagementobjectivesareaseriesofforestrelicts,creeks,waterspringsandecosystemsoilandwaterservices.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?-Sihayunobjetivoexplícito/implícitodeconservacióndelabiodiversidad,¿tomaprimacíasobreotrosobjetivosencasodeconflicto?
Thechallengeliesingivingequalprevalencetotheconservationandproductiveactivities;however,theencouragementofthelatterbringsalongtheriskofovergrowingitinordertomakeitmoreprofitable;suchsituationhasnotoccurredintheagreementssignedinrelationtothecorridor;anadditionalchallengeistheoneassociatedwiththedifficultytofindworkersinthearea,theydonotliveinthecountrysideorwanderfromoneplacetotheotherdependingonthedemandofwork,thisfavorsconservation;anotherchallengefortheorganizationisthatofthebalancebetweenproductionandenvironment,thelanguageestablishedwiththeproducerisproductiveandservesthepurposeofestablishingthemostappropriateprocessestoachieveabettermanagementwithoutgeneratingenvironmentalimpact;differentschemesarecreated.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?-¿Lamedidacubretodosolamayoríadeloselementosdelabiodiversidadeneláreaosólodeciertasespecies?
ItThepropertycoverseverything,alongwiththeexistingcomponents.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?-¿Semidelaefectividaddelagestión?Siesasí,¿cómoycuálesson
Notinthelongterm,theimplementationisbasedonindicatorsalongwithempiricalimpactobservation;however,themeasuringofeffectiveness
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losresultados? neverexceedsthefiveyear-longlimit;thereisalackofon-goingsupport.6.ConservationEffectiveness
Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?-¿Estáeláreaconservandoefectivamentelabiodiversidadycómosemideymonitorealaefectividaddelaconservación?
Accordingtotheopinionsexpressedbythepeople,theyhaveperceivedmajorchangesandprocessesintheirpropertieswhichhavehadaninfluenceintheprocessofrecoveryofareasatalandscapescale;therehavebeensightingsofalargernumberofanimals,therearespeciesthathavestartedtoreturntothearea,thereisanumberofusefulforestspeciesthatweretotallyorpartiallyinexistent;ontheotherhand,whiletherearereportsofanimalspeciesthatgenerateanegativeimpactontheproductivesystems,therearealsomethodsofwildlifedisplacement.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?-Independientementedesieláreatieneonoobjetivosdeconservación,¿losresultadosdelaconservacióntienenprimacíaenloscasosdeconflictoentreobjetivos,enfoquesdemanejooactividades?
Despitehavingapriority,thereisamultiscalesustainabilityproductivelanguage;theproductiveproblemisreducedinfavoroftheprotectionofthebiodiversity.Intheabsenceofalternativestothelocaleconomy,theproductivesystemprevails.Implementationoffunctionalcorridorsandfinanciallysustainableproductivesystems;anyeffortexertedovertheproductivesystemprovidesabalancetoachievingconservation/production.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?-¿Laefectividadactualsedebealagobernabilidadygestióndelárea,odebidoalhechodequeaúnnosehanproducidoactividadesperjudiciales?
Thereisgovernance,andtheagreementsareresponsibleforgeneratingtheactionsofconservation,theyareanadditionaleffort.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?-Enrelaciónconelproyectodeguía(Sección3)yelproyectodeherramientadeselección(Sección4),¿creeustedqueeláreaesunOECM?Sinoesasí,¿esunáreaprotegidaounamedidaquecontribuyeaotroobjetivodeAichi?
ItisanOMEC,itstayscompliantwiththeruraldevelopmentstrategies;thelivelihoodactivitiesdogenerateanimpact;theimpactislowerinthepresenceofdifferentandsustainablerules.Theimplementationofongoingsupport,landmanagementandtheuseofaneasy-to-understandlanguageguaranteesthereciprocityofthebenefits;itisfundamentaltohaveenvironmentalbenefitsandfarmproductiveactivitiesaimedatthewelfareofthefamilies.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.-Porfavor,agreguemáscomentariosaquí.Muchasgracias.
Theproducersaremuchmorethanjustagroupofbeneficiaries,theircontributionisusuallythemostimportantofall;opportunitycosts;the
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conservation/productionagreementsareactivatorsofeffectiveconservationactionsintheterritories.
CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElOasis”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
CivilSocietyNaturalReserveElOasisIt is located southeast side of Armenia (capital of Quindio department).Between1.550and1.890metershigh,thenaturalreserve issituatedonehourandahalfbycarfromArmenia.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ThisnaturalreserveispartofapeasantfamilyownersinterestedonbiodiversityconservationofAndeanforest,inanareathathasbeenstronglydestroyedandfragmentedinthelastdecades,duetosinglecropsandextensivecattleranching.Inthenaturalreserve,thereisalsocoffeeproductionandfarming,undergoodenvironmentalpractices.Culturalvaluesarerelatedtotraditionsofapeasantfamily,itswayoflivingandfarmingunderfriendlyenvironmentalpractices,theassociativeandcommunitynetworkwithneighborsand,inparticular,withpeasantwomenthatproducecoffee.Thereisalsoarqueologicalremainsinthenaturalreserveanditssurroundings.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 53.7ha(Andeanforest,agroforestrysystemsandpasturearea)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisdefinedthroughpublicdeed,thatincludesonlyoneproperty.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
C.Privategovernance.civilsocietynaturalreserveThenaturalreservehasitsownmanagementplanupdatein2012,withthe
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support of the regional authority and the NGO called Orquidea). Its mainobjectives are conservation of Andean forest and sustainable coffeeproduction.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Theownersareafamilygroupmembersthatliveinthereserve.Theyhavebeeninterestedinthelast100yearstoconservebiologicaldiversityandecosystemservicesofthearea.Theactivitiesinthereservearewellplannedandimplementedbytheowners,accordingtothemanagementplan.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? The natural reserve owners encourage conservation of biodiversity at thelandscapelevelaswellasagroecologicalproduction.InconjunctionwiththelocalNGOOrquidea, they promote other conservation processes from thecivilsociety inthesurroundingsofthenaturalreserve,throughcommunitywork with coffee producers that use environmental sustainability criteria.They are also raising awareness through an environmental educationprogramfocusedonvisitorsthatstayinthenaturalreserve.Since2004,thenaturalreserveisanassociateoftheColombianNetworkofCivilSocietyNaturalReserves(Resnatur),anassociationformerlyrecognizedbytheNationalNaturalParkofColombiaasanarticulationorganizationofprivatenaturalreservesatthenationallevel.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland.Ithasbeenapropertyofthesamefamilyforthelast100years.Sincethen, theyhavekeptanarea forAndean forest conservation forvolunteerand consciousness decision. They have also decided to plant coffee underenvironmentalfriendlypractices.Themanagementplanincludesaclearzonationwhereproductivityactivitiesare defined in space, as well as the conservation areas. Forest areas areneverdestructedforproductionuse.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? The land has been inherited for several generations under the sameprinciples of conservation biodiversity and friendly productivity practices
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withtheenvironment.Thefamilyisnotinterestedinsellingtheproperty.Contrary,theyaregettingpreparedforthenextgenerationalreplacement.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Itisameasureinplaceyear-round.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:- to conserve the natural ecosystems of the natural reserve throughpreservationandrestorationactions.- To strengthen the agroecological management in the natural reserve,diversifyingfarmingproductionandrenovatingcrops.- To continue the community network through strengthen different localactorswithimpactinconservationissues.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
The biodiversity conservation objective is the main goal defined for thenatural reserve management. There are no conflicts identified within thenaturalreserve.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Themeasurescovermostelementsofbiodiversitywithseveralconservationobjectivesdefined for thecivil societynatural reserve:ecosystemsservicesrelated to water production, its regulation and conservation, a bird(Dendroicacaerulea),threetrees(Pouterialúcuma,Juglansneotropica,Billiarosea),ethnicandarqueologicalhistoryofthereserveanditssurroundings,localandnaturalmedicalknowledge.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenesshasnotbeenmeasured,butmultitemporalanalyseshasbeenruntodetectchangesinvegetalcover,showingthatnaturalvegetationhasexpandedoverthearea.
6.ConservationEffectiveness
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Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Conservationbiodiversityinthenaturalreservehasbeenassessedthroughamultitemporalanalysisofvegetationcoverchangeinthearea.Inventoriesofbirdspecieshavedetectedchanges inbirdcomposition,andidentifiedtheincreaseoffloraandfaunaspeciesinthenaturalreservearea.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Thereisnoconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities,becausethemanagementplanhasaclearzonationthatdefinedthelandusesandbecauseallactivitiesaredirecttobiodiversityconservation.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.There is clear work focused in achieving conservation objectives.Environmentaleducationonconservationissueshasallowedengaginglocalpeoplefromthesurroundingareaincivilsocietyconservationprocesses,inordertoreducethreats.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
This natural reserve applies to steps 1 to 3.Nonetheless effectiveness hasnot been directly measured. The area is not recorded over theenvironmentalauthority(inthiscaseNationalNaturalParksofColombia).Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:development activities have priority over conservation efforts, in manycases.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Thecivilsocietynaturalreserveworkstogetherwithlocalandregionalgovernmentalconservationprojects.ItispartofthelocalgroupEjeCafeterofromResnatur.
CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”.ItislocatedattheeastsideofBogota(capitalofColombia-departmentofCundinamarca),inageographicalareaknownas“theescarpment”.ThenaturalreserveissituatedatonehourandahalfbycarfromBogota,and
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between2.700and3.000metershigh.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ThisnaturalreserveispartofagroupoflandownersinterestedinbiodiversityconservationofAndeanforest,aswellasmilkproductionundergoodenvironmentalpractices.ItislocatedinthemostimportantcorridorofAndeanforestremnant,thatenhancethebiologicalconnectivityfromnorthtosouthoftheeastsideofCundinamarcadepartment.Itisthelastviablerefugeonthelongtermfortheconservationofmanyfaunaandfloraspecies.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 118ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisdefinedthroughpublicdeed,thatincludesonlyoneproperty.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
C.Privategovernance.CivilSocietyNaturalreserve
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Theownersofthereserveareafamilygroupmembersinterestedinthelast50yearstoconservebiologicaldiversityandecosystemservicesofthearea.TheyaresurroundingbyotherfivenaturalreservesthatconservetheAndeanforestinconjunctionwithmilkproduction.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theownersofthenaturalreservehavesetupactivitiessuchasisolationofnativeforest,ecologicalrestorationinstrategiczoneoftheland(likewatersprings,riversandcreeks),lifefencesinstallationandrecoveryofdegradedzones.Alltheseactivitiesarecarriedoutinparallelwithproductionpracticesthatappliedcriteriaofsustainableandenvironmentalresponsibility.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland. It is part of theColombianNetworkof Civil SocietyNatural Reserves(Resnatur),anassociationformerlyrecognizedbytheNationalNaturalParkof Colombia, as an articulation organization of private civil society naturalreservesatthenationallevel.
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Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thelandhasbeenmanagedforthreegenerationsunderthesameprinciplesofconservationbiodiversityandfriendlyproductivitypracticeswiththeenvironment.Thecurrentyounggeneration(under18yearsold)isalreadywithahighlevelofconsciousnessinconservationissuesandhaveasensealandbelonging.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Itisameasureinplaceyear-round.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:-toconservethenaturalecosystemofhighAndeanforests.-toprotectoakforestoftheAndesofthethreatenedspeciesQuercushumboltii.-toproducemilkwithfriendlyenvironmentstandards(thisreserveiscurrentlyrecognizedbythecattlegroupoffriendlymilkproduction).
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Thenaturalreservehasaclearzonationareaswhereproductivityactivitiesaredefinedinspace,aswellastheconservationareas.Forestareasareneverdestructedforproductionuseandtheyexpandinmorethan60%oftheland.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Themeasurescovermostelementsofbiodiversityincludingecosystemsservicesrelatedtowaterproduction,itsregulationandconservation.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenesshasnotbeenmeasured.Nevertheless,therestorationareahasincreasedinthelast10yearsin10newhectaresthatareincludenowintheconservationareaofthereserve.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Conservationbiodiversityisclearlyassessedbythefactthemorethan500plantspecieshavebeenrecordedintheareaaswellas100birdspecies.
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Someofthesespeciesareonlyfoundinhealthyforest.Thefactthatwaterisalwaysavailableevenduringdrierseasons,makeclearthatthewatercyclingandforestprocessesareundergoodconditions.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Conservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictwithmilkproduction,whichhasneverbeenthecase.InColombia,civilsocietynaturalreserveshaveadoublefocus:biodiversityconservationandsustainableproduction.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.ThereisclearinterestedofthereserveownerstoprotecthighAndeanforest.Thisisobservedinthefactthatmorethan60%ofthereserveareaisunderconservationstatus.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Thisnaturalreserveappliestosteps1to3.Theareaisnotrecordedovertheenvironmentalauthority(inthiscaseNationalNaturalParksofColombia),becausetheownersdonotfeelcomfortablewiththisregistrationsystemthatmayimplylimitationsandthenottrulyrecognitionoftheirvolunteerconservationefforts.Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:developmentactivitieshavepriorityoverconservationefforts,inmanycases.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
ThevolunteerandconsciousnesseffortsthroughnaturalreservesfromthecivilsocietyarerequiredtoberecognizedasOMECtomakevisibletheircontributiontoconservationbiodiversityandregionalplanning,aswellascontributetonationalconservationobjectives.
CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“AguaClaraandValleLindo”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“AguaClaraandValleLindo”
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This natural reserve is located south of Armenia (capital of Quindiodepartment), insideaprotectedareacalled“RegionalDistrictof integratedManagement-DRMIParamosandHighAndeanForestofGenova".Between2.850 and3.900meters high, thenatural reserve is situated twohoursandahalfbycarfromArmeniafollowedbythreehourswalking.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheownerofthenaturalreserveisanNGOcalledEcologicalFoundationLasMellizas. Apart from being located inside a DRMI, the natural reserve hasbeenrecognizedasanImportantBirdandBiodiversityArea(IBAs).In Colombia, paramo ecosystems are considered strategic ecosystems forwater provision and have specific law regulation for delimitation. TheNatural Reserve Agua Clara and Valle Lindo is within the protected anddelimited paramo of Chilí-Barragán that has an area of 80.708 ha. Thiswhole area, including the natural reserve, functions as an importantecosystem and socio-cultural connector that enhances the biologicalconnectivity of two national natural parks: Las Hermosas y Los Nevados.Cultural values are found in the natural reserve buffer area, associated tocoffeeplantations.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 395,4ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaandtheboundariesaredefinedthroughpublicdeedwhichincludes
threeproperties. Eachhas its ownpublic deed:Valle Lindowith 246,6 ha,AguasClaraswith70,5haandBuenaVistawith78,3ha.
3.GovernanceTypeWhat is the area’s governance type, as per the IUCN guidance: i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
C.Privategovernance.civilsocietynaturalreserveThenaturalreserveis insidetheregionalprotectedarea(DRMI),thathasamanagement plan not yet implemented because the environmentalauthority (Corporación Autónoma Regional del Quindío) executive
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committeehasnotyetapproved it. In contrast, theNaturalReserveAguaClaraandValleLindohasitsownmanagementplanformulatedin2012.Itsmainobjective is thepreservationofnaturalecosystems:paramoandhighAndeanforest.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
TheEcologicalFoundationLasMellizasisanenvironmentalNGO,focusedonpromoting the conservation of natural areas, especially high mountainecosystems located in the Quindio department. The NGO bought thepropertiesin2000.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThenaturalreserveisanassociateoftheColombianNetworkofCivilSocietyNatural Reserves (Resnatur), an association formerly recognized by theNationalNaturalParkofColombiaasanarticulationorganizationofprivatenaturalreservesatthenationallevel.TheNGOEcologicalFoundationLasMellizascontributedto thedeclarationoftheregionalprotectedarea,theDRMIParamosandHighAndeanForestofGenova.Theareaencompasses8.300ha.DuetothemanagementoftheNGO and in collaboration with other organization such as Resnatur, thecreationandestablishmentofnewcivil societynatural reserveshavebeenpromotedinGenovaandthroughoutthecoffeeareaknownasEjeCafetero.TheEcologicalFoundationLasMellizashasalsoinfluencedthecreationandstrengthened the local and regional systems of protected areas, inconjunctionwithdifferentpublicandprivateorganizations.
