It’s About Time: The Time Factor in Public Services and Its Impact on Relationships and Wellbeing

8/2/2019 Its About Time: The Time Factor in Public Services and Its Impact on Relationships and Wellbeing

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sowyhldldm yb yleo ld sug`la qow~laoq ahd go }klyyòi ib}d yb olykow bn yko nb``b}ldm y}b ehjbw

hwohq, }klak ld qbeo ahqoq hwo dby doaoqqhwl`| euyuh``| o{aùql~o:

Ykowo lq ldqunnlalody yleo ld yko q|qyoe, kodao les`|ldm yko suwakhqo bn ebwo yleo ld

yko nbwe bn ld~oqyeodyq shwylau`hw`| bd nwbdy`ldo sowqbddo` lq doaoqqhw|, bw

Ykowo lq hayuh``| hesò yleo ld yko q|qyoe guy yko swbiuayl~ly| bn yleo lq bnyod

hnnoayoi g| h e|wlhi bn nhaybwq ldaùildm b~ow%ehdhmoeody, b~ow%swoqawlsylbd, q|qyoela

ldonnlalodaloq, abudyow%swbiuayl~o sb`laloq hdi yko }wbdm swlbwlyloq +o$m$ guwohuawha|, woi

yhso, udswbiuayl~o yhqfq, }hqyhmo, }wbdm yhwmoyq bw bgjoayl~oq$ Yklq les`loq yko dooi yb

o{ywhay ebwo yleo nwbe yko q|qyoe ykwbumk swbaoqq woodmldoowldm ykhy }l`` woionldo swlbwlyloq,

wobwmhdlqo kb} yleo lq uqoi hdi au`` uddoaoqqhw| hdi udswbiuayl~o yhqfq$


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8

no}ow DOOYq hdi no}ow |buyk bnnodiowq$ H`` ykoqo eh| ykod òhi yb ldawohqoi ldabeo hdi qbalh`

shwylalshylbd ld hd ldil~liuh`q `hyow `lno$ Ln bdo }owo yb o{yodi yko ~lwyubuq alwaò bn onnoayq, ykoqo

bgjoayl~o }o``goldm buyabeoq eh| o~odyuh``| ywhdq`hyo ghaf ldyb qbeo qugjoayl~o buyabeoq

quak hq h ebwo qhylqn|ldm lno$7

Ly ykowonbwo nb``b}q ykhy yko buyabeoq bn sug`la qow~laoq io`l~ow|, h`ykbumk eohquwoi g| yko

BDQ nwbe ebqy`| hd bgjoayl~o qyhdisbldy, hwo ldyomwh` yb gbyk buw bgjoayl~o hq }o`` hq qugjoayl~o

}o``goldm$

8$8$7 Yleo hq yko auwwoda| bn wo`hylbdqklsq hdi odhgòw bn sug`la qow~laoq

H`ykbumk ehd| bn yko buyabeoq bn sug`la qow~laoq io`l~ow| hwo ywhilylbdh``| eohquwoi }lyk yko

|hwiqylaf bn bgjoayl~o }o``goldm, }o db} fdb} ykhy ykoqo buyabeoq hwo hayuh``| swhaylah``|

lesbwyhdy nbw gbyk buw bgjoayl~o hdi qugjoayl~o }o``goldm$ Yko fo| xuoqylbd ykhy dhyuwh``|

nb``b}q lq kb} }o ahd haklo~o yko ioqlwoi buyabeoq ykhy odkhdao buw }o``goldm$ _dyl` hq

woaody`| hq yko nbuwyk xuhwyow bn 733;, }o `l~oi ld hd owh bn wo`hyl~o hnnùodao }kowo yko modowh`

swoquesylbd }hq goyyow sug`la qow~laoq ykhy ahd odkhdao buw }o``goldm abuì qles`| go gbumky

}lyk o{ywh sug`la ld~oqyeodyq$ Ld bykow }bwiq, ebdo| }hq iooeoi yb go yko h``%odabeshqqldm

qbùylbd$ Kb}o~ow, ld hd owh }kowo }o hwo db} nbwaoi yb auy buw abhy haabwildm yb buw a`byk, ly

lq lesowhyl~o yb ykldf go|bdi ebdo|$ ]klò bd yko bdo khdi ly lq db} hèbqy lesbqqlgò yb

gu| nuwykow swbmwoqq, bd yko bykow }o ib dby }hdy yb qahò ghaf bd buw qbalh` heglylbdq,

shwylau`hw`| ld yko hwoh bn eodildm h gwbfod qbaloy| hdi modowh``| ld yko hwoh bn leswb~ldm

qbaloyh` }o``goldm$ Ylmkyodldm yko suwqo qywldmq iboq dby kh~o yb eohd womwoqqlbd ld buw

}o``goldm$

Yko fo| yb haklo~ldm yklq lq hwmuhg`| yleo$ Yleo lq yko auwwoda| bn wo`hylbdqklsq hdi

odhgòw bn sug`la qow~laoq$ Ly lq yko hdq}ow yb yko xuoqylbd bn kb} }o ahd leswb~o buw

}o``goldm ioqslyo hd leeldody qxuoozo bd sug`la qsodildm$ Yleo lq hd lesbwyhdy nhaybw ld

qoofldm yb ehfo h ilnnowodao yb buw }o``goldm ykwbumk sug`la qow~laoq io`l~ow| hdi ldyowhaylbdq

bd yko nwbdy`ldo$ Nwbe yko yleo yohakowq qsodi ko`sldm susl`q yb òhwd yb yko yleo sb`lao bnnlaowq

qsodi shywb``ldm yko qywooyq, bw nwbe yko yleo H.O shylodyq qsodi }hlyldm ld h shwfoi

hegu`hdao gonbwo goldm hielyyoi hdi ywohyoi yb yko yleo ahwowq ahd hnnbwi hd oìow`| sowqbd ld

ibelal`lhw| ahwo yko lqquo bn yleo lq ldkowody ld hd| ilqauqqlbd bd yko leshay bn sug`la qow~laoq

bd buw }o``goldm$ Ld oqqodao, yleo ld sug`la qow~laoq lq ldyomwh` yb yko y}b%swbdmoi }o``goldm

buyabeoq bn yko +l xuh`ly| bn qow~lao wo`hylbdqklsq goy}ood nwbdy`ldo hmodyq hdi qow~lao uqowq,

hdi +ll yko xuh`ly| bn qow~lao io`l~ow| ykhy ehfoq h sbqlyl~o ilnnowodao yb sobsòq `l~oq$

Yko woh`, h`goly ldywldqla, ~hùo bn sug`la qow~laoq `loq ld yko nwbdy`ldo ldyowhaylbdq goy}ood qow~lao

hmodyq hdi qow~lao uqowq ykhy hwo qoy ld yko abdyo{y bn qow~lao wo`hylbdqklsq$ Yko wlakow yko

7 Ly euqy go xuh`lnloi, ykbumk, ykhy yko ~lwyubuq alwaò iboq dby h`}h|q kbì ywuo guy ahd go gwbfod, shwylau`hw`| hy yko sbldy bnbgjoayl~o }o``goldm$ Nbw ldqyhdao, mwohyow }oh`yk iboq dby doaoqqhwl`| ywhdq`hyo ldyb mwohyow qugjoayl~o }o``goldm quak hqnoo`ldm nwoo hdi kh~ldm yleo yb ib }khy bdo }hdyq yb ib +huybdbe|, kh~ldm qussbwyl~o wo`hylbdqklsq bw kh~ldm yko odowm|hdi noo`ldm }o``%woqyoi +~lyh`ly|$ Ly lq swoalqo`| nbw yklq wohqbd ykhy qakb`hwq, woqohwakowq hdi aheshlmdowq h`lfo hi~bahyo hmwohyow oeskhqlq bd eohquwldm qugjoayl~o }o``goldm wo`hyl~o yb bgjoayl~o }o``goldm$


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7=

ionldlylbd bn buyabeoq ykhy hwo qbumky, yko mwohyow lesbwyhdao lq s`haoi bd yko yleo ld~b`~oi ld

ykoqo wo`hylbdqklsq$ Nbw ldqyhdao, gulìldm h wo`hylbdqkls }lyk susl`q ykhy }l`` odhgò yohakowq yb

udiowqyhdi yko sowqbdh` io~o`bseody dooiq hdi hgl`lyloq bn ohak ldil~liuh` lq lesbwyhdy ld

ko`sldm susl`q yb io~o`bs kb`lqylah``|$ Kb}o~ow, yb wohs yko godonlyq bn h qywbdm hdi onnoayl~o

yohakow%susl` wo`hylbdqkls ld~b`~oq h qugqyhdylh` ld~oqyeody bn yleo$ Qlel`hw`|, gulìldm h

wo`hylbdqkls }lyk hd oìow`| sowqbd uqldm ahwo qow~laoq yhfoq ebwo yleo ykhd qles`| ko`sldm }lyk

}hqkldm hdi iwoqqldm$ Guy quak wo`hylbdqklsq }l`` mb h `bdm }h| yb}hwiq odwlakldm yko `l~oq hdi

leswb~ldm yko qbalh` }o``goldm bn yko oìow`| ld ahwo, }kb `bdm nbw ldyowsowqbdh` wo`hylbdqklsq

hdi eohdldmnu` qbalh` ldyowhaylbdq$ ]khy ehfoq ykoqo wo`hylbdqklsq ylaf lq hwmuhg`| yko auwwoda|

ah`òi yleo$ Nhlùwo yb o{sodi yklq swoalbuq auwwoda| }l`` woqu`y ld o{akhdmoq ykhy hwo kb``b}

hdi io~bli bn }khy elmky go ah`òi wo`hylbdqklsq ld ykolw swbsow qodqo$

Goqlioq goldm yko auwwoda| bn wo`hylbdqklsq ykhy ahd qlmdlnlahdy`| odkhdao buw }o``goldm

shwylau`hw`| buw qugjoayl~o }o``goldm yleo h`qb odhgòq yko xuh`ly| io`l~ow| bn sug`la qow~laoq

ykhy }l`` ehfo h swhaylah` ilnnowodao yb buw `l~oq, }klak ld yuwd h`qb hnnoayq buw }o``goldm$ Nbw

ldqyhdao, ko`sldm susl`q yb io~o`bs swbsow udiowqyhdildm bn h qugjoay yhfoq ebwo yleo ykhd

qles`| ywhdqelyyldm nhayq bw odabuwhmldm susl`q yb eoebwlqo ehykoehylah` nbweu`ho$ H

abdqu`yhylbd }lyk yko MS ahd go b~ow ld òqq ykhd 83 elduyoq, guy hiiwoqqldm yko wbby ahuqoq bn

ioswoqqlbd yhfoq nhw `bdmow$ Moyyldm yb fdb} yko shylody hdi udiowqyhdildm klq bw kow koh`yk

klqybw| ld bwiow yb nhal`lyhyo ebwo onnoayl~o ywohyeody eh| yhfo o~od `bdmow$ Swb~lildm sb`lao

swoqodao bd yko qywooyq yb wohqquwo yko sug`la hq }o`` hq yb woiuao yko sbqqlgl`ly| bn awleo

baauwwldm hq h woqu`y bn sb`lao ~lqlgl`ly| qlel`hw`| woxulwoq hioxuhyo yleo ld yko nbwe bn bnnlaowq

bd yko gohy$ Yko yleo qbalh` }bwfowq hwo hgò yb qsodi ~lqlyldm nhel`loq hdi |buykq eh| }o`` òhi

yb yko swo~odylbd bn ~u`dowhgò aklìwod goldm hguqoi bw |buykq ioqaodildm ldyb awleo$ Yko

