ITALY 1815-1870. The Congress of Vienna (1815) Returns Northern Italy to the Austrian Empire (Milan, Venetia, Tuscany) Returns Northern Italy to the Austrian.

ITALYITALY1815-18701815-1870

The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna (1815)(1815)

Returns Northern Italy to the Returns Northern Italy to the Austrian Austrian EmpireEmpire (Milan, Venetia, Tuscany) (Milan, Venetia, Tuscany)

The rest of Italy is The rest of Italy is FragmentedFragmented into a into a number of different states.number of different states.– Kingdom of the Two SiciliesKingdom of the Two Sicilies– Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont – Papal States, Savoy, Nice, & Others …Papal States, Savoy, Nice, & Others …

Creates Creates Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe

The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy

The Fathers of Italian The Fathers of Italian NationalismNationalism

RisorgimentoRisorgimento

Name given to the nationalist Name given to the nationalist movement in Italymovement in Italy

Italian word meaning “Italian word meaning “ResurgenceResurgence””

This movement grew This movement grew throughout the throughout the early 1800searly 1800s

Giuseppe Giuseppe MazziniMazzini Involved in Revolutionary Involved in Revolutionary

CARBONARI in 1820sCARBONARI in 1820s In 1831, Mazzini called In 1831, Mazzini called

for all Italian patriots to for all Italian patriots to join his join his YOUNG ITALY YOUNG ITALY MOVEMENTMOVEMENT..

YOUNG ITALYYOUNG ITALY began as began as a system of secret a system of secret societies and was societies and was dedicated to spreading dedicated to spreading the Risorgimento.the Risorgimento.

““Neither pope nor king, Neither pope nor king, but rather a Rbut rather a Republicepublic should rule should rule ItalyItaly.”.”

1848 Revolutions1848 Revolutions Liberals and nationalists lead revolts in Liberals and nationalists lead revolts in

several of the Italians states.several of the Italians states. Constitutions were established in 3 of the Constitutions were established in 3 of the

Italian states. Italian states. [T, 2S, PS][T, 2S, PS] Revolutionaries seize Rome in spring of Revolutionaries seize Rome in spring of

18491849 Monarchs regain control by July, 1849, Monarchs regain control by July, 1849,

and throw out the new constitutionsand throw out the new constitutions SARDINIASARDINIA is the only Italian state to is the only Italian state to

keep their independence.keep their independence.

Camillo Benso Di Camillo Benso Di CavourCavourPrime Minister of SardiniaPrime Minister of Sardinia

1852 - Appointed as 1852 - Appointed as

Prime MinisterPrime Minister of of SardiniaSardinia

A A MonarchistMonarchist, yet , yet liberalliberal Believed in Believed in REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK

(Machiavellian (Machiavellian politicspolitics)) Helped to reform Helped to reform

economyeconomy and and agricultureagriculture of Sardinia of Sardinia

Built Built RailroadsRailroads Supported Supported free tradefree trade

Crimean WarCrimean War1854-18561854-1856

Russia tries Russia tries to seize to seize Ottoman Ottoman territoryterritory

Britain and Britain and France step France step in to help the in to help the OttomansOttomans– WHY do you WHY do you

think Britain think Britain & France & France step in?step in?

Sardinia joins in and supports Sardinia joins in and supports Britain and FranceBritain and France

No territory won, but powers No territory won, but powers take notice of Sardinia take notice of Sardinia

We’ll talk about this in more detail next class

A Secret DealA Secret Dealat at PlombiérèsPlombiérès

Cavour negotiates a secret Cavour negotiates a secret deal with Napoleon IIIdeal with Napoleon III

Napoleon III promised to Napoleon III promised to aid Sardinia if they ever aid Sardinia if they ever faced war with Austriafaced war with Austria

In return, Sardinia agrees In return, Sardinia agrees to give France to give France SavoySavoy and and NiceNice

The next year, Cavour The next year, Cavour provoked that war…provoked that war…

Cavour Napoleon III

War with AustriaWar with Austria

In 1859, Sardinia began to prepare for In 1859, Sardinia began to prepare for war, and in response, Austria declared war, and in response, Austria declared warwar

Sardinian & French troops drove Sardinian & French troops drove Austria out of Austria out of LombardyLombardy and and VenetiaVenetia

Italian patriots (nationalists) in other Italian patriots (nationalists) in other areas overthrew their Austrian rulers areas overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be and asked to be annexedannexed into into SardiniaSardinia

Surprise!!Surprise!!

