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ITM Lecture 1

ITM is IT in Management and not IT Management.

Rules of the Game!!!!

y Everybody to be on time to class.

y Everyone should participate in class.

y Test would be taken at random.

y Late comers would be fined rs.250/-.

y No talking in class. If found talking, then the penalty is to stand on the chair.

y Always read the question properly many times to understand it.

Two important lines mentioned:

1. Right person for the right job.

2. Capacity utilization is very important.

Three questions asked to the class:

1. How did IT begin?

2. Where did IT begin?

3. By learning an additional language, what have you gained or lost?

It is said thatE

nglish language has succeeded globally because it is for those who hav

e become less intellectual capability (it is for the shudras which have low mental capability).

Sanskrit is an assembly level code. It was considered a language of the Brahmins.

Like a LAN, a child when in the mother¶s womb is connected to his mother through the

umbilical cord. When the child is born, the cord is cut off. Still the child is able to understand

his mother and the mother is also able to understand his child even though the child cannot

speak or understand any language.

A child communicates in 0s and 1s like in a binary system.

Communication is a form of energy and technology is needed to harness that energy.

Indian calendar indicates tides, planets¶ movement, etc. There is a lot of tradition based in

science. Indian calendars can predict the calendars of the future.

Where science stops, spirituality begins.

IT started out with humans as a means to communicate, to guide and to inform.



Every successful entrepreneur acts through the gut.

No business is static, everything dies.

Average life span of an organization is 38 years.

Data:

y Unorganized facts and figures.

y Unprocessed information.

Discrete pieces of data when collated form information. Data is a discrete variable which by

itself may or may not make meaning.

Information is meaningful data.

Written on the Board on 26th August 2009:

Information:

Raw data represented and collated

Meaningful data

Useful data

To collect discrete pieces of data and collate them in meaningful information.

Data:

Unprocessed information

Discrete pieces which by itself don¶t have any meaning.



ITM Lecture 2

The Communication between a mother and her child is a form of an analog signal, no

dialogue is necessary for this kind of communication. Some amount of communication

always happens.

Touch is also a form of communication. When slapped, a child cries as he has understood the

intent of the slap.

We, as human beings continue to emit signals throughout the life. There is an aura around us

which keeps on changing. It is because of this aura that communication happens.

Information may or may not be pre-defined. It can also be a random act.

Two or more pieces of data put together form another piece of data. Data when collated

becomes information.

A computer can be analog or digital.

Definition of a Computer:

It is an electro mechanical device that performs tasks according to the instructions given to it.

Computers were first built in wars to break codes.

Every time an attribute is built in a computer, it is built in keeping humans in mind. A study

of computers is a study of human beings itself.

A computer is used to do tasks that humans would have not liked to do. Computers will take

over almost all the work of humans.

There are three states of mind:

1. Parent

2. Adult

3. Child

Customers these days are looking for ser vices. Technology is driving us human beings to

strive for excellence.

Written on the Board:

What is a computer?

y Electronic device able to perform arithmetic and logical operations.

y Electronic device which accepts input, processes it and gives the output.

y Electronic device which is used to collect, process and store information.

y Device which and process 0s and1s.



Difference between a machine and a device:

y All devices have memory but all machines don¶t have memory.

y Machine is a mechanical device.

y Machine is an electro mechanical device.

y Switch is an example of a de

vice.

y A machine may or may not have a software inside it but a device has to have a

software.

y A machine is composed of a lot of devices.

y All machines are devices but all devices are not machines.

y A device has intelligence but a machine does not.

Why were computers built?

y To avoid repetitive tasks.

y To handle large volumes of data.

y To improve accuracy.y To occupy less time.

y To handle large volumes without occupying much space.

y To perform complex operations.

y To improve navigation.

y To store information.

y To act as an interface between users and others.

y To enable multitasking.

y To save time.

y For reliability and data securitization.

y For faster sharing of data.

y To control processes and link them.

y To perform larger calculations.

y To reduce labor.

y To eliminate errors.

y To perform arithmetic operations.



ITM Lecture 3

Differences between analog and digital devices:

Analog Digital

Continous eg:sinewave Discrete, works with a yes or a no

Less accurate More accurateHigher tolerance for disturbance Less tolerance

Represents range of values Represents only two values

A device would be embedded with some form of chip or a transistor.