òdmyk hdi onnoayl~odoqq bn h abd~layq wokhgl`lyhylbd }klò qow~ldm h qodyodao ahd sbyodylh``|

eohd yko ilnnowodao goy}ood klq quaaoqqnu` woldyomwhylbd ldyb qbaloy| hdi h wo`hsqo ldyb awleo$

Ly qyhdiq yb wohqbd ykhy ld h`` ykoqo ahqoq yko kohwy bn yko qbùylbd `loq ld moyyldm nwbdy`ldo qow~lao

hmodyq yohakowq, yko sb`lao, swlqbd mb~owdbwq, swbghylbd bnnlaowq, ibaybwq, duwqoq, MSq, koh`yk

~lqlybwq, ehyowdly| qyhnn, ahwowq, |buyk }bwfowq hdi qbalh` }bwfowq hebdm ehd| bykow sug`la

qoaybw sowqbddo` yb qsodi hioxuhyo yleo }lyk qow~lao uqowq hdi ld odhg`ldm ykhy yleo yb go

qsody ebwo bsyleh``| hdi swbiuayl~o`|$ H`` ybb bnyod ld yko shqy yko Mb~owdeody khi nh`òd ghaf

bd ykolw nh~buwlyo ywues ahwi qsodildm$ Guy o~od ioqslyo ehqql~o buy`h|q bn sug`la ebdo|, yko

hebudy bn yleo bd yko nwbdy`ldo khi dby h`}h|q ldawohqoi swbsbwylbdh``|$ ]kowo ykowo khi good

hyyoesyq yb suwakhqo ebwo yleo nbw yko nwbdy`ldo ld yko nbwe bn o{ywh sowqbddo`, qbeo bn ykoqo

ld~oqyeodyq khi qbeokb} nwlyyowoi h}h| ykwbumk yko ldywbiuaylbd bn h whny bn abudyow%swbiuayl~o sb`laloq ykhy khi bd`| hiioi `h|owq bn guwohuawha| hdi qywlsq bn woi yhso ykhy qhssoi

swbiuayl~o yleo buy bn yko q|qyoe$ Dby bd`| ahd }o db `bdmow hnnbwi ykoqo ehqql~o ld~oqyeodyq,

yko dooi yb ib ebwo }lyk òqq khq do~ow good qb swoqqldm$ Yko nbauq bn yko ioghyo euqy db}

eb~o nwbe yko qlzo bn yko guimoy yb yko ebqy lesbwyhdy woqbuwao }lykld buw sug`la qow~laoq

yleo$


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7;

8$7 Hleq, bgjoayl~oq hdi abdywlguylbdq

Yklq wosbwy ykowonbwo qoofq yb abdywlguyo yb yklq do} ioghyo g| o{s`bwldm kb} yleo ldnùodaoq

yko nwbdy`ldo wo`hylbdqklsq hdi yko io`l~ow| bn sug`la qow~laoq ykhy hwo ebqy lesbwyhdy nbw

sobsòq }o``goldm$ Yklq wosbwy h`qb qoofq yb liodyln| kb} sb`la| hnnoayq yleo gbyk lyq hebudyhdi yko }h| ly lq qsody bd yko nwbdy`ldo ld sug`la qow~laoq$

Qsoalnlah``|, yko bgjoayl~oq bn yklq wosbwy hwo:

+l Yb ilqab~ow yko }o``goldm buyabeoq ykhy sobsò ioqlwo nwbe uqldm sug`la qow~laoq,

+ll Yb ldxulwo }koykow ykowo lq qunnlalody yleo hdi }koykow yleo lq uqoi bsyleh``| hdi

swbiuayl~o`| yb haklo~o yko ioqlwoi }o``goldm buyabeoq,

+lll ]kowo yko nldildmq bn +ll hwo domhyl~o, yb nldi buy yko wohqbdq nbw nhlùwo, hdi

+l~ Yb ehfo woabeeodihylbdq yb sb`lylalhdq hdi sb`la|ehfowq bd kb} sb`la| ahd hnnoay yleo

bd yko nwbdy`ldo yb}hwiq leswb~ldm sobsòq }o``goldm$

Yb haklo~o yko hgb~o bgjoayl~oq, yklq wosbwy qoofq yb hqf nl~o fo| xuoqylbdq ykhy wo`hyo yb yleo

nhaybwq ld sug`la qow~laoq:

Lq ykowo qunnlalody yleo ld nwbdy`ldo sug`la qow~laoq io`l~ow|2

Lq yko io`l~ow| bn sug`la qow~laoq swbesy hdi yleo`|, }kowo hdi }kod yko| hwo dooioi yb

go2

Lq yko òdmyk bn qow~lao wo`hylbdqklsq hioxuhyo nbw yko haklo~oeody bn }o``goldm buyabeoq2

Kb} lq yleo o{sowlodaoi ld yko io`l~ow| hdi abdquesylbd bn sug`la qow~laoq2

Lq yleo goldm uqoi swbiuayl~o`| hdi nbw yko wlmky swlbwlyloq ld sug`la qow~laoq2

Ly lq kbsoi ykhy yklq wosbwy }l`` hli nuwykow sug`la ioghyo bd yko akwbdbelaq bn sug`la qow~laoq

hdi lyq lesbwyhdao nbw buw }o``goldm, ykowog| qylwwldm us h do} woh`lqhylbd bn yko dooi yb ykldf

go|bdi eowo`| nldhdalh` odhgòwq bn }o``goldm$ Yko wosbwy lq h`qb shwy bn h }liow elqqlbd bn yko

Wo`hylbdqklsq Nbudihylbd yb ko`s sobsò ykldf ebwo wo`hylbdh``| hdi yb ko`s qkhso h ebwo

wo`hylbdh` qbaloy|$ Ly lq h`qb kbsoi ykhy yko nldildmq swoqodyoi ld yklq wosbwy }l`` swb~lio uqonu`

ldsuy hdi liohq yb gbyk sb`lylalhdq hdi sb`la|ehfowq hq yko| qoof yb ldywbiuao wonbweq yb sug`la

qow~laoq ykhy }l`` leshay bd buw }o``goldm, shwylau`hw`| ld yleoq bn oabdbela huqyowly|$

8$1 Y%nhaybwq hdi yko bwmhdlqhylbd bn yko wosbwy

Yklq wosbwy qoofq yb hqf yko nl~o fo| xuoqylbdq hgb~o ld yko abdyo{y bn nbuw qoaybwq }lykld sug`la

qow~laoq, dheo`| oiuahylbd hdi qakbb`q6 sb`laldm, awleo, awleldh` juqylao hdi abeeudly| qhnoy|6

koh`yk qow~laoq6 hdi qbalh` qow~laoq hdi ahwo$ Yko hqfldm bn ykoqo nl~o xuoqylbdq ud~ol`q nl~o awlylah`

yleo nhaybwq +Y%nhaybwq }lykld sug`la qow~laoq ykhy ahd hnnoay qow~lao wo`hylbdqklsq hdi yko

io`l~ow| bn nwbdy`ldo qow~laoq, gbyk bn }klak }l`` u`ylehyo`| leshay bd buw }o``goldm +Nlmuwo 8$7$


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7 o{s`bwoq h sowoddlh` abdudiwue nbw sb`la|ehfowq, nwbdy`ldo qow~lao hmodyq hdi qow~lao

uqowq h`lfo$ Ly klmk`lmkyq qbeo sbqqlgò wohqbdq }k| o~od }kod yko hebudy, qsooi, yleo`ldoqq,

b~owh`` òdmyk hdi o{sowlodao bn qow~lao swb~lqlbd hwo qooeldm`| hioxuhyo, sug`la qow~laoq eh|

qyl`` nhl` yb io`l~ow yko ioqlwoi buyabeoq ykhy hwo ebqy awlylah` nbw sobsòq }o``goldm$ Ld

shwylau`hw, ly o{heldoq kb} aowyhld abudyow%swbiuayl~o sb`laloq, `h|owq bn guwohuawha| hdi h

aodywh``|%iwl~od bgqoqqlbd }lyk yhwmoyq kh~o ilqybwyoi yko wlmkynu` swlbwlyloq bn ehd| hwohq bn

sug`la qow~laoq, woqu`yldm ld yleo goldm uqoi òqq swbiuayl~o`| yb io`l~ow yko ioqlwoi buyabeoq

ykhy hwo ebqy lesbwyhdy nbw sobsòq }o``goldm$

Akhsyow = abdaùioq yko wosbwy g| queehwlqldm yko nldildmq, iwh}ldm qbeo fo| abdaùqlbdq bd

kb} yleo ld sug`la qow~laoq hnnoay buw }o``goldm hdi ehfldm qbeo woabeeodihylbdq bd kb}

sb`la| ahd sbqlyl~o`| ldnùodao yko qahwao hdi swoalbuq woqbuwao bn yleo ld sug`la qow~laoq }lyk

yko hle bn leswb~ldm sobsòq }o``goldm$


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AAAKKKHHHSSSYYYOOOWWW777YYY%%%NNNhhhaaayyybbbwww LLL

YYYllleeeooo NNNhhheeellldddooo

Yko Qxuoozo bd Qow~lao Swb~lqlbd hdiNwoxuoda| bn Ldyowhaylbd

]klò qbeo eh| ah`` ly yleo qlafdoqq hdi bykowq yleo sb~owy|, yko ldawohqldm`| abdqslaubuq

hdi h`hweldm woh`ly| lq ykhy buw sug`la qow~laoq hwo o{sowlodaldm h mwh~o nheldo bn yleo gwbumky

hgbuy g| h e|wlhi bn nhaybwq, whdmldm nwbe ldawohqoi ioehdi nwbe qow~lao uqowq yb guwohuawhyla

ioehdiq hdi ldyownowodao nwbe yko Mb~owdeody$ Yko oqah`hyldm yleo abqyq hdi swoqquwoq

onnoayl~o`| qugywhayq nwbe yko hebudy bn yleo nwbdy`ldo sug`la qow~hdyq kh~o nbw lesbwyhdy

wo`hylbdqklsq hdi o{akhdmoq }lyk qow~lao uqowq bw nbw yko io`l~ow| bn qow~laoq ykhy leshay bd buw}o``goldm$

]koykow ly lq ld qakbb`q, sb`laldm, yko DKQ bw qbalh` qow~laoq, yko h~hl`hgl`ly| bn y leo khq good h

woauwwldm abdaowd nbw }klak, ioqslyo h whny bn Mb~owdeody sb`laloq hdi swbelqoq yb hiiwoqq yko

swbgòe, db ywu`| onnoayl~o qbùylbdq kh~o good nbudi$ Ld yko eohdyleo, yko qxuoozo bd qow~lao

swb~lqlbdq abdylduo, woqu`yldm ld woiuaoi, qkbwyow bw òqq nwoxuody hmody%a`lody ldyowhaylbd hdi

qow~lao io`l~ow|$ Ykoqo ld yuwd leshay bd yko }o``goldm bn dby bd`| qow~lao uqowq guy h`qb

nwbdy`ldo qow~lao swb~liowq ykoeqo`~oq, }kb, ykbumk nwuqywhyoi hdi ilql`ùqlbdoi hy goldm

swbnoqqlbdh``| qylnòi hdi abdqywhldoi ld ykolw jbgq, hwo woqlmdoi yb yko nhay ykhy ykolw khdiq hwo

yloi hdi ykhy yko| hwo sb}owòqq yb akhdmo yko qlyuhylbd hq `bdm hq sb`la|ehfowq nhl` yb qoo yko

`lmky$

7$8 Oiuahylbd . qakbb`q

7$8$8 Yohakowq }bwf`bhi hdi lyq onnoayq bd yohakldm

Yleo nheldo ld yko yohakldm swbnoqqlbd lq h qo~owh`%ioahio%bì swbgòe nbw }klak, ioqslyo euak

k|so hdi hsshwody swbelqoq yb hiiwoqq yohakowq mwbuqoq, dolykow hd| onnoayl~o dbw h``%

odabeshqqldm qbùylbd khq good nbudi$ Woqohwak khq `bdm qkb}d ykhy yko hsshwody qkbwyhmo bn

yleo nbw yohakowq yb ib h`` ykhy lq woxulwoi bn ykoe ldaùildm yohakldm, swoshwhylbd, ehwfldm,

abdylduldm swbnoqqlbdh` io~o`bseody hdi jumm`ldm sowqbdh` hdi nhel`| `lno lq h ehjbw ahuqo bn

qywoqq nbw ehd| bn ykoe +Mwh| hdi Nwooehd, 8


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17

Yko dhylbdh` auwwlauùe:H iwohe hy abdaosylbd,h dlmkyehwo hy io`l~ow|$

onnoayl~o hdi xuh`ly| yohakldm$ Yko xuh`ly| bn yohakowq swoshwhylbd hdi sownbwehdao lq aodywh` ld

hd| ilqauqqlbd womhwildm yleo ioehdiq bd yohakowq$ Ly lq }lio`| haaosyoi ykhy, ld bwiow yb

bsylelqo susl`q òhwdldm swbaoqq, yohakowq dooi yb swoshwo hdi swoqody yko hsswbswlhyo

ehyowlh` aòhw`|, ebyl~hyo hdi ebdlybw susl` òhwdldm, swb~lio qulyhgò nooighaf bd sownbwehdao

hdi ehfo uqo bn h`` yko woò~hdy ldnbwehylbd mhykowoi ld yklq swbaoqq yb odkhdao nuwykow

s`hddldm$ Yko swoilaheody ykhy yohakowq ybih| nhao eowo`| oakboq h `bdm%koì abdyodylbd ykhy

khq nh`òd ebqy`| bd sb`la|ehfowq iohn ohwq:

Ebwo qb ykhd bykow baaushylbdq, yohakldm lq hd bsod%odioi hayl~ly|$ Ln yleo hdi

odowm| h``b}oi, òqqbd s`hdq abuì h`}h|q go wo~lqoi hdi leswb~oi ebwo yo{y

ehyowlh` abuì h`}h|q go ab~owoi gonbwo yko odi bn yowe, qyuiodyq abuì h`}h|q go

ml~od ebwo ldil~liuh` hyyodylbd, hdi kbeo}bwf abuì h`}h|q go mwhioi }lyk

mwohyow ahwo$ +Khwmwoh~oq, 8


33/177


11

7$8$7 A`hqq qlzoq hdi yohakowq }bwfldm kbuwq

Hdbykow ehjbw yleo ghdily ykhy khesowq yko onnoayl~odoqq bn yohakow%susl` wo`hylbdqklsq lq yko

`hwmo a`hqq qlzoq ykhy hwo onnoayl~o`| woiualdm dby juqy yko hebudy bn yleo yohakowq ahd io~byo yb

ohak qyuiody guy h`qb yko hebudy bn yleo nbw ykoe yb ib ykolw jbgq swbsow`| ld yko a`hqqwbbe

b}ldm yb ilqwusylbdq oehdhyldm nwbe susl`q ghi gokh~lbuw$ H`ykbumk h~owhmo a`hqq qlzoq khi

qkwudf ld yko `hqy ioahio, yko ioawohqo khi hayuh``| good ehwmldh` ld yko `hqy nl~o |ohwq +Nlmuwo

7$8$

Nlmuwo 7$8: H~owhmo a`hqq qlzoq ld swlehw| hdi qoabdihw| qakbb`q ld Odm`hdi, 7339%733$7 7>$7 7>$1 7>$7 7>$7 7>$7

78$; 78$> 78$?78$7

73$

8?$3

73$3

7?$3

13$3

7339 733? 733> 733= 733; 733, 8>$3 hdi 8;$= woqsoayl~o`|, }klò yko BOAI h~owhmo }hq 8>$7$ Bd`| Yuwfo|,

Eo{lab hdi Qbuyk Fbwoh khi }bwqo whylbq ykhd yko _Fq +Nlmuwo 7$7 +BOAI, 733;$

Yhgò 7$8: H~owhmo a`hqq qlzo ld qyhyo swlehw| qakbb`q hebdm BOAI eoegow abudywloq, 7333 hdi733> +duegow bn susl`q$

733> 7333

Qbuyk Fbwoh 18$> 1>$?

Jhshd 7;$7 7;$ DH

Huqywh`lh 71$1 79$

ud`h}nu``| `hwmo a`hqqoq, abeshwoi yb >,1;3 `hqy |ohw +Ioshwyeody nbw Aklìwod, Qakbb`q hdi

Nhel`loq, 733;h, 733

ebdykq }khy qyuiodyq ld hd h~owhmo a`hqqwbbe òhwd ld h |ohw hdi qyuiodyq ld yko òhqy onnoayl~o

a`hqqwbbeq òhwd ld y}b, ly lq hwmuoi ykhy yko woiuaylbd bn a`hqq qlzoq nwbe 13 yb 73 susl`q }l``

dby akhdmo yohakldm eoykbiq, hdi h`ykbumk ly }l`` odhgò susl`q yb ehfo 8> ebdykq swbmwoqq

ld h |ohw, ly }l`` h`qb woxulwo hdbykow 8?3,333 yohakowq hdi 8?3,333 a`hqqwbbeq, hy h abqy bn

73,333 sow a`hqqwbbe +Q}hldo, 733 7?$>

7?$=

7>$7

3

?,333

83,333

8?,333

73,333

7?,333

13,333

1?,333

7339 733? 733> 733= 733; 733

7?$=

7?$;

7?$

7>$8

7>$7

7>$1

H~owhmoa`hqqqlzo+susl`q,

Qbuwaoq: Akhwy io~o`bsoi nwbe ihyh ld Ioshwyeody nbw Aklìwod, Qakbb`q hdi Nhel`loq +733;h, SuslÀkhwhayowlqylaq hdi A`hqq Qlzoq ld Ehldyhldoi Qakbb`q ld Odm`hdi: Jhduhw| 733; , @bdibd: Ioshwyeody nbw Aklìwod,Qakbb`q hdi Nhel`loq6 hdi Ioshwyeody nbw Aklìwod, Qakbb`q hdi Nhel`loq +733


37/177


1=

Yko lwbd| bn yko ldhioxuhyo hebudy bn yleo yohakowq ahd io~byo yb ldil~liuh` susl`q lq ykhy

yohakowq woxulwoi }bwfldm yleo ld qakbb` hy yko swlehw|, `b}ow qoabdihw| hdi ussow qoabdihw|

ò~o`q ld Odm`hdi ybyh`òi hd liodylah` 8,7>? kbuwq ohak ld 733> +Nlmuwo 7$9, qlmdlnlahdy`| klmkow

ykhd yko BOAI h~owhmoq bn 8,8;?, 8,789 hdi 8,8?< kbuwq hy yko woqsoayl~o ò~o`q$ Odm`hdi h`qb

khi yko >yk `bdmoqy hdduh` abesu`qbw| ldqywuaylbd yleo +;;3 kbuwq hdi yko ;yk `bdmoqy hdduh`

ldyodioi ldqywuaylbd yleo +;$

* Elqqldm ihyh bd Go`mlue hdi Yuwfo| nbw @b}ow Qoabdihw|, hdi bd Iodehwf hdi Go`mlue nbw _ssowQoabdihw|$

Qbuwao: Akhwy io~o`bsoi nwbe ihyh ld BOAI +733;, Oiuahylbd hy h M`hdao 733;: BOAI Ldilahybwq, Shwlq:Bwmhdlqhylbd nbw Oabdbela Abbsowhylbd hdi Io~o`bseody$

87>? kbuwq

8>?3 kbuwq

;33 kbuwq


38/177


1;

Nlmuwo 7$?: Abesu`qbw| hdi ldyodioi ldqywuaylbd yleo +kbuwq nbw =%yb%;%|ohw%b`iq ld sug`laldqylyuylbdq hebdm BOAI eoegow abudywloq, 733>$

?33

>33

=33

;33


39/177


1: Yleo yhfod g| yko sb`lao yb ld qoòayoi swbaoiuwoq nbw hwwoqy yb nu`` ilqsbqh`+elduyoq$

Swbaoqqldm dbyoq, 13

Qohwakoq, >3

Qyhyoeody%yhfldm, 79Nbwodqla o~liodao, 83

AAY^ o~liodao, 87

Liodylnlahylbd swbaoqq,

=7

Abesòylbd bn bnnlaow-qo~liodao, 81;

Ilqa`bquwo woabwiq, 71

Sbqy%akhwmohieldlqywhylbd, 71

Qbuwao: Akhwy io~o`bsoi nwbe ihyh ld Kbeo Bnnlao +733>, Onnlaloda| S`hddldm Ybb`fly Wohi| Woafbdow, @bdibd:Kbeo Bnnlao$

Swbaoiuwoq sowyhldldm yb hd hwwoqy hdi akhwmo hwo `bdm%iwh}d%buy hdi yoilbuq$ Oqylehyoq nwbeyko Kbeo Bnnlao qkb} ykhy yko o~liodao mhykowldm swbaoqq woxulwoq hd h~owhmo bn 73; elduyoq$

Yklq lq ehio us bn, guy dby `lelyoi yb, qohwakoq +>3 elduyoq, swbaoqqldm dbyoq +13 elduyoq,

woabwildm qyhyoeody +79 elduyoq, nbwodqla o~liodao +83 elduyoq hdi swbaoqqldm AAY^

o~liodao +87 elduyoq$ Qkbuì akhwmoq go swoqqoi, h nuwykow 8;9 elduyoq hwo woxulwoi nbw yko

swoshwhylbd bn o~liodao nlòq nbw yko Awb}d Swbqoauylbd Qow~lao +Nlmuwo 7$> +Kbeo Bnnlao,

733>$ Hiildm ykoqo nlmuwoq yb hd h~owhmo bn 1$? kbuwq ldauwwoi nbw hwwoqyldm qbeobdo,

womhwiòqq bn yko qahò bn yko bnnodao +Aodywo nbw Qbalh` Juqylao, 733


42/177


97

ilqhssohwhdao bn sb`lao yleo bd yko gohy goabeoq aòhw$ Iwh}ldm bd qyhylqylaq qkb}ldm yko

sb`lao bd yko gohy nbw hd h~owhmo bn òqq ykhd 73/ bn ykolw yleo, bdo wosbwy woafbdq ykhy hy quak

h whyo, }klak ywhdq`hyoq ldyb òqq ykhd = kbuwq h }oof, ld bwiow nbw h nbwao yb hii bdo nu``%yleo

bnnlaow yb qywooy shywb`, ? hiilylbdh` bnnlaowq dooi yb go oes`b|oi +Aodywo nbw Qbalh` Juqylao,

733


43/177


91

7$7$7 Abdqoxuodaoq bn yko ioa`ldo ld ~lqlgò sb`laldm

^lqlgò sb`laldm, bw bnnlaowq bd yko gohy, lq hwmuhg`| bdo bn yko ebqy lesbwyhdy sb`lao nudaylbdq$ Ly

swb~lioq yko goqy bssbwyudlyloq nbw abdyhay hdi ldyowhaylbd }lyk yko sug`la hdi nbw yko gulìldm

bn wo`hylbdqklsq }lyk `bah` abeeudlyloq, hdi yko swoqodao bn bnnlaowq bd yko qywooyq hwo }lio`|

sowaol~oi yb go h ahèldm wohqquwhdao bn sug`la bwiow hdi abeeudly| qhnoy|$ Yko sug`la hwo

abes`hldldm ykhy yko sb`lao hwo db}hih|q dby moyyldm yb fdb} ykolw hwoh hdi yko sobsò ld ly

qunnlalody`| +Aodywo nbw Qbalh` Juqylao, 733


44/177


99

qummoqyq klmk wlqf bnnodiowq qkbuì go ~lqlyoi 87 yleoq h |ohw, eoilue wlqf 9 yleoq h |ohw hdi

`b} wlqf bdao bw y}lao h |ohw$ Ld bdo nbwao, ly }hq ilqab~owoi ykhy shoibsklòq ld lyq hwoh }owo

akoafoi bd juqy bdao o~ow| > ebdykq +]klyokohi, 733 bw hyoqy h~hl hgò |ohw 8 bw hyoqy h~hl`hgò |ohw6 _F nlmuwoq ghqoi bd 733?

Qbuwao: Akhwy io~o`bsoi nwbe ihyh ld BOAI +733


45/177


9?

qyhdihwiq hdi yhwmoyq$ Kb}o~ow, yhwmoyq hdi guwohuawha| qyl`` qooe yb go yko b~owhwakldm

bgqoqqlbd bn yko Mb~owdeody ioqslyo yko Kbeo Bnnlao sòimldm h gbdnlwo bn yko shsow}bwf

hnyow bnnlalh` woqohwak ld 7338 nbudi ykhy bnnlaowq qsody 91/ bn ykolw yleo ld yko sb`lao qyhylbd

+Ghwwoyy, 733;$ Hq hd o{hesò bn kb} yhwmoyq hdi eohquwoeody h`` bn }klak woxulwo

qooeldm`| odiòqq shsow}bwf hwo qyl`` h nohyuwo ld sb`laldm, h`` sb`lao nbwaoq qlmd us yb yko

Sb`lao Sòimoq, }klak ldaùio yleo yhwmoyq bd hdq}owldm ah``q hdi hyyodildm yb oeowmodaloq,

}klò yko ykod Kbeo Qoawoyhw| khi h`qb qoy yhwmoyq yb leswb~o abdnliodao ld yko sb`lao

+]klyokohi, 733;h$

7$7$1 Qywlssldm ghaf woi yhso: moduldo wonbwe bw sh|ldm `ls qow~lao2

Qbeo bn yko ebwo woaody eb~oq g| yko Mb~owdeody qkbuì do~owykoòqq go `huioi$ Yko

hddbudaoeody g| yko ykod Kbeo Qoawoyhw| bd yko qawhssldm bn sb`lao yleoqkooyq ykhy }l`` ld

ykobw| nwoo us hd oqylehyoi 7>3,333 sb`lao kbuwq h |ohw, bw yko oxul~hòdy bn 8?3 bnnlaowq, yko

auyyldm bn nbwe nl``ldm g| nbwodqlaq g| h yklwi hdi yko auyyldm bn ihyh bd hqqoqqldm bdmbldm

qowlbuq awleo ld~oqylmhylbdq g| ;3/ +GGA Do}q, 8> Nog 733


46/177


9>

ebwo ykhd 813 o{ywh sb`lao shywb`q hwo db} goldm ahwwloi buy h ih| ld @bdibd +Oi}hwiq,

733


47/177


9=

Ehfldm yko sb`lao woqsbdqlgò nbw woiualdm awleo hdi ilqbwiow, hdi ykod y|ldm ykolw khdiq

gokldi ykolw ghafq }lyk odiòqq yleo%}hqyldm woi yhso hdi guwohuawha| onnoayl~o`| qywlssldm

ykoe bn yko huybdbe| yb uqo ykolw yleo hdi hay haabwildm yb ykolw swbnoqqlbdh` ilqawoylbd dby

bd`| shwh`|qoq yko sb`lao hy h yleo }kod ldaliodao bn awleo lq qbhwldm hdi }kod ly lq ebqy awualh`

nbw ykoe yb woqsbdi qsooil`|, guy h`qb ykwohyodq yko modowh` }o``goldm bn h qbaloy| }kbqo

qoauwly| lq iosodiody yb h `hwmo o{yody bd yko onnoayl~odoqq bn sb`laldm$

7$1 Koh`yk qow~laoq

7$1$8 B~owqywoyakoi ehyowdly| qow~laoq

]beod ml~ldm glwyk hwo dby qshwoi yko ioyowlbwhyldm xuhdyly| hdi xuh`ly| bn ahwo ld yko DKQ

olykow$ Wlqldm glwyk whyoq hdi h qkbwyhmo bn eli}l~oq hwo o{owyldm kumo yleo swoqquwoq bd yko

DKQ, woqu`yldm ld ebykowq goldm bnyod òny }lykbuy ahwo iuwldm `hgbuw$ Yko Wb|h` Ab`òmo bn

Eli}l~oq a`hleq ykhy, hq h woqu`y bn nudildm nbw ehyowdly| qow~laoq goldm auy g| ?? el``lbd,

eli}l~oq hwo b~ow}bwfoi hdi b~owqywoyakoi, qbeoyleoq ahwldm nbw ykwoo }beod ld `hgbuw hy yko

qheo yleo +Lw~ldo, 733;g$ Ioqslyo o{ywh nudildm goldm swbelqoi udiow yko lesòeodyhylbd bn

Ehyowdly| Ehyyowq, h Mb~owdeody sb`la| ykhy woabeeodiq o~ow| }behd ml~ldm glwyk ld Odm`hdi

qkbuì kh~o bdo%yb%bdo ahwo nwbe h ioilahyoi eli}lno, h quw~o| bn DKQ ywuqyq qkb}oi ykhy / goy}ood 7338 hdi 733=, yko duegow bn nu``%yleo eli}l~oq khi dby

fosy shao hq ykowo }hq hd ldawohqo bn bd`| =/ ld yko qheo sowlbi$ H`ykbumk ykowo hwo db} bd

h~owhmo 1> eli}l~oq hi~lqldm nbw o~ow| 8,333 glwykq, ld ebqy womlbdq yko ehjbwly| bn ehyowdly|

udlyq ib dby abeo hd|}kowo a`bqo yb yklq nlmuwo +Wbqo, I$, 733;$ Nhlùwo, go ly hy yko aodywh`

Mb~owdeody bw `bah` huykbwly| ò~o`, yb wldm%nodao yko ld~oqyeody sòimoi hdi yb odquwo ly

ywlafòq ib}d yb nwbdy`ldo ehyowdly| qow~laoq lq udhaaosyhgò hy hd| yleo, guy o~od ebwo qb ld

woaoqqlbd, }kod sug`la qow~laoq hwo nhaoi }lyk leeldody nudildm auyq$

Ln quak nlmuwoq hwo dby ahuqo nbw abdaowd odbumk, ly khq h`qb good wo~ohòi ykhy hèbqy kh`n bn

ehyowdly| udlyq a`bqoi ykolw ibbwq yb do} hielqqlbdq hy òhqy bdao ld yko `hqy |ohw goahuqo yko|

}owo olykow nu`` bw khi ybb no} qyhnn$ Bdo udly lesbqoi h qkuy buy nbw 9; kbuwq }klò ehd|

bykowq a`bqoi nbw ebwo ykhd 83 kbuwq hy h yleo$ Ld ybyh`, woswoqodyldm h qlmdlnlahdy wlqo bn 1;/,

ykowo }owo ??1 a`bquwoq ld Odm`hdi `hqy |ohw, h~owhmldm ? sow SAY, abeshwoi }lyk 937 a`bquwoq,

bw 9 sow SAY ld 733= +Ihl`| Yoòmwhsk, ; Nog 733


48/177


9;

7$1$7 Ioa`ldldm duegow bn koh`yk ~lqlybwq

Yko nlwqy no} ebdykq bn h aklìq `lno hwo h udlxuo hdi |oy awualh` bssbwyudly| nbw shwodyq yb

woaol~o ko`s ld oxulssldm ykoeqo`~oq yb go yko goqy shwodyq yko| ahd go nbw yko woqy bn ykolw

aklìq `lno$ Ly lq ld yklq womhwi ykhy yko lesbwyhdy wbò koh`yk ~lqlybwq s`h| ahddby go b~owqyhyoi$

Goqlioq swb~lildm h udlxuo`| ~hùhgò nbweh` qow~lao ykhy ahddby go nbudi o`qo}kowo bw

qugqylyuyoi g| duwqoq, yko| hwo h`qb ldqywueodyh` ld swb~lildm h nbwe bn wo`hylbdh` qussbwy ykhy

shwodyq dooi ld yko leeoilhyo sowlbi usbd yko hwwl~h` bn h aklì$ H quw~o| hqfldm 9,==? shwodyq

nwbe }kbe yko| }hdyoi yb woaol~o shwodyldm hi~lao wo~ohòi ykhy =>/ bn shwodyq qhli yko|

}hdyoi hi~lao nwbe h ywhldoi koh`yk ~lqlybw }lyk us%yb%ihyo fdb}òimo, }klò bd`| 11/

}hdyoi ykhy hi~lao nwbe h duwqo$ Hd b~ow}koèldm ;1/ bn shwodyq nh~buwoi woaol~ldm ko`s ld

ykolw b}d kbeo +Mleqbd, 733=$

Ioqslyo euak o~liodao qkb}ldm shwodyq `b~o koh`yk ~lqlybwq, ywuqy ykolw hi~lao hdi yuwd yb ykoe

ohql`| }kod yko| hwo hd{lbuq bw abdaowdoi hgbuy ykolw do} aklì, yko duegow bn koh`yk ~lqlybwq lq

hy lyq `b}oqy ld 89 |ohwq$ Yko duegow bn koh`yk ~lqlybwq

khi iwbssoi g| 83/ ld yko `hqy 1 |ohwq hdi ahqo`bhiq

hwo db} qlmdlnlahdy`| klmkow ykhd yko woabeeodioi

133 nhel`loq bw 933 aklìwod, }lyk 93/ bn koh`yk

~lqlybwq khdi`ldm ahqo`bhiq bn b~ow ?33 aklìwod hdi

73/ b~ow 8,333 aklìwod$ Ly lq dby quwswlqldm ykhy

>


49/177


99= goi ih|q ld hd ldyodql~o ghg| ahwo udly, bw

io`l~ow hgbuy 88/ bn yko 7$1 gl``lbd qh~ldmq

ioehdioi nwbe yko Ioshwyeody bn Koh`yk ld yko

Akhdao``bwq `hyoqy Guimoy +Wb|h` Ab`òmo bn

Duwqldm, 7339/ ld 7339 +BDQ, 733;$ Ld

bykow }bwiq, dohw`| y}b ld nl~o shylodyq no`y ykhy yko| ili dby moy hioxuhyo yleo }lyk ykolw MSq$

Kb}o~ow, yko Mb~owdeody qooeq yb qugqawlgo yb yko go`lon ykhy yko glmmow, yko goyyow ioqslyo

do} o~liodao nwbe h qyui| hdh`|qldm 1;9 swhaylaoq hawbqq 89 SAYq ld Odm`hdi qummoqyldm ykhy

auwwody h~owhmo%qlzoi MS swhaylaoq swb~lio h qlel`hw ~bùeo hdi whdmo bn o{ywh qow~laoq hq ykbqo

swb~lioi g| qb%ah`òi qusow quwmowloq bw sb`|a`ldla ykhy yko Mb~owdeody khq gomud h eu`yl%

Yko 7=1 el``lbd qsody bd klwldmehdhmoeody abdqu`yhdyq nbwehyyowq dby wo`hyoi yb shylody ahwoabuì kh~o gbumky ebwo yleo nbwyko nwbdy`ldo ld yko nbwe bn

113 nu``|%qyhnnoi 7;%goi eoilah` }hwiq,bw

3 o{sowlodaoi qyhnnduwqoq, bw

7>=,>9= goi ih|q ld hdldyodql~o ghg| ahwo udly


55/177


??

el``lbd sbudi ld~oqyeody swbmwheeo yb awohyo$ Yko qyui| abdaùioi ykowo }hq ~ow| `lyyò

ilnnowodao ld qow~lao swb~lqlbd goy}ood auwwody h~owhmo%qlzoi swhaylaoq bn >,113 shylodyq hdi

qusow quwmowloq ahyowldm nbw 13,333 bw ebwo shylodyq$ Abdywhw| yb yko Mb~owdeodyq hqqowylbd

ykhy sb`|a`ldlaq }buì yhfo bd kbqslyh` }bwf hdi woiuao yko b~owh`` abqyq bn yko DKQ, ykowo }hq

db o~liodao ykhy `hwmow swhaylaoq kh~o nwooi us woqbuwaoq +Ebwmhd hdi Goowqyoakow, 733


56/177


?>

oxul~h`ody +]YO qbalh` }bwf qyhnn ld 733= +9?,733 }hq 7/ klmkow ykhd ld yko swo~lbuq |ohw hdi

7?/ klmkow ykhd ld 8


57/177


?=

Nlmuwo 7$83: ]kbò%yleo oxul~hòdy qbalh` }bwfowq hdi ybyh` }kbò%yleo oxul~hòdy qyhnn ld qbalh`qow~laoq ioshwyeodyq ld Odm`hdi, 83378>?33

771?33

9?73399?3397833

78$=/73$;/

8$7/

7?333

?3333

=?333

833333

87?333

8?3333

8=?333

733333

77?333

8


58/177


?;

mwhdyq hq ohak swbjoay ld~b`~oq hd h~owhmo bn ykwoo qbuwaoq bn nudildm, ohak }lyk lyq b}d

hss`lahylbd q|qyoe +Huily Abeelqqlbd, 733,=33 ldil~liuh`q woaol~oi `bah`

huykbwly| nudioi kbeo ahwo ohak }oof ld Odm`hdi, h ioa`ldo nwbe 1? hdi 989,=33

ld 7333$ B~owh``, yko duegow bn abdyhay kbuwq swb~lioi khi ldawohqoi g| 77/ qldao 7331, }klò

yko duegow bn kbuqokbìq woaol~ldm qow~laoq khi ioawohqoi g| ;/$ Yko h~owhmo duegow bn

abdyhay kbuwq sow }oof sow kbuqokbì ld 733= }hq 88$>, abeshwoi yb 83$; ld 733>, hdi h yklwi

ebwo ykhd yko h~owhmo bn ;$= kbuwq swb~lioi ld 7331 +DKQ Ldnbwehylbd Aodywo, 733;g$

Yklq qummoqyq ykhy ebwo ldyodql~o qow~laoq hwo db} goldm swb~lioi nbw h qeh`òw duegow bnqow~lao uqowq +Nlmuwo 7$88, abdylduldm h ywodi qood b~ow yko `hqy 83 |ohwq$ Yko swbsbwylbd bn

qow~lao uqowq ld Odm`hdi woaol~ldm klmk ldyodqly| kbeo ahwo, l$o$ > bw ebwo ~lqlyq sow }oof hdi

ebwo ykhd ? kbuwq sow }oof, ldawohqoi qyohil`| nwbe 87/ ld 8


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?3

H`ykbumk yko ylmkyodldm bn o`lmlgl`ly| awlyowlh h``b}q nbw ebwo ldyodql~o kbeo ahwo yb go swb~lioi

nbw hdi ebwo yleo io~byoi yb h qeh`òw duegow bn ahwo uqowq, lyq leshay bd yko }o``goldm bn

ykbqo ldo`lmlgò guy ld moduldo dooi bn kbeo ahwo }kbqo sowqbdh` qussbwy doy}bwfq +o$m$

nhel`|, wo`hyl~oq, oya$ hwo udhgò yb swb~lio eh| go yo``ldm$ Ld 733>"3= hd oqylehyoi 7$? el``lbd

bìow sobsò ld Odm`hdi khi qbeo dooi nbw ahwo hdi qussbwy +]hdòqq, 733;$ Bn ykoqo,

;?3,333 bìow sobsò, bw juqy b~ow 83/ bn Odm`hdiq b~ow%>? sbsu`hylbd, khi klmk ò~o`q bn

dooi$ Ly lq oqylehyoi ykhy hwbudi >,333 bìow sobsò }lyk klmk qussbwy dooiq hdi 7=?,333 }lyk

òqq ldyodql~o dooiq woaol~o db qow~laoq hdi kh~o db ldnbweh` ahwo +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo

Ldqsoaylbd, 733;h$ Yko }h| yko q|qyoe bsowhyoq lq quak ykhy h qeh`òw qomeody bn qow~lao uqowq

odjb| yko ù{uw| bn `bdmow abdyhay yleo hy yko o{sodqo bn ehd| bykowq }kb }buì bykow}lqo

kh~o good o`lmlgò guy }buì kh~o h`qb qswohi yko nldlyo ahshaly| bn yko q|qyoe yklddow$

Ioqslyo yko hsshwody mwohyow ldyodqly| ld ibelal`lhw| ahwo qow~laoq bnnowoi, bd`| q`lmky`| ebwo

ykhd kh`n +?7/ bn kbuqokbìq hayuh``| woaol~oi ebwo ykhd ? kbuwq bn ahwo hdi > bw ebwo ~lqlyq h

}oof ld 733= abeshwoi yb ?3/ ld 733> hdi 91/

ld 7331$ Yko ~hqy ehjbwly| bn yko 81/ bn

kbuqokbìq }kb khi bd`| h qldmò ~lqly iuwldm yko

}oof ld 733= woaol~oi ~lqlyq `hqyldm 7 kbuwq bw òqq

+DKQ Ldnbwehylbd Aodywo, 733;g$ Yklq lq ioqslyo

euak o~liodao sbldyldm yb yko dooi nbw onnoayl~o

hdi hioxuhyo swo~odyl~o ldyow~odylbdq hy yko

ibelal`lhw| ò~o` yb woiuao yko sbqqlgl`ly| bn yko

nwhl` hdi yko oìow`| woxulwldm hielqqlbd yb

duwqldm kbeoq, }kowo yko wlqfq bn qbalh` o{aùqlbd

hdi `bdo`ldoqq hwo euak klmkow$ Qyuiloq qkb} ykhy swo~odyl~o ldyow~odylbd ld yko nbwe bn

ld~oqyldm qunnlalody yleo ld ~lqlyhylbd, ahd io`h|, bw ldiooi h~bli, hielqqlbd yb h duwqldm kbeo$

Nbw o{hesò, bdo qyui| qkb}oi ykhy swbmwheeoq ld~b`~ldm h ibelal`lhw| eu`ylileodqlbdh`

hqqoqqeody sùq hy òhqy < nb``b}%us ~lqlyq ahd woiuao hielqqlbdq yb duwqldm kbeoq g| 19/, hdi

woiuao ioyowlbwhylbdq ld nudaylbdh` qyhyuq g| 79/ +alyoi ld @o}lq, 733=$

H`ykbumk b~owh`` qyhylqylaq qkb} h koh`yk| ldawohqo ld yko ldyodqly| bn qow~laoq, }khy qooeq yb

kh~o nh`òd bnn yko sug`la whihw lq yko s`lmky bn ykbqo }lyk moduldo dooi nbw ahwo guy hwo

qbeokb} ldo`lmlgò nbw qow~laoq$ Yko mhld bn o{ywh ahwo yleo nbw qbeo qooeq yb kh~o abeo hy yko

o{sodqo bn sbyodylh` ahwo yleo nbw bykowq$

7$9$1 Sowqbdh`lqhylbd hmodih khesowoi g| yko `haf bn yleo

Ld 733>"3= h`bdo, `bah` huykbwlyloq ld Odm`hdi qsody 73$8 gl``lbd bd sowqbdh` qbalh` qow~laoq,

ebwo ykhd ibugò yko


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>8

}owo iooeoi ldqunnlalody`| sowqbd%aodywoi hdi kb`lqyla$ Yko dooiq hdi alwaueqyhdaoq bn qbeo

sobs`o qoofldm qussbwy hwo ldqunnlalody`| o{s`bwoi hy ykolw nlwqy abdyhay }lyk yko abudal`, }kl`o

bykowq abes`hldoi ykhy ykolw nldhdalh` eohdq }owo hqqoqqoi gonbwo ykolw dooiq +Abeelqqlbd nbw

Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd, 733


62/177


>7

ioqlmdldm hdi suwakhqldm ykolw b}d qussbwy, hdi yleo ld~oqyoi g| qbalh` }bwfowq ld gulìldm

qywbdm hdi ywuqyoi ldyowsowqbdh` wo`hylbdqklsq lq oqqodylh` ld ko`sldm ykoe ehfo quak ioalqlbdq$

\oy hdbykow lwbd| bn Ilwoay Sh|eodyq bd yleo hdi qow~lao swb~lqlbd lq ykhy }klò wo`lo~ldm

swoqquwoq bd abudal`%swb~lioi nbweh` ahwo, guy }kowo ykowo hwo no} ~lhgò bsylbdq h~hl`hgò nbw

nbweh` swl~hyo ahwo, yko yleo abqyq hdi guwiod bn ahwo hwo onnoayl~o`| ywhdqnowwoi yb nhel`|

eoegowq$ O~od qkbuì yko ahqk sh|eodyq go uqoi yb suwakhqo qow~laoq, }klak eh| yb qbeo

o{yody wo`lo~o nhel`loq nwbe ilwoay ahwo swb~lqlbd, yko| do~owykoòqq ldywbiuao do} ahwo

ehdhmoeody woqsbdqlgl`lyloq nbw nhel`loq$ ]klò yleo qsody ld ilwoay ahwldm eh| go woiuaoi, ly

eh| go bnnqoy g| yleo dooioi yb ko`s ld woqohwakldm, ioalildm hdi foosldm yhgq bd suwakhqhgò

qow~lao bsylbdq ld hiilylbd yb hqqlqyldm ld yko hayuh` ilqguwqoeody bn yko ahqk ld suwakhqldm

qow~laoq$ Yko doy yleo qh~ldmq eh| ld qbeo ahqoq yuwd buy yb go dom`lmlgò6 yleo abqyq hwo

ywhdqnowwoi olykow nwbe bdo mwbus yb hdbykow, o$m$ abudal`q yb nhel`loq, bw nwbe bdo woqsbdqlgl`ly|yb hdbykow, o$m$ ilwoay ahwldm yb qusow~lqlbd hdi ehdhmoeody bn ahwo suwakhqo$

7$9$9 Qhnomuhwildm hiu`yq, yko oìow`| hdi nbqyow nhel`loq

Do~oweldi yko dhylbdh` swbeldodao bn yko Ghg| S ahqo ykhy klmk`lmkyoi yko nhlùwoq bn aklì

swbyoaylbd ld Khwldmo|, nhlùwo yb qhnomuhwi hiu`yq hdi yko oìow`| ld ahwo hdi o~od nbqyow

nhel`loq lq yhdyhebudy yb h ylafldm yleo gbeg }hlyldm yb o{s`bio$ ]klò euak khq good qhli

hgbuy yko dooi yb leswb~o yko qhnomuhwildm bn ~u`dowhgò aklìwod hdi yb nwoo us qbalh`

}bwfowq yleo yb ~lqly nhel`loq whykow ykhd goldm gbmmoi ib}d g| shsow}bwf, yko qheo bumky yb

go haabwioi yb hiu`yq hdi yko oìow`| ld ahwo$ H`ykbumk qbeo ?=/ bn abudal`q }owo swb~lildm

mbbi buyabeoq ld qhnomuhwildm hiu`yq hdi yko oìow`| ld 733;, yko nlmuwo woswoqodyq h ioa`ldo

nwbe >1/ yko swo~lbuq |ohw$ Bd`| 88/ }owo swb~lildm o{ao`òdy buyabeoq ld gbyk 733; hdi

733= +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd, 733


63/177


>1

odquwldm yko qhnoy| hdi }o``goldm bn sobsò ld ahwo$ Kb}o~ow, h qyui| ldyb yko onnoayl~odoqq bn

hwwhdmoeodyq yb qhnomuhwi hiu`yq nwbe hguqo nbudi udo~od swbmwoqq$ Ld hèbqy =?/ bn abudal`

ldqsoaylbdq udhaaosyhgò ~hwlhgl`ly| }hq nbudi ld yko qyhdihwi bn swhaylao }kod qussbwyldm

qbeobdo }kb khi o{sowlodaoi hguqo$ Abudal`q }owo gomlddldm yb swb~lio bsylbdq yb ko`s

swo~ody hguqo nbw sobsò }kb ilwoayoi ykolw b}d qussbwy guy o~liodao nwbe yko qyui| bd

qhnomuhwildm ldilahyoi ykhy db abudal` khi h q|qyoehyla hsswbhak ld s`hao$ Bn yko 73 abudal`q

ldqsoayoi goy}ood Humuqy 733= hdi Hswl` 733;, 9 +73/ }owo juimoi yb go sbbw bd

qhnomuhwildm io`l~ow|, 83 +?3/ hioxuhyo, hdi > +13/ mbbi$ Db abudal`q }owo juimoi yb

go o{ao`òdy bd qhnomuhwildm io`l~ow| +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd, 733;g$

Qlel`hw`|, `lyyò hyyodylbd, bw ldiooi yleo, khq good io~byoi yb qawuyldlqldm yko ghafmwbudi bn

~u`dowhgò hiu`yq s`haoi ld ahwo bw nbqyow nhel`loq udiow yko Hiu`y S`haoeody Qakoeo$ Auwwody`|

ykowo lq db yleo swb~lqlbd bw hd| bg`lmhylbd nbw qbalh` }bwfowq yb akoaf yko awleldh` ghafmwbudiq

bn eodyh``| l`` hiu`yq, iwum hiilayq bw quqsoayoi qo{ bnnodiowq s`haoi ld nhel`| kbeoq$ Hq h

woqu`y, aklìwod hdi ykolw shwodyq hwo goldm suy hy wlqf g| abudal`q s`haldm sbyodylh``| ihdmowbuq

sobsò udiow ykolw wbbnq, hq o~liodaoi g| y}b klmk swbnlò ahqoq, dheo`| yko woaody ^hò bn

M`hebwmhd Abudal` ahqo hdi yko Oqqo{ Abudy| Abudal` ahqo ld 7337 +Goafnbwi hdi Qh~l``, 733


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>9

AAAKKKHHHSSSYYYOOOWWW111YYY%%%NNNhhhaaayyybbbwww LLLLLL

YYYkkkooo DDDooooooiii nnnbbbwww QQQsssooooooiii

Swbesydoqq hdi Yleo`ldoqq bn Ioalqlbd%Ehfldm,Lesòeodyhylbd hdi Io`l~ow| bn Qow~laoq

Yko sowaosylbd bn yleo hq h swoalbuq, hdi ld qbeo qodqo dbd%wodo}hgò, abeebily|, g`hzldm

ykwbumk buw `l~oq }lyk `lmkydldm qsooi, lq }o`` ahsyuwoi ld yko h{lbeq yleo hdi ylio }hly nbw db

ehd, swbawhqyldhylbd lq yko yklon bn yleo, hdi yleo lq ebdo|$ Xulyo aòhw`|, yko| les`| yko

`bdmow h qoxuodao yhfoq, yko ebwo yleo hdi ebdo| hwo }hqyoi$ ]klò ykoqo yleo%kbdbuwoi

swldalsòq hwo, yb h `hwmo o{yody, ~ow| sowyldody ld sug`la qow~laoq, ykolw les`lahylbdq bnyod mb

go|bdi eowo`| yleo hdi ebdo| yko| leshay bd buw }o``goldm$ Yko qsooi }lyk }klakioalqlbdq hwo ehio, h yhqf lq ahwwloi buy bw h qow~lao lq io`l~owoi, hdi yko yleo`ldoqq bn

ldyow~odylbdq hwo bnyod awualh`$ Yko| hwo shwylau`hw`| lesbwyhdy nbw hwohq quak hq qbalh` ahwo dooiq

hqqoqqeodyq, swo~odyl~o ldyow~odylbdq hebdm bìow sobsò ld ahwo, swbyoaylbd bn ~u`dowhgò

aklìwod, kbqslyh` H.O hdi MS }hlyldm yleoq, sb`lao woqsbdqo yb òhiq bw wosbwyq bn awleo hdi

sb`lao ld~oqylmhylbdq ldyb qowlbuq awleoq$

Kb}o~ow, qsooi lq dby h`}h|q h ~lwyuo ld o~ow| nhaoy bn sug`la qow~laoq$ H xulaf ~lqly hdi

yuwdhwbudi }kod ioh`ldm }lyk bìow sobsò ld ibelal`lhw| ahwo, }klò ylafldm h`` yko gb{oq }lyk

womhwi yb yhqfq yb go abesòyoi, eh| go abudyow%swbiuayl~o ld nbqyowldm ldyowsowqbdh`

wo`hylbdqklsq goy}ood ahwow hdi qow~lao uqow$ ]klò qkbwy }hlyldm yleoq hwo ebqy }oàbeo }kod

h shylody dooiq yb qoo h MS, h qsooi| abdqu`yhylbd io~bli bn h swbsow udiowqyhdildm bn yko

shylodyq eoilah` ghafmwbudi hdi auwwody swbgòeq eh| dby humuw }o`` nbw yko shylodyq `bdmow

yowe }o``goldm$ Ykowo lq h wlqf }kod nbw yko qhfo bn io`l~owldm qow~laoq qsooil`|, sownudaybw|

eoykbiq ykhy hwo abì hdi khwi`| abdiual~o nbw yko gulìldm bn wo`hylbdqklsq goabeo h dbwe ld

sug`la qow~lao io`l~ow|$ Guy o~od ld qlyuhylbdq }kowo qsooi hdi yleo`ldoqq hwo euak dooioi ld

buw nwbdy`ldo sug`la qow~laoq, yko| hwo bnyod abdqywhldoi g| h el{yuwo bn sb`la| nhlùwoq, }wbdm

qow~lao io`l~ow| qywhyomloq, bsowhylbdh` ldonnlalodaloq hdi udiownudildm$

1$8 Sb`laldm, awleo . abeeudly| qhnoy|

1$8$8 Lq sb`lao ldyow~odylbd swbesy odbumk2

Yko qsooi hdi yleo`ldoqq bn sb`lao ldyow~odylbd, shwylau`hw`| hy awleo qaodoq bw usbd goldm

ywlmmowoi g| oeowmoda| ah``q, hwo udibugyoi`| bdo bn yko fo| nhaybwq ld quaaoqqnu``| qb`~ldm

awleoq hdi ld wohqquwldm yko sug`la$ ]klò yko akhdaoq bn qb`~ldm `b} ò~o` awleoq ldaùildm

ahyakldm h guwm`hw, hwwoqyldm h ~hdih` hdi qybssldm hdyl%qbalh` gokh~lbuw eh| go odkhdaoi


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>?

}kod yko sb`lao hwo hgò yb qswldm ldyb haylbd hy yko ebeody bn h awleo goldm wosbwyoi hdi

hwwl~o swbesy`| hy yko awleo qaodo, ebwo qowlbuq awleoq quak hq euwiow, mwlo~buq gbil`| khwe,

qo{uh` hqqhu`y hdi yowwbwlqe }l`` `lfo}lqo woxulwo nhqy%eb~ldm ld~oqylmhylbdq ln yko akhdaoq bn

qb`~ldm ykoe }owo yb go leswb~oi$

H`ykbumk h qkbwyhmo bn bnnlaowq h~hl`hgò lq uquh``| yko ehld nhaybw ykhy khesowq sb`lao onnbwyq yb

ldyow~odo swbesy`|, bd h ioosow q|qyoela ò~o`, h wosbwy nbudi ykhy, b}ldm hmhld ld `hwmo shwy yb

guwohuawha| hdi woi yhso, yko ldawohqldm`| swoqawlgoi hdi ldonnlalody }h| bnnlaowq hwo nbwaoi yb

ioh` }lyk ldaliodyq kh~o woqu`yoi ld yko qyln`ldm bn

sb`lao ilqawoylbd ld woqsbdildm yb hd ldaliody, ioqslyo

ilqawoylbd goldm nudiheodyh` yb onnoayl~o sb`laldm

+Aodywo nbw Qbalh` Juqylao, 733


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>>

bn h qlel`hw qowloq bn gùdiowq hdi h nhlùwo ld ykolw ldyo``lmodao q|qyoe ykhy òi yb wosohyoi

elqqoi bssbwyudlyloq nbw yleo`| ldyow~odylbd +Oi}hwiq, 733


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>=

bn qsooi, ykbumk, lq yko ebwo qsooi goabeoq h swlbwly| ld buw koh`yk qow~laoq, yko ebwo yko DKQ

qooeq yb nh`` qkbwy ld hwohq }kowo qsooi lq hayuh``| ebqy awlylah`$

Nbw ldqyhdao, ld h wo~lo} bn uwmody hdi oeowmoda| qow~laoq, yko nbweow Koh`ykahwo Abeelqqlbd

nbudi ykhy hegu`hdaoq }owo bnyod io`h|oi ilqakhwmldm shylodyq hy kbqslyh` hdi MS buy bn kbuwq

qow~laoq }owo ybb q`b}, }klak woqu`yoi ld ybb ehd| h~blihgò hielqqlbdq yb kbqslyh`q$ Ld qbeo

H.O ioshwyeodyq bd`| 73/ bn aklìwod }lyk h gwbfod gbdo woaol~oi shld wo`lon }lykld hd kbuw

bn hwwl~ldm, }kowohq ld h yklwi bn yko hwohq quw~o|oi MS buy bn kbuwq qow~laoq }owo ybb q`b} yb

hqqoqq shylodyq abdilylbd hnyow yko| nlwqy ah`òi nbw ko`s +Koh`ykahwo Abeelqqlbd, 733;$ Yko

do} Ahwo Xuh`ly| Abeelqqlbd woaody`| dheoi hdi qkheoi olmky DKQ ywuqyq }klak nhlòi yb

swo~ody qusowgumq `lfo EWQH hdi A$ ilnnlalò$ Hebdm yko ehjbw swbgòeq nbudi ld ykoqo ywuqyq

ldaùioi io`h|q ld lqb`hyldm ldnoayoi shylodyq hdi io`h|q ld woaol~ldm `hgbwhybw| yoqy woqu`yq

+Qelyk, 733


68/177


>;

hebdm qyhnn abdywlguyoi yb h yklwi bn h`` owwbwq +^hòdyld oy h`$, 7339/ +BDQ, 733>, 733;$

Yhgò 1$8: Qhylqnhaylbd }lyk DKQ kbqslyh`q hdi MSq, 7339 hdi 733> +/ bn woqsbdiodyq$

Ld dooi bn h`by bn

leswb~oeody

Ld dooi bnqbeo

leswb~oeodyQhylqnhaybw| ôw| mbbi

733> 7339 733> 7339 733> 7339 733> 7339

]hlyldm yleoq nbw qooldm ibaybwld H.O

1? 1> 99 97 8< 73 7 7

]hlyldm yleo nbw hssbldyeodyq}lyk kbqslyh` abdqu`yhdyq

98 93 98 91 8= 8? 7 7

]hlyldm yleoq ld buy%shylodyioshwyeodyq

73 71 ?3 9; 7; 7= 8 7

Kbqslyh` }hlyldm `lqyq nbw dbd%oeowmoda| bsowhylbdq

11 13 9? 9; 78 78 8 7

Hebudy bn yleo MS ml~oq ybohak shylody

88 88 7? 79 ?7 ?9 87 88

Qbuwaoq: BDQ +733>, Qbalh` Ywodiq 1>, @bdibd: Bnnlao nbw Dhylbdh` Qyhylqylaq6 hdi BDQ +733;, Qbalh` Ywodiq 1;,

@bdibd: Bnnlao nbw Dhylbdh` Qyhylqylaq$

Hebdm yko ehd| nhlùwoq bn yko Eli Qyhnnbwiqklwo DKQ Nbudihylbd Ywuqy, bdo wonòayoi h

ihedldm ldilayeody bn yko `haf bn swbesydoqq hdi uwmoda| }lyk }klak qow~laoq }owo io`l~owoi

hdi shylodyq }owo ywohyoi$ Ioqslyo hd uwmody dooi nbw qywbfo shylodyq yb woaol~o yleo`|

ldyow~odylbd g| koh`yk swbnoqqlbdh`q, dby òhqy ld yko nbwe bn awualh` qahdq, qywbfo shylodyq hy

Qyhnnbwi Kbqslyh` khi good nbwaoi yb }hly us yb 9; kbuwq `bdmow ykhd woabeeodioi nbw h AY bw


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>< qywbfo shylodyq quw~o|oi }owo hielyyoi yb hd hauyo qywbfo udly }lykld 9 kbuwq bn kbqslyh`

hielqqlbd, hdi bd`| 78/ khi h gwhld qahd }lykld 1 kbuwq +Yko @hdaoy, 73333 H.O shylodyq nhaoi io`h|q bn ebwo ykhd 13 elduyoq sow

ebdyk hqy |ohw, yko qlyuhylbd khq db} ioyowlbwhyoi yb hsswb{lehyo`| ;,333 shylodyq sow ebdyk$

Ykowo kh~o good ehd| ahqoq bn womwoyyhgò io`h|q, ehd| bn }klak ili dby o~od qoo yko `lmky bn ih| ld yko

swoqq, kodao q`lssoi udiow yko whihw bn sug`la hyyodylbd$ Nbw ldqyhdao, h shylody iloi hnyow }hlyldm nbw 1 kbuwqyb go qood g| H.O qyhnn hnyow goldm yhfod g| hegu`hdao yb yko Wb|h` ]b`~owkhesybd Kbqslyh`q Ywuqy$ HyXuoodq Kbqslyh` ld Wbenbwi h`bdo, ykowo }owo y}b ahqoq }kowo hegu`hdaoq ybbf ebwo ykhd ? kbuwq ybud`bhi shylodyq ld Jhduhw| 733%ebdyksowlbi, kbqslyh`q ld yko ]oqy Eli`hdiq bwiowoi h il~owy bd ebwo ykhd 9?3 baahqlbdq, a`bqldm H.O udlyq ybh`` oeowmoda| hwwl~h`q nbw kbuwq hy h yleo, }klò ld yko abuwqo bn > }oofq, kbqslyh`q ld yko dbwykohqy bnOdm`hdi a`bqoi ahquh`y| udlyq yb oeowmoda| hwwl~h q bd 19 baahqlbdq, nbw us yb 8< kbuwq hy h yleo$

Hd hegu`hdao woswoqodyhyl~o bn _DLQBD ahsyuwoi yklq awlqlq bn qsooi quaalday`|:

Hegu`hdaoq }owo goldm ywohyoi hq ebglò }hlyldm wbbeq$ Buw eoegowq hwo qsodildm kbuwq onnoayl~o`|

ghg|qlyyldm shylodyq, }kb kh~o good wuqkoi yb H.O ioshwyeodyq goahuqo yko| dooi yb go qood uwmody`|$ Ly òh~oq

shylodyq hdi awo}q ld h yowwlg`| hd{lbuq, nwuqywhyldm qlyuhylbd, hdi ly mwohy`| ldawohqoq yko wlqfq$

Qbuwao: Hihsyoi nwbe Ibddo``|, @$ +733


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=3

1$7$1 Guy qowlbuq`|, }k| hwo }o }hlyldm2

]klò qbeo bn yko nhlùwoq yb woqsbdi ld h swbesy hdi yleo`| ehddow ahd go ywhaoi yb

bsowhylbdh` ldonnlalodaloq, udiowqyhnnldm hq h woqu`y bn udiownudildm hdi modowh` swbnoqqlbdh`

ldabesoyodao, bykowq hwo hwmuhg`| hyywlguyhgò yb yko DKQq sowoddlh` ebdfo| bd lyq ghaf

yhwmoyq hdi guwohuawha|$ Mb~owdeody yhwmoyq kh~o

awohyoi wuòq ykhy hwo bnyod lesbqqlgò yb abes`| }lyk,

guy ykhy woqu`y ld io`h|q hdi `bdmow }hlyldm yleoq$ Nbw

ldqyhdao, ]klyokh`` oilay qylsu`hyoq ykhy shylodyq euqy dby

}hly nbw ebwo ykhd 9 kbuwq ld H.O gonbwo woaol~ldm

ywohyeody, h yhwmoy ykhy qussbqoi`| humuwq }o`` nbw

shylodyq, o{aosy ykhy ly lq lesbqqlgò yb haklo~o ln ykowo khq

good h ehjbw ldaliody ykhy khq nl`òi yko H.O yb yko gwle

bw }kowo yko H.O lq udiowqyhnnoi$ Swoqquwo yb abes`| }lyk yklq yhwmoy khq òi yb h`` qbwyq bn

ilqybwyoi swlbwlyloq hdi akohyldm$ _dòqq shylodyq hwo ioqsowhyo`| l``, yko| hwo ehio yb }hly ld

yko hegu`hdao buyqlio yko H.O udyl` bykow shylodyq a`bqo yb yko 9%kbuw yleo `lely kh~o good

eb~oi bd$ Yko whylbdhò nbw yklq lq qles`| ykhy yko yleo h shylody qsodiq ld yko hegu`hdao iboq

dby abudy hq yleo qsody }hlyldm ld yko H.O$

Ibaybwq kh~o `bdm }hwdoi ykhy }klò ykowo hwo ehd| DKQ yhwmoyq ykhy }bwf yb leswb~o yko

xuh`ly| bn ahwo, yklq shwylau`hw yhwmoy ib dby$ Ml~od ykhy yko H.O lq bdo bn yko guqloqy

ioshwyeodyq bn hd| kbqslyh`, yko 9%kbuw }hlyldm yleo yhwmoy lq hyyhldhgò bd`| g| io`h|ldm

hielqqlbdq bw nbwaldm qbeo shylodyq ykwbumk ybb xulaf`|, yb yko ioywleody bn ykolw ahwo hdi

}o``goldm$ Yko Eli Qyhnnbwiqklwo DKQ Nbudihylbd Ywuqy, ykbumk, khi h ebwo lddb~hyl~o lioh yb

alwaue~ody yko yhwmoy$ Ld~oqylmhylbdq wo~ohòi ykhy shylodyq }owo iuesoi nbw kbuwq hdi o~od

ih|q hy h yleo ld y}b a`ldlah` ioalqlbd udlyq +AI_q }lykbuy h ioilahyoi duwqo yb ahwo nbw ykoe$

Ykoqo iuesldm mwbudiq }owo uqoi yb qybs yko a`baf bd yko }hlyldm yleo ld bwiow yb h~bli

gwohakldm yko 9%kbuw yhwmoy$ H`ykbumk shylodyq qkbuì dby go hielyyoi yb AI_q nbw hd| `bdmow

ykhd 79 kbuwq, hnyow }klak h ioalqlbd euqy go yhfod bd yko goqy abuwqo bn ywohyeody bw yb

ilqakhwmo, qbeo shylodyq }owo nbudi iuesoi ld AI_q nbw 1 ih|q bw ebwo$ ]bwqo qyl``, duwqoq

bnyod no`y yko| }owo ld yko nlwldm `ldo hdi ykwohyodoi }lyk ilqelqqh` goahuqo bn yko duegow bn

gwohakoq bn yko }hlyldm yleo, }klò ibaybwq }owo il~owyoi nwbe qowlbuq`| l`` shylodyq yb ywohy bdoq

}lyk eldbw swbgòeq yb ehfo yko Ywuqy `bbf goyyow bd qyhylqylaq qkb}ldm yko duegow bn shylodyq

ywohyoi }lykld yko 9%kbuw yhwmoy +Koh`ykahwo Abeelqqlbd, 733


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=8

yhwmoy bw yhfo ykolw yleo yb hieldlqyow yko goqy ahwo hdi ywohyeody nbw qbeo }klò qybssldm yko

a`baf bd qbeo udnbwyudhyo bykowq$ Yklq woswoqodyq h ihedldm ldilayeody bn yko au`yuwo bn

yhwmoyq hdi guwohuawha| lesbqoi g| yko Mb~owdeody bd yko DKQ$

Guy sowkhsq db abdqoxuodaoq bn yko wlmlily| bn guwohuawha|, wuòq hdi woi yhso ahd ehyak yko

}hlyldm hd haaliody ~layle khi yb odiuwo ykhy u`ylehyo`| woqu`yoi ld kow iohyk$ Yko 71%|ohw%bì

qyuiody iloi hnyow hd hegu`hdao qow~lao wonuqoi yb qodi h awo} nwbe h dolmkgbuwldm abudy|$ Ly

ybbf 97 elduyoq 19 elduyoq `bdmow ykhd yko qyhdihwi nbw `lno%ykwohyodldm oeowmoda| ah``q

nbw h shwheoila awo} yb hwwl~o ioqslyo hd hegu`hdao goldm nwoo juqy 8? elòq h}h|, h`goly ld h

ilnnowody abudy|$ Ebqy udnbwyudhyo`|, ioqslyo ly goldm h ehyyow bn `lno bw iohyk, yko uwmoda| bn

yko qlyuhylbd }hq iooeoi qoabdihw| yb yko nhay ykhy, ld qywlay guwohuawhyla yoweq, yko qshwo

hegu`hdao }hq ab~owoi g| ilnnowody abdywb` wbbeq hdi qugjoay yb h ilnnowody suw~lo}$ Yko

haaliody ~layle nldh``| hwwl~oi hy yko H.O hd kbuw hdi 8; elduyoq hnyow yko nlwqy


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=7

Aklìwod hwo goldm suy hy wlqf goahuqo qbalh` }bwfowq hwo b~ow`bhioi hdi b~ow}koèoi g|

lesbqqlgò yhwmoyq hdi woi yhso$ Hd ldxulw| khq ilqab~owoi ykhy h au`yuwo bn yhwmoyq hdi

sownbwehdao ldilahybwq khq woqu`yoi ld qbalh` }bwfowq goldm gbmmoi ib}d g| guwohuawha| ykhy

swo~odyq ykoe nwbe hayldm swbesy`| odbumk yb woeb~o aklìwod nwbe hguql~o kbeoq +@heldm,

733


73/177


=1

woaol~ldm, h qow~lao }lykld yko SBSS swbmwheeo hawbqq 9=3 swbjoayq }lykld 7< abudal`%òi

shwydowqkls sl`by hwohq, hdi ykhy qow~lao uqowq qh} ykolw xuh`ly| bn `lno leswb~oi$ Ln lesòeodyoi

ld h yleo`| ehddow, SBSS ahd h`qb swb~o yb go h abqy%onnoayl~o eohquwo nbw o~ow| 8 qsody, hd

h~owhmo bn 3$=1 lq qh~oi bd yko sow%ebdyk abqy bn oeowmoda| kbqslyh` goi%ih|q, hqqueldm yko

abqy bn h goi%ih| yb go 873 +]ldiò oy h`$, 733;$

Kb}o~ow, ioqslyo hafdb}òimoeody bn yko lesbwyhdao bn qsooi ld ioalqlbd%ehfldm sowyhldldm

yb hqqoqqeodyq, yko nbweow Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd +db} shwy bn Ahwo Xuh`ly|

Abeelqqlbd khq liodylnloi yko nhlùwo bn qldmò hqqoqqeodyq yb bsowhyo onnoayl~o`| woqu`yldm ld

sobsò kh~ldm yb wosohy ykolw qybw| yb qyhnn ld ilnnowody qow~laoq hq h qkbwyabeldm ld dooi bn

leswb~oeody$ H`ykbumk ykowo khi good swbmwoqq ld yko swb~lqlbd bn h qldmò hqqoqqeody

queehw|, ld 733; òqq ykhd kh`n bn abudal`q +9>/ khi h queehw| h~hl`hgò yb gbyk

swbnoqqlbdh`q hdi ldil~liuh`q hawbqq ykolw hwoh$ Ld hiilylbd, swbesy hqqoqqeodyq yb odquwo ykhy

sobsò }kb uqo qow~laoq ehldyhld ykolw ldiosodiodao }hq liodylnloi hq h qywodmyk ld bd`| 87

abudal`q +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd, 7333%>9 hmo

mwbus hdi 8$? el``lbd sow 833,333 sbsu`hylbd +b~ow =9 hmo mwbus +Qaunnehd oy h`$, 7331$

Ykoqo nh``q abqy yko Mb~owdeody


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=9

nb``b}ldm ilqakhwmo nwbe hauyo kbqslyh` ahwo lq awlylah` nbw yko koh`yk hdi }o``goldm bn bìow

qow~lao uqowq +Huily Abeelqqlbd, 7333 hdi ahwwloq nhw wohakldm les`lahylbdq nbw qbalh` ahwo

swb~lqlbdq$ ]lykld h ebdyk bn ilqakhwmo, 88%87/ bn qow~lao uqowq hmoi =? hdi hgb~o hwo

wohielyyoi yb kbqslyh` hq oeowmoda| hielqqlbdq +DKQ Ldnbwehylbd Aodywo, 733?$ Woqohwak

qkb}q ykhy, ld yklq awlylah` sowlbi, haaoqq yb yleo`| qbalh` qussbwy lq hqqbalhyoi }lyk woiuaoi wlqf

bn l``%koh`yk, quak hq `b}ow g`bbi swoqquwo hdi sbbw abmdlyl~o nudaylbdldm +Gowfehd hdi M`hqq,

7333$ Mwohyow sq|akb`bmlah` woql`lodao iowl~oi nwbe qbalh` qussbwy h`qb ko`sq ld ioh`ldm }lyk

yko ioehdiq bn `bdm%yowe l``%koh`yk hdi leshlweody +EaEudd oy h`$, 733>$

1$1$1 Ldnbwehylbd oesb}oweody qsooiq us ioalqlbd%ehfldm hdi haaoqq yb qow~laoq

Swb~lildm qow~lao uqowq hdi ahwowq }lyk yleo`|, abeswokodql~o, uqonu` hdi ohql`| h~hl`hgò

ldnbwehylbd lq oqqodylh` ld ko`sldm ykoe dby bd`| yb ehfo yko wlmky ioalqlbdq guy h`qb yb ehfo

ykoe ebwo xulaf`|$ Qlel`hw yb yko lesbwyhdao bn yleo`| swo~odyl~o ahwo hdi qussbwy, yko hgl`ly|

yb ehfo ldnbweoi ioalqlbdq ld h yleo`| hdi swbesy ehddow eh| go bdo bn yko ebqy lesbwyhdy

nhaybwq ld ioyoweldldm }koykow qow~lao uqowq hdi ahwowq hwo hgò yb haaoqq yko goqy qow~laoq

h~hl`hgò gonbwo koh`yk abdilylbdq, sowqbdh` alwaueqyhdaoq bw nldhdalh` qlyuhylbdq ioyowlbwhyo$

Nwhmeodyoi ldnbwehylbd lq abqy`|, gbyk ld yoweq bn yko yleo hq }o`` hq yko sbyodylh` nldhdalh`

abqyq ld~b`~oi ld ab`òayldm hdi ab``hyldm ly$ Kh~ldm yb qabuw hwbudi yb sloao ybmoykow uqonu`

ldnbwehylbd go ly bd o`lmlgl`ly| awlyowlh, qow~laoq h~hl`hgò, swbaoiuwoq yb bgyhld haaoqq, bw

`bahylbdq bn qow~laoq eh| go qb yleo abdqueldm ykhy hd oìow`| sowqbd eh| kh~o h`wohi|

wohakoi yko `hyow qyhmoq bn ioeodylh gonbwo nhel`| eoegowq hwo nldh``| hgò yb ab`òay qunnlalody

ldnbwehylbd ld bwiow yb ioalio bd yko goqy abuwqo bn haylbd$

H qyui| khq qkb}d ykhy sbyodylh` uqowq bn qbalh` ahwo qunnow nwbe h `haf bn ldnbwehylbd bd

h~hl`hgò bsylbdq go ly qo`n%ldn`layoi bw bykow}lqo +Mòdilddldm hdi Go``, 733;$ ]klò qbeo hwo

qooeldm`| ud}l``ldm yb qoof buy yko fldi bn ldnbwehylbd ykhy }l`` go uqonu` ld yko o~ody bn hd|

udnbwoqood bw udioqlwhgò o~odyuh`lyloq, hdi woùayhdy yb `bbf hwbudi nbw yko goqy qow~laoq

h~hl`hgò, bykowq quak hq ykbqo `l~ldm ld woebyo wuwh` hwohq hwo qles`| udhgò yb ohql`| hdi

xulaf`| bgyhld hioxuhyo ldnbwehylbd$ H quw~o| bn woqsbdiodyq }kb ili dby eooy o`lmlgl`ly|

ykwoqkbìq wo~ohòi ykhy >7/ qyhyoi ykhy yko| }owo dby ml~od hd| ldnbwehylbd hgbuy bykow ko`s

ykhy elmky go h~hl`hgò +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd, 733;h, }klò yko nbweow

Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbdq qyhyo bn qbalh` ahwo hdduh` wo~lo} nbw 733=%3; wo~ohòi

ykhy ahwowq no`y udqussbwyoi, `hafoi ldnbwehylbd hdi bnyod ili dby fdb} }kowo yb mb nbw ko`s,

hdi ykhy ykowo }hq `lelyoi hi~baha| qussbwy h~hl`hgò +Abeelqqlbd nbw Qbalh` Ahwo Ldqsoaylbd,

733


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=?

bgyhld ldnbwehylbd hdi go qlmdsbqyoi yb yko wo`o~hdy qow~laoq$ Ykoqo eh| whdmo nwbe

oqyhg`lqkldm bdo%qybs ldnbwehylbd aodywo hdi bdo%qybs }og qlyoq yb ab%`bahyldm qow~laoq udiow

bdo wbbn$


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=>

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Yko Qkbwyodldm bn Wo`hylbdqklsq hdiAbdyldubuq Ilqabdylduly| bn Ldyowhaylbdq

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sug`la qow~laoq$ Yko qkbwyodldm bn yko iuwhylbd bn wo`hylbdqklsq dby juqy eh| hnnoay yko yleo`ldoqq

bn ldyow~odylbd nbw ldqyhdao, goy}ood qbalh` }bwfowq hdi ~u`dowhgò aklìwod guy h`qb wlqfq

awohyldm sowsoyuh` euqlah` akhlwq }kowo ykowo hwo khwi`| hd| odiuwldm wo`hylbdqklsq goy}ood

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yko `bqq bn ebeodyue hq h woqu`y bn yko yoweldhylbd bn yko swo~lbuq wo`hylbdqkls eh| ahuqo gbyk

sk|qlah` hdi oebylbdh` ilqywoqq yb qbeo$

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wos`lahyo ldqyhdy`| hwo yko nwulyq bn h wo`hylbdqkls io~o`bsoi b~ow yleo, guy ahd ohql`| go `bqy

}kod yko wo`hylbdqkls lq gwbumky yb hd hgwusy kh`y$ Ld hd| ahqo, yko qkbwy iuwhylbd bn h

wo`hylbdqkls lq khwi`| abdiual~o nbw yko gulìldm bn ywuqy hdi udiowqyhdildm$ Yko `haf bn qyhgl`ly|

ld qbeo bn ykoqo awualh` wo`hylbdqklsq eh| go ioywleodyh` yb yko }o``goldm bn qow~lao uqowq$ Nbw

o{hesò, hd oìow`| woqliody ld h duwqldm kbeo }kb khq khi h nwoxuody akhdmo bn ahwowq eh| go

hgò yb yoqyln| bn lyq ilqywoqqldm onnoayq bd kow koh`yk, abenbwy hdi }o``goldm, shwylau`hw`| ln o~ow|

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woqliody$ @lfo}lqo, susl`q hdi yohakowq dooi yb moy uqoi yb ohak bykow o~ow| yleo hd o{lqyldm

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qkbwyodldm bn wo`hylbdqklsq bw yko b~owh`` iuwhylbd bn h o{akhdmo nbw o{hesò, ykhy bn h

abd~layoi bnnodiow hdi swlqbd qyhnn ykwbumkbuy yko iuwhylbd bn yko nbweowq qodyodao òh~oq

ldqunnlalody wbbe nbw aowyhld mbh`q hdi bgjoayl~oq yb go nu``| hdi swbsow`| haklo~oi$

9$8 Qyhnn yuwdb~ow ld sug`la qow~laoq

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bn udiowqyhnnldm hwo hauyo hdi akwbdla$ Ehd| qbalh` }bwfowq olykow kh~o òny bw hwo òh~ldm yko

swbnoqqlbd hq h woqu`y bn yko guwiod bn guwohuawha| hdi koh~| ahqo`bhiq, }klak kh~o òny ehd|


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==

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+GGA Do}q, 1 Nog 733%3= }kod yko abwwoqsbdildm whyoq

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It’s About Time: The Time Factor in Public Services and Its Impact on Relationships and Wellbeing

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