Napoleon III hadn’t expected the Napoleon III hadn’t expected the Italians to band together like this.Italians to band together like this.

Fearing that Prussia would get Fearing that Prussia would get involved, Napoleon III signs a treaty involved, Napoleon III signs a treaty with Austriawith Austria

According to this treaty, Sardinia According to this treaty, Sardinia gets to keep Lombardy, but the rest gets to keep Lombardy, but the rest went back to Austria.went back to Austria.

Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldiSoldier,Patriot, “Hero of the Two Worlds”Soldier,Patriot, “Hero of the Two Worlds”

Born in Nice Born in Nice (1807)(1807)

Joined YOUNG ITALYJoined YOUNG ITALY Devoted to Italian FreedomDevoted to Italian Freedom 1834 – Sentenced to death 1834 – Sentenced to death

and fled to South Americaand fled to South America Spent 14 years in exile Spent 14 years in exile

(Brazil & Uruguay) learned (Brazil & Uruguay) learned art of guerrilla warfare.art of guerrilla warfare.

Returned for 1848 Rev., Returned for 1848 Rev., When Rome fell… exile -- When Rome fell… exile -- NYCNYC SA. SA.

Giuseppe & Giuseppe & Anita GaribaldiAnita Garibaldi

Statue located in Statue located in Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilBrazil

The “Red Shirts”The “Red Shirts”

A volunteer army formed by A volunteer army formed by GaribaldiGaribaldi

Fought for Italian Unity and Fought for Italian Unity and IndependenceIndependence

In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi led In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi led his “his “Expedition of the ThousandExpedition of the Thousand””– Captured the Captured the Kingdom of the Two Kingdom of the Two

SiciliesSicilies– Continued north and captured Continued north and captured

NaplesNaples– Wanted to continue on to take Wanted to continue on to take

RomeRome

HOWEVER…HOWEVER…

Cavour stopped himCavour stopped him

Garibaldi was becoming very popularGaribaldi was becoming very popular Cavour feared that he would try to Cavour feared that he would try to

displace Victor Emmanuel as Italy’s leaderdisplace Victor Emmanuel as Italy’s leader Cavour sent an army south to stop Cavour sent an army south to stop

GaribaldiGaribaldi– Along the way, annexing most of the Papal Along the way, annexing most of the Papal

StatesStates Cavour’s army defeated the Red Shirts, Cavour’s army defeated the Red Shirts,

and Garibaldi was pardoned.and Garibaldi was pardoned.

An Important MeetingAn Important Meeting

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II meet Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II meet in Naples in the Fall of 1860in Naples in the Fall of 1860

Garibaldi agrees to support the new Garibaldi agrees to support the new Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as KingII as King

He asked only to serve as governor He asked only to serve as governor (aka dictator) of Naples … The king (aka dictator) of Naples … The king refuses. He is afraid of Garibaldi’s refuses. He is afraid of Garibaldi’s popularity.popularity.

UnificationUnification

In In 18601860, nearly all (all but Rome and , nearly all (all but Rome and Venetia) of the Italian regions held Venetia) of the Italian regions held plebiscitesplebiscites

They voted overwhelmingly to unify under They voted overwhelmingly to unify under the King of Sardiniathe King of Sardinia

18661866 – annexed Venetia through war with – annexed Venetia through war with AustriaAustria

18701870 – Rome voted to join the Kingdom of – Rome voted to join the Kingdom of ItalyItaly

ProblemsProblems

They’d been ruled for so long, few Italians They’d been ruled for so long, few Italians had any experience with governing had any experience with governing themselvesthemselves

Tensions grew between the industrializing Tensions grew between the industrializing north and the agricultural south…north and the agricultural south…

(Sound familiar???)(Sound familiar???) Standard of Living was low in most areasStandard of Living was low in most areas Labor problems arose Labor problems arose (Industrialization)(Industrialization)

Attempts to build an EmpireAttempts to build an Empire

1880’s1880’s – several military ventures in – several military ventures in Africa Africa (largely unsuccessful)(largely unsuccessful)

19111911 – A brief war with the Ottoman – A brief war with the Ottoman Empire Empire (Brought very little gain)(Brought very little gain)

19121912 – Conquers Libya (This – Conquers Libya (This strengthens Italy’s position in the strengthens Italy’s position in the Mediterranean)Mediterranean)

19141914 – WWI Begins – WWI Begins