4.PermanenceIs there a legal or other instrument/decision that sets out the area’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland.Itincludesthreepropertiesthathavebeenformallybought.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? In the statutes of creation of the Ecological Foundation Las Mellizas aredefinedthatiftheNGOisliquidated,thenaturalreservewillbepassedtoanNGOwithsimilarconservationobjectives. Itmaynotbesoldtochangethe
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conservationlanduse.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Is themeasure in place year roundor only part of the year? If the latter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Itisameasureinplaceyear-round.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:-toconservethenaturalecosystemofhighAndeanforestsandparamo.-Toincreasethebioticandabiotic,aswellasthesocio-culturalinformationofthenaturalreserve.-Tocreateanenvironmentalspacetoenjoynature.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oris there another way of describing the way this issue arises in the area’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective.
If there is an explicit/implicit biodiversity conservation objective, does ittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
The biodiversity conservation objective is the main goal defined for thenaturalreservemanagement.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
The measures cover most elements of biodiversity. Five conservationobjectives have been defined for the civil society natural reserve: a palm(Ceroxylon parvifrons), two bird species (Hapalopsitaca fuertesii, andGrallariculalineifrons),andtwonaturalecosystems,highAndeanforestandparamo.Eachoneofthefiveconservationobjectiveshasitsownstrategiesandgoalsdefined.
Is management effectiveness measured? If so, how and what are theresults?
Management effectiveness has not been measured, but multitemporalanalyses has been run to detect changes in vegetal cover, showing thatnaturalvegetationhasexpandedoverthearea.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIs the area effectively conserving biodiversity and how is conservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Conservationbiodiversityinthenaturalreservehasbeenassessedthroughamultitemporalanalysisofvegetationcoverchangeinthearea.Inventoriesofbird species between 2012 and 2014 have detected changes in birdcomposition, and identified the increase of flora and fauna species in thenaturalreservearea.
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Irrespective of whether or not the area has conservation objectives, doconservationoutcomestakeprimacy incasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Thereisnoconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities,because the area of the natural reserve is exclusively devoted toconservation.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.ThereisclearinterestoftheNGOtoprotecthighAndeanforestandparamoecosystems. Environmental education on conservation issues has allowedengaging local people from the buffer area in civil society conservationprocesses.
7.AssessmentIn relation to the draft guidance (Section 3) and the draft screening tool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Thisnaturalreservedoesnotapplytosept1,becauseitislocatedinsidetheDRMI High Andean Forests and Paramos of Genova, a declared regionalprotected area. Nevertheless, the civil society natural reservewas alreadymanagedasaconservationarea13yearsago,whiletheDRMIwasdeclaredonly fouryearsago.TheDRMIhasaweakgovernance, sincemanagementhasnotformallyappliedandfinancialresourceshavenotyetbeenallocated.Thenaturalreserveappliestosteps2and3.Nonethelesseffectivenesshasnotbeendirectlymeasured.The area is not recorded by the environmental authority (in this caseNationalNaturalParksofColombia).Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:in many cases development activities have priority over conservationefforts.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
DespiteAguaClaraandValleLindoNaturalReservebeinginsideadeclaredregional protected area, it is considered that the volunteer andconsciousnessraisingeffortsof theNGOshouldberecognizedasOMECtomake their contribution to conservationbiodiversity and regional planningvisible,asanexampleofeffectiveprivategovernance.
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WaterReciprocalAgreements,aCaseofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(Colombia)–HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
WaterReciprocalAgreements–WRA:acaseofpaymentsforecosystemservices–PESTheproject’sareaofinfluenceislocatedbetweentheurbancenterofSanVicentedeChucurímunicipality,inSantanderProvinceandQuebradaLasCruceswatershed,NortheasternColombia.Withanestimatedextensionof5,737hectares,theWRAstrategyhasbeenchampionedbyFundaciónNaturaColombiasince2009inordertofindsolutionsandalternativesforthewaterqualityandregulationproblemsinthissmallwatershed.QuebradaLasCrucesoriginatesinthenorthernsectoroftheNationalNaturalParkSerraníadelosYariguíes(PNNSEYA)andiscompletelywithinthemunicipalitylimitsofSanVicentedeChucurí.Thiswatershedsupplieswaterfor14,000inhabitantsintheurbancenterandmanysmallruralaqueductsaswell.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheWaterReciprocalAgreementsarecontractswhichlandownerssignwiththeWaterAdministrationCompany(inthiscaseAguasparaChucurí-APC);therearecurrently61signedAgreementswhichcoveratotalareaof1,194ha,with490,5haofforestsandgalleryforestsunderaconservationandrestorationmanagementstrategyand703,5haofcacao,coffeeandpasturesystemswhereGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)areapplied.FundaciónNaturaisathirdpartyintheseAgreementsactingasanoverseer.Aimedtoprotectthewatershedwhichmaintainsthewaterregulationbenefit,theseagreementsinvolvelandownersonthewatershedwhocompromisethemselveswiththeurbaninhabitants,themainwaterresourceusers.
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TheseAgreementsareaComplementaryStrategyforPESmechanisms.TheWRAaresignedinregionswithinthebufferzoneoftheSerraníadeLosYariguíesNationalNaturalPark,thenaturaldistributionzoneofthequailOdontophorusstrophium(Perdizsantandereana),theregion’smostrepresentativespecies,andmanyotherthreatenedspecies(DoneganyHuertas,2005).In2005,SerraníadelosYariguíeswasproposedasanImportantBirdArea(IBA)(Boyla&Estrada,2005)andasitefortheAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)(Rickettsetal.,2005).Theculturalandproductionpractices,theculturalviewsabouttheterritory,thewatershed,theforest,faunaandfloraresources,aswellasthewaterresourcewereidentifiedasconservationobjectives.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? TheseAgreementsinvolvepropertiesbetween1haand90ha,withan
averageextensionbetween2to7ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Boundariesaredefinedaccordingtothelegaldelimitationoftheproperties
involved,andeachofthemhaswelldefinedconservationandproductionzones.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Theareahasprivategovernancebecausethedecisionistakenbythelandowner.However,it’simportanttorememberthatAPCisapartyintheAgreementsandithasitsrightsanddutiestherein.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
TheAgreementcontractissignedbythelandownerofthepropertyinquestionandanorganizationwhichisresponsibleformanagingthequalityanddistributionofwaterresourcescalledAPC.TheAgreementinvolvesotherorganizationsrepresentingcommoninterestsinurbanspacessuchasthecityhall,municipalcouncil,anOverseeingCommitteeandFundaciónNatura.TheOverseeingCommitteeincludesrepresentativesfromtheColombian
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NationalNaturalParksService,Ecoagrotours,NuestraSeñoradelaPazSchoolandAsogalaxia(toursandmarketingtasks).APCdirectsparticipativemonitoringactivitiesandinvolvesyoungpeoplemainlyfromruralareas.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Bymeetingobjectivesregardingconservation,financialsustainability,monitoringandfollow-up,socialoverseeing,behavioralchangesandinter-institutionalarticulation.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Yes,theWRAgreementplusaframeworkagreementbetweenAPC,theCityHallandFundaciónNatura.ThereisalsoanEnvironmentalServicesContractrepresentedinthewaterbillwhichpeople,inhabitingtheurbanarea,pay.Also,therearespecificagreementsforfundsandinternalregulationsfortheAgreementoperation.Alloftheabovementionedarelegalsupportinstruments.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? It’snotthatsimplebutithasbeenachievedbecausetheFrameworkAgreementpreventsthatpolicyandstaffchanges,withchanginginterests,disrupttheAgreements’continuity,whichderivesinagreatersustainabilityandstabilityforthetermsoftheAgreement.Thisisthemostimportantachievementinthisregard.SpecificAgreementsallowforprivateandpublicfundingandtheinternalregulationdefinedtherulesfortheAgreements.TheEnvironmentalServicesContractlegalizesthedonor’sgrant.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm:5years
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Permanent
5.ManagementObjectives
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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Topreservewaterregulatingforests,torestoreareassetforlandusechange,GoodAgriculturalPracticeshaveagroforestrysystemswithrichbiodiversityandwillnotwidentheagriculturalfrontier.SpecificconservationobjectivessuchastheOdontophorusstrophium(Gorgetedwood-quail)arealsoadded.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Yes,waterregulationandwildlifeandecosystemandagriculturalsystems.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes.IntheAgreements’termsisclearthatwideningtheagriculturalfrontierisprohibitedandthezoningmustberespected,whichareappendicesoftheAgreements.Ifthereisforestuse,thelandownermustreportit.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes,itiswideandit’smorefocusedontheecologicalfunctionofwaterregulation(quality)andwithanecosystemfocusinsteadofaspeciesfocus.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes,becauseeffectivenessinthefulfillmentofthetermsoftheAgreementismeasured,aswellasgovernance(bothassociatedpartiesaswellasotherspacessuchasOverseeingCommitteeandexternalevaluations)andtwoeconomicindicatorsareused:onemeasuringwhethertheeconomyofthefamilyhasimprovedandothermeasuringwhethertheAgreementhasimpactedtheproductionsystemsandhasinducedbehavioralchangesfourtimesinsevenyearsoftheAgreementoperation.Ecosystemmonitoring,waterqualityindicators,sedimentationandmicroorganismpresence,superficialdischarge,watervolumeenteringtheplant,forestecosystemconnectivity.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Yes,itisbeingperformedandismeasuredbythemonitoringdescribedintheprevioussegment.It’sbeingperformedin12pointsofthewatershed,naturalregenerationprocessesandrestorationinthepropertyandmonitoringplotsofland.
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Theforestquailisbeingmonitoredanditsforestuseisbeingobservedasanindicatorfortheecosystemquality.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
No,therearebehavioralchangesinthepeopleanddirectbenefitsandthereisfearoflosingduetotheriskofchangingbehavior.It’sthewaytheyseetheirterritory:thewaterresourceanditsprotectionisparamount.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Yes,effectivenesshasbeenachievedthankstotheactivitiestakenplaceontheterritoryandontheimplementationoftheAgreement.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Yes,itisaOEMC.Itisn’tofficiallyincludedinRUNAP.Itsimpacthasbeenmeasured.Ithasatypeofgovernancetailoredtothelocalconditionsandinvolvesawiderangeofinstitutions.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
“ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea
“ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Itisarealestateboughtfortheconservationofthewaterresourceinordertocomplywithanationallaw(Ley99de1993).Itisprohibitedtoperformanyproductiveactivityintheareaandthatisapermanentstatus.MostofitsextensioniscoveredbyanAndeansubmontaneforestandtherestiscoveredbyotheragriculturalactivities.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 30haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? ThemappedlimitsaredefinedwiththeMunicipalLand-useOutline
(Spanish:EsquemadeOrdenamientoTerritorial)ofLaCeliaandaccordingtoitsMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e. GovernancedependsonthecityhallwithintheframeworkoftheMunicipal
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government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities? ProtectedAreaSystemsupportedbythelocalenvironmentalorganizations.Itisagovernmenttypegovernance.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Thecityhallbuystherealestatefortheconservationofwatersupplyingwatershedsforruralaqueducts,asaresultoftheimplementationofalawof1993thatmandatemunicipalitiestoinvest1%oftheirannualbudgetonlandacquisitionforwatershedconservation.Theestateismanagedbythecityhallwhichidentifiesactivitiestobeperformed,thataremainlyrepresentedinestablishingfencesforprotectionagainstencroaching.Thepropertyisnotalwayssupervised.Sometimesenvironmentalorganizationsperformactivitiesinthisarea;however,therearenoformalconservationoradministrationagreementsonsuchestates.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Conservationresultsarenotmeasured.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThereisalegalbindingdocumentintheCityCouncil,whichcreatestheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystemandidentifiesthezonewheretheestateas“protectionsoil”(alegalconservationstatusgiventoazonewithinthemunicipalterritory).
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Theinstrumentcannotbeoverturnedbecauseitissupportedbyalaw.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Longterm.Therealstatecannotbesellbythemunicipality.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Thismeasureispermanent,allyearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Toconservethewaterspringswhichsupplyhumanconsumption.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Theestatemustremainintimeasaconservationspaceandshallnotbeusedforanyproductiveactivity.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaor Allelementsofbiodiversity.
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onlycertainspecies?Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Nobiodiversitymonitoringactivitiesareperformed.Thereisnosupervisionofconservationactivitieseither.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Yes,conservationisthemainactivity,butnotfocusonbiodiversitybutonecosystemservices.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Theeffectivenessisduetothelegalstatusofthearea,butalsodependonthemanagementmadebythemunicipalityandtheresourcesinvestedtodoso.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
TheareaisanOMEC
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark,LocalProtectedArea(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea
DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark–LocalProtectedArea,PalmiraMunicipality,ValledelCauca
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Itisdescribedbythemunicipalityasanarearepresentingthemunicipalecosystems,expressedinlandscapes,biomes,ecosystemswithspecialscientific,esthetic,educationalandrecreationalvalue,whoseexistencemustbesustainedorwhosenaturalconditionsmustberestoredbyadedicatedregimeofdeclarationandmanagement.Theareainparticular
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containsmoistforestanditispropertyofthemunicipality.2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace
Whatsizeisthearea? 72,43haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? BoundariesaredefinedandmappedaccordingtothePalmiraLandUsePlan
andtheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem3.GovernanceType
Whatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
GovernanceisexercisedbythePalmiracityhallaccordingtotheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem.Governancebythegovernment.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Thelocaladministrationallocatestheresourcesandraisesotherfundswiththedepartment’senvironmentalauthority(CVC)andwiththerestofstakeholdersfromtheDepartment’sProtectedAreaSystem(Spanish:SIDAPValledelCauca).
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Themunicipalityownsftheland,soitisprotectedfromthreatsthatcouldincludeencroachmentanddeforestation.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThereisalegallybindingdocumentissuedbytheMunicipalCouncilwhichcreatestheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem,withinwhichthisareaisdeclaredasalocalprotectedarea.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Itcannotbeeasilyoverturnedbecausetheareaispublicpropertyofthemunicipality,boughtfortheconservationofwatersupplywatershedsforaqueducts(accordingtoLaw99of1993)andlaterdeclaredasamunicipalprotectedarea.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Themeasureispermanentallyearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Tomaintaintheneededlandcoversforwatersupplyregulationaswellastopreventandcontrolerosionandmassivesedimentation.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Or Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective
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isthereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Thepropertymustkeepitsstatusasaconservationspaceandcannotbeusedforanyproductivepurpose.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Allelementsorbiodiversity
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Nobiodiversitymonitoringactivitiesareperformed.Thereisnosupervisionofconservationactivitieseither.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Yes,conservationisaprioritybecausethecityhallislegallybound.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Itisduetothearea’slegalstatus.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
TheareaisanOECM
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks. TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea ZEPA:TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ZEPAoriginatedasaproposalbothfromagroupoflocalfishermenfromthenorthernpartofChoco’sPacificCoastandfromConsejoDelfines(Council).Theproposalwasalsosupportedbyregionalfishermenorganizations.Since2008,thisinitiativehasbeenaimedatavoidingconflictwithindustrial
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fisherieswhoseshipswerefishingtooclosetothecoastwhichwascausingnegativeimpactsinthezoneintermsofareducedfishingoutput.Foundedin1998,theFishermen´scouncilbringstogetherseveralorganizationsinthreelevels.Itisadecisionmakingfacilityintheterritory,whichisafisheriesdecisionco-responsibilityandcoordinationspace.Values:Speciesandecosystemconservation,improvementofthetraditionalfishermenlivingconditions,CaboMarzorockyshoreecosystems,villagebeachesandmangrovezones,seabeads(e.g.ichthyoplankton’simportance,etc.)andcetaceans’migrationzones.ZEPAwascreatedin2005withanareaof2.5nauticalmileswheretourism,spearfishingandtraditionalfishingtakeplace,whichareactivitiesimprovingthequalityoflifeifresponsiblefishingcriteriaareapplied.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Delimitationisprecise:fromthePanamaborderinPuntaArdita(northern
limit)untilthenorthernlimitoftheUtríaNationalNaturalPark(NNP)and2.5nauticalmilesoffthecoastline.Thissumsatotalof250.000ha.
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheZEPA’sboundariesareclearlydefined.ZEPAispartofamosaicofseveralotherconservationareas,suchasaFishingManagementExclusiveZone,UtríaNNPandtheTribugayCaboCorrientesRegionalIntegratedManagementDistrict(alegallyrecognizedregionalprotectedareacategory).
