ITALIAN CAST COINAGE A descriptive catalogue of the cast bronze coinage and its struck counterparts in ancient Italy from the 7th to 3rd centuries BC Italo Vecchi London Ancient Coins Ltd
ITALIAN CAST COINAGE
A descriptive catalogue of the cast bronze coinage and its struck counterparts
in ancient Italy from the 7th to 3rd centuries BC
Italo Vecchi
London Ancient Coins Ltd
Roman Strenae new year lamps depicting Janus type asses (Passeri 1767).
Festos et sollemnes dies profusissime, nonnumquam tantum ioculariter celebrabat. Saturnalibus, et si quando alias
libuisset, modo munera dividebat, vestem et aurum et argentum, modo nummos omnis notae, etiam veteres regios
ac peregrinos.................
Augustus spared no expense when celebrating national holidays and behaved very light-heartedly on occasion. At
the Saturnalia, or at any other time when the fancy took him, he distributed to his company clothes, gold, and
silver; sometimes coins of all sorts, even of the ancient kings of Rome and of foreign nations….
Suetonius, Divus Augustus 75
© 2013 Italo Vecchi
First Published in 2013 by
London Ancient Coins Ltd
http://www.lacoins.co.uk
US distribution:
B & H Kreindler
236 Altessa Blvd
Melville, NY 11747
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-9575784-0-1
Italo part1 11/11/2013 19:23 Pagina 3
CONTENTS
Preface 5
Introduction 7
Glossary of Terms 9
Metrology and Dating 12
Chronology 14
Abbreviations and Bibliography 17
Catalogue:
Early bronze currency Aes rude 23
Currency bars 26
Figural currency bars 28
The Roman Republic Currency bars 29
Coins 31
Etruria Tarquinii 41
Volaterrae 42
Uncertain of Inland Etruria 45
Uncertain of Etruria or Umbria 52
Umbria Ameria 53
Iguvium 53
Tuder 55
North-Eastern Italy Ariminum 57
Hatria 58
Firmum 59
The Vestini 59
Central Italy Carsioli 61
Praeneste (?) 61
Reate 61
Anonymous series 62
Issues not in recognisable series 63
Samnium Meles 68
Northern Apulia Ausculum 69
Luceria 69
Venusia 71
Northern Lucania Volcei 73
Uncertain of Samnium or Lucania 74
Appendix Bronze objects 76
Indexes 77
List of illustrations 80
Plates 1-90
3
“ multa quidem didici : sed cur navalis in aere
altera signata est, altera forma biceps ? “
“ noscere me duplici posses sub imagine,” dixit
“ ni vetus ipsa dies extenuasset opus,
causa rartis superest : Tuscum rate venit in amnem
ante pererrato falcifer orbe deus.
hac ego Saturnum memini tellure receptum
caelitibus regnis a Iove pulsus erat.
inde diu genti mansit Saturnia nomen ;
dicta quoque est Latium terra, latente deo.
at bona posteritas puppem formavit in aere,
hospitis adventum testificata dei.
‘Indeed I’ve learned much: but why is there a ship’s figure
On one side of the copper as, a twin shape on the other?’
‘You might have recognised me in the double-image’,
He said, ‘if length of days had not worn the coin away.
The reason for the ship is that the god of the sickle
Wandering the globe, by ship, reached the Tuscan river.
I remember how Saturn was welcomed in this land:
Driven by Jupiter from the celestial regions.
From that day the people kept the title, Saturnian,
And the land was Latium, from the god’s hiding (latente) there.
But a pious posterity stamped a ship on the coin,
To commemorate the new god’s arrival.
Ovid Fasti I, 229-240
Translation by Sir James George Frazer, The Loeb Classical Library 1
PREFACE
It has been 35 years since Bradbury Thurlow and I published a handbook on Italian cast coinage which at-
tempted to summarise the material previously published by Crawford (RRC), Thomsen (ERC), Sydenham (AG)
and Haeberlin (1910), a monumental work that after 103 years is still the standard works of reference for this
coinage, and itself relied heavily on the pioneering work of Garrucci (1885) for provenances and mint identifi-
cations. Since then a multitude of specialist studies has been published dealing with many of the issuing author-
ities of cast coinage. In 1985 Crawford published Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic (CMRR), an
all-embracing introduction to coinages in central Italy at the time of the Roman Republic included an important
comparative study of cast issues. This was followed in 1987 by Burnett, Coinage in the Roman World, a very useful
introduction to the adoption of coinage by Rome from about 300 BC. Finally, after many years in preparation,
Historia Nummorum Italy (HNItaly) was published in 2001, a radical revision and updating the Italian section
of the 1911 second version of Barclay Head’s Historia Numorum (HN2), with N.K. Rutter as the principal editor
and with the collaboration of the most eminent numismatists in the field of Italian numismatics.
The aim of this new edition of Italian Cast Coinage (ICC) is to summarise the research on Italy’s cast bronze
coinage over the last 30 years and add to it the publication of previously unknown types. Although it generally
follows the geographical arrangement of HNItaly, the catalogue starts with the coinage of the Roman Republic,
the dominant regional power, which maintained a unique unbroken sequence of cast issues from currency bars
to the final devaluations and transition to a fiduciary bronze coinage.
