ITC LAB

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

1/31

INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTING LAB

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

2/31

Experiment 1

AIM: Introduction toComputer, H/W, S/W,

Input/output devices,Operating System, Memory,etc.

Experiment-1 2

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

3/31

Introduction ToComputers

The term computer has beenborrowed from compute that meansto calculate.

Initially computers were used only forarithmetic calculation at fast speed.

It use in nearly every field.

Computer is an electronic device thataccept data as its input, processor itby doing some kinds ofmanipulations and produce thedesired result as the output. 3Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

4/31

Character wise DefinitionOf Computer

C CALCULATE COMMONLY CONSUMES

O OPERATE OPERATING OUTSTANDING

M MEMORIZE MACHINE MEMORY

P PRINT PARTICULARLY POWER

U UPDATE USED USING

T TABULATE TRADE/TRAINING

TREMENDOUS

E EDIT EDUCATION ELECTRONIC

S 4Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

5/31

5Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

6/31

Functions Of Computer

6Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

7/31

Characteristics OfComputer

7Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

8/31

Uses Of Computer

8Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

9/31

COMPARISION BETWEEN COMPUTERAND HUMAN

S. No. Computer Human Being

1 Computer is very fastworking.

Human being is veryslow in comparison tocomputer.

2 Computer never tires. Human being tiresfrequently.

3 Computer never gets

disturbed.

Human being can be

disturbed.4 They are always

obedient.They can be

disobedient.

5 Computers are reliable

and accurate.

Human being are not

accurate and reliablelike a computer.9Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

10/31

COMPARISION BETWEEN CALCULATOR ANDCOMPUTER

Calculator Computer

Calculator is made up of asingle piece and is smallin size.

Computer is made up todifferent parts (Monitor,CPU, Keyboard, etc.) and isquite bigger in size.

Calculator keyboard hasonly numeric key on it. Computer keyboard hasdifferent types of keys likenumeric, alphabetic, specialkeys, and editing keys.

Calculator has lessmemory for calculation.

Computer has large memoryfor calculation and otherwork.

Calculator has a smallblack and white screen.

Computer has a big screenin multi colors and black 10Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

11/31

COMPARISION BETWEEN CALCULATOR ANDCOMPUTER

Calculator Computer

Calculator can store avery small amount ofinformation.

Computer can store a verylarge amount of information.

Calculator can store datatemporarily.

Computer can store bothnumeric and non-numericdata permanently.

Calculator can do simplecalculations only.

Computer can do bothsimple and complicatedcalculations.

11Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

12/31

12Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

13/31

Hardware: All the devices such as keyboard, monitor,mouse, printer, cabinet, circuits, microprocessor (exceptCPU), floppy disk drive, hard disk drive and other storagedevices constitute the hardware of a computer.

Software: A set of instructions is called a program and a

set of programs is called software. Software used oncomputers may be of different types: (1) ApplicationSoftware, (2) System Software, (3) Utility Software

Application Software: Software suited for specificapplications is called as application software e.g. Payroll,Banking, Life Insurance, Hospital Management, ElectricityBilling, Telephone Billing, Railway/Airlines/Bus reservation,etc.

System Software: Programs that control and direct theoperations of the computer hardware are called as systemsoftware e.g. Compilers, Linkers, Loaders, Interpreters,Assemblers, Operating systems viz. DOS, UNIX, andWindows, etc..

Utility Software: These are the supporting softwarepackages e.g. MS-Word, MS-Excel, MS-Access, Oracle, etc.13Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

14/31

Parts of Computer

Experiment-1 14

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

15/31

Block Diagram OfComputer

15Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

16/31

Data and Instruction are entered intoa computer through input device.

An input device converts input data

and instruction into electrical signals(binary form) that can ne acceptedby the computer.

There are a large variety of inputdevices available.

The commonly used input devices

are the keyboard and mouse.

Input Devices

16Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

17/31

List of Input Devices

17Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

18/31

The CPU is the brain of any computersystem.

It is also called as the nerve center ofthe system because it performs centralcontrol functions.

All the computational, logical and

operational decisions are taken hereonly.

It contains all the circuits or the

motherboard for performing the various

CPU(Central Processing Unit)

18Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

19/31

CPU consists of 3 basic parts, theyare Memory Unit or Storage Unit,

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) andControl Unit (CU).

The functions of CPU are as follows:

To store data and instructions.

To control the sequence of operations.

To give commands to all parts of thecomputer system.

To carry-out processing.

19Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

20/31

Data are fed into an input storagearea where they are held until readyto be processed.

A working storage space is used tohold the data that is being processedand the intermediate results of suchprocessing.

An output storage area holds thefinal result of the processing.

A program storage area holds therocessin instruction.

Storage/Memory Unit

20Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

21/31

It carries out arithmetical operationslike addition, subtraction,multiplication and division.

It is used to test certain conditionsand change the path of executiondepending upon the output oftesting.

To compare two quantities and seewhich one is bigger?

To decide further route.

ALU (Arithmetic LogicUnit)

21Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

22/31

Control Unit (CU)

It retrieve an instruction form theprocessor memory.

Determines the action to be taken,on being required.

Directs the CPU to performoperations.

Determines whether the operationwas carried out properly on not.

Display an error message to the userif the operation was not carried out

ro erl throu h the out ut device.22Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

23/31

Memory

Any essential component of everycomputer is its memory.

We cannot image any computer

without it. Memory is used for storing both

instructions to be executed and data.

Memory is the location where dataand instruction are stored.

23Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

24/31

Used

Holds the data received from inputdevice temporarily and ready it forprocessing.

Holds data that has been processedand the intermediate resultsgenerated within.

Holds the finished results ofprocessed data, until released tooutput device.

Holds the system software and24Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

25/31

25Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

26/31

Unit of Measurement ofMemory Capacity

1 Bit A Binary Digit (0or 1)

1 Byte 8 bit or one

character1 Kilobyte (KB) 1024 bytes

1 Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB

1 Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB

1 Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB

26Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

27/31

Output Devices

The output unit formed by the outputdevices attached to the computer.

The output coming from the CPU is in

the form of electronic binary signals,which needs conversion in someform that can be easily understood

by human beings. Output that can be understand by

human can be categories as : Softcopy

Hardcopy 27Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

28/31

28Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

29/31

29Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

30/31

Booting Process

When we switch on the computer,the instructions stored in ROM areautomatically executed.

These instructions help the computerto load the operating system fromexternal storage device (disk) tointernal storage (ROM).

This process of loading operatingsystem from disk to ROM is calledBooting Process.

30Experiment-1

8/4/2019 ITC LAB

31/31

Switch ON the Computer

Automatic Execution of Instructions Storedin ROM

HARDDISK

RAM

PROCESS OF COLD BOOTING

Loading of Operating System

31Experiment-1