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Isamixedtypegovernance.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
ThemixedgovernanceofZEPAdependsontheAUNAP(NationalAquacultureandFishingAuthority)whichisthefishinggoverningbodyinColombia.Thereisalsoacoordinatingcommitteechairedbythefishermen´scouncil,whichrepresentsallsectors,especiallytraditionalfisheries.ZEPAincludesaplanforajointmanagementagreementwithsharedactivities.
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Otherorganizationsinvolvedare:Fedepesca(representingtheChocoanfishingsectorincludingtheindustrialfisheries).Meetingsareregularlyscheduledwhereseveraltopicsareaddressed:e.g.proposalsforsurveillanceandcontrol,monitoring,etc.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theinstitutionaljurisdictionscontributetothegovernance.Forinstance,AUNAPispartiallyresponsibleforsurveillanceandcontrol,Codechocó:partiallyresponsibleforsurveillanceandcontrolanditisinchargeoftheenvironmentalcomponentofthezone,fishermenmonitorfishingresourcesandthereissocialoversightregardingbigopportunisticfisheries,whichareusingprohibitednets.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Yes,itisrecognizedbyaResolutionissuedbyAUNAPItissupportedby:thearea’smanagementplan,thefishingplanningschemeandtheGICPAAssembly.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Ithasbeensustainedandbenefitshavebeenmeasured.However,therearestillsurveillanceandcontrolproblems,duemainlytotheinstitutionalweaknessofAUNAPandCodechocó.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termandfortheentireregion.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
ItisallyearroundandisstricterthantheRegionalIntegratedManagementDistrict(SpanishDRMI)becauseitisfocusedontraditionalfishing.Thissituationmakesitmorevulnerablebecausefishermenexertsignificantpressurestoaccessthefishingresource.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Toreplacehigh-impactfishinggearsfortherestorationoffishpopulationspecies,suchastheYellowfintuna(Thunnusalbacares),theGreenjack(Cranaxcaballus),theBigeyetrevally(Caranxsexfasciatus),theYellowsnapper(Lutjanusargentiventris),thePacificdogsnapper(Lutjanusnovemfasciatus),theBluestripedchub(Sectatorocyurus),theAlmacojack
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(Seriolarivoliana),theSpottailgrunt(Haemulonmaculicauda),theRockhind(Epinephelussp.)andPacificbeardedbortula(Brotulaclarkae).Toimprovethetraditionalfishermenlivingconditions.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Yes,itisexplicitbecausetheextinctionthreatforlocalspecieswasclear.Nowadays,itspositiveeffecthasbeenmeasuredinthefishpopulations.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes,itisapriorityoverotherconflictsandopportunities.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Measuresshowarecoveryinfishpopulations.Therearenomeasuresregardingecosystemrecoverybutitispartoftheobjective.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes,therearemeasuresfocusedmainlyonfishsizesandpresence/absenceofgroupersspecies.Socialandeconomicindicatorshaveimprovedinthezone.Thereisvisibleimprovementonthequalityofthefishingoutputandonthequalityoflifeofthepeople.However,thereareproblemswiththedistributionofbenefitsamongfishermenbecausenotallofthemarepartoftheguildnorparticipateontheestablishedproductivechain,whichmanagesqualityandpricecontrolissues.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Thereinfishingandfishingartsmonitoring.Itisperformeddirectlybythefishermenandbyaccompanyingnon-governmentalorganizations.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Yes,thecoordinatingcommitteerepresentstheinterestsfromthefishermencommunitiesandtheconservationobjectivehasprevailedoveroccupationattemptsfromindustrialfishingvessels.Thereisconstantpressurebutthemanagementmeasuresaremaintained,suchasthelowerimpactfishinggears(handlineandtypesofhooks).
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thegovernancemodelisintheprocessofbeingsettled.Significantthreatstothemanagementandgovernancemodelhavebeenovercome,suchas
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complexprocesseslikethepressureexertedbyindustrialshrimpingandfisheries.WithintheChocoanmarineconservationportfolio,ZEPAservesaprotectionfunctionandithasmetitsintendedobjectives.NothingelsehasbeendeclaredinthisplaceandthereareexpectationsfortheZEPAtocontinuestrengthening.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
ItisanOECM.ZEPAisapioneerinitiativebecauseistotallycommunitybasedandhasoriginatedfrommanyyearsofcommunitywork,whereAUNAPandCodechocoareinvolvedinasocialinitiative.ThisisaOECMwithstrongeruserestrictionsthanothersurroundingprotectedareas,whichmakesitveryspecialaswell.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
AUNAPneedsmoreresourcesforsurveillanceandcontrolactivities.Theshrimpingindustriesshouldcontributeaninstallmentforthemanagementofthesezones.ThefishingtechniquesshouldbeexpandedtomorepelagicspeciesintheFishingExclusiveZone.Thefinancialsustainabilityshouldalsobeconsidered.
CerroSancancio,CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea CerroSancancio(CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment)Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
CerroSancancioisahillwithanaltitudebetween1,910and2,220MAMSL,locatedwithinpremontanewetforestandlowermontanewetforestlifezones.ItwasdeclaredasagreenareaofpublicinterestbyMunicipalAgreementNo.107of1995.Later,itwasalsodeclaredbytheregionalenvironmentalauthority(Corpocaldas)asa“municipalzoneforculturalandecologicalpreservation”byResolution471of2009.Thezoneincludesseveralforestsandtheirfaunaandfloraspecieshavebeenidentified.Cerro
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SancancioisoneofManizales’landmarkhillsandisatriskforlandslidesduetodeforestationandgrazing.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 74,22haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? BoundariesaredefinedandmappedaccordingtotheManizalesLandUse
Plan3.GovernanceType
Whatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
GovernanceisexercisedandsharedbyManizalesEnvironmentDepartmentandtheCerroSancancio’slandownersinaccordancetotheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem(Spanish“SIMAPManizales”).
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
ThereisanenvironmentalmanagementplandefinedbytheManizalesEnvironmentDepartmentandactivitiesarecoordinatedwithlandowners.Inaddition,thereisanagreementoftheMunicipalCouncilbywhichlandownersareexemptedofpropertytaxes.Therearealsolanduseagreementswiththelandownerstoconservesteeplyslopedareaswhereforestryisthemainlanduse.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Throughconservationagreementswiththeprivatelandowners4.Permanence
Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thereisalegallybindingdocumentfromtheregionalenvironmentalauthority(Corpocaldas)whichdefinestheareaaspartoftheManizalesMunicipalMainEcologicalStructure(SpanishEEP)anditisdeclaredasanareaforthepreservationanddefenseoftheecologicalheritage.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Itcanbeeasilyoverturnedbecauseitdependsontheregionalpoliticalwill.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term MediumIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Themeasureispermanentallyearround.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
TheareaispartoftheManizalesMunicipalMainEcologicalStructure(SpanishEEP)anditisdeclaredasanareaforthepreservationanddefenseoftheecologicalheritage.
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Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Althoughbiodiversityconservationisthemainobjectiveofthearea,therearepressurefactorsgeneratingconflictswiththisobjectivesuchasdeforestation,livestockfarmingandurbanization.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Theareacoverallelementsofbiodiversity.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Nobiodiversitymonitoringactivitiesareperformed.Thereisnosupervisionofconservationactivitieseither.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
ConservationisindeedaprioritythankstothestrongcommitmentofthecityhallandtheregionalenvironmentalauthorityCorpocaldas
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Itisduetothegovernanceandmanagementofthezone.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
TheareaisanOMEC
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelRíoPastaza(Peru)-MarinaRosales1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelríoPastazaBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ComplejodehumedalesdelAbanicodelríoPastaza.05/06/02;Loreto;3,827,329ha;04°00'S075°25'W.Anenormousalluvialfancomposedof
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volcanicsedimentsbroughtdownfromtheAndesofEcuadoranddepositedalongtheriverPastazaandassociatedstreamsandsecondaryriversleadingtotheriverMarañon.Thesitecontainsanextraordinarydiversityofbothpermanentandseasonalwetlandtypes,withabundantlakesandremnantislands.Some9speciesoffaunafromCITESAppendixIaresupported,aswellas70fromAppendixII,and17speciesfoundinIUCN'sRedListarepresent.PartsofthesiteneartheriverUrituyacuareparticularlyimportantforthepalmsPhytelephastenuicaulisandAphandranatalia,andthePastazasupportsalargepopulationofthepalmElaeisoleifera,seenonlyafewplaceselsewhereinPeru.Nearly300speciesoffishhavebeenrecorded.Humanoccupation,largelyrestrictedtothebanksoftheprincipalrivers,isalow-densitymixofindigenousandsettlercommunitieswhocultivatebanana,cassava,andmaize.StudiesoftheareabyWWFPerúandtheCentrodeDatosparalaConservaciónoftheUniversidadNacionalAgrariaLaMolinafacilitatedthepreparationofthesite'sdesignation.Ramsarsiteno.1174.TheAbanicodelPastazainLoretoisthelargestRamsarsite(wetlandofinternationalimportance)inthePeruvianAmazon.Itishometoabout300fishspeciesandfoodsourcefordozensofAchuar,Kandozi,Quechua,CocamaCocamillaandUrarinaindigenouscommunities.Over300indigenouscommunitieswerelivingthere.ReasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM:
• Itisageographicallydefinedspace,notrecognizedasaprotectedarea.Itwasdeterminedthatthebiologicaluniquenessoftheareadidnotjustifyanaturalprotectedareaatthenationallevel.However,ithasalsobeenrecognizedbythePeruviangovernmentasaprioritysiteforbiodiversityconservation.
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• Itsisgovernedandmanagedoverthelong-terminwaysthatdelivertheeffectiveandenduringin-situconservationofbiodiversity,withassociatedecosystemservicesandculturalandspiritualvaluessinceitisaRamsarSite.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ThePastazaRiverWetlandComplex(alsoknownasAbanicodelPastaza)is
locatedinLoretoandcoversover3.8millionhectaresoffloodedforests,riversandlakesat100-200metersabovesealevel.
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? In2002,theAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportanceespeciallyasWaterfowlHabitat,duetothevarietyandimportanceoflocalwetlandsfortheconservationofvariousspecies.Definedbygeographicalriversboundaries.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Governed,indigenouspeoplesandNGO–WWF.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
WWFhasworkedcloselywiththelocalpopulationasawhole,especiallywiththeAchuar,QuechuaandKandozipeoples,promotingthepropermanagementoftheirresourcesinclosecollaborationwithvariouscivilsocietyorganizations,andlocal,regionalandnationalauthorities.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? TheAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportance.WWFworkedonlocalcapacitybuilding.ThecommunitiesareregularlymonitoringthewaterqualityoftheCorrientesRiverthemselvesandtherebyassertingtheirrightstoahealthyandproductiveenvironment.Itisdevelopedthefollowingactions:
• ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,ina
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sustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.
• Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.
• Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
TheAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportance.Todriveabetterlandmanagement,WWFfosteredthecreationandstrengtheningofspacesforbothconsultationandcoordination.Thesespacesfacilitatedcommunicationamongkeystakeholdersthroughoutthebasin,bothinPeruandEcuador,withsupportfromFundaciónNaturaandFundaciónPachamama,andpromptedthecreationofthePastazaRiverBasinCommitteeinPeru,in2005.ThecommitteewasledbyCORPISLandconsistedofindigenousfederationsfromtheKandozi,QuechuaandAchuarpeoplesinthePastaza-Tigreareaandtheircommunities.Thecommittee’smainpurposewastocontrolandmonitorthevariousactivitiestakingplaceinthearea,inordertodetectearlyonthosethatcouldjeopardizethenaturalresourcesintheRamsarsite.Inthiscontext,thecommitteecontributedtothedebateforthepropositionofanewWaterLawandthe
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regionalordinanceregardinghydrocarbonactivitiesinindigenousterritories.Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? WWF,togetherwiththePeruvianAmazonResearchInstitute(IIAP),the
ConservationDataCenteroftheUniversidadNacionalAgrariaLaMolina(CDC-UNALM)andtheNaturalHistoryMuseumoftheNationalUniversityofSanMarcos(MHN-UNMSM),focuseditseffortsondevelopingthetechnicalassessmentsthatshowedthehighbiologicalandsocio-culturalvalueoftheAbanicodelPastaza.Inthisway,theoriginalmechanismproposedtoguaranteetheconservationoftheareawastheestablishmentofanaturalprotectedarea.However,afterconsultingwithlocalcommunities,itoptedforafigurethatwouldnotlimittheterritorialaspirationsofthepeopleandthatwouldsomehowconferprotectiontotheplace.Therefore,thewholeAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplex,coveringanareaof3.8millionhectares,wasdeclaredaRamsarsiteonJune5,2002.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,inasustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.•Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.•Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.
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5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
AbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplex,coveringanareaof3.8millionhectares,wasdeclaredaRamsarsiteonJune5,2002.ItthusbecametheonlyoneinPeruthatdoesnotcorrespondtoanaturalprotectedarea,whichhighlightstheimportanceofthisdesignation,sinceitimpliedthatthePeruviangovernmenthadcommittedto:•Ensurethemaintenanceofitsecologicalcharacteristics•Promotearationaluse•Conductenvironmentalimpactassessmentsbeforemakingchangesinthearea•Promotetrainingfortheresearch,managementandrationaluseofwetlandsConservethefollowingecosystems(7ofthe20wetlandtypesdescribedbytheRamsarConvention):1.Permanentfreshwatermarshes/pools2.Freshwater,tree-dominatedwetlands3.Shrub-dominatedwetlands4.Seasonal/intermittentfreshwatermarshes/poolsoninorganicsoils5.Permanentrivers/streams/creeks6.Seasonal/intermittentfreshwaterlakes7.PermanentfreshwaterlakesLargecommunitiesofvaluabletimberspeciessuchascedarandceibatrees,45palmtreespecies,andover800treeandshrubspecies.Additionally,thewidevarietyoffreshwaterecosystemsishabitatforspeciessuchasthepinkriverdolphin(Iniageoffrensis)andtheAmazonianmanatee(Trichechusinunguis).
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’s
Itisexplicitmanagementobjective
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management?Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes,ittakesprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yes,itdoes.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
ACHIEVEMENT:WetlandProtection• ConservationanddesignationoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexasthelargestRAMSARsiteinthePeruvianAmazon
•EstablishmentofthePastazaRiverBasinCommittee,comprisingrepresentativesoftheKandozi,QuechuaandAchuarpeoples•Localenvironmentalagendaandparticipationofindigenousorganizationsinthecorrespondingdecisionmakingprocess•StartofEcological-EconomicZoning(EEZ)inthePastazabasinandtheDatemprovince,withparticipatoryandinterculturalapproachACHIEVEMENT:WetlandRestoration• Fisheriesmanagement•Decadesofmistrustbetweenindigenouscommunitiesandfisheriesauthoritiesreversedasaresultofbetterculturalunderstanding•Nearly200artisanalfishermenformalizedandrecognized•Implementationof2fisheriesmanagementplans,2007-2011and2011-2015•2fisheriessurveillancegroupsrecognizedbythegovernmentandempoweredtorepresenttheminfisheriescontrolandsurveillance•Reductioninfishspawncommercialization(illegalfishingindicator)from7544kgin2005tolessthan1895kgin2011•Stablecapturesizesfor5ofthe8speciesofcommercialimportance•Conservationpolicymeasuresinlinewiththelocalrealityandbasedonscience:1)Identificationandestablishmentofpotentialspawningareas;2)
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fishingbanduringreproductiveseason;and3)capturesizedefinitionfortheboquichico(Prochilodusnigricans)ACHIEVEMENT:Managementofthetaricaya•Over40,000turtlesreleasedintotheirnaturalhabitatbetween2004and2011•Firsttaricayamanagementplanapprovedoutsideanaturalprotectedarea•Incomeincreasebyuptofourtimesfromthesaleofmanagedturtles•Increasedhatchingsuccessundermanagementpractices,from42%in2004to82%in2011•Increasesinabundanceindices:from8taricayafemales/kmin2010to18females/kmin2011•ReplicationofmanagementexperiencebyQuechuaandAchuarcommunitiesinthePastazabasinACHIEVEMENT:Socialandenvironmentalcommitments•ThepresenceofheavymetalsinthewaterandinthebloodoflocalresidentsoftheCorrientesRiverbasinwasprovenforthefirsttime.•AcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystemwithFEDIQUEPandFECONACO,whichidentifiesliabilitiesandoilspills,wasimplemented.•IndigenousfederationsintheareapresentedtheircasetotheCongressoftheRepublicofPeruforthefirsttime.•Thecompanyinvolvedadmittedtheimpactsofoilactivitiesandcommittedtoreinject100%ofitswastewaterintoundergroundformations.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,inasustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,
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forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.•Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.•Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Conservationobjectivestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.ItisimportantrecognizethestrongworkdevelopedbyWWF.ThisNGOhasbeenleadingconservationandsustainablemanagementactivitiesthere.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
ItisanOECM.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Source:Germaná,C.,Lozano,L.,Montoya,M.,Nielsen,K.,Soto,A.,Tumi,A.,Valqui,M.,Moya,L.andH.Flores.2013.10+yearsintheAmanicodelPastaza.Nature,culturesandchallengesinthenorthPeruvianAmazon.WWWF.Lima.Peru.Luglio,Ch,Nielsen,KandPérez,D.(Eds).Retrievedfromhttp://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/pastaza_en_1.pdfRamsar.2002.FichainformativadelosHumedalesdeRamsar.ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelPastaza.Retrievedfromhttps://es.scribd.com/document/65961770/RAMSAR-Complejo-de-humedales-del-Abanico-del-rio-Pastaza
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“ElBreo”ConservationConcession(Peru)-JeffPradel
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea Conservationconcession“ElBreo”,locatedinRegionSanMartin,Peru.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ThisconcessioncoverstheYungasEcoregion,alsoknownasSelvaAlta,locatedbetween800and3800masl.Itischaracterizedbyitshumidorsubhumidsteepslopesforests,withdensetosemi-densevegetation,treeswhoseaverageheightvariesbetween9and25m.ThisconcessionhasbeenincludedintooneofthepriorityhotspotsfortheTropicalAndes.ItispartoftheconservationcorridorofAbiseo-Cóndor-Kutukú,andislocatedwithinoneofthe9conservationpriorityareasofthePeruvianYungas.Afeaturethatstandsoutisthepresenceofendemicmammals,amphibiansandbirdsofthemontaneforest.Itispartofanimportantsectorconsideredofhighpriorityforconservation,intheterritorialplanningproposalsofSanMartíndepartment.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 113thousandhectares.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisaforestanditsboundarieshavenbeenclearlystatedinthe
settlementresolution.ThecriteriaappliedinthisdelimitationweretheverylimitsoftheHuayabambariverbasinanditsmaintributaries.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Privategovernance.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Thegovernmentgrantstheconcessiontoaperson,companyorNGO,foraperiodof40years.
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Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theconcessionaireisresponsibleforimplementingbiodiversityconservationprojects,inaccordancewiththeconcessionscope.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Resolutionissuedbytheadministrativeauthority(DirectorialResolutionNo.034-2010-DRASAM-DRNYAAA)andthesigningofaconcessionagreement.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Forcontract-breachingbehavior,orexpirationoftheconcession(40years).Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term 40years,renewable.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Theprimaryobjectiveistheconservationof‘biologicaldiversity’.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Itisanexplicitprimaryobjective.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Allbiodiversityelementsinthearea.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes,itisunderevaluationbytheForestMonitoringAgencyinPeru,whichhasnotissuedanyreportsonsignificantdeforestation.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Ithasnotbeenreportedanysignificantdeforestationinthearea.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Yes.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement, Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.
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orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?7.Assessment
Inrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Ibelievethat,withtheexceptionofthecriterionof"longterm",whichshouldbesethigher(40years),itdoesmeetallthecriteriaoftheGuide.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks. Nofurthercomments.
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ScapaFlow(UK)-DanLaffoleyOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ScapaFlowhasalonghistoryasasafeharbourintheNorthofScotlandwitheasyaccesstoboththeNorthSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.IthasbeenthebaseforthealliedNorthAtlanticFleetintwoWorldWars.ItisalsoanimportantcommercialharbourtothisdaywithanoilterminalonFlottaoneoftheislandsinScapaFlow.Itisalsoanimportantfishingareaespeciallyforcrabsandlobstersusedbylocalinshorefishermen.PerhapsitsmostrecentclaimtofameisasanimportantscubadivelocationforthosewhowishtoexplorethewrecksoftheFirstWorldWarGermanfleetthatwascapturedandheldinScapaFlowbeforetheywereallscuttledbytheircrews.Thishasprovidedlocalfishermenwithadditionalincomeandhelpedthemdiversifyintoprovidingdivingtrips.AtthesametimethesewrecksandotherhistoricalwreckssuchastheRoyalOaktheflagshipoftheNorthAtlanticFleetwhichwassunkbyaGermansubmarineandisnowawargraveprovideprotectionfrommobilegearandassuchenhancethenaturalbenthicbiodiversity.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ScapaFlowcoversanareaof324.5sq.kmandcontainsintheorderof1
billioncubicmetresofwaterHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Scapaflowisanaturalharbourwithanentranceonthewestbetweenthe
islandsonMainlandOrkneyandHoyandinthesouth-eastHoxaSound,thatliesbetweentheislandsofSouthRonaldsayandHoy.Therewereupuntil1943fourothernarrowentrancesintoScapaFlowonitseasternboundarybutthesewereblockedwiththebuildingoftheChurchillBarriersthatweredesignedtopreventfurtherU-boatattacks.Thesebarriersremain.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
TheareaisunderthejurisdictionoftheOrkneyIslandsHarbourAuthority.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognize Theimportanceoftheprotectionofthenaturalandhistoricalheritageof
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andsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure? ScapaFlowisrecognizedbyOIHAandtherearevariousmeasuresinplacetoenhanceitsprotectionandgoodmanagementsuchasanon-tivesmonitoringprogramme,anannualmonitoringprogrammeofselectedsites,goodpracticeguidelinestomanagethedivingtourismindustry,etc.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
OrkneyIslandsCouncilHarbourAuthorityisthestatutorybodywhooverseetheoperationsinScapeFlowandtherearevariousdirectionsandbyelawsinplacetomanagethevariousactivities.E.g.• TheOrkneyPilotageDirection(2.6Mb)• GeneralByeLaws(160k)• OrkneyHarbourAreas(Vehicles)Byelaws(134k)• TheOrkneyHarbours[Petroleum]Byelaws(157k)TheOrkneyHarbours[LiquefiedGases]Byelaws(251k)
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thesearestatutorymeasuresthatcannotbeeasilyoverturned.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themainobjectivesarethesafemanagementoftheharbourareawhilstat
thesametimeconservingthenaturalandculturalheritageIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Itisimplicit.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
AreasofScapaFlowandthesurroundinglandaredesignatedforthenaturalandculturalheritage,e.g.historicwrecksites,SpecialareasofConservationandSpecialprotectionAreasaswellasadjacentlocalandnationalnaturereservesonland
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Thedifferentdesignationscoverarangeofdifferentspecies.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Thequalityofthenaturalenvironmentandissuessuchasintroductionofnon-nativespeciesfromballastandshiphullfoulingaremonitoredonaregularbasisthroughvariousmonitoringschemesthatareundertakenat
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regularintervals.Thereisalsomonitoringfortoxicalgalbloomstoinformtheshellfishfisherywiththepowersinplacetoclosesuchfisheriesiftoxicbloomsoccur.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
WiththeareasaroundthevarioushistoricwreckseffectivelyclosedtoalltypesofmobilegeartherehasbydefaultbeenahighdegreeofprotectionaffordedtopartsofthebenthicecosystemwithinScapaFlowandthereisevidenceintheseareasofthrivingmaerlbeds,flameshellbeds,horsemusselreefsandevenfanshellswhichareveryrareelsewhereinScotland
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Thesituationandtheconditionoftheseabedhabitatisentirelyduetothefactthatthedesignationthatareinplacehaveprovidedthenecessaryprotectionforaroundthelast100years.
PartofHopeQuarry,PeakDistrictNationalPark,Derbyshire(England)-NigelDudley
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
ThelimestonequarryandcementworksexistwithinthePeakDistrictNationalparkandwasestablishedbeforethePAwassetup.Aroundhalftheareaisaquarryandworks,andclearlynotofconservationvalue(althoughperegrinesnesthappilyveryclosetowherestoneisstillbeingblasted).Aroundhalfthequarryisnolongerworkedandismanagedasanaturereserve,withhighcliffs,importantcalcicoleplantspeciesandreturningwoodland.Extensiverestorationhastakenplace.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace
Whatsizeisthearea? ThereservecoversafewhectaresHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? ThewholesiteisownedbyLafargeCompany,nowmergedwithHolcim,
purchasedfromtheoriginalUKowner.3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenous Privatelymanagedwithinthenationalpark
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etc.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Thecementworksoccupiesanambiguousposition–animportantemployerbutalsoasourceofnoise,dustandheavylorries.ThenationalparkauthoritiesalmostcertainlywishitwasnotwithinthePAborders.Thenatureconservationaspectisknownandrespected.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Theareaismanagedbythecompany.Lafargehasexpressedformalcommitmenttorestorationandconservationwithinitssites,hasamonitoringsystemandhasinvestedtimeandmoneyintoconservation.Themanageris,inprivatelife,anactiveraptorconservationvolunteer.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thecompanycanchangeitspolicieswheneveritlikes,althoughwouldsuffernegativepublicity.Theareasetasideasareserveisnotinanyparticulardanger;itisworkedoutandeffectivelywasteland,unlikelytobeusedforotherpurposesbutwithsignificantconservationvalue.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm;thereservehasbeenmanagedforconservationalreadyformanyyears.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TomaintaincliffhabitatandcalcicoleplantcommunitiesIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Itisasmallarea,importantforbirds,plantsandsomeinsectspecies.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Notformally;itisprobablysubjecttobirdmonitoringbyvolunteergroups
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Itiseffectivelyconservingbiodiversitywithinthelimitsoutlinedabove
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Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothecompany’sdecisiontorestoretheareaandmanageasanaturereserve.SeveralotherformerquarrysiteswithinthenationalparkareownedandmanagedbyTheDerbyshireWildlifeTrust
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HuntingZonesinNorthCameroon(Cameroon)-PaulScholte1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea
HuntingzonesinNorthRegionCameroonNotethatinSouth-EastCameroon,huntingzonesoverlapwithproductionforests,reasonwedonotincludethemhere.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 26Huntingzones(2.384.714ha)
7Communityhuntingzones(283.723ha)ThistotaIs5.6%ofthenationalterritory
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Boundariesaremappedandgenerallyfollownaturallimits3.GovernanceType
Whatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Government
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Governmenthasleasedtheareatoprivateenterprises(huntingzones)ortocommunities(representedbylocalgovernment)(communityhuntingzones),manyofwhichhavebeenleasedtoprivateenterprises.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Eachprivateenterpriseshouldproduceanannualreportofitsactivitiesfollowingtheoutlineofitsmanagementplan(tobeupdatedevery5years).Oneshouldnotehoweverthatthisisnotalwaysenforced
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
YeshuntingzonesarepaInCameronbothnationalparksandhuntingzonesarepartsofthe‘permanentforestestate’,highlightingthepermanentlandusecharacterofwildlife.Whereasnationalparksarerelativelyclearlydefined,huntingzonesarenotunequivocallydefinedwithrespecttolandusesuchaspastoralismandpermanentsettlements.Onemayassume,howeverthatlandusesarelimitedtotheonesthatdojeopardizethepermanentcharacterofthe
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‘wildlifeestate’.Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Verydifficult,needsdecisionatprimeministerlevelOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? HuntingisregulatedthroughIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Iwouldsayimplicit,althoughonecanalsoreasonthatthereisaclear(hunting)interestinhavingbiodiversityconservation(limitedtothelargemammals)
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Targetingthemain(hunted)mammals.Onshouldaddhoweverthatseveralofthese(elephant,hippo,lion)arealsokeyspeciesthat
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Formallyitis,asthereshould(every5years)awildlifeinventory,thatishoweverconductedinonlyanumberofhuntingzones
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Mosthuntingzones(underactivemanagement)are(seepublicationsbelow)Awildlifeinventoryismandatoryevery5years
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Strictlyspeaking,huntingobjectiveswillprevail(butmostlyconcurwithconservationobjectives)
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Duetogovernanceandmanagement,althoughtheremotenessofmosthuntingzonesalsocontributestotheireffectiveness
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
YesIdo,Resultsofthisstudyhighlighttheimportanceofyear-roundpresenceofconservationagentsforthesurvivalofhippopotamusandlikelyotherlargemammalsaswell.Increasingnumbersofparkguards,anddeployingthem
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effectivelyinthefieldshouldthereforebeapriority.Theeffectivenessofparkguardsisintrinsicallylinkedtothestateofroadinfrastructures.Itwillbeessentialtokeepthehuntingzones2and3operationalandtore-establishsporthuntinginzone9,toreinforcepatrolling.Thisisincontradictionwiththecurrentdecliningimportanceofsporthunting(UICN,2009),showingtheneedtodevelopnewperspectivesforsustainableuseofthehuntingzones.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Referencesandabstracts/conclusions:
Lescuyer,G.,J.N.Poufoun,L.Defo,D.BastinandP.Scholte2016.DoestrophyhuntingremainaprofitablebusinessmodelforconservingbiodiversityinCameroon?Int.ForestryReview18(S1):108-118http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ALescuyer1602.pdfSUMMARY:InCentralAfrica,trophyhuntingconstitutesanincentive-basedapproachforsustainablewildlifemanagement.Wecollecteddatafromthewildlifeadministration,safarihuntingenterprisesandlocalwildlifemanagementcommittees,toprovideanorderofmagnitudeofthefinancialperformanceofthissectorinCameroon.In2012,trophyhuntingwaslikelytogenerateanannualturnoverof€7.5millionanditsaddedvaluecouldamounttoonly0.0001%ofGDPalthoughthesehuntingzonescover12%ofthenationalterritory.Theprofitmarginforprofessionalguideshadbecomenegative,withanetannualprofitaround€–0.5million.Theseverecrisisinthetrophyhuntingsectorismainlyduetoanincreaseinthemanagementcostsofthehuntingzonesandthediminishingpriceofhuntingsafaris.TheStateplaysacrucialroleinenhancingthefinancialattractivenessoftrophyhuntingbytherestorationofsecurityintheNorthernregionandbytechnicalmeasuresto(1)clarifytheallocationprocessforhuntingareas,(2)simplifyregulationsand(3)establishanincentivessystemforlaw
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enforcementatnationalandlocallevels.
HiolHiol,F,A.Larzilliere,F.PallaetP.Scholte2015.RépubliqueduCameroun.Pp.41-66In:DoumengeC.,PallaF.,ScholteP.,HiolHiolF.&LarzilliereA.(Eds.),2015.Airesprotégéesd’Afriquecentrale–Etat2015.OFAC,Kinshasa,RDCetYaoundé,Cameroun:256p.http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/edAP2015.php
Scholte,P.andE.Iyah2016.DecliningpopulationoftheVulnerablecommonhippopotamusHippopotamusamphibiusinBénouéNationalPark,Cameroon(1976–2013):theimportanceofconservationpresence.Oryx50:506–513.
Scholte,P.,F.NguimkengandE.Iyah2017.GoodNewsfromNorth-CentralAfrica:LargestPopulationofVulnerableCommonHippopotamus(Hippopotamusamphibius)isstable.Oryx51:218-221.North-CentralAfrica,i.e.Cameroon,CAR,Chad,usedtoholdimportantpopulationsoflargemammals,includinghippopotamus.Theirstatusandtrendsremainpoorlyknown,leadingtosuspensionofhippopotamustrophyexportsfromCameroon.Usingthesamemethodologyasin2000and2008,wecountedhippopotamusinFaroNationalParkandborderinghuntingzonesin2014.Wecounted685individualsover97kmofriver,comparedto647and525in2000and2008respectively.ThestabilitycontraststhedeclinesinlargemammalpopulationsacrossNorth-CentralAfrica.Weattributethisconservationsuccesstoprivate(safarihunting)effortscomplementingdeclinedstateprotection.Aninfluxoftranshumantcattleandgolddiggershighlightsthefragilityofthepresentsituationhowever.Werecommendincreasingpublic-privateconservationefforts,includingincentivesforthesafarihuntingindustrypresentlyunderpressureaswell.
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Yélisoubé,LoosIslands,Conakry(Guinea)-AlkalyDoumbouyaOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
LocatedNearly2km fromTamara Island Yélisoubvé (ÎleCorail)belongs toagroupof3inhabitedIslands(withÎleBlanche(8.75ha),ÎlotCabri(0.65ha))andmany others Islets (Îlot de la Bouteille, Île Poulet, Île Fousset), in a FaunaSanctuariesofLoosIslands(MarineTurtlesconservationandbirdnesting),atleast1hourfromConakry.The site is chosen for its cultural value. Ritual ceremonies are organized byindigenouspeoplesofYélisoubé(coral island) .ismadeofgraniterocks in itsperipheral area. There is a cave in themiddle part,while its central area isoccupied by a dense shrubland whose undergrowth consists mainly ofintertwinedvinesandthornyTheislandYélisoubéhasarichandvariedflora- An upper stratum is a settlement dominated by Ficus ovata with fewerstructures asTerminalia superba,Albizia zygia, Anisophillia laurina, Bombaxcostatum,Colanitida,Dialiumguineessis,Ficusexasperatas,Parkiabiglobosa,Avicenniaafricana,ElaeisguineensisThere is also a underground consisting of Vitex, Tricalcia, Pavetta, ficuscapensis and grassesmainly composedofFicus vogeli and somehalophytesgrasslands(saltflats).On the island, we find three types of wildlife for the three environmentsofferedbythearea.Itthere'sfirstaquaticfaunacomposedofdemersalfish,pelagicfish,sharks,cephalopods,crustaceans,reptiles(turtles).Sousadolphinandwhalesarealsoseeninthearea.The Wildlife consists of reptiles and avifauna. The most present reptile isVaranusniloticusandsomeunidentifiedsnakesThe traditional practices of local management of natural resources includelocalrulesforbetterheritageconservation(prohibituseandconsumptionofcertainspeciesofplantsandanimals,limitingaccesstocertainareasofsacredforests, ponds and caves, use of certain plants and animal species for
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traditionalmedicineneeds2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace
Whatsizeisthearea? YélisoubéorCorailIslands=3.75haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? OnlyYélisoubéorCorailIslandsisconsideredassacredsitebytheindigenous
BagaandMandényiandtheyhaveestablishedboundariesbythemselves3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Despite of the weak presence of a representatives of the Ministry ofEnvironment (3persons staff), Yélisoubé ismanagedby an ElderCouncil, acollegeofinsiderheadedbytheOlderOusmaneKobéléYATTARA
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Accesstothissiteisregulated.Visitorsmustfirsthavetheauthorizationoftheislandofmanagersandaguideisalwaysavailableforvisitsandofferings.For the offerings, the site manager before departure made incantationsimploringforthesuccessofthetrip,oncethegiftitems(chicken,whitebread,colas,goat,ramandoxensometimes....)arehandedtothepriestbeforethecentral cavern imploring the grace of the Gods of the island to grant thewishes of the donor. Slaughtered animals are consumed locally on the siteandthosereleasedarelivingontheislandundertheprotectionofGodsofthesite.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Untilnow,thereisnoformalinstrumentforgovernanceandconservationmanagement.Butthesiteissincelongundefinedtimeunderthe
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? OntheFaunaSanctuaryofLoosIslands,theprocesshasstartedtoimplementanMPAwithmanagementplan.ButthesacredYélisoubéSite ismaintainingitsindigenousbasedmanagementmethodsandregulatedaccess.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtimeIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
ThemeasuresareinplaceyearroundinYélisoubé
5.ManagementObjectives
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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Shareunderstandingofnaturalphenomenaandlimitaccesstoresources(sacred,forbidden,reservedspaces)
• Propose and enforce usage rules (limits, relationships, forms, totalprohibitionsinrespectofcertainspecies,etc.)byearlierlocalsanctions.
• Preservingthesiteofanydegradationoranycultivation• Mutualallforcesandvolunteerswithinandamongcommunities• relyonthecommunityforcollectivesolutionstodecisions• buildonsolidarityandreciprocitywithinthegroup• encouragedtospecializeindifferentdomains• perpetuatelocalreligiousandspiritualbeliefsandvalues
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? BiodiversityconservationisanimplicitmanagementobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Thebiodiversityconservationobjectivedoesnottakeprimacyoverotherobjectives.Itistheculturalvaluesoftheseanimistscommunitieswitcharemostimportant.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Yélisoubéconsideredasasacredsite,allbiodiversityelementswerealsocovered.Itisforbiddentotakeanyspeciesthere,ifnotonlytheofferingsacceptedbytheindigenoussitemanager.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Thereisnoevaluationofthemanagementeffectiveness,whichisknownonlybyformalcreatedProtectedAreas.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
ThroughthesacredceremoniesonYélisoubésite,biodiversityiswellconservethere.Thesiteisreallypreservedaspicturescanshow.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
MabasoCommunityStewardshipProject,KZNProvince(SouthAfrica)–OnkemetseNteta
Overview
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Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheMgundeniCommunityproperty,ownedbytheMgundeniCommunityTrust,wasidentifiedin2006asapilotsitewithintheKZNBiodiversityStewardshipProgramme.FollowingadetailedbiodiversityassessmentonthepropertyanareawasidentifiedasqualifyingforaNatureReserve.However,duetothelandowners’desiretocontinuewithcommerciallivestockgrazing,itwasagreedtopursueaBiodiversityAgreementforaportionoftheproperty.WakkerstroomMontaneGrasslandcoversmostoftheproperty(thisgrasslandtypeisclassifiedas“NearThreatened”).Thesegrasslandsaregenerallyingoodcondition,andsupportahighdiversityofbirdsforthishabitattype.ThegrasslandprovideshabitatforfiveRedDataBookbirdspecies,beingpotentialbreedinghabitatforWattledCrane(CriticallyEndangered),andRudd’sLark(CriticallyEndangered)aswellaspotentialforagehabitatforYellow-breastedPipit(Vulnerable),GreyCrownedCrane(Vulnerable),theSouthernBaldIbis(Vulnerable)andtheSecretarybird(Nearthreatened).Also,thelandhassignificantculturalandheritagevaluetotheMgundenicommunity.ThesiteisessentialforachievingtheKwaZulu-NatalprovincialbiodiversitytargetsandqualifiedasaBiodiversityAgreementArea.OwnershipanduseofthislandbytheMgundenicommunitywasmadepossiblethroughtheLandReformprogrammeoftheSouthAfricangovernment.ThiscommunityisonemanyinSouthAfricathatweredispossessedandforcefullyremovedfromtheirlandbythepreviouscolonial/apartheidgovernments.Conservationagencieshavetotakethissituationintoconsiderationwhenengagingcommunitiesinbiodiversitystewardshipandprotectedareasexpansion.Thefocusismostlyonensuringsustainablelandmanagementthroughprovidingtechnicalandfinancialsupport,withvoluntary
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agreementsbetweenthecommunityandconservationagencies.Thestewardshipstatusrecognizestheconservationvalueofanarea,withoutplacingrestrictionssuchasthoseinformallydeclaredprotectedareas.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 1472ha(3637acres)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AreasurveyedbyprofessionalLandSurveyor,andaSurveydiagram
produced.Sizeoftheareaalsorecordedintitledeed.3.GovernanceType
Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Mgundenicommunitygottheirlandbackin1994andthecommunityiscurrentlyundertheleadershipofiNkosiZ.GMabaso.WhentheygottheirlandtheyformedtheMgundeniTrust,asaformalstructuretogoverntheland.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes,Therewasalengthycommunityengagementandnegotiationprocesstoexplaintheconceptofbiodiversitystewardshipandoptionssuitableforthisland.TheBiodiversityAgreementoptionprovidesaccesstoincentivesandtechnicalsupport,anddoesnotrestrictcommunitylanduse.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
MemorandumofAgreementsignedbetweenthecommunity,KZNEzemveloWildlife(conservationagency)andWWF-SA.AmanagementplanwasdevelopedandaCommunityAdvisoryForumwasalsoestablished.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? ThecommunitycanoptoutwhencontractlapsesOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Minimumdurationof5yearsforBAoptionIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yes,thereisanAnnualPlanofOperationdevelopedtoguideday-to-daymanagementactivities
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheMabasoCommunityBiodiversityAgreementhasthefollowingpurposes:
•toconservetheindigenousbiodiversityontheproperty,maintainingtheecologicalintegrityandnaturalcharacterofthearea;•topromotethesustainableutilizationofthegrazingresources,basedonbestmanagementpracticeprinciples;
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•topromotemanagementactivitiestoimprovethebiodiversityvalueontheproperty;and•todevelopastrategythatwillsupporttheexistenceofappropriatebusinessopportunitiesontheland.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Explicitobjective.ThemissionoftheBAagreement:Toconservetheindigenousbiodiversityoftheproperty,anddemonstrateanexampleofaviableconservationland-useinanagriculturallandscapeinNorthernKZN.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Thefuturedevelopmentplansarediscussedattheinitialphasesofthenegotiation.PortionsoftheLandcanbeusedforotherdevelopments.However,developmentscannotinfringeonthetermssetinthecontract.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Itcoversmostelementsofbiodiversity.Thebiodiversityassessmentconductedpriortoassigningthestewardshipstatusisusedtoinformthedevelopmentandoperationalizationofthemanagementplan.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Yes.Performanceismeasuredagainsttheobjectivessetinthemanagementplan.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Yes.Theconservationagenciesconductannualassessments/auditstoensurecomplianceandtoprovideadviceonmanagementoperations.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Overall,thelandwasinagoodstatepriortothestewardshipagreement.However,theagreementaddsalayerofsecuritybyraisingawarenessofthebiodiversityontheland,establishinganadvisoryforum,assessingthebiodiversityanddevelopingamanagementplan.Thisplanincludestheclearingofalienplantsandrehabilitationofdegradedland.Thegoalistomaintainandsustainbiodiversityontheland.
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HutanHarapan,Sumatera(Indonesia)-AgusB.UtomoOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
HutanHarapanortheRainforestofHopeisformerlycommerciallyloggedlowlandtropicalforestincentral-southSumatra,Indonesia.Despitepastintensiveloggingactivity,HutanHarapanisstillrichinbiodiversityandisanimportanthabitatforover1,350differentspecies;133ofwhicharegloballythreatened.ThisincludesseveralendangeredspeciessuchastheSumatrantigerandSumatranelephant.HutanHarapanrepresentsmorethan20%ofthisparticularforesttype-aforest“island”surroundedbyplantations.• 307birdspecies,representing49%ofSumatranbirdspeciesor72%of
lowlandbirdspeciesinSumatra.• 64 species of mammals, including Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris
sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus), Malay tapir(Tapirusindicus),andSunbear(Helarctusmalayanus).
• 55 species of amphibians, including 8 categorized as globallythreatenedspecies.
• 71 speciesof reptiles, including5 categorizedas globally threatenedspecies
• 123 species of fresh water fishes representing 20% all fresh waterfishes in Sumatra, including 4 categorized as globally threatenedspecies.
• 728 plant species representing 89% of known plant species inSumatra.
HutanHarapan’sglobalsignificanceisrecognizedinternationally:theareaformspartofSundalandbiodiversityhotspot(oneofonly34globalBiodiversityHotspots)aswellasbeingpartofBirdLifeInternational’sglobal
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networkofEndemicBirdAreas(EBAs)andImportantBirdandBiodiversityAreas(IBAs)26.HutanHarapanconsistof2IBAs.Hutan Harapan is also home to 132 families of traditional Batin Sembilanpeoplewhoselivedependonforestresources.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? HutanHarapanis98,000hasituatedinthesouthernpartofSumatra.The
northernareaisinJambiProvinceandthesouthernareaisinSouthSumatraProvince.
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? HutanHarapanisanEcosystemRestorationConcession(ERC)whichisanewcategoryof forestryconcession in Indonesia. LicenseforERC isgrantedbyMinisterofEnvironmentandForestrytomanageproductionforestareasforrestorationpurposesinsteadoflogging.EachoftheERClicensesisgrantedto a specific forest area to be managed by a specific business entity.Therefore thearea isdefined legallyundera licensingprocedurebasedonproposalsubmittedbythebusinessentitytotheministry.Oncethelicenseis granted, the boundaries on the groundwill be defined according to theareaapprovedinthelicense.
Business entitymay submit application to obtain EREC license for specificareaswithinproductionforeststhatareallocatedorERCdevelopment.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Asaforestryconcession(ERC)andasrequiredbylaw,HutanHarapanismanagedbyaprivatecompany.Therefore,thecompanyislegallyresponsibleinmanagingtheERC.Theforestareaunderwhichthelicenseisissued,however,iscategorizedunderstateforestland.Tomanagetheconcession,aland-useplanhasbeendevelopedconsistingof3mainzones:protection,production,andinfrastructure.Withintheproductionzone,
26BirdLifeInternational.2012.BirdLifeInternationalIndonesiaProgram.UK
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collaborationandlivelihoodzoneshavealsobeendesignatedtoworkwithcommunitieslivinginsidetheconcession.Thereforeinthesezones,themanagementoftheareaisbasedonagreementsestablishedwiththecommunities.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
BygrantingERClicensetospecificforestareas,thegovernment(MinistryofEnvironment and Forestry) recognizes the need tomaintain the remainingnaturalforests,torestoretheecosystemfunctions,aswellasimprovingtheforest productivity. Although the ERC license is not granted forconservation, it isalsonotalicensetoextracttimbers. Hencethepurposeof the license is not to manage the designated areas for logging, but forrestorationpurposes.LocalcommunitiessuchasBatinSembilanpeoplearesupportivegiventheirdependencyto forestresources. Localgovernmentssupport the establishment of Hutan Harapan which is the first ERC inIndonesia. Recommendations from District as well as ProvincialGovernmentwerepartof therequirementtosecureERC licenseforHutanHarapan.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThelicensingpolicyunderwhichERCisdefinedispartofgovernmentregulationapprovedbythenationalparliament.EachoftheERClicensegrantedislegallybinding.ForHutanHarapan,2ministerialdecreeswereissuedandassociatedwiththemanagementlicense.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? ERClicense,asitisalsothecaseforothertypeofforestryconcessionlicensesinIndonesia,canonlyberevokedbygovernmentiftheconcessionholderfailedtocomplywiththeobligationandorconsideredperformpoorlybasedonperiodicalassessment.Otherpossibilitythatthemanagementovertheareacometoanendisiftheconcessionholderreturnedthelicensebacktothegovernmentbeforetheendoflicenseperiod.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term TheERClicensetomanagethesouthernpartofHutanHarapanisfor100years,startingin2008.Thesecondlicensetomanagethenorthernpartis
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for60yearsstarting2017.OtherERCsinIndonesiahavethedurationoftheirlicensefor60yearswhichcanbeextendedforanother35years.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Conservationmeasuresinprotectionzonecanbeaslongasthedurationofthelicense(100or60years)andevensoduringtherestorationperiod.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? HutanHarapanmanagementhasmultiple-objectivesrecognizingthelegal
statusasproductionforestaswellastheimportanceoftheecosystemcontained.Themanagementisaimedatimprovingtheforestresourceproductivity,protecting/conservingtheremaininglowlandrainforest,sustaininglivelihoodofthecommunitiesthatdependonHutanHarapanforestresources,developinginnovativemethodsforrehabilitatingdegradedlandsandsecondaryforestsaswellasrestoringtheecosystemfunctions.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ImplicitobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Accordingtothezonation,biodiversityconservationisbeingaddressedineachofthezone.Intheprotectionzone,biodiversityconservationtakesahigherprioritywhereasinproductionzone,theprimaryobjectiveisonforestproductivityandlivelihooddevelopment.Nevertheless,asthemanagementparadigmbeingputinplaceisanecosystembasedapproach,thezonationisnotmeanttobestrictlyapplied.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Establishing Hutan Harapan as an ERC is considered as a conservationmeasure.Withoutsuchameasure,asignificantportionoftheareasmighthavebeenconverted intomonocultureplantation. Themeasurehasbeenbenefiting the species, habitat, and the people that depend on theecosystemservicesprovided.In terms of its management, Hutan Harapan has selected key species ofmultiple-taxa tomonitorprogressof forest restoration. At thesametime,management interventions also targeting habitat restoration as part offorestrestorationstrategies.Further,byestablishingaspecificzonefortheprotection of the remaining natural forests allows Hutan Harapan to take
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measuresbenefitingmostelementsofbiodiversitycontained.Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
FrameworktomeasurethemanagementeffectivenessofERCsisnotyetavailable.ERCsinIndonesiaisamajorshiftofforestmanagementparadigmmovingawayfromtimber(commodity)basedtowardecosystembased.Practicalimplementationoftheapproachremainachallengeandneedtobesupportedwithknowledgeandlearningaswellasstrongregulatorysupportwhichshouldbeawayfromcommoditybasedfocused.RegulatoryonmanagementplansofERCsarebeingimprovedtoallowERCholderstoimplementtheirmanagementobjectivesaswellasdealtowithsocio,economicandphysicalconditionsontheground.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
ERCsopenpossibilityforbiodiversityconservationinIndonesia’sproductionforestareasinalongrun.Iftheareasareofimportantbiodiversityareas(forexampleHutanHarapan),ERCscansupportspeciesaswellashabitatconservation.ThedefactologgingmoratoriumappliedinERCsprovidesopportunityforlongtermbiodiversityconservation.EstablishmentofERCsinimportantbiodiversityareassuchasHutanHarapanisaconservationmeasureasotherwisethedegradedforestswithinitwouldhavebeengoneduetoconversionforotheruses.ERCscanalsosupportconnectivityconservationiswell-placedinthelandscape.Itcanprovideconnectivitytoformalprotectedareas.Hence,theconservationeffectivenessofERCscanbemeasuredatspecies,site,habitat,andlandscapelevels.Availabletoolsmightbeusedorfurtherdevelopedtomeasuretheeffectivenessatthedifferentlevels.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Asnotedabove,byestablishingHutanHarapanasanERC,theremaininglowlandrainforestsinSumatracanbemaintainedorotherwisewouldhavebeenusedorconvertedintomonoculture.Thismeasureencompassesthedurationofthelicense(60or100years).ThedefactologgingmoratoriuminHutanHarapanERCistakingplacewhichmeansdegradationand/or
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deforestationcanbereduced.Thereisstillun-known,however,whatwouldhappenoncethelicenses(forERCmanagement)areexpired.ItwilldependonthefuturepolicyonERCsinIndonesia.
Community-basedMPA:AyandRhunIsland,Maluku(Indonesia)–HestiWidodo
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
AyandRhunIslandaretwoislandslocatedinEasternIndonesia.Inthepast,RhunorRunIslandaccordingtotheTreatyofWestminstershouldbereturnedtoEngland(1652-1654)butitfailed.AfterthesecondAnglo-DutchWarof1665-1667withtheTreatyofBredaEnglandandtheUnitedProvincesofNetherlandagreedonthestatusquotoformallylettheDutchtotakeRhunassourceofthevalueofthenutmeg(Mysticafragrant)andEnglandtotakeManhattanIsland.MarineRapidAssessmentconductedin2012showedthatAy,Rhun,andHattaIslandshashighmarinebiodiversityandhometoNapoleonwrasse.Therewere238coralspeciesidentifiedand683fishspeciesfoundinBandaSea.Sasi,traditionalwisdomforseasonalclosure,iscommonintheareatoharvestseacucumberandTrochus-coneshell.CurrentlythereisanefforttorevitalizeSasitosustainfisheries.Theestablishmentofcommunity-basedMPAinAyandRhunIslandifsucceedintheprocesswillbethefirsttomakeusenational(government)lawandAdatlawpostissuanceofLawNo.23/2014onLocalGovernment.ThezoningsystemoftheMPAintegratedSASIareaaslocalwisdom.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 47968.74haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Declaredbycommunitywithvillageregulationandtraditionallawthrough
participatoryprocess.
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3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Current:traditionallaw(adat)andvillageregulationThevillageismanagedundernationalgovernmentauthoritybutinAyandRhunIslandcommunityhastraditionalrightsbasedonAdatlawtomanagemarineareas.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes,butclearlegalaspectforestablishmentisnotsolelybasedontraditional.Itstillneedtocombinebetweentraditionallawandexistingdistrict/city/provincialgovernmentdecree
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Yes.AyandRhunIslandcommunity-basedMPAareestablishedunderAdatrulesthatiswrittenintheformofvillageregulation(PeraturanNegeri).
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AdatLawisnotawrittenrules;itneedsgovernmentrules/regulationtoofficiate.Adatlawisstrongtoseteverypartofthecommunitytofollow,AdatlawisnoteasytobeoverturnedinAyandRhunIslandthatanychangewillrequireapprovalfromallmembersofORANGLIMA(seaprotector,forestprotector,religiousleader,womenleader,youthleader).OrangLimaisstructureofAdatinAyIsland.InmakingsuchdecisionrelatedtoAdatrules,theOrangLimawillneedtodiscussinternallywithinthem,thentheyhavetodiscusswithvillagegovernment(pemerintahnegeri),thensocializetocommunity.IfcommunityisnotsupportivethenOrangLimashouldtrytoresolute.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm;anychangeinthedecisionwillrequirelongprocessofcommunicationsandconsensuswithcommunity.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
InabsenceofAdatlaw,nationalregulationtakesplace.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? 1. Tosustainfisheries
2. Todeveloptheareaasmarinetourismdestination3. Tosustaintraditionalwisdom
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Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Yes.Theareawillprotectcoralreefs,Napoleonwrasse,hammerheadshark.Bombfishing,cyanide-poisonfishingareprohibitedinthearea.Sand,stone,woodsforgovernmentdevelopmentactivitiesareprohibitedtoexploitresourcesfromtheisland.Thoseresourcesareonlytofulfilltheneedofinternalcommunity(buildinghouse).
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Itisexplicitlystatedallendangered-protected-threatenedspecies- Turtle- Hammerheadshark- Napoleonwrasse- Giantglam(Tridacna)- Cetacean
AdatlawisstrongerinthecaseofconflictDoesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Mostelementsofbiodiversitycoveredintheregulationsuchascoralreefsprotection,turtleandhammerheadsharkconservation.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
ItisnotyetmeasuredusingIndonesiaMPAManagementEffectivenessEvaluationtool(EKKP3K)butitwillsoonusethistool.Theplanistoevaluatemanagementeffectivenessonceintwoyear.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
TheareaisjustrecentlydeclaredinDecember2015ascommunity-basedMPAwithAdatrulesapplied.AsitstillneedstogetformalacknowledgementunderIndonesiaformallaw,thereisanefforttoensuretheinitiativeandconservationeffortandlegalizeunderProvincialgovernmentdecree;aspartofProvincialZoningPlanandMarineSpatialManagement.Tomeasureeffectivenessintermofbiodiversityaspect,thereisinitialefforttotrainlocalcommunitiestoconductparticipatoryreefmonitoring.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
IfIndonesiaMPAManagementEffectivenessEvaluationtoolcometouse,evaluationismoreonfillinginscorecardsondatacollectionsandactivitiesimplementedtotargetbiophysics,socioeconomic,andgovernanceaspects
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ofthearea.Tana’UlenLapanRiver(Indonesia)-CristinaEghenter
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea
Tana’UlenLapanRiver,abranchoftheBeriniRiver,tributaryoftheBahauRiver,DistrictofMalinau,NorthKalimantan,Indonesia.
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Tana’ulen,istana’,orland,whichism/ulenorrestricted,prohibited,aforestareawithrestrictedaccess.Inthepast,tana’ulenfunctionedmostlyasprimaryforestreservesmanagedbythearistocraticfamiliesonbehalfoftheentirecommunity.Theforestwasconsideredapublicgoodforwhichthearistocraticleaderswereentrustedasmanagersandkeepers.Criteriaforchoosingatana’ulenlocationincluded:agoodhuntinggroundwithabundanceofwildlife,astreamorriverwhereeasytocatchfish,valuabletimber(forconstruction),andrichinNTFPwithhigheconomicvalueforlocalpeople.Ingeneral,tana’ulenareaisstrategicallylocatednearthevillagesothatmanagementandcontrolareeasier.Tana’ulenLapanRiver(LongBerinivillage)isoneofninetana’ulenforestareasmappedanddocumentedinthewilayahadatofHuluBahauintheinteriorofKalimantan.TheareahasbeentraditionallyunderthecustomarygovernanceofDayakKenyahofvarioussub-ethnicgroups(LepoKe’LepoMaut,Nybun,LepoNdang).TheseareasarealsointheprocessofbeingregisteredasICCAsinIndonesiawithBRWA,thevoluntaryAgencyfortheregistrationofIndigenousTerritoriesandAreas(seeMAP).Tana’ulenrepresentsanexcellentexampleoftraditionalconservationpracticesbyIndigenouscommunitiesthatarewellintegratedinthegovernanceandsustainableuseofthelargercustomaryterritory.Theconservationvalueoftheareaisclear(primaryforestinpristineconditions,
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abundanceofwildlife).Moreover,themainpurposeoftheestablishmentofatana’ulenisindeedtolimitaccesstonaturalresourcesandstrictlyregulatenaturalresourceusebythecommunity(outsidershavenoaccess).
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Thetana’ulenareaofLapanRiverinLongBeriniisabout8,821hectaresand
coverstheheadwatersofseveralstreamsthatflowintotheLapanandthenBerinirivers.
Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundaryisthenaturalboundaryofthewatershedthatstretchestotheestuaryofthatstreamortributary.Thetana’ulenboundariestendtofollownaturalboundaries(ridges,mountains,andrivers)whicharethetraditionalwaytomarkandrecognizeterritoriesamongtheDayakpeopleinBorneo.Accordingly,sizevariesdependingonthestream/tributaryandsurroundingforestchosenasthetana’ulenareaofavillage.
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Tana’ulenfitstheIndigenouscommunitygovernancetypeofprotectedarea.Sincethisisalong-standingtraditionamongDayakKenyah,itisakindofgovernancethatwascreated,developedandshapedbylocalpeopleovertime,basedonknowledgeoflocalcircumstancesandecologyoftheforest.
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
Inthepast,tana’ulenareasweremanagedbythecustomarychiefofthecommunityonbehalfofthecommunity.ThiswasacommonpracticeamongtheDayakKenyah(andKayan)peoplethatusedtohaveveryclosedsocialsystemsbasedonequivalentofcaste.Itwasthedecisionofthecustomarychiefto‘open’accesstothetana’ulenareaforaspecificperiodoftimeforuse(hunting,fishing)orharvestingofNTFP(e.g.,rattan).Thiswasalimitedperiodandjustifiedbyeithereconomicmeasures(proceedsofcollectingrattan,forexample,dividedamongall,includingspecialallocationtopoorestfamiliesandwidows),orsocialeventslikecollectiveceremoniesandrituals.Morerecently,withtheprocessofdemocratizationandwidespread
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schooling,thetraditionalgovernancemodelhasseenashifttobroaderaccountabilityandmoreinvolvementofthecustomarycounciltakingontheauthorityofmanagingthetana’ulenareasbycontinuingtoapplyregulationsthatlimituseandexploitationtospecifictimesand/orevents,andprohibitionforanymoredestructiveusesoftheforestlikeshiftingcultivation.In1998,thecommunitymappingexercisehelpeddocumentandprofiletana’ulenareas.Asageneralrule,noforestmaybeclearedintana’ulentoopenricefields,andthisistrueuntiltoday.Huntingandfishingmaybedomecollectivelyandonlyuponpermissionofthecustomarychiefandcouncil,andforspecialoccasionsonly.CollectionofspecificNTFPproductsisrestrictedwithregardtolengthoftimeofcollection,toolsandmethodsemployed.Rulesareverystrictwhenitcomesunsustainableusesofusesbyoutsiders.Inatleasttwocases(huntingmonkeysforbezoarstonesbypoisoningthesaltleakwheretheydrinkandharvestinggaharuwithnopermissionbyoutsiders),theperpetratorswereaskedtoleavethecommunityandtheirpossessionsconfiscated.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Whyaretana’ulenareassoimportantintraditionalKenyahcommunities?Inthepast,religiousbeliefsrequiredtheorganizationofcelebrationsthroughouttheyeartomarktheagriculturalcycleandothersocialoccasionslikethesafereturnofwarpartiesandmigrants/traders.Thecustomarychiefactedasprimehost.Hegavehospitalitytotravellersanddelegationsfromothercommunitiesthatvisitedthearea.Healsohadtopreparethemealsforthepeopleofthecommunityworkinginhisfields.Alltheseresponsibilitiesimpliedthatheandhisfamilyneededtoensuretherewasenoughfood,especiallyfishandgamefortheguests.Inadditiontofood,constructiontimberforlonghouseswasalsoanimportantresourceintana’
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ulen.Theprotectionofaprimaryandrichforestnearthevillagewasawaytoaddresseconomicandsocialneedsofthecommunity.Theyrefertotanaulenastheequivalentofaprotectedarea.Itisimpressivetoseethehighlevelofbiodiversityandgoodstatusoftheforestalthoughlocatednearthevillage,aclearindicationofthestrengthofthetraditionanditsconservationoutcome.Thisisallthemoreremarkablewhenwevisitcommunitiesinthelowlandswheretan’aulenforestareasaretheonlyremainingstandingforestssurroundedbyoilpalmplantationsandothercommercialuses.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Thetana’ulenofLapanRiverisundertheprotectionandmanagementofthecustomarycouncilofLongBerini,andtheauthorityvestedwiththeCustomarychiefofLongBeriniandtheHeadofthevillage.Recently,thepeopleofLongBerinidraftedinwritingtheregulationsfortana’ulen.Theyalsodraftedandendorsedavillageregulationtoprotecttanaulenareas.Thissignalsthestrongcommitmentofthecommunitytostandbythetraditionoftana’ulenandformallyrecognizeitinvillageregulationsasanadditionallegalprotection.ItmustbenotedthatvillagesinIndonesianowadaysareimportantadministrativeunitsrecognizedbyanationallaw,withnewpowersregardingthesocial,economicandculturaldevelopmentofthearea.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Tana’ulenisstillastrongtraditionamongDayakKenyahcommunities,andbasedonstrongvaluesoftheimportanceofforestforDayakKenyahcommunities.Moreover,severalinitiativesbythecommunitiestosecureadditionalprotectioninwrittentraditionalregulationsandvillageregulationsclearlyindicatethecontinuedcommitment.Thisprovidesanadditionalassurancethatthepractice/traditionalgovernancetypewillnoteasilydisappearorbeoverturned.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Longterm.Tana’ulenisalong-standingtradition,embeddedinthesocialandcultural
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contextoftheDayakKenyahcommunities,andinmanywaysdefiningalsotheiridentityasanethnicgroup.LongBeriniandtheothervillagesinHuluBahauareveryproudoftheirtana’ulentradition.Itwasoverthelastfewyearsthattheystartedtoputregulationsinwriting(beforeitwasanoraltradition)toshareinformation,supportadvocacyandprotecttheforestareasfromencroachingdevelopment(roadconstruction).Theyoungergenerationisasstrongastheoldergenerationindefendingthistraditionagainstnewthreats.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Year-round,andmulti-year-round.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Tana’ulenareasareanintegralpartofthelargerindigenousterritorywithinwhichtheyareembeddedandprovidespecificsocial,economic,andenvironmentalservices.TheIndigenousterritoryreferredtoaswilayahadat,isusuallymanagedbasedonazonationsystemthatcomprises:agriculturaareas(ricefields),forestuseddaily,grasslandsorotherspecialhabitats,forestonlyoccasionallyaccessed;protectedforestoftana’ulen,criticalwatersheds(fordrinkingwaterandirrigation);areasespeciallyrichinimportantNTFP,etc.Inthecontext,tana’ulenrepresentstheprotectedareaoftheindigenousterritory.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
The‘conservationtarget’oftana’ulenisreallyatthelevelofecosystem,ortheareathatcomprisesthestream/tributaryandsurroundingforestfromthehighestridgesorwatershedtotheestuary.Thisisthebeststrategytoensurethatvaluablespeciesthereinincludingthosemostvaluabletothecommunitycancontinuetothrive.Theconservationobjectivesof‘sustainableuse’and‘inter-generational’areexplicit.Moreover,thefactthatpermissiontoenterandhuntorfishorharvestNTFPisgivenoccasionallyandforlimiteddurationofhelpstheplentifulavailabilityofgameandfishwhenneededforsomevillageceremony.Somespeciesarealsobannedfromhuntingbasedoncustomaryregulations.
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Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yes,asthisisprotectedbythetraditionallawandtheprimeobjectiveofestablishingandmaintainingthetana’ulenforestarea.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Itisanarea-basedmeasure.Somerarespeciesarealsoprotectedifnecessary.Sustainabilityisguaranteedbytheapplicationoftheregulations.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Thereisnoformalsystemortoolusedformeasuringeffectiveness,butthemanagementeffectivenesscanbeevidencedbythegoodstatusoftheforestanditsbiodiversity,andthelackofthreatsandcompliancetotheregulationsbylocalpeople.Moreover,asindirectmeasureofitseffectiveness,thesuccessfulandplentifulhuntingorfishingwhentherearespecialoccasions(plentyofwildlifecaughtinshorttime)isevidencethattheareaisundisturbedandtheecosystemishealthy,
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Seepreviousanswer
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Biodiversityhasalsohighimportanceforlocalcommunities:subsistence,trade,andfoodsecurity.Hencetheimportanceofbiodiversityconservationisverymuchpartofthesurvivalofthecommunitythatendeavorstoensurethatproductsliketimber,wildlife,otherforestproductslikerattan,foodsources,fish,etccontinuetobeavailableforfuturegenerations.Conservationisreallyintermsofsustainableandinter-generationalusebutinthetana’ulensustainableuseisalsomorerestrictedthatinotherareasoftheterritory,henceforestcannotbecleared,andsomemethodsandtoolsregardedasmoreexploitativeordamagingarebannedintana’ulen.Theseareareasconservedandmanagedasprimaryforest.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Theconservationobjectiveisclearandexplicitbutalsoveryintegratedinthesocio-culturalandecologicalcontext.Intheworldviewofthisforestcommunity,conservationisreallypartoflivelihoodstrategyandlifeplan.Moreover,theinitiativesandstepsrecentlytakenbycommunitiestosecurestrongerlegalstatusfortheirtana’ulenisevidenceofthestrongresiliencein
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faceofincomingthreatslikeroadconstruction,oilpalmexpansion.7.Assessment
Inrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Yes,TANAULENisanOECM,IUCNgovernancetypeIV,andtraditionalmodelofconservationgovernanceofIndigenousDayakcommunitiesinBorneo.
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Thisandothertana’ulenareasarebeingregisteredasICCAsinthenationalregistryandcommunitiesareseekinglegalrecognitionbytheIndonesianstateas‘customaryforestswithprotectionfunctionandvalue.’
MountCandalagaDumutICCA(thePhilippines)–TerenceDacles
OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TheICCAwasdesignatedbytheMansakapeoplewithintheirAncestralDomain.Nonaturalresourceuseispermitted.ItiswithinaKeyBiodiversityArea,whichishometothreatenedandrestricted-rangespecies,includingthePhilippineEagle.Thecommunityhasmultipleobjectives,includingbiodiversityconservation,butcultural/traditionalpreservation;supportingtraditionallivelihoods;andmaintainingandenhancingnaturalresourcesareprimary.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 168km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Areaisdefinedbythecommunityasa“StrictProtectionForest”withintheir
AncestralDomain.ItisdescribedintheirAncestralDomainSustainableDevelopmentandProtectionPlan(ADSDPP).
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Indigenouspeoples
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
Yes
4.Permanence
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Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
TheAncestralDomainSustainableDevelopmentandProtectionPlanhasthesupportofthegovernment,buttheareaisnotrecognizedinlawasaprotectedarea.Theareaisgovernedthroughwrittenandoralcommunication.Leadersofthegovernancecouncilarechosenbythecommunitythroughconsensus.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Unknown.AnADSDPPisa“longtermcomprehensivespatialanddevelopmentplan”.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Cultural/traditionalpreservation;Spiritual/sacredsitesprotection;
Supportingtraditionallivelihoods;Maintainingandenhancingnaturalresources;Biodiversity/speciesconservation;Territorialsecurity(controlofaccesstolandandresources);Increasingrightsforself-ruleandempowerment;Landownershipsecurity
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
No
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
All
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Unknown
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Unknown.Theareahadbeensustainablymanagedbythecommunityforgenerations,howeverwithpopulationchangesitbecameincreasinglythreatenedbyoverexploitation.Asaresult,thecommunitydesignateditasanareawherenonaturalresourceuseispermitted.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargeted
Unknown.Previousdamagingactivitieshavebeeneliminated.
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thereyetDanjuganIsland(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea DanjuganIsland,BarangayBulata,CauayanNegrosOccidentalPhilippinesBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
TogetherwithSipalayCityandtheMunicipalityofHinobaan,itformsthesouthernborderoftheprovinceandissituatedintheSuluSea,animportanteco-regionformarinebiodiversity.Theisland’ssurroundingreefisundertheDanjuganIslandMarineReserveandSanctuarieswiththreeSpecialManagementAreasorNoTakeZonesestablishedin2000throughCauayanMunicipalOrdinance99-52.Seenbothforitspotentialasabiodiversityconservationsiteanditsvulnerabilitytoexploitation,DanjuganIslandwaspurchasedin1994throughtheeffortsofthePRRCFIandtheWorldLandTrust.Itholdsanincrediblebiodiversitygivenitssmallsize.Atleast72birdspecieshavebeenrecordedontheisland,includinganestingpairofWhitebreastedSeaEaglesHeliatusleucogasterthathavebeenbreedingatopTyphoonBeachCampsince1974andTabonscrubfowlsMegapodiuscumingiwhicharecommonaroundtheisland.Atleast10batspeciesand22butterflyspecies(withPachlioptaphlegonrecordedforthefirsttimeinNegrosOccidental)havealsobeendocumented.Atleast17speciesofmangroves,572fishspeciesbelongingto139genera,244speciesofhardcorals,8speciesofseagrassesand74speciesofmacroalgaehavebeenrecorded.Commerciallyimportantmarineinvertebratessuchasthegiantclams(Tridacnacrocea,T.squamosaandHippopushippopus)areobservedinthereefs.ArestockingprogramfortheendangeredTridacnagigasisbeingimplementedincollaborationwithUP-MSI.Othercommerciallyimportant
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invertebratesobservedareAbaloneHaliotisasinineandSpinylobsterPanulirusspp.TheendangeredcoconutcrabBirguslatrostilloccurinthecoastalandmangroveforestsoftheisland.ThewesternbeachesofDanjuganIslandareknownnestingsitesoftheHawksbillEretmochelysimbricataandGreenSeaCheloniamydasturtles.TherewasonesightingofaDugonginthepastwhilesightingsofdolphinsarecommonwithinthemunicipalwatersofCauayanwhichisamigrationpathofsomelargermarinemammalspecies.DanjuganislandisbeingprotectedandmanagedbyalocalNGO,PhilippineReefandRainforestConservationFoundation,Inc.Itislocated3kilometersSouthwestoffthecoastofNegrosOccidental,Danjuganisalush,43-hectareislandrichinmarineandterrestrialbiodiversity.Thisisland,about1.5kilometerslongand0.5kilometersatitswidestpoint,has5lagoonsandiscoveredwithlimestoneforestsprovidingasylumtomanywildlifespeciesthatstruggletoexistinthemainland.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 43hectaresoflimestoneforests,with200hectaresofcoralreefs,seagrass
bedsandlagoonsthatareprotectedunderalocalordinanceHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheentireislandisprotectedandmanagedbyPRRCFI,asidefromthe
MarineProtectedAreas(undertheLGUofCauayan,LocalGovernmentUnit)markedbyfloatingbuoys
3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
PrivateprotectionbythePRRCFI,whilethesurroundingwatersisajointpatrolwiththeLGUofCauayan
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
PrivatelandbythePRRCFI(PhilippineReefandRainforestConservationFoundationInc.)setforconservation,whiletheMPAsaregovernedbyaLocalOrdinanceandagreementwithstakeholders
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Strictprotectionandregulationofhumanactivities,e.g.fishing4.Permanence
Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’s Privateownershipofnaturalresources(titledland)
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governanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Atleast25yearsIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
1992
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Protectionofexistinglimestoneforestsincludingfloraandfauna,seedescription,lagoonsandcavesystems
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Yes
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Yesstrictprotectionofallresources(e.g.hunting,fishingandtimbercollection)
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Allecosystems,includingspecialfocusonislandspeciese.g.CoconutCrab,Avifauna,reptilese.g.turtlesandbats
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Resourcemonitoringevery3-4yearsdependingonthebudgetbythePRRCFI
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
YES,resourcemonitoringe.g.birdcounts,UWcoralreefassessment
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
YES
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Governanceandstrictprotection
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool YESasanOECMbutdifferentform-privateinitiativee.g.privateland
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(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
MountApoKBA(thePhilippines)-NicoleBendsenandGünterMühlbauer1.Overview
Nameandlocationofthearea
Unprotected(Non-NIPAS)RegionsoftheMountApoKBA(municipalitiesofArakan,Magpet,DavaoCity(BarangaysTamayong,Carmen))NIPAS:NationalIntegratedProtectedAreaSystem
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
MountainsadjacenttotheMountApoNaturalPark(MANP)andwithintheMountApoKBA,whicharemainlycoveredbydifferentpristineandsecondaryrainforestbiotopes(sequencesofdipterocarpforests,loweranduppermontaneandloweranduppermossyrainforests)withahighbiodiversity(morethan150plantspeciesof58families,outofthemmorethan100treespecies,morethan70birdspecies,morethan25mammalspeciesandmorethan20speciesoffrogsandreptiles),andarehabitatsofendangeredspecies(likeupto7pairsofPhilippineEagle,Brahminykite,wartypig,Philippinedeer,RufousandTarictichornbills).TheareaiscoveredbyAncestralDomains(CADTsof3Manobotribes;CertificateofAncestralDomainTitle);thetribesregardthosemountainsastheirsacredplacesandmaintainthemaccordingtotheircustomarylaws/IKSP(IndigenousKnowledgeSystemsandPractices)/Pusaka(indigenouspracticeofsanctifyingitems,animals,andlands).Furtheron,theareaprovideswatersheds,airshedsandforestecosystemsservices(timberandnon-timberproducts).CulturallyandsociallyimportantspeciesforthetribesincludePhilippineEagle,thedeer,wildpig,palmcivet,monkey,hornbills,wilddogs,brahminykite,wilddove,tarictichornbill,andwoodpecker.
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TheareacanbeconsideredasanOECMbecauseithasahighbiodiversity,itisnotoronlyextensivelyusedandwillitbeforthefutureanditfunctionsasacorridor(Biotopverbund,Trittsteinbiotop)especiallyforspecieswithalargehabitatdemand(e.g.PhilippineEagle)betweentheadjacentMANPandthecentralMindanaoMountainRange.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Morethan30,000haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundariesoftheareaaredefinedbythevegetationtypeof
rainforestandtheboundariesofMANP,AncestralDomainsandLGUs3.GovernanceType
Whatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Indigenouspeoples/localcommunitieswiththeLGUs,DENR(DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources)
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail
ProvisionsofIPRAlaw(IndigenousPeoplesRightsAct),customarylaws,IKSPandPusaka(seeabove)
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? LanduserestrictionsduetoAncestralDomainsandDENRprotectionforests,extensiveresourceuse/conservationduetosacredplacesandlowpopulationpressureduetoremotelocation
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
IPRAlaw,customarylaws
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Throughillegalactivities(mining,logging,landandwatergrabbing,encroachmentofplantations)
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Themeasureisinplaceyear-round
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
Culturebasedconservationframework,protectionandmanagementofendangeredspecies,resourceusepoliciesandenhancement,incorporationinADSDPP(AncestralDomainSustainableDevelopment
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ProtectionPlan),FLUPs,CLUPs(Forest/ComprehensiveLand-usePlans)/CDPs(ComprehensiveDevelopmentPlans),conservationagreementpledgeswithotherinstitutions,processedanddocumentedculturalframeworksthatintegrateIKSPinBCSD(biodiversityconservationandsustainabledevelopment),bestpracticesandknowledgetransfer.
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective.
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
TheareaisabouttobeproclaimedasICCAs(Indigenouspeoplesandcommunityconservedareasandterritories)bytheIndigenousCommunitiesandisalsoanessentialpartoftheirlivelihood;furtheronitisintegratedintheLGUsplans.Therefore,thereisagoodchancethatthebiodiversityconservationobjectivewillprevailincaseofconflict.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Themeasurecoversmostelementsofbiodiversityasitisahabitatandbiotoperelatedapproach.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
185forestguardsengagedinforestpatrollingandbiodiversitymonitoring;noresultsyet,becausestillinprocessofimplementation
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
AnindicatorfortheeffectiveconservationofbiodiversityisthemaintenanceofahighbiodiversitycomparedwithsurroundingareasevenwithoutofficialconservationstatusliketheneighboringMANP.Measuringandmonitoringwillbepartoftheprojectfollowup.
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
DuetotheproclamationasICCAandthemanagementfollowingcustomarylaws,theconservationobjectivesandoutcomeswillcertainlyhaveprimacy.
Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedarea
Yes,IbelievethattheareaisanOECM.Itisakeybiodiversityarea(KBA)andiswellmanagedbycustomarylaws.
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orameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.
Thelong-termconservationperspectiveiscrucial;additionalproclamationsasprotectedareas(ICCA,NIPAS,LCA–LocalConservationArea/CH–CriticalhabitatArea)canstrengthenthisobjective.
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BradfieldFieldTrainingArea,NorthernTerritory(Australia)-MarcHockingsOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisaverylargepropertyoverwhichasinglemanagementframeworkoperates,primarilytoprovidetrainingopportunitiesformilitarytrainingactivities,butwhichsecondarilyaffordsprotectionandenhancementofnaturalvaluesthroughbothpassiveanddeliberatemanagementofthosevalues.KeyvaluesrecognisedforthesitethatindicateitsimportantroleasanOECM.Heritage:ThesiteislistedonAustralia’sCommonwealthHeritageList(CHL)fornaturalandculturalvalues.ItisalsorecognisedashavingindigenousheritagevaluesthatwarrantCHLlisting.Thesitecontainsmorethan150registeredsignificantindigenoussiteswiththeNTAboriginalAreasProtectionAuthority(AAPA)andnumeroussitesofhigharchaeologicalsignificance(rockart,stoneartefacts,hawkhides).LandscapevaluesidentifiedbytheCHLlistinginclude•Vastandruggedhabitat;•Diversearrayofplantsandanimals(withanunusuallyrichvertebratefauna,secondonlytoKakaduNationalPark);•Demonstrationofinterplayoferosionalterrainsassociatedwithcoastalandfluvialenvironments;•Topographiccomplexity;•Substantialcontributiontobiodiversityconservationbecauseofitslargesize,vertebratefaunalrichness,floraldiversity,therecentremovalofgrazing,andcontiguousrelationshipwithJutpurraNationalPark(formerlyknownasGregoryNationalPark);and•Importanceasasiteforthecollectionofinformationthatwillcontributetotheunderstandingofthelong-termeffectsoffireregimesonthefloraandfaunainnorth-westAustralia.Biodiversity:FourEPBClistedthreatenedspecieshavebeenrecordedonBFTA(GouldianFinch,CrestedShrikeTit,PurpleCrownedFairyWrenand
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NorthernQuoll)andafurther14speciesareidentifiedaspossiblyoccurringonthesite.33EPBClistedmigratoryspecieshavebeenrecordedonthesite.SeveralspeciesoffloraandfaunalistedundertheTerritoryParksandWildlifeConservationAct2007orwhicharesignificantbecauseoftheircontributiontotheCHLlistingThewetlandsonBFTAareconsideredtobewetlandsofnationalsignificance.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisapproximately870000hectares.Howaretheareaanditsboundariesdefined? The area is based on a crown land title over which a lease for Defence
purposesexists.Naturalboundariesof the trainingareaare formedby theVictoriaRiveralongthesouthernboundary,andtheFitzmauriceRiveralongthenorthernboundary.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisalong-termleaseforDefencepurposesmanagedbytheAustralianDepartmentofDefence.MostmanagementdecisionsaretheresponsibilityofDefenceandenvironmentalapprovalsandassessmentofactivitiesaregovernedbyeitherstandardmanagementpractices,orbyspecificapprovalunderanEnvironmentalClearanceCertificatesystem.AnIndigenousLanduseAgreement(ILUA)alsoappliesoverthewholeproperty,andtheareastraditionalownersformanintegralpartofthemanagementframeworkofthesite.BroadercommunityinvolvementisalsofacilitatedthroughanEnvironmentalAdvisoryCommitteethatincludesotherrepresentativesfromsurroundingprivateandgovernmentagencies.EnvironmentalapprovalsforalimitedsetofactivitiesarerequiredfromtheCommonwealthMinisterFortheEnvironmentwhereprescribedbytheCommonwealthEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct(1999)(EPBCAct).AsCommonwealthlandmanagedbyaCommonwealthagency,allactivities
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onthepropertyaregoverned.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
To be determined! This decision will be partly taken in discussion withDepartment of Environment and Energy (DoEE) and also the traditionalowners.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Duringitsestablishment,thetrainingareawasjointlyassessedbytheNorthernTerritoryandAustralianGovernmentsandaseriesofrecommendationsweresetdownina2008AssessmentReportpreparedbytheNTgovernmentundertheNTEnvironmentalAssessmentAct1982.Theseconditionsincludedprecautionarylimitationofexercisesinsomesuspectedsensitiveareasuntilfurthersurveyworkswerecomplete,andthedelineationofalargerestrictedareatoprotectsuspectedimportantGouldianFinchbreedinghabitatnearMtThymananandrequirementforaGouldianFinchmanagementplan.OngoingmanagementofthesiteisprimarilysubjecttotheEPBCAct.Anyactionsorlandusechangesthattakeplacearecontrolledbythislegislationtopreventsignificantimpactstotheenvironment.ItadditionallyempowersthedevelopmentofnationalThreatAbatementPlansandSpeciesRecoveryPlanstoguidebiodiversitymanagementoutcomesandinvestment.AsaCommonwealthagencyDefencecannottakeanactionthatcontravenesaSpeciesRecoveryPlan.ThepropertywillremaininDefencehandsunlesstheAustralianGovernmentdecidestoselltheproperty,atwhichtimethebuyerwouldalsoberequiredtoadheretotheEPBCActandadditionalNorthernTerritoryLegislationforanydevelopmentorlandusechanges.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? TheprovisionsunderrespectiveactswouldrequireanActofParliamenttobereplacedwithanewformoflegislationorspecificnewapprovals/conditionstobesoughtbeDefenceforexistingconditionstoberevoked.
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Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongTermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
YearRound.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheprimarymanagementobjectiveforBradshawistosupportAustralia’s
Defencecapabilitythroughprovisionoflargelandscapessuitableforlarge-scaletrainingactivitiesusingawidearrayofweaponssystems.Akeycomponentinensuringtheareaisabletoprovidesuitabletrainingismaintainingtheenvironmentalconditions.Assuch,thelandscapeismanagedtoensureanyimpactstotheenvironmentarelimited,andwhereimpactsdooccur,theyareremediated.Thisensuresanaturalenvironmenttoconducttrainingexercisesinremainsoverthelongterm.Thismanagementofthelandscaperesultsintheareaalsoservingasaneffectiveconservationarea.Additionally,DefencedeliberatelymanagesenvironmentalvaluesthatdonotspecificallycontributetoDefenceuseofthesitebutcontributetothewidersocialandenvironmentalobjectivesofgovernmentandtoacingasaresponsiblestewardfortheland.Specificplansinplaceforthetrainingareainclude:• GouldianFinchManagementPlan• EnvironmentandHeritageManagementPlan(draft)• WasteManagementPlan• BushfireManagementPlan• LandRemediationPlan• HabitatManagementPlan:CoreHabitats• ThreatenedHabitatManagementPlan:XerochloaGrasslands• HabitatManagementPlan:Riparian,SwampandMonsoonRainforest
Habitats
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• ThreatenedSpeciesManagementPlan,AngalarriGrunter(Scortumneili)• SpeciesManagementPlan:Melaleucaminutifolia(2009)
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Ingeneral,theconservationobjectivedoesnottakeprimacyoverthecapabilityobjectives.However,inpracticetheareaavailablefortrainingprovidedbyBradshawFieldTrainingAreameansthatimpactsonnaturalvaluesaregenerallyavoidedthroughexerciseplanninganduseoffacilitiesdevelopedtoconcentrateimpactsindedicatedareasawayfromcorevalues.RangeStandingOrdersincludearearestrictionsforlocationsthatareconsideredtobeofsufficientlyhighenvironmentalandheritagevaluethattheydotakeprecedenceoverpotentiallydamagingmilitaryactivities,includingAboriginalheritagesitesand50km2protectedareaofGouldianFinchhabitat.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
Defence’s management framework including Environmental ClearanceCertificates,andRangeStandingOrderrestrictionsmeasurecoverallaspectsof the environment entire environment. Individual threatened species orissues are additionally managed in accordance with their own threatenedspeciesmanagementplans.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
EnvironmentalSurveysareundertakentoascertaintheconditionoftheenvironment,aswellastotrackpopulationsofkeythreatenedandinvasivespeciesasindicatorsofoverallsystemhealth.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Conservationeffectivenessismeasuredthroughregularenvironmentalmonitoringundertakenbyspecialistconsultants
Howencompassingthemeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
Measurescoverthefullareaandoutcomesresultfrommeasure
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CableZone,HaurakiGulf,SouthwestPacificOcean(NewZealand)–MarcCostelloOverview
Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM
Fishingandanchoringisprohibitedintheareabecauseamajortelecommunicationscablerunsthroughit.
2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Over100kmlongand10kmwideHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? About5Kmeachsideofthecable.
3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.
Nationalprotection.
Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?
No.Itsaimistopreventcabledamage.Conservationbenefitsareconincidental.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
Yes.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Verydifficult.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Permanent.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
No.Ineffectallyeararound.
5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Preventcabledamagefromtrawlingandanchoring.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? No.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
n/a
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
No.Mostlysubtidalsedimenthabitat.Butlikelytocoverrepresentativesofspeciespreferringthishabitat.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
No.
6.ConservationEffectiveness
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Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?
Preliminarysurveysindicatesomeprotectiontofishpopulationsduetoreducedfishing.However,considerablefishingatedges.
Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet
ItiseffectiveandcouldbemoresoifofficiallydesignatedaMarineReservewithappropriateboundarymarkers.
ZairaCommunity,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince(SolomonIslands)-JoeMcCarterandSimonAlbert
1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea ZairaResourceManagementArea,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince,
SolomonIslandsBriefdescription,includingnatural,socialandculturalvalues,forincludingasOECM
TheZairaResourceManagementArea(ZRMA)isaridgetoreefcommunity-governedconservationareainabiodiversityhotspot.Basedontraditionalpractices(knownashope)andunderleadershipfromcustomaryowners,theeffortsoftheZairacommunityhaveconservedalargeandintactwatershed,representingthelargestareaofintactprimaryforestintheMarovoLagoon.Naturalheritageincludesapopulationofendangeredmonkey-facedbat(Pteralopextaki),nestingsitesforthecriticallyendangeredleatherbackturtle(Dermochelyscoriacea),andover10speciesofamphibianincludingtheendemicandvulnerableLitorialutea.ZairacommunitycontinuestoprovideanexampleofresourcegovernancethatresonatesthroughouttheSolomonIslands,wherecommercialloggingandminingremainamajorthreattobiodiversityandcommunitywellbeing.
2.BoundariesandgeographicalspaceWhatisthesizeofthearea? 5150hatotal–2850hainterrestrialarea,and2300inmarineHowistheareaandboundariesdefined? TheZRMAisgeographicallydemarcated,asitsitsinacraterbetweenthree
peaks(Tita,Olasana,andNimbri),andenclosedtothewestandeastbymajorrivers.TheZRMAiscustomarylandheldundertenurebythreetribalgroupings,theboundariesofwhichweremappedduring2010and2011inacollaborativeeffortbetweentriballeadersandtheUniversityofQueensland
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(UQ).TheboundariesandimportantculturalsitesaredocumentedinthecommunitymanagementplanfortheZRMA.
3.GovernancetypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?
Indigenouspeoples/localcommunities
Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail AsacrossmuchofSolomonIslands,landandseatenureatZairaisheldundercustomarytenuregovernedbyfamilyunitsknownasbutubutu.27TheZRMAhasbeenmanagedoversuccessivegenerationsusingacustomarymanagementsystem(hope),whichallowscertainresourcestoberestrictedatcertaintimes,andconsidersconnectivityandfeedbacksbetweentheculturalinteractionsofpeoplewithlandandseasystems.In2010,customaryleadersfromthethreeZairatribesindependentlyadaptedtheircustomaryresourcemanagementmechanismstomoreformalizedplanningandimplementationunderamanagementplan.Theplancoversmanagementrulesforalllinkedecosystemswithinthecustomarylandandseatenureboundariesofthreecooperatingtribesandhasobjectivesthatarefocusedonthemaintenanceofcultureandtenure,foodsecurity,iconicspeciesandeducation.Theplanisdiscussedduringannualmeetings,witha5-yeartimelineforreview.Thedescriptionandformalizingofthisplanhasenabledthelocalmanagementcommitteetoenforcetheirauthorityonoutsiderswhoareinterestedinresourceextraction;recently,onehigh-profilecaseofapeacefulboardingofaninternationalloggingvesselthatwasillegallyenteringthemanagementareawassettledwithsignificantfinancialcompensationpaidtoZairacommunitymembers.Meanwhile,internalconflictsandpunishmentsforlocaloffendersaredealtwiththroughcustomarymechanisms.28
27Hviding,E.1998.Contextualflexibility:presentstatusandfutureofcustomarymarinetenureinSolomonIslands.Ocean&CoastalManagement40(964):253–26928Jupiter,S.D.,A.Wenger,C.J.Klein,S.Albert,S.Mangubhai,J.Nelson,L.Teneva,V.Tulloch,A.White,andJ.E.Watson.2017.Opportunitiesandconstraintsforimplementingintegrated
land–seamanagementonislands.EnvironmentalConservation(March):1–13.
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Underthemanagementplan,theZRMAisgovernedbyaleadershipsystemconstitutedofaChief'sCommittee(chiefandtwospokesmen),aConservationCommittee(chairman,secretaryandtreasurerandtribalmembersfromeachofthethreegroups).AnnualdiscussionsoftheplanareoftenheldduringDecemberholidays,whenmanycommunitymembersreturnforholidaysatZaira.Thereisalsoateamofmaleandfemalerangerswithinthecommunity,whoareappointedtoimplementmanagementactivitiesandenforcerules.
Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThegovernanceoftheZRMAexplicitlypromotesconservationoutcomes.Protectionoftheconservationareaisatthecoreofmanagementplanning,includingridgetoreefconnectivityandthespecificmaintenanceofvaluedspeciesandhabitattypes(e.g.,leatherbackturtles).Becausethemanagementplanisbasedincustomaryhopepractices,thegovernanceoftheZRMAalsosupportsculturallinksbetweenthelandandsea,andseekstomaintainandtransmitanethicofconservationandresourcestewardship.
4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)
ThegovernanceoftheareaissetoutintheZRMAManagementPlan.ThePlanwasfirstdraftedin2011,andwasupdatedin2016.TheZRMAhasbeenconsultedwithneighboringtribesandsubmittedtonationalgovernmentforregistrationunderthenationalProtectAreasAct(2010).Whileformalregistrationandrecognitionhasnotoccurredtodate,theformalizationofthecustomarymanagementintoaresourcemanagementplanprovidespowerfulrecognitionofthevalidityoftheconservationarea.TheauthorityofChiefJinoisrecognizedundertriballaw.Hewas'enthroned',orrecognizedfollowingcustomarydueprocess,inDecember2016.
Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?
ThecustomaryownershipoflandandresourcesisrecognizedintheconstitutionofSolomonIslandsandrepresentsapowerfulforce.Althoughit
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ispossiblethatspecificrightsrelatingtonaturalresourcescanbesubvertedthroughcorruptlegalprocesses,themultiplelayersofmanagementinZairawithinvolvementofrangers,customaryowners,churchandNGOsmakesitunlikelythatthemanagementareacanbeoverturned.
Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term
ZRMAmanagementplanningisalong-terminvestmentinthemaintenanceofavibrantland-andseascapeintheZairaarea.Asnotedabove,managementplanningisexplicitlybuiltoncustomaryresourcegovernancemeasures,andseekstoensurethatconservationofthelandandseawilltakeplaceovercominggenerations.Forexample,themanagementplanincludesspecificprovisionforthetransmissionoftraditionalknowledgeandpracticeoftheforestarea,andtheconservationcommitteemakesexpliciteffortstoincludeawiderangeofyouthasrangersindecisionmakingandmonitoringoftheZRMA.
Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?
Yearround
5.ManagementobjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?
TheobjectivesoftheZRMAare:• Toprotecttheconservationareathroughlegaldeclarationand
registration,andensurethecontinuousassessmentofthehealthofitsnaturallandscapes,ecosystemsandhabitats,importantplantsandanimalsincludingotherharvestablestocks.
• Toproperlymanageandsustainableuseofnaturalresources(renewableandnon-renewableresources)tomeetthebasiclivelihoodneedsofthedependentlocalcommunityandnotunderminingpresentandfuturegenerationsdevelopmentaspirations
• Toprotectcriticallyendangered,endemicorrare,threatenedspecieslistedundertheIUCNRedListfoundintheconservationarea(e.g.,leatherbackturtles,dugong,NewGeorgianmonkeyfacedbat),includingtheirrangeofhabitatsfromharvestingand
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disturbances.• Toestablishaneducationlearningcenterforthecurrentandfuture
generationsthroughresearchandtrainingopportunitiesinthearea.• Tomaintaintraditionalresourcemanagementregimeandlocal
leadershipthatrecognizestheirculturalvaluesatthetimeprotectinghistoricalheritages
Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?
Asabove,biodiversityconservationisanexplicitobjective
Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?
Inthecommunitycontext,biodiversityconservationisfundamentallylinkedtosocialandculturalhealth.Thissense,thereisnoconflict–wherethreatsexisttobiodiversity,themanagementplanningconsidersthemalsothreatstocommunityvitality.Clearly,thisiscommunity-managedareaandmanagementneedstomakesenseforthecommunityasawhole,howeverconflictsaremanagedthroughthecreationofspatialzonesfordifferentusetypes(e.g.,gardenarea);theuseoftemporaryopenareasforspecialoccasions(e.g.,duringthe2015centenaryofthechurcharrivinginZaira,themarineprotectedareawasopened);andthroughanopenanddeliberativeapproachtodecisionmaking.
Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?
ManagementeffortsintheZRMAtargetspecificculturallyimportantspecies,(e.g.,leatherbackturtles)asflagshipstofocuscommunitysupportfortheinitiative.Howeverthecentralmotivationforthemanagementareaistostrengthenintegrityoftheentirebio-culturalsystemfromthemontaneforestshighontheridgestothedeepsea.
Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?
Managementeffectivenessisassessedviaamonitoringandevaluationframework,asdetailedinthemanagementplan.Thisincludesmarine,freshwaterandterrestrialmeasures.MonitoringisconductedbyatrainedgroupofrangerswithsupportfromlocalandinternationalNGOs,includingprimarypartnerstheSolomonIslandsConservationPartnershipandthe
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UniversityofQueenslandaswellasothergroups(e.g.,theAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory).Whiledataforthesesurveysdoexist(e.g.,pointcountsandvisualsurveysforamphibians,bats,andbirds;leatherbackturtlenestingsuccess;andCatchPerUnitEffortoutsidetheprotectedarea),themajorpurposeofdatacollectionexercisestodateistoprovideatraininganddiscussionforumforcommunityrangerstointeractwithnationalandinternationalecologistsandconservationscientists.IntermsofthesocialsustainabilityoftheZRMA,recentsurveysbytheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryindicatedahighdegreeofacceptanceofrulesandmanagementeffortsaroundtheprotectedarea,includinghighratingsofaspectsofleaderships(>80%ofrespondentsnotingtheyare'satisfied'or'verysatisfied'withcurrentleadership)andperceptionsoffairnessandeffectivenessofmanagementplanningrules(e.g.,>90%ofintervieweesnotingthatruleswerefair).ThesamesurveyindicatedthatvernacularlanguageintheZairaareaisstrong,thatmostpeoplehaveadequateaccesstolandandsearesources,andthatrespondentswererelativelyoptimisticaboutthetrajectoryofmanagementefforts.
6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?
Yes.Asabove,monitoringandevaluationisdetailedinthemanagementplan,andincludes:
• AnnualmonitoringofCatchperUnitEffortandavailabilityofvaluedplantspecies
• Biannualmonitoringofcoralreefspecies,withafocusontargetinvertebrates
• Seasonalmonitoringofleatherbackturtles• Annualmonitoringofabundanceofvaluedplantspecies
Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?
Asabove,yes.
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Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?
Unarguably,thegovernanceoftheZairaareabyChiefJino,usingtherulesdescribedinthemanagementplan,hasbeeneffectiveindeterringdamagingactivitiesintheconservationarea.ThepressureforindustrialloggingoftheZRMAforestsisintenseandthestrengthofcustomarygovernanceistheonlyreasontheZairaenvironmentremainsintact.
7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?
Yes
Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.