The weight range and census of most issues is drawn from Haeberlin, but where possible new and more com-
plete studies have been taken into consideration. Hoards and single find spots have been cited for rare, important
and unattributed coins and, in addition, a full listing of Etruscan hoards and finds will be included in Etruscan
Coinage II, forthcoming. The terms aes signatum and aes grave have been avoided as it is now clear that what the
ancient sources mean is quite different from that which was understood by 19th and 20th century numismatists.
All dates are BC unless otherwise stated.
I would like to acknowledge the generous help I have deceived in compiling the material in this catalogue
from the following friends and colleagues: Dario Avagliano, Stefano Bani, Paolo del Bello, Andrew Burnett, Andrea
Cavicchi, Peter Clayton, Carlo Maria Fallani, Herbert Kreindler, Richard Beale, Andrew McCabe, Paul Munro
Walker, the late Enzo Ponte, Roberto Russo, Christian Schaack, Daniele Treglia, David Vagi, Jennifer Vecchi-
Gomez, Vincenzo Vellucci, Rick Witschonke and all the private collectors who perforce remain anonymous.
5
Principal mints of cast coinge.
INTRODUCTION
Currency is generally defined as anything used as a “convenient medium of exchange” (Keynes 1930, 3, 53)
and therefore having purchasing power. No object is money per se, yet any recognized object can function as
primitive money from cowrie shells, beads, oxhide and bun ingots, spits (oboloi), arrows and spearheads, weapons
and tools in general, lumps of metal and Chinese bronze cash to gold and silver which was traded by weight for
millennia in the Middle East. The advantages of money include the ability to set a fixed price, settle debts and
store accumulated surplus in a durable form that can outlast the life of a crop, animal or slave.
Cast coinage in Italy arose in the 1st millennium BC because copper was plentiful, silver rare and gold non-
existent. The peoples of central Italy had a long history of barter with copper or copper-alloy objects including
adzes, axe and lance heads, broken weapons, razors, sickles, tools, fibulae, horse-bits, mould dregs, and even bro-
ken balances. These bronze objects have been found in several bronze-founder’s hoards, graves and votive deposits
of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, such as that found in a large earthenware dolium near the church of San
Francesco in Bologna in 1877. This great hoard dated to the 7th century was made up of 14,838 objects weighing
1,418 kilograms of cast and beaten bronze, among them ingots of pure copper which were almost certainly im-
ported directly down the Reno valley from copper mines in Etruria.
As the Iron Age advanced in Italy two prominent forms of mobile wealth developed: aes rude and currency
bars, which served as portable wealth or as bullion passing by weight. The oldest class seem to be the amorphous
bronze lumps, called by the Elder Pliny aes rude (HN 33.13.43) and rudera or aes infectum by Festus (321/322),
sometimes bearing small grooves, inscriptions or punched marks. They are often found in stipes (heaps) in votive
deposits, sanctuaries or graves down to the 3rd century, sometimes together with currency bars and coins. From
about the 6th century flat cast copper currency bars or ingots with a high ferruginous content appear, often bear-
ing a cross-section design called by Italian numismatists ‘ramo secco’ (dry branch or twig). They appear in hoards
throughout Italy and Sicily, with a concentration of finds in Etruria and the Padana, often together with aes rude
lumps. They do not equate to a set weight standard, varying from about 600g to 2500g, measuring approximately
30-50mm when complete and are usually found broken into subdivisions. The high iron content bars were tol-
erated and rendered useless for any purpose other than that as a medium of exchange that required reweighing
with each transaction.
The Roman domination of Etruria, Umbria, Latin, and Italic peoples of central and southern Italy by means
of a part-time peasant army under the leadership of a ruling oligarchy was slow and hard-fought from the time
of the early Republic. The Romans of later times lacked a coherent history for their early coinage, the surviving
literary tradition on the early bronze currency being composed of relentlessly modernising Roman accounts.
These accounts are inclined to invent historical as well as monetary events and characteristically make the be-
ginning of coinage respectably antique and Roman by associating it with the reigns of the semi-mythical kings
Numa Pompilius (traditional date, 715-673) and Servius Tullius (traditional date, 578-535). The famous statement
of the Elder Pliny in the 1st century AD explicitly states that: Servius rex primus signavit aes. Antea rudi usos
Romae Timaeus tradit. Signatum est nota pecudum, unde et pecunia appellata (king Servius was the first to mark
bronze; Timaeus relates that previously they used raw metal at Rome. It was marked with the image of animals
from which pecunia also was supposed to draw its name), (HN 33.13.43). This statement was confirmed by Cas-
siodorus as late as the 6th century AD: .... monetae curam habere praecipimus, quam Servius rex in aere primum
impressisse perhibetur (we advise you to take care of money which king Servius is held to have first marked in
bronze), (Variae 7.32.4.).
By the third century, Rome controlled both militarily and economically the whole of central Italy with a com-
plex system of colonies and flexible alliances which allowed for a degree of local autonomy permitting the issue
7
INTRODUCTION
of struck and cast coinage, as long as tribute was paid to Rome in kind or manpower. From the early part of the
period there was a flowering of cast issues in Etruria, Umbria, north-east and central Italy, Lucania, the Cam-
pano-Samnian region and northern Apulia on a variety of weight standards, characterized by clear marks of
value, all apparently with the consent of Rome and often found in hoards with Roman Republican coins. All cast
coinage production ceased during the extreme economic crisis caused by the Second Punic War (218-201), giving
way to more practical and lighter struck token bronze coinages. These in most cases still bore clear marks of
value, unlike most contemporary Greek base metal issues.