Chip:

y Brain of the device.

y Programmable logic.



ITM Lecture 4

Presentation on Practical Aspects of IT in Business ± PG batch:

ER P stands for Enterprise Resource planning. It is a comprehensive information systemdesigned to integrate all the business processes in an enterprise. It is used to automate the

process of data collection, collation and refinement. It ensures a smooth flow of information

across all departments in an organization.

The ideal ER P system:

Single database is utilized and contains all data for various software modules such as

y Manufacturing

y Finance

y Human Resources

y Supply Chain Management

y Projects

y Customer Relationship Management

y Data Warehousing

Major suppliers of ER P include SAP, Oracle, J.D. Edwards, PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems.

ER P Implementation cycle includes

y Shortlist

y Assessment of the selected packages

y Preparation of the process

y Gap analysis

y Business process reengineering

y System designing

y In-house guidance

y Testing

y Replacement

y Training

y Post Implementation

Advantages of ER P:

y Integration

y Less personnel

y Speeding up the whole process.

y Accounting applications.

y Design engineering

Disadvantages of ER P:

y High cost and investment

y Hard to customize

y Success depends on utilization

y Limited flexibility

y Information security issues



Warehousing:It is the collection of diverse data in a subject oriented, integrated, time varying and a non

volatile way.It is the A process of transforming data into information and making it available to users in a

timely enough manner to make a difference.

Data Warehousing provides the Enterprise with a memory.

Business Intelligence:

Technologies and practices used to help organizations understand their commercial context

better.

It is used to improve processes, efficiency and reduce costs as well as to understand customer

behavior, identify opportunities and increase competitiveness.

- BI has a great reliability on Data Warehousing (DW).

- BI involves analyzing large amounts of data available in the DW.

- Facilitates the conversion of raw data to useful information quickly.

- Effective data warehouse is required to facilitate expedient decision-making.

BI Tools:

- Excel tool ± It is cheap with a large number of functionalities to display data.

- Query and Reporting tools ± Schedule and run standard and custom-built reports in

various formats (i.e. Excel or PDF).

- Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) tool ± Enables organizations to look at datafrom multiple dimensions.

- Data Mining tool ± Used to find correlation among different factors.

Supply Chain Management:Supply-chain management is the integration of the activities that procure materials and

ser vices, transform them into intermediate goods and the final product, and deliver them to

customers. SCM is responsible for all the storage and movements of raw materials, work-in- process inventory, and finished goods inventory from point of origin to point of consumption.

Important activities include determining

1. Transportation vendors

2. Credit and cash transfers

3. Suppliers

4. Distributors and banks

5. Accounts payable and receivable

6. Warehousing and inventory

7. Order fulfillment

8. Sharing customer, forecasting, and production information

Customer Relationship Management:It is a process or methodology used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours inorder to develop stronger relationships with them.

Need for CRM:

y Provide better customer ser vice

y Increase customer revenues

y Discover new customers

y Cross sell/U p Sell products more effectively



y Help sales staff close deals faster

y Make call centres more efficient

y Simplify marketing and sales processes

CRM involves the following processes:

1. Understand and Differentiate ± Understanding demographics, segmentation, needs

and attitudes of customers, profitability. Differentiate based on value customers areexpected to deliver.

2. Develop and Customize ± Develop products, ser vices, channels and media on the basis of customer segments. Customize based on the potential value delivered by

customer segments.3. Interact and Deliver ± Interact distribution, shipping, customer ser vice and online.

Deliver quality ser vice.4. Acquire and Retain ± acquire customers and retain them by providing good ser vice.

Knowledge Management:

Knowledge is the ability of an actor to respond to a body of facts and principles accumulated

over a period of time.

Personal knowledge management refers to the management of knowledge at the individual

level.

No universal definition for knowledge management. However, it can be defined as the the

µprocess through which organizations generate value from intellectual and knowledge based

assets¶.

E-Business:

Electronic Business, commonly referred to as "e-Business" or "e-Business", may be defined

as the utilization of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the

activities of business.

The term e-Business also describes the application of information and communication

technologies to business processes in all sectors of the economy to reduce costs, to improvecustomer value and to find new markets for products and ser vices.

