itm_1440820297604

04/22/2023

Data vs. Information

Data• raw facts• just numbers and text• unorganized facts• useless until it is

organized• image, audio, and video

Information• processed, organized,

structured data• value-added to data

– Summarized– Analyzed

• Useful and meaningful

04/22/2023

Data vs. Information

• Data: 51007• Information:

– 5/10/07 The date of your final exam.– 51,007 The average starting salary of an

accounting major.– 51 the employee number

Data vs. Information

Data• 6.34• 6.45• 6.39• 6.62• 6.57• 6.64• 6.71• 6.82• 7.12• 7.06

$5.80

$6.00

$6.20

$6.40

$6.60

$6.80

$7.00

$7.20

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SIRIUS SATELLITE RADIO INC.

Information

04/22/2023

04/22/2023

Data

Information

Summarizing the data

Averaging the data

Selecting part of the data

Graphing the data

Adding context

Adding value

04/22/2023

Data InformationClassification: placing data into categories categorizing an expense as either a fixed or a

variable cost.Rearranging/sorting: organizing data so that

items are grouped together or placed into a particular

order. might be sorted according to last name or payroll

number.Aggregating: summarizing databy calculating averages, totals or subtotals.Selection: choosing or discarding items of data

on the basis of a set of selection criteria. might create a list of potential customers by

selecting those with incomes above a certain level.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• The term “Information Technology” in English is derived from the French word ‘Informatique’ and “Informatika” in Russian encompasses the notation of information handling.

• The word “Information Technology” is a combination of two words.One is Information and other is Technology. Information means knowledge, it can be a bit or a para or a page.

Technology means use of scientific knowledge to solve practical problem.

INFORMATIONDATA (no., text, sound, image, audio,vedio )

INFORMATION (chart, table, multimedia presentation)

CONCEPT OF IT• Information technology (IT) is a

new science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information.

• Information technology (IT) is "the study of design, development and implementation of knowledge.

• Information technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information.

Definitions of IT

• Information Technology is the application of computers & other technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval & dissemination of collected information

• IT is scientific, technological and engineering disciplines and management techniques used in information

• IT is science of information handling, particularly using computers to support the communication of knowledge in technical, economic and social fields.

Components of Information Technology

PEOPLE

( END USERS AND IT SPECIALISTS )

SOFTWARE

( SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE )

PROCEDURES

( SECURITY DATA MGT. &

VALIDATION)

HARDWARE

( INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES )

ENTRY PROCESS OUTPUT

DATA

• Information Technology Includes

1. Computer Technology,

2. Communication Technology and – Audio Technology – Audio-Visual Technology – Facsimile Transmission (Fax) – Electronic Mail

3. Printing Technologies

IT AND MGT Information technology is very

beneficial for every mgt. in many ways

• Improve management performances• Improve efficiency of management

operations• Helps management in performing

various functions• Helps solving management

problems

IT APPLICATIONS IN MGT.LEVELS

Mgt. can be categorized in three levels

Top, Middle and Lower level TOP

MIDDLE

OPERATIONAL

EXTERNAL

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL

INTERNAL

Due to the difference in nature their information needs also vary

As we know mgt. decisions can be classified into three levels

• Strategic CONSIST LONG TERM BUSINESS ISSUES

• Tactical INCLUDES ESTIMATING FUTURE DECISION MAKING DATA

• Operational INVOLVE LARGE-SCALE PROCESSING DATA

• MARKETING • MANUFACTURING• HUMAN RESOURCE• ACCOUNTING• TRANSACTION PROCESS• FUNCTIONAL

IT APPLICATIONS IN MGT.

Introduction To Computers

• Computer is an electronic Device that is used to fulfill users instructions

• Computer word is derived from Latin word ‘compute’

• Computers carry out logical and mathematical operations

Definitions of Computer

• A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

• A computer can also be defined as an electronic machine that receive input (data), processes it and gives out results (information)

• A computer is calculating device which performing arihtmetic operations with greater speed.

• Computer takes input from the user

• Then it processes the input as per the user’s instructions

• After that it generates some output

Working of Computer

Characteristics of Computers

–Accuracy

–Continuity

–Thoughtless And Emotionless

–Intelligent Memory

–Versatility

–Elevated Processing Speed

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

Input unitThe process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data. The input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

Storage unitThe process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.

Output unitThe process of producing results from the data for getting useful information

ALUThe actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit.

The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.

Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored.

Control unitThe Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is responsible for co coordinating various operations using time signal. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed.

Hardware• Hardware refers to the physical

components that is used to input, store and retrieve data

• The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects

• Hardware means a computer and other electronic devices that are connected to perform different operations.

• Includes input devices , output devices , storage devices and cables that connect these devices.

Software• Software refers to parts of the computer

which do not have a material form ( such as programs, data, protocols )

• The instructions given to a computer is called program. The set of instructions in a logical sequence is called software.

• Software refers to a set of programs, documents, procedures and routines associated with the operations of a computer systems.

• These program consists of step by step instructions telling the computer how to carry out operations for a specific job.

System software• This consists of all programs , languages and

documentation supplied by the computer manufacturer.

• Requirement– to Use computer efficiently and conveniently

• System software is linked to hardware components and it is complex process . It is performing four different tasks

1. Operating system2. Utilities3. Device drivers4. Language translator

Operating system

Functions:1. Starting a computer2. Providing a user interface3. Managing programs4. Managing memory5. Scheduling jobs6. Configuring devices

Utilities

• Troubleshooting programs• Antivirus programs• File compression programs

Device drivers These programs allow devices to communicate

with rest of the computer system.

Language translators 1.Assemblers2.Compilers3.Interpreters

Application software• Any software which is designed to

accomplish a specific task like accounting, typing, drawing, browsing the internet, emailing etc. is known as application software.

• Now a days , various application softwares are available in the market like paintbrush, MS word ,MS excel, Tally.

• Typically applications include business software , educational software, medical software and computer games .

Relation between hardware and software

• Computer software instructs the hardware

• To produce useful output the hardware and software must work together

• To understand this consider the cassettes (software) and cassette player (hardware) to listen a particular song, it should be recorded on one of the cassettes and played on a cassette player.

1. Keyboard

INPUT DEVICES

2. Mouse

3. Joystick

4. Bar Code Reader

5. Web Camera

6. Trackball

7. Digitizer

8. Light pen

9. Touch screen

10. Microphone

11. Scanner

OUTPUT DEVICES1. MONITOR 2. PLOTTER

4. PRINTER3. SPEAKER

STORAGE DEVICES

Computer Networking• The word network means anything in the form

of a net which may have many lines crossing each other.

• A network in connection with the computer environment means link between a number of computers within the organization and outside.

Computer Networking

• In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data.

• Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

• Computer network refers to the collection of several computing machines, peripheral devices and storage unit

• For core business operations, computer networking becomes increasingly more important.

Advantages of networking

• File transfer• Mail transfer• Web browsing• It reduces the labor cost of doing paperwork• It saves lot of time and efforts of the

employees

Examples of different network methods are

• Local area network (LAN), – which is usually a small network constrained to a small

geographic area. – An example a computer network within a building.

• Metropolitan area network (MAN), – which is used for medium size area. – examples for a city or a state.

• Wide area network (WAN) – that is usually a larger network that covers a large

geographic area.

LAN (Local Area Networks)

• A network is any collection of independent computers that communicate with one another over a shared network medium.

• LANs are networks usually confined to a geographic area, such as a single building or a college campus.

• LANs can be small, linking as few as three computers, but often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of people.

Local area network (LAN)

• Local area networks connect the computers and other resources located in a small locations such as a room, building, office or institute etc.

• Local area networks are privately owned and cater to the need of resource sharing for a particular organizations

• Local area networks are located in small geographical boundaries ranging from 100 meters to 2 km.

Wide area network (WAN)

• An example of this is a multinational business that uses a WAN to

interconnect their offices in different countries.

• The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a network

composed of many smaller networks. The Internet is considered the largest

network in the world

• A Wide Area Network involves

communication through the use

of a wide range of different technologies.

WANs (Wide Area Networks)

• Often a network is located in multiple physical places. • Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are geographically

separate. • This is accomplished by connecting the different LANs using services such

as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up phone lines satellite links, and data packet carrier services.

Internet

• The Internet is a system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope and facilitate data communication services such as remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web and newsgroups.

• the Internet has become a communications highway for millions of users. The Internet was initially restricted to military and academic institutions, but now it is a full-fledged conduit for any and all forms of information and commerce.

• Internet websites now provide personal, educational, political and economic resources to every corner of the planet.

Internet

• Called the 'information superhighway' and the 'network of networks,'

• It is basically a means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world.

• When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.

Intranet

• With the advancements made in browser-based software for the Internet, many private organizations are implementing intranets.

• An intranet is a private network utilizing Internet-type tools, but available only within that organization.

• For large organizations, an intranet provides an easy access mode to corporate information for employees.

• All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media,

• including cable, power lines and various wireless technologies.

• The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth)

• or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet)

INTERNET

• The Internet Called the 'information superhighway' and the 'network of networks,'

• The Internet, sometimes called simply “the Net,” is a worldwide system of computer networks that allows users to send and receive information from other computers.

• Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world.

INTERNET

• It is basically a means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world.

• When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.

USES OF INTERNET

1. Sharing Information2. Collection of Information3. News4. Searching Jobs5. Advertisement6. Communication7. Entertainment8. Online Education9. Online Results10. Online Airlines and Railway Schedules11. Online Medical Advice

SERVICES

• Email – Your new postman• Chatting• Search-engine- Master key To Information• Educate yourself with e-learning• E-commerce- way of doing business on the

net• Using internet for entertainment• 24 hours a day - 7 days a week

BROWSER

• BROWSE Look at information on a computer

• A web BROWSER can have a Graphical User Interface, like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome and Opera, or can be text-based, like Lynx or Links.

• With a web browser one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, etc.

• A web browser is a software application for – Retrieving– Presenting– Traversing information on the World Wide Web.

Search Engine

• Huge amount of information on the internet• Search engine can easily search the required

information on the internet• Search engine is a software , searches a

particular piece of information according to the specified criteria.

• Without much effort and wastage of time• Different search engines use different

databases• It is better to use more than one Search

engine • They produce different lists of web pages

meeting the given criteria.• Popular Search engines are Google, yahoo, msn, Alta vista, look smart,

Netscape and info space

What is Intranet ?

• Internal company network that uses Internet standards (HTML, HTTP & TCP/IP protocols) & software.

• Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of the organization

Applications of Intranet• Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations• Access employee database• Distribution of circulars/Office Orders• Access product & customer data• Sharing of information of common interest• Launching of personal/departmental home pages• Submission of reports • Corporate telephone directories

Disadvantages

Information overload lowers productivity True purpose of the Intranet is unknown to many

employees/departments Hidden or unknown complexity and costs

Productivityproblem

Unauthorized access Abuse of access Denial of service

Securityproblem

A company may not have person to update their

Fear of sharing information and the loss of control Limited bandwidth for the business

Managementproblem Intranet on a routine basis

What is Extranet ?

• Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same internet technology.

• Inter-organizational information system.

• enable outsiders to work together with company’s employees.

• open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners

Examples..• Dealers/distributors have access to

product files such as :-1. product specification,2. pictures,3. images, etc.

to answer the queries of the customer.

Benefits of Extranet• Improved quality.• lower travel costs.• lower administrative & other overhead costs.• reduction in paperwork.• delivery of accurate information on time.• improved customer service.• better communication.• overall improvement in business

effectiveness.

Disadvantages• The suppliers & customer who don’t

have technical knowledge feel problem.• Faceless contact.• Information can be misused by other competitors.• Fraud may be possible.• Technical Employees are required.

Clients, partners, customers

Layered System View

Intranet

Extranet

Internet

Corporate members

Global society: competitors

TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.

It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.