Central Italy was self-sufficient in basic products which met the needs of civilisation such as minerals, timber,
livestock, cereals, game, and fish. Like the Egypt and Carthage, the Roman Republic, was slow to adopt the Greek
invention of coinage. The Etruscan had been the first to strike coinage in central Italy from the late 5the century,
with its predominance of marks of value, which served as a model for Rome and seems to be a fusion or recon-
ciliation of two very different monetary systems: the ‘primitive’ bronze-weighing and heavy cast bronze currencies
of central Italy, and the ‘modern’ struck coinages in gold silver and bronze introduced by the Greeks of Magna
Graecia and Sicily.
Bitalemi deposit no. 26 of aes rude and bars (Orlandini, AIIN 12-14, 1965-1967, pp. 13-14).
8
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Aerarium: the aerarium populi Romani was the bronze treasury of the Roman people, and was kept beneath the
temple of Saturn in the Forum. It was believed that under Saturn’s rule, humans had enjoyed the spontaneous
bounty of the earth without labour in the Saturnia regna or Golden Age as described by Ovid and Virgil.
Aes: copper, copper alloy or bronze sometimes abbreviated as Æ.
Aes grave: ‘heavy bronze’, a term used by Pliny and Livy meaning ‘bronze by weight’, in reference to fines, taxes
and transactions paid between 422 and 293. This term was wrongly employed by 19th and 20th century numis-
matists to describe early cast coins and has been avoided in this book.
Aes rude: amorphous bronze lumps, called by Pliny aes rude (HN 33.13.43), also known as aes infectum or im-
perfectum ‘unmade or unfinished’.
Aes signatum: ‘signed or marked bronze’ a term used by Pliny (HN 33.13.43) for cast currency bars supposedly
issued by king Servius Tullius. These bars were frequently converted to aes rude. The term was misused by 19th
and 20th century numismatists and has been avoided in this book (Barello 2013, pp. 175-184).
As (pl. asses): originally the expression for ‘one’ or ‘unit’; in the Roman system of measurement; the basic unit
in measures of weight (1 libra, ‘pound’ = 324g); abbreviated as I. It is worth noting that the stem assi- is almost
identical with the Greek áξιος (counterbalancing) and áξις (weight). The as ceased to be the Roman monetary
unit of account in about 141 BC.
Astragalus: a knucklebone used in gaming and fortune telling.
Bipennis: a double-axe, frequently used for sacrifices.
Biunx: a modern word meaning ‘two-ounce’ used to denote coins on a ten-ounce as or nummus weight system;
abbreviated as ·· .
Cista: box or basket used in the cult of Bacchus.
Decussis: a term meaning ‘the intersection of two lines’ divided cross-wise in the shape of symbol X, and applied
to the remarkable 10-asses issued at Rome c. 214-212 (no. 100).
Denarius: an adjective meaning ‘of ten’, which became a noun after the introduction of the denarius argenteus
tariffed at ten asses in about 212-211, to the weight of 4.5g and bearing the mark of value X.
Didrachm: a two-drachm silver coin. The first silver didrachms issued by the Roman Republic were probably
struck at the mint of Neapolis from c. 326 on a weight standard of about 7.29g (RRC 13/1). This issue was intended
for circulation in Greek southern Italy and seems not to be associated with any cast bronze coinage issued for
use in central Italy. Around the end of the first Punic war, two didrachm issues on a weight standard of about
6.75g were produced at Rome itself (RRC 25/1 and 27/1) and are clearly associated with the sickle and club
symbol cast bronze series (nos. 48-53 and 58-71). Assuming there was a relative bullion value of bronze to silver
of 1:120, these didrachms can be seen as the equivalent of three bronze asses (cf. tressis no. 64). Rome’s final
didrachm issue from c. 225, the so-called quadrigatus (RRC 28/3), was initially on a similar weight standard of
about 6.75g implying a similar ratio to Janus/Prow bronze series (nos. 74-92). After the economic crisis c. 217
9
Italo part1 11/11/2013 19:23 Pagina 10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
the whole monetary system fell apart and led to the semilibral and post semi-libral bronze devaluations and the
complete reduction of the silver content of the quadrigatus (cf. tressis no. 102).
Dupondius (pl. dupondii), also known as dupondium or dussis: 2 asses or a doubled whole; abbreviated as II .
Herringbone or fish-pine pattern: descriptive terms for the geometric patterns on some of the early central
Italian currency bars, also called in Italian ‘ramo secco’ (cf. nos. 3-7).
Janiform head of the Dioscuri: the identification of this type is based on the comparison with RRC 290/1 and
307/1a.
Janus: an early Roman god of considerable importance known as divom deus, god of gods, in the Hymn of the
Salii, (Varro, Ling. 7.27). Janus more generally controlled beginnings, most notably as the eponym of the month
January, and presided over door and gate (ianua). Like a door, gate, passageway or arch, he looks in both direc-
tions and is depicted in numismatic art as a double-headed and bearded man.
Libra (pl. librae): also pondus, metonymic with (‘what has been weighed’); Greek equivalent: λίτρα/lítra. In the
Roman measuring system a libra corresponds to the bronze as of 12 unciae and 288 scrupula, hence the libral
weight standard. Libra has passed into modern languages as pound (Pfund, livre, libbra and lira, often abbreviated
as lb and £) (RRC pp. 590-592; Barello 2013, pp. 174-175).
Libral standard: the prevailing weight standard of early Republican bronze coins, approximately 324g (cf. RRC
pp. 590-597).