Models of E-Biz:

y E-shops

y E-commerce

y E-procurement

y E-malls

y E-auctions

y Virtual Communities

y Collaboration Platforms

y Third-party Marketplaces

y Value-chain Integrators

y Value-chain Ser vice Providers

y Information Brokerage

y Telecommunication

Classification by provider and consumer:

y Business-to-business (B2B)

y Business-to-consumer (B2C)



y Business-to-employee (B2E)

y Business-to-government (B2G)

y Government-to-business (G2B)

y Government-to-government (G2G)

y Government-to-citizen (G2C)

y Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

y Consumer-to-business (C2B)

E-Commerce:

It is defined as the buying and selling of products or ser vices over electronic systems such as

the Internet and other computer networks. It is the paperless exchange of business

information using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and related technologies.

Types of E-Comm:

y B2B - Business to Business

y B2C - Business to Consumer

y B2E - Business to Employee

y C2B - Consumer to Business

y C2C - Consumer to Consumer Advantages:

y Being able to conduct business 24 x 7 x 365

y Access the global marketplace

y Speed

y Opportunity to reduce transaction costs

y Computer platform-independent

y Extended distribution channels

y Efficient applications development environment

y Allowing customer self ser vice and 'customer outsourcing'

y Stepping beyond borders to a global view

Disadvantages:y Time for delivery of physical products

y Physical product, supplier & delivery uncertainty

y Perishable goods

y Limited and selected sensory information

y Returning goods

y Privacy, security, payment, identity, contract

y Defined ser vices & the unexpected size and number of transactions



ITM Lecture 5

Presentation on Computers ± MMS batch:

Checklist for buying a desktop computer:

1. Processor

2. Hard Disk

3. R AM

4. LCD Display Monitor

5. Modem

6. Antenna

7. USB Slots

Ser ver:

A ser ver is a device which manages resources.

Ser ver can be made out of a computer by changing its properties.

A computer is an electromechanical device. It executes programs.

Computers are classified as supercomputers, main-frame computer, mini computers andmicro computers.

Some facts

y The very first computers were PEOPLE.

y ABACUS was the first man made computer.

y Charles Babbage ± father of computers, founded the Analytical Engine and the

Difference Engine.

y Ada Byron, a friend of Charles Babbage and from the family of Lord Byron was thefirst programmer.

y First Computer Bug ± a moth found inside a punch card which caused problems.

Hence the name µbug¶ came into existence and got related to defects in a program in acomputer.

y Konrad Zuse- founded the Z1, Z2, and Z3 computers. However, Z3 computers wereworkable in 1941.

y 1983 ± A pple Lisa Computers launched.

y 1985 ± Microsoft Windows launched.

Hardware does all the physical work like limbs, lungs, etc. of the human body.

Hardware consists of tangible objects.

Motherboard forms the brain of the computer.

Software in contrast does the work of neuron or brain signals in human body. It is that which

you cannot feel, touch and see.System software runs all the hardware applications.



Buses are of two types: Address and Data.

Analog Computers use continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizemechanical or electrical energy.

Digital Computers process signals that change in discrete steps.

Types of Digital Computers:1. Micro Computers: Desktops, Laptops, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), Palmtops,

etc.

2. Mini Computers: middle range computers between the largest computer systems and

the smallest single user systems.

3. Main Frame Computers: Used for highly critical applications like such as bulk data

processing. For eg. Computers supporting the IRCTC website.

4. Super Computers: used to perform highly calculation intensive tasks.

Advantages of Digital Systems:

y Easy to design.

y Easy to store.

y Greater Accuracy and Precision.

Uses of Computers:

y Word Processing

y Internet

y Digital video or audio composition

y Computers in Medicine

y Mathematical Calculations

y Banks

y Telecommunications

y Defensey E-Learning

y Examinations

y Computers in Business

y ATM machines

y News

y Robotics

y Planning and Scheduling

y Sports

y Aviation

y Weather analysis

Buyer¶s Checklist for Ser vers:

y File Sharing and Printing

y Email and messaging

y Domain Controller

y Citrix and terminal ser vices

y Web ser ver



y Database

y Business Area Availability

Tower Ser ver : Economical but occupies more space

Rack Ser ver : More computing power & space saving

Blade Ser ver : High-end computing & compact

Future of Computers:

The race sees 3 new technologies:1. Optical super computer.

2. Quantum super computer.3. D NA super computer.

Quantum Super Computers: A machine that would exploit the laws of quantum physics to

perform certain information processing tasks in a spectacularly more efficient manner. It

represents a fundamentally new way of approaching information processing and this will

transform our understanding of the possibilities and limits of computation.

Presentation on Computers ± PG batch:

First Computer ± A bacus, a simple counting aid, had been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq)

in the fourth century B.C. This device allows users to make computations using a system of

sliding beads arranged on a rack.

In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating

device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine". Originally called a "numerical

wheel calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or

cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete

revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial.

First Generation Computers: used vacuum tubes, each computer had its own machine

language. For eg. Colossus, E NIAC, UNIVAC.

Second Generation Computers: transistors replaced vacuum tubes, era of punch cards. For eg.

LARC, Stretch,IBM 1401.

Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits replacing transistors, Use of OS. For eg.

IBM System 360, Cray.

Fourth generation Computers: Era of personal Computers, Large Scale integration (LSI),

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI). For eg.

Commodore, Radio Shack, A pple, IBM.



Mi A it t i ll P i t A it t

ti t :t i t t t i t i t t t t

t ti it ti t :

y C i t C

y Graphi al U r Int rface (GUI)

eat res of OS:

y Program execution

y I/O operations

y Disk Access and ile-system management

y Interrupts

y Multitask ing

y Secur ity



Architecture of OS:

Types of Memory: Pr imary Memory ±

y Main memory of the CPU

y Consists of RAM R OM

y Stores instructions and star t up code

y RAM- olatile, R OM- on- olatile

Secondary Memory ±

y CPU accesses through I/O devices

y Storage area for user

Computer Languages:

y Interface bet een Human and Computer.

y Consists of only zeros and ones.

y Communication with different par ts of the computer.

Generation of Languages:

irst generation: called as machine language

y lowest level computer language

y Information conveyed as binary instructions.y Binary instructions consist of only ones and zeros.y Example: Micro-Code

Second generation: called as assembly language

y Consists of Letters and al phabets.y Used an assembler to conver t into binary

y Easier than programming in zeros and ones.y Made use of Mnemonics and memory aids.

y Program on one computer cannot be used on another computer.y Example: Autocoder, SPS



Third generation:y Programming using commands similar to spoken English.

y Focus on finding solution rather than low level data representation.y Easy to use and learn and portable

y Example: C,Pascal,FORTR AN

Fourth generation:

y Trying to make communicating with computers as simple as communicatingwith the humans.

y Consists of English-like words and phrases.

y Use to implement technologies like Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Intelligence.

y Example:PROLOG,LISP,SQL

Assembler:

y Converts Mnemonics into binary zeros and ones.

y Assembly language code is simply an abbreviated form of machine code.

y Mnemonic abbreviations are converted into equivalent strings of ones and zeros.

Interpreter:

y Converts High level Language into machine readable code.

y Doesn't give the entire source code for execution at the same time.y Takes the source code and converts each line in succession .i.e. step by step, line by

line or unit by unit.y It is a little slower process.

Compiler:y Translates source code into Object code.

y Converts the entire program into executable code and then sends it for execution.

y Faster than the interpreter.

y It also helps in debugging.i.e.finding errors in the semantics of the computer language

used.

y Every Language comes with its own Compiler.

Variants of Computers:

Mainframe:

y high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes

y requires greater availability and security than a smaller-scale machine can

offer

Microcomputers:

y occupy physically small amounts of space when compared to mainframeand minicomputers.

y when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output are also personal computers

Minicomputers:

y De

veloped in 1960s

y Died out when Microprocessors took over.

y Example:PDP250,PDP11

Supercomputers:

y Use of parallelism or pipelining separately or even combine them to enhance

its processing speed.

Laptops:

y Personal computer designed for mobile use and small enough to sit on

one's lap.



y Integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer.Technology ± A replacement for human beings:

y The technology shall one day dispense off man is the prediction by manytechnologists.

y However the economists don not see the impending danger by the growing

intelligence of computers.

y Automation has already brought about a cut in manpower required in ser vice sector.

Checklists:

Home Pc:

Necessary ±

y Motherboard

y Processor

y Heat sink

y R AM and Hard disk

y CD/DVD drive

y USB ports

y Video Card

y Monitor, Keyboard and Mousey Basic OS and support software

Optional ± y Floppy Drive

y Sound Cardy Network Card

y MODEM

y Enhancement software depending on usage

y Printer

Office PC:

Necessary ±

y Motherboard

y Processor

y Heat sink

y R AM and Hard disk

y CD/DVD drive

y USB ports

y Video Card

y Network Card

y Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse

y Printer

y Advanced Operating System and Data Security/Encryption Software

Optional ± y Sound Card

y MODEM

y Enhancement software depending on usage

Ser vers:

Basic Requirements ±

y CPU speed > 2 GHz

y R AM > 512 MB



y Substantial Storage Spacey LAN/WAN connectivity

Additional Features ± y Cooling System

y R AID memory

y Multiple Processors

y DVD-ROM drivey Monitor

y Keyboard and Mouse

Written on Board:

Classification of Computers:

1. Size

2. Number of Users

3. Architecture

4. Type of input signals ± analog or digital

5. Amount of data to be handled6. A pplication of usage/ functions

7. Speed

8. Cost

9. Mobility/ portability

10. Proprietary/ Open

11. Type of Manufacturers

Types Of Operating Systems:

1. Microsoft2. Sun Solaris

3. Unix

4. Linux5. Android6. A pple Macintosh

Types of Chips:

1. Intel2. AMD

3. Texas Instruments

4. Motorola



ITM Lecture 6

Internet: It is a network of networks joining many governments, universities, and private

computers together and providing infrastructure for the use of e-mail, bulletin boards, file

archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources.

Internet uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching.

History and Evolution of Internet:

1957: The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called AR PA

(Advanced Research Projects Agency) to develop military science and technology.

1969: The physical network of AR PA was constructed, linking four nodes with four hosts.

1972: The first e-mail program was created. NCP ( Network Control Protocol was used).

1974: Development on TCP/IP began.

1976: UNIX is developed.

1983: TCP/IP was made compulsory. It replaced the entire NCP, D NS (Domain Name

System) was created.1991-1994: World Wide Web (WWW) was created.

1995:1997: Dial-up systems emerge (AmericaOnline, CompuSer ve).

1998-Present: Internet experiences staggering growth.

TCP:

y TCP works in the Transport layer of the OSI Model.

y TCP lies between the A pplication Layer and the Network Layer and ser ves as an

intermediary between the application programs and the network operations.

y It provides process to process communication using just port numbers.

y It is a Stream Oriented Protocol.y TCP numbers all bytes that are transmitted in a connection.

y It is a full duplex ser vice.

y TCP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called segment.

y TCP is a reliable transport protocol i.e. it uses an acknowledgement mechanism.

y TCP provides Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control mechanisms.

UDP:

y UDP is a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol i.e. it does not provide for

acknowledgement.

y UDP needs two identifiers, the IP address and the port number, at each end to make aconnection.

y UDP does not provide for flow control, congestion control & there is no

acknowledgement for packets received.

y UDP uses checksum for basic error control.



DNS:

It is a system which translates domain names meaningful to humans to IP addresses.

Domain Name: A name that identifies one or more IP addresses.

Uses of Internet:

1. Workplace: flexibility in working hours and location.2. E-Banking: E-banking through Internet - changed the shape of business. Major

banking transactions are done online now. Authentication, security and customer

protection all done through the internet.

3. WWW: huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources. Easy, instant

access to a vast and diverse amount of online information 4. Market: Internet forms a large market for companies. Low cost advertising and

commerce done online.

5. E-mail: sending electronic text messages between parties.

6. Governance: government policies and related information available online.

7. Collaboration: low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, andskills. Friends, scientific research, software development, conference planning,

political activism and creative writing all done on the Net.

8. Remote Access: To connect to other computers and information stores easily,

anywhere in the world.

9. Internet Telephony: Voice-over-Internet Protocol, referring to the protocol that

underlies all Internet communication. VoIP can be free or cost much less than a

traditional telephone call.

10. Mobile Devices: Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by mobile phones,

data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers.

Future of Internet:

y Internet mostly accessed by mobile phones.

y Era of internet of things.

y Every appliance connected to each other.

y Marketing, selling/buying done online«.retail shops closed.

y Internet accessible from any part of the world be it Antarctica or Kaziranga.

y Bandwidth in terms of several Mbps.

y No hard drives in PC¶s, booting from the net.

y Great changes in searching the internet.

y Currency gets obsolete, only digital money remains.y People will spend 12hrs/day over the internet.

y Virtual world will be the world.

y Ease of search.

Some more points to remember:

y UDP uses packet switching and TCP uses circuit switching.

y High level networks are connected through NAPs ( Network Access Points).



y SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ± acts like a post office.

y POP (Post Office Protocol ± acts like a postman.

y WWW is not the same as Internet. Internet is a collection of data and www is a

channel to browse through this data.

Networking:It is an engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or

devices. Through networking, there is information sharing and data transfer takes place at

high speed.

Components of a Network:

y NIC ( Network Interface Cards): Provide physical access to a networking medium.

y Repeaters: Reception and re-transmission of signals.

y Hubs: Collection of a large number of ports.

y Bridges: Connects multiple network segments.

y Switches: De

v

ice which forwards and filters data.y Routers: Determines the next best route for the arriving data packet.

Types of Computer Networks:

1. LAN (Local Area Network) :

y Connects network devices over a relatively short distance.

y Mostly seen in colleges, offices, buildings.

y Can link from two to thousands of users.

y Usually connected by Ethernet cables.

y High Speed connections.2. WAN (Wide Area Network):

y Connects network devices over a large geographical network.

y Connects different LANs together with help of a router.

y World¶s largest network, Internet is an example of WAN.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

y Network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.

y Network in a city, large university are examples of MAN.

y Connects two or more LANs on a smaller scale.

TCP/IP Model:



Network Interface or Link Layer:

y Scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached.

y Hardware independent as a result can be implemented on top of any hardware device.

y Moves packets between the interfaces of two different hosts on the same link.

y Functions of adding a packet header to prepare it for transmission and actually

transmit the frame over a physical medium.

Internet Layer:

y Sol

ves the problem of sending packets across one or more networks.

y Two basic functions are

y 1.Host addressing and identification

y 2.Packet routing

Transport Layer:

y End-to-end message transfer capabilities independent of the underlying network.

y Total error control, segmentation, flow control, congestion control and addressing.



y Data arrives in-order.

y Data has minimal error (i.e. correctness).

y Duplicate data is discarded.

y Lost/discarded packets are resent.

y Includes traffic congestion control.

A pplication Layer:

y Involves higher-level protocols used by most applications for network

communication.

y Numerous protocols reside at the application layer including application protocols

such as HTTP,FTP and SMTP for providing end-user ser vices.

Types of Communication:

1. Terrestrial Communication: It is a communication within a local geographical area

and generally used in horizontal communication.

2. Satellite Communication: It uses VSAT (Very Small A perture Terminal). A geo-

stationary satellite is used. The satellite appears stationary from the earth surface.

3. Copper Wire Communication: Copper is used as a medium of transmission. Co-axial

cable and twisted pair cable are used. Co-axial cable is used for short range and

carries more noise whereas twisted pair cable is used for long range and carries less

noise.

4. Fibre optic Communication: It used the principle of ray propagation. It is a fast mode

of transmission and carries very less losses. It has low resistance and high efficiency.



ITM Lecture 7

Networking: It is the communication between two or more human beings. For example, letter

communication.

Network Topology:1. Bus: A single cable is used.

2. Ring: Message travels through a ring.

3. Star: A central hub is present and multiple devices are connected to the hub.

4. Tree: Multiple star topologies are connected together.

5. Mesh: Every device to every other device.

How a network can help a business:

y File Sharing

y Printer Sharing

y Communication and Collaboration

y Organization

y Remote Access

y Data Protection

We had 5 individual presentations in the lecture 7 on different topics.



ITM Lecture 8

Business Model ± Units and ser vices to be sold and setting a right price.

Ayur veda fixes the cause and Homeopathy fixes the symptoms and Allopathy fixes the

effects.

Technology is an art of execution and a mimicry of real life.

All the existing models are being replaced by business models which are technologically

driven.

Money has three characteristics:

y Store of value

y Medium of exchange

y Measure of value

Ultimate Business Model is one which carries on to another life.

Religion is one such ultimate business model.

Religion can have different forms.

Marketing is creating a need and capturing on the need.

Different Business Models:

1. Ser vice Model

2. Trust Based Model

3. Premium Model

4. Accessibility Model

5. Low Cost Model

6. Online Model

Change and Accessibility in a business model are important.

A technology layer has to support a philosophy i.e. why and how do you set up a shop.

ITM_consolidated_notes

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