IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 201 BEYOND ENFORCEMENT: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime Illegal Wildlife Trade and local development - what are the links? February 2015, Glenburn Lodge, Muldersdrift, South Caroline Petersen, UNDP
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IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa BEYOND ENFORCEMENT: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating.
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IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
BEYOND ENFORCEMENT:Communities, governance,
incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime
Illegal Wildlife Trade and local development -
what are the links?
February 2015, Glenburn Lodge, Muldersdrift, South Africa
Caroline Petersen, UNDP
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
SECURITY
ENVIRONMENT
….and DEVELOPMENT
Illegal wildlife trade is an issue for….
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
Helping countries achieve thesimultaneous eradication ofpoverty and significant reductionof inequalities and exclusion
UNDP Strategic Plan 2014-2017
Helen Clark UNDP Administrator
2014
“It is now widely recognized that to save iconic wildlife, we need not only stronger institutions and law enforcement, but also a full assault on poverty, the creation of economic opportunity, and the full involvement of communities in decision-making.”
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
Contribution of wildlife-based tourism to national economies
• Jobs, foreign exchange, concession revenue
• Estimated 30% of international tourism in 2013 - $0.42 trillion
• Multiplier effect of tourism expenditure
e.g. African park with operating costs of $2 million p.a. $20 million on tourism expenditure in and around park PLUS $20 million “downstream”
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
Value of community co-management & CBNRM
• Ownership / management of indigenous and community conserved areas
• Income from ecotourism, ownership of or benefit sharing from enterprises
• Livelihood support, extension for sustainable farming, access to markets
• New governance arrangements that reduce inequality and empower women
• Changes to land tenure, defining and enhancing access and use rights
• Improvement of nutritional status
• Reduced human-wildlife conflict
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
UNDP’s three-pronged approach
1. Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options
2. Strengthening governance and law enforcement
3. Raising awareness of problem among all stakeholders
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
• Co-benefits from sustainable use e.g. trophy hunting
• Addressing human-wildlife conflict
• Promoting alternatives to bushmeat
• Support to ecotourism and “alternative” livelihoods
Also involvement of communities in enforcement ..
• Training of community eco-rangers
• Community intelligence networks
Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
• National and global projects funded by Global Environment Facility
• UNDP-managed GEF Small Grants Programme
• Recognition of excellence through Equator Prize
Promoting alternatives to unsustainable bushmeat hunting in Cameroon:
Community Wildlife Management in the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve
Helping countries access finance
Reducing human wildlife conflict in Nepal: Western Terai Landscape Project
Aaron Kah
IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa
Some assumptions which may not always be valid..
1. Neighbouring communities benefit substantially from wildlife tourism