Moneta: originally an epithet of Juno from moneo (warn, advise), whose temple complex on the Capitol was
Rome’s first mint, spoken of as being ad Monetam. In due course the word came to mean the mint itself and has
passed into modern English as money, monetise and into other languages as, for example, Münze, moneta, mon-
eda, moeda and monnaie (Barello 2013, pp. 110-113 and fig. 3,34).
Nummus (pl. nummi): Latin equivalent of the Greek nómos (Varro, Ling. 5, 173), ‘custom’, ‘habit’, ‘practice’, ‘rule’,
‘order’, ‘institution’, ‘constitution’, ‘law’ etc., in numismatics meaning the standard denomination of any coin series.
The term nummus is employed for the large standard denominations of Luceria and Venusia.
Pecunia: ‘money or wealth’ from pecus ‘livestock’ (Varro, Ling 5.92). Modern philologists believe that the word
may be connected to the Indo-European word *peku ‘movable personal property’ and the Latin peculium ‘private
property, savings’ (Barello 2013, p. 176).
Pedum: a shepherd’s crook, a symbol of pastoral authority; associated with Pan.
Per aes et libram: ‘with bronze and balance’ used to designate the formal ceremony by which mancipatory con-
tracts were made, later the weighing became only symbolic (Barello 2013, p. 177).
Post-semilibral standards: a modern expression covering the diversity of descending weight standards from
about 215. There is no evidence that Rome officially made triental, quadrantal or sextantal reductions to the
weight of coins, although many coins conform to these theoretical weight standards.
Prow: on Republican coins the forward most part of a war galley with fighting platform on deck; below, scrolled
acrostolium, apotropaic eye, oar box, central beam ending in upper ram, below which, triangular box ending
with rostrum tridens (Morello 2008).
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Quadrans (pl. quadrantes): quarter of an as or three unciae (Varro Ling. 5,171); abbreviated as ···
Quatrunx: a modern word meaning ‘four-ounce’ used to denote coins on a ten-ounce pound or nummus weight
system; abbreviated as ···· .
Quincunx: a modern word meaning ‘five-ounce’ used to denote coins on a ten-ounce pound or nummus weight
system; abbreviated as ····· .
Quincussis: a modern word for a coin of 5-asses, abbreviated as V.
'herringbone' or 'fish-pine', cut into a two-part mould to facilitate the flow of molten bronze when casting. (cf. nos. 3-4).
Regius nummus (pl. regii nummi): a term applied by the Romans of imperial times to early cast coinage, espe-
cially the Janus/prow issues, in the mistaken belief that they belonged to the time of the early kings of Rome,
(Suitonius, Divus Augustus 75)
Saturn: the identification of this type is based on comparison with RRC 285/3, 313/1a, 330/1a-b, 349/1, 421/1
and 441/1 (Morello 1999).
The basic Roman unit of weight of 1/ 24 uncia = 1/ 288 libra = 1·125g.
Semilibral standard: the reduction stage of the Roman in about 217, by which the weight of the libral as was of-
ficially reduced by half and therefore became fiduciary (cf. RRC pp. 615-616).
Semis (pl. semisses): half an as or 6 unciae, abbreviated as S, U, ∩, É, < or ······ .
Semuncia: half an uncia or 1/24 of an as, Σ .
Sextans (pl. sextantes): sixth of an as or 2 unciae; abbreviated as ·· .
Stipendium: from stips and pendere (weighing out in a heap), soldier’s pay by weight.
Stips (pl. stipes): ‘monetary contribution or offering’, ‘donation’, but also ‘small coin’ (Fest. 379; 412).
Teruncius: a modern word meaning ‘three-ounce’ used to denote coins on a ten-ounce pound or nummus weight
system; abbreviated as ··· .
Tressis: 3 asses, from tres and as (Varro Ling. 5.169; abbreviated as III .
Triens (pl. trientes): third of an as or 4 unciae; abbreviated as ···· .
Twelve Tables: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or, informally, Duodecim Tabulae, the centrepiece of the constitution
of the Roman Republic and legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. Published in c. 451, but known
to us only from later writers, here valuations and fines are expressed in asses, possibly an anachronism.
Uncia (pl. unciae): twelfth part of an as, from the Greek-Siculan ὀγκία/onkía; cognate to unus (Varro Ling.
5,171); abbreviated as ·.
11
Scrupulum (pl. scripula): also scripulum, ‘little stone’ , from scrupus; Greek γράμμα/ grámma, cf. English ‘scruple’.
Ramo secco: an Italian term meaning ‘dried branch’ , applied to the geometric grooves found on early currency bars, also called
METROLOGY AND DATING
The Roman pound of bronze from the early third century BC weighed approximately 324g, divided by 12 unciae
and 288 scrupula. This metrological weight structure was to remain the fundamental Roman system until well
into Byzantine times, despite the official semilibral reduction of 217 and successive devaluations in the actual
weight of bronze coins which became only fiduciary. The earliest Dioscuri/Mercury series of cast coinage was
issued on a libral standard very close to the theoretical weight. The successive Apollo/Apollo and
Dioscurus/Apollo series were issued on a standard above the theoretical presumably as a consequence of the
high relief types though retaining the circumference of the previous issue. Subsequent series seem to have been
issued at the weight of 10 ounces, approximately 270g, until the semilibral reduction of 217.
Bibl.: ERC II, pp. 15-48; Thomsen 1978; RRC II, pp. 590-597; CMRR pp. 14-16, 43-46; Barello 2013, pp. 174-174
Theoretical metrological table of the Roman libral bronze standard in grams from c. 280
As Semis Triens Quadrans Sextans Uncia Semuncia Quartuncia
324g 162g 108g 81g 54g 27g 13.5g 6.75g
Theoretical metrological table of the Roman semi-libral standard in grams from c. 217
As Semis Triens Quadrans Sextans Uncia Semuncia
162g 81g 54g 40.5g 27g 13.5g 6.75g
Comparative dating and weight standards of Roman Republican cast coinage from HNItaly p. 45 table:
Roman currency bars Roman coin issues Average weight of the as
c. 280 ROMANOM issues Dioscuri/Mercury 324g
c. 275 Elephant/Sow
c. 270 Apollo/Apollo 334g
Dioscurus/Apollo 330g
c. 255 Naval types
c. 265 Roma/Roma 265g
c. 240 Dioscuri/Mercury (sickle) 272g
c. 235 Apollo/Apollo (acorn) 284g
c. 230 Roma/Roma (club) 266g
c. 230 Roma/Wheel 270g
c. 225 Minerva/bull ROMA 279g
12
METROLOGY AND DATING
c. 225-217 Janus/Prow r. 270g
Janus/Prow l. 256g
c. 217-215 Semilibral reduction, thus becoming fiduciary 132g
c. 215-211 Post-semilibral series, based on a diversity of descending
weight standards until the cessation of cast coinage.; L series
Roman denominations and marks of value
X = Decussis = 10 Asses
V = Quincussis = 5 Asses
III = Tressis = 3 Asses
II = Dupondius = 2 Asses
I = As = 2 Semisses = 3 Trientes = 4 Quadrantes = 6 Sextantes = 12 Unciae
S, U = Semis = 2 Quadrantes = 6 Unciae
···· = Triens = 2 Sextans = 4 Unciae
··· = Quadrans = 3 Unciae
·· = Sextans = 2 unciae
· = Uncia
Σ = Semuncia
Comparative average as weights of Italian cast coinage from CMRR p. 46 table 2
Etruria Tarquinii Volaterrae Inland Etruria Etruria or Umbria
Light libral (288g) Local (158-132g) Local (193-142g) Local (154g)
Local Regional Regional Regional
Umbria Ameria Iguvium Tuder
Local (156g) Local (187-180g) Local (248-204g, 82g)
Regional Regional Regional
N.E. Italy Ariminum Hatria Firmum The Vestini
Heavy libral (380g) Heavy libral (372g) Light libral (288g) Heavy libral (381g)
Regional Regional Local Regional
Central Italy Carsioli Praeneste (?) Reate Uncertain mints
Libral (323g) Light libral (266g) Light libral (268g) Mostly libral
Regional Regional Regional
Samnium, Meles Ausculum Luceria Venusia
Apulia Local (125g) Local (98g) Light libral Libral (321g, 120g)
Regional Regional (226g, 224g, 79g) Local
Local
Lucania Volcei Uncertain Samnium or Lucania
Local (147g) Local (71g, 91g)
Regional Regional
13
CHRONOLOGY
Owing to the widespread invention of Roman history from the late second century onwards, dates are of necessity
traditional and listed according to the ancient sources, indicative of the general development of Italy in the first
millennium.
10th–9th cent. Late bronze Age and first evidence of Villanovan culture in central Italy; emergence of Etr-
uscan cities with mining, industry, crafts and international trade.
9th–7th cent. Emergence of the Italic cultures of Umbria, Picenum, Latium, Samnium, Apulia and Lucania.
750 Trading post established at Pithekoussai (Ischia) by Euboeans.
753 21 April, traditional date of the foundation of Rome by Romulus, Annus primus ab urbe condita.
625-600 c. Arrival of Etruscans at Rome.
578-534 Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, said to be the first monarch to mark bronze currency bars.
550 c. First silver coins produced in Magna Graecia.
535 Etruscans, allied on this occasion with the Carthaginians, defeat the Greek Phocaeans off Alalia.
524 Etruscans defeated by Greeks off Cumae.
511 Destruction of Sybaris.
509 The last Etruscan king expelled from Rome; first year of the Roman Republic; the exploits of
Porsenna.
506 Etruscans defeated by Latins and Cumaeans at Aricia.
500 c. Volterran hoard of 1868, consisting of Auriol and Phocaean silver fractions (IGCH 1875).
496 Romans defeat Latins at Lake Regillus.
494 Establishment of Tribunes of the people.
479 Veii defeat Romans at River Cremera.
474 Syracuse defeats Etruscans off Cumae.
475 c. First coins produced at Cumae.
454, 452 Lex Aternia Tarpeia and Lex Menenia Sestia both publish fines in terms of sheep and cattle.
451 Decemvirates and Twelve Tables published.
450-400 c. First silver coinage of Populonia.
444 Institution of military Tribunes with consular powers.
443 Institution of censorship.
440 c. Pyrgi hoard of 1957 deposited (IGCH 1905), consisting of tetradrachms of Athens and Sicily.
439 Rome distributes subsidized corn for the first time in order to alleviate famine.
430 Lex Papiria Julia made the payment of fines in bronze mandatory (Livy 4.30.3).
425-400 c. First Metus coinage at Populonia with clear marks of value.
425 Fidenae taken from Veii
406 Introduction of pay (stipendium); the siege of Veii begins; patricians pay war tax in copper or
bronze by weight in wagons to the treasury, ‘as there was not yet a silver coinage, …’ (Livy 4, 61).
396 Rome captures Veii after a long siege.
393 Latin colony at Circei.
390-387 Gauls cross the Brenner pass, defeat the Romans at Alalia and besiege and sack Rome until
only the Capitol is unconquered.
378 So called ‘Servian Wall’ erected.
357-354 Faliscan and Etruscan alliance against Rome.
354 Alliance between Rome and the Samnites .
353 Peace treaty between Rome and Caere.
351 Peace treaty of 40 years between Rome, Tarquinii and Falerii.
348 Second Roman treaty with Carthage.
14
CHRONOLOGY
346/345 New Gallic invasion of Italy.
343-341 First Samnite War.
340-338 Latin revolt against Rome and Campanian War.
338 Arpinium, Fundi, Formiae and Capua receive civitas sine suffragio.
334 Alexander of Epirus comes to the aid of Tarentum against the Brettii. Latin colony at Cales.
326-304 Second Samnite War; Alliance of Rome with Neapolis, Nuceria and the Apulians.
326 c. First silver and bronze struck coinage in the name of Rome at Neapolis.
325-300 c. Silver coins with clear marks of value attributed to Luca (?) and Pisa (?).
321 Roman defeat by Samnites at the Caudine Forks.
314 Capua and the Aurunci reduced; Latin colony at Luceria.
312 Censorship of Appius Claudius; Via Appia and Aqua Appia.
310 Latin colonies at Suessa Aurunca, Pontia and Saticula founded; Roman advance into Etruria; treaties made with Cortona, Perusia and Arretium.
310 c. Mars/Horse’s head didrachms struck in the name ROMANO in southern Italy.
308 Tarquinii granted second 40-year truce.
307 Revolt of the Hernicii against Rome.
306 Third Roman treaty with Carthage.
304 Roman alliance with the Marsi, Paeligni, Marrucini and Frentani.
303 Latin colonies at Alba Fucens and Sora founded. Arpinuium receives civitas sine suffragio.
302 Roman intervention in support of the aristocratic faction of Arretium; Roman alliance with
the Vestini; Latin colony at Carsioli founded.
300-250 c. Second Metus and gold coinage at Populonia, with clear marks of value in asses.
299 Latin colony at Narnia founded; alliance with Picentes; Gallic raid in Roman territory.
298-290 Third Samnite War: Samnites, Sabines, Etruscans and Umbrians in alliance against Rome.
295 Roman victory at Sentinum over Samnites, Gauls and Umbrians.
292 Falerii reduced by Rome.
291 Latin colony at Venusia founded.
290 Rome annexes Sabines as cives sine suffragio.
289 Latin colony at Hatria and Castrum Novum Piceni founded; vigintivirate created, leading to
the now discredited theory that tresviri aere argento auro flando feriundo, literally "three men
for striking (and) casting bronze, silver (and) gold (coins)" was also founded in this year
(Pomponius, Digest. 1. 2.30.).
283 Defeat of Boii and Eruscans at Lake Vadimo.
282 Rome comes to the aid of Thurium against the Lucanians.
280 Pyrrhus lands in Italy and defeats the Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum.
280-255 c. First cast quadrilateral bronze currency bars and coins issued by Rome (cf. nos. 10-24. 25-32).
279 Rome makes a fourth treaty with Carthage.
275 Pyrrhus defeated by the Romans near Maleventum, later renamed Beneventum.
273 Latin colony at Paestum and Cosa Volcientium and series of bronze coinage (HNItaly 210-
211); Egyptian envoys received at Rome.
269 Traditional but erroneous date for the introduction of the denarius proposed by Pliny (HN
33.13.44); Rome issues Apollo/Apollo staters in the name ROMANO.
268 Latin colonies at Ariminum and Beneventum founded; full citizenship granted to the Sabines.
264 Roman intervention at Volsinii Vetus and transfer of inhabitants to Volsinii Novi with looting
of 2000 bronze statues.
264 Latin colony at Firmum founded.
264-241 First Punic War between Rome and Carthage.
263 Latin colony at Aesernia founded; Hieron becomes ally of Rome, leading to capture of Agri-
gentum in 262 and Panormus in 254.
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CHRONOLOGY
246 Roman colony at Alsinium founded.
245 Roman colony at Fregenae founded.
240-230 c. Introduction of sickle and club series silver didrachms and cast bronze.
244 Latin colony at Brundisium founded.
225 Gauls invade Etruria and are routed by Rome at Telamon.
225 c. Introduction of quadrigatus and Janus/Prow cast series.
218-201 Second Punic War; Hannibal marches on Italy and defeats the Romans at the rivers Ticinus
and Trebia.
217 Hannibal crosses the Apennines and defeats the Romans at Lake Trasimenus; Semilibral de-
valuation of the Roman bronze coinage, rendering it fiduciary.
216 Hannibal defeats the Romans at Cannae; revolts in central Italy that include Capua; Hieron II
gives a substantial loan to Rome in order to finance the struggle against Hannibal.
215-212 c. Post-semilibral reduction phase of the Roman bronze coinage, cf. RRC 41 and 56 (nos. 100-112).
213 Hannibal occupies Tarentum, but fails to take the citadel; siege and sack of Syracuse begun by
Marcellus.
212-211 Siege and fall of Capua; sack of Syracuse; Hannibal marches on Rome; death of Archimedes;
introduction by Rome of the pure silver denarius tariffed at 10 asses.
209 Unrest at Arretium. Etruscan volunteers join the invading Carthaginians under Hasdrubal
and Mago; the Romans recapture Tarentum.
205 Caere, Populonia, Tarquinii, Volterrae, Arretium, Perusia, Clusium and Rosellae contribute to
the expedition of Scipio against Carthage.
203 Hannibal leaves Italy; Rome consolidates its hegemony over Italy.
202 Defeat of Hannibal at Zama, by which time Rome had ceased to issue cast coinage in favour of
a fiduciary coinage of Greek style, but with clear marks of value.
Roman banker at his workbench, from a sarcophagus, Ravenna, Museo Nazionale (Pondera fig. 75).
16
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ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
AAEC Annuario dell’Accademia Etrusca di Cortona
AG E.A. Sydenham, Aes Grave, A study of the cast coinage of Rome and Central Italy, London 1926
AIIN Annali dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, Roma from 1954
Ailly, P.-P. Bourlier, Baron d’Ailly Recherches sur la monnaie romaine, Lyon 1864-1869 (reprinted 1977)
AJN American Journal of Numismatics, New York 1866-1924
Alteri, G Aes Grave Librale, dal Medagliere della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vicenza 1998
Ambrosini, L ‘Le monete della cosiddetta serie “ovale” con il tipo della clava’. in SE 63, 1997, pp. 195-226
AMIIN Atti e Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Numismatica, Roma 1913-1934
ASAT Atlante dei siti archeologici della Toscana, M. Torelli (ed), Firenze-Roma 1992
Azzena. G ‘La monetazione atriana’, in Atri: forma e urbanistica, Roma 1987, pp. 10-13
Babelon, E Monnaies de la République romaine, Paris 1885 (reprinted)
Bar, M
1999 ‘L’aes grave. Étude interpretative de la série urbaine Tête janiform/Proue’, in CEN Bulletin 36,
1999, p. 3;
2004 ‘L’emission romaine d’aes grave ‘ “Tête janiforme/proue de navire” et son lieu de fabrication’
(260-240)’ in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 67-80
Barello, F Archeologia della moneta, Roma 2013
BAtlas The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (R.J.A. Talbert ed.), Princeton 2000
BCNN Bollettino del Circolo Numismatico Napoletano, Napoli from 1916
Becker, HW Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria during the archaic and classical periods:
The World of Lars Porsenna. A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006
Bergamini, M ‘La zecca di Todi’, in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 297-354
BICA Bullettino dell’Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, Roma 1829-1885
BIN Bollettino Italiano di Numismatica, Milano 1903-1918
Biordi, M ‘La monetazione di Ariminum nel Museo Civico di Rimini’, in Culture figurative e materiali
tra Emilia e Marche. Studi in memoria Mario Zuffa, Rimini 1984
BMCItaly R.S. Poole, A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum: Italy, London 1873 (reprinted 1975)
BMCRR H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in The British Museum, 3 vols, London 1910
(reprinted 1970)
Bongi Jovino, M. & Chiaramont Treré, C.
Tarquinia: testimonianze archeologiche e ricostruzione storica; scavi sistematici nell’abitato;
Campagne 1982-1988, Roma 1997
Boni, M & Ippolito, F ‘Provenienze dei metalli per la monetazione etrusca’ in CISME 1975 pp. 51-54 Breglia,
L ‘A proposito dell’ ‘aes signatum’, in AIIN 12-14 (1965-7) pp. 269-275
Brunšmid, J Vjesnik Hrvatskoga arheološkoga društva, Zagreb 1896-7, pp. 454-466
BTCGI Bibliografia Topografica della Colonizzazione Greca in Italia e nelle isole tirreniche, (G. Nenci
and G. Valle eds), Pisa-Roma, from 1977 Burnett, AM
1987 Coinage in the Roman World, London 1987
1989 ‘The Beginnings of Roman Coinage’, in AIIN 36, pp. 33-65
1991 ‘La monetazione di Venosa e il suo rapporto con quelle coeve colonie latine dell’area adriatica’,
in Il Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Venosa, M. Salavtore (ed.), Matera, pp. 30-35
2012 ‘Early Roman Coinage and its Italian Context’, in OHGRC, 2012, pp. 297-314
17
Italo part1 11/11/2013 19:23 Pagina 18
ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burnett, AM Craddock, P.T. and Meeks, N. ‘Italian currency bars’, in Italian Iron Age Artefacts,
J. Swaddling (ed.), London 1986, pp. 127-130
Campana, A Corpus Nummorum Antiquae Italiae (zecche minori)
1992a Umbria: Ariminum, in Panorama Numismatico 58, 1992, pp. 17-31
1992b Umbria: Iguvium, in Panorama Numismatico 59, 1992, pp. 33-48
1993a Umbria: Firmum, in Panorama Numismatico 64 and 65, 1993, pp. 140-144
1993b Umbria: Tuder, in Panorama Numismatico 64 and 65, 1993, pp. 113-139
1994a Picenum: Hatria, in Panorama Numismatico 75 and 77, 1994, pp. 225-245
1994b Picenum: Vestini, in Panorama Numismatico 73, 1994, pp. 209-215
1994c Latium: Carsioli, in Panorama Numismatico 73, 1994, pp. 221-223
1994d Sabina: Reate, in Panorama Numismatico 73, 1994, pp. 217-220
1995 Samnium: Meles, in Panorama Numismatico 83, 1995, pp. 283-288
Catalli, F
1972 ‘Sull’organizzazione ponderale dell’aes grave volterrano’, in AIIN 18-19, 1971-1972, pp. 73-89
1976 ‘La zecca di Volterra’, in CISME, 1976 pp. 141-152
1980-1 ‘Firenze, Museo Archeologico. Le monete della sala di Vetulonia’, in AIIN 27-28 (1980-1881),
pp. 189-222
1987 Materiali del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia X, Le monete, Roma 1987
1990 Monete etrusche, Rome 1990
1991 ‘Il ripostiglio di Santa Marinella (1927)’, in BdN 13, Roma 1991, pp. 31-44
2001 La Monetazione Romana Repubblicana, Roma 2001
2004 ‘La monetazione di Tarquinia’, in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 109-117.
Cattani, M ‘Aes rude’, in Catalogo Mantova, 1986, pp. 105-110
Cesano. S.L ‘Nota di numismatica etrusca: Tarquinia, le sue monete, il suo medagliere’, in AMIIN 8, Roma
1934, pp. 71-94
CH Coin Hoards, Royal Numismatic Society, from 1975
CISME Contributi Introduttivi allo Studio Della Monetazione Etrusca: Atti del V° Convegno del Cen-
tro internazionale di studi numismatici, Napoli, 20-24 aprile 1975
CMRR M.H. Crawford. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic, London 1985
CNAI Corpus Nummorum Antiquae Italiae (zecche minori), see Campana, A.
Comparette, TL ‘Aes Signatum’, in AJN 52, 1918 (reprint, Chicago 1978)
Corradi, L Dissertazione sull’aes grave fuso e coniato di Roma e relative riduzioni, Formia 2003
Crawford, MH
1974 Roman Republican Coins, 2 vols. Cambridge 1974, see RRC
1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1985, see CMRR
2002 ‘The oval series of aes grave’, in CH 9 (2002), pp. 269-270
Cristofani, M ‘Problemi iconografici ed epigrafico-linguistici: Serie fusa’, in CISME 1976 pp. 356-359
D’Andrea, A & Andreani, C Le monete dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Mosciano 2007
Dressel, H Beschreibung der antiken Münzen / Königliche Museen zu Berlin/ 3,1 : Italien, Aes rude, Aes sig-
natum, Aes grave, Die geprägten Münzen von Etrurien bis Calabrien, Berlin 1894
EAA Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Roma from 1960
ERC R. Thomsen, Early Roman Coinage, I-III, Copenhagen 1957-61
Ercolani Cocchi, E ‘La moneta fusa nell’economia dell’Italia antica’, in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 119-157
Fallani, G ‘Rilievi e osservazioni su alcune monete della serie dell’Aes Grave’, in Numismatics - Witness to
History, IAPN Publications 8, 1986, pp. 31-39
Forma Italiae Collana Forma Italiae, Roma from 1926 (for specific sheets, see individual entries)
18
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ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Forrer, L. Descriptive Catalogue of the collection of Greek Coins formed by Sir Hermann Weber MD,
London 1922
Fusi-Rosetti, A ‘Moneta e non moneta: l’aes signatum e i multipli’, in RIN 96, 1994/1994 pp. 19-32, pls. 1-4
Fusi Rosetti, A ‘La datazione delle serie fuse romane repubblicane: evoluzione delle ipotesi critiche’, in
MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 161-182
Gamurrini Gamurrini Archive in the Archeological Museum of Arezzo
Garrucci R. Garrucci, Le monete dell’Italia antica, Roma 1885 (reprinted)
Gorini, G ‘La monetazione di Ariminum’, in RN 2010, pp. 311-335
Grueber, HA ‘The coinage of Luceria’, in Corolla Nomismatica, London 1906, pp. 115-134
Haeberlin E.J. Haebelin, Aes Grave, Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittelitaliens einschließlich der ihm voraus-
gehenden Rohbronzewährung, Halle 1910 (reprinted)
Hackens, T ‘Les monnaies coulées: l’as grave’, in CISME 1975 pp 236-252
HN2 B. Head, Historia Numorum, second edition 1911
HNItaly Historia Numorum Italy, H.K. Rutter (ed.), London 2001
IGCH An Inventory of Greek Coins Hoards, ANS, New York 1973
Keynes,JM A Treatise on Money, 1930.
La Torre, GF ‘La monetazione dei Vestini’, in Ricerche sui materiali, Roma 1996, pp. 31-46
Marchi, P - Tessieri, P
L’aes grave, cioe, Le monete italiche primitive del Museo Kircheriano, desegnate in pietra sotto la
direzione di P.T. da Girolamo Apolloni, pittore romano negli anni MDCCCXXXVII e MDCC-
CXXXVIII, 1837-1838, plates by G. Apolloni, 1838 (reprinted)
Marveggio, C ‘La monetazione di Hatria. Aspetti cronologici, ponderali, iconografici e produttivi’, in RIN
112, 2011, pp. 135-172
Mattingly, H ‘"Aes" and "Pecvnia": records of Roman currency down to 269 B.C.’ in NC 6/3, 1943, pp. 21-39
McCabe, A The Anonymous Struck Bronze Coinage of the Roman Republic: a Provisional Arrangement,
forthcoming
MFMA La moneta fusa nel mondo antico. Quale alternativa alla coniazione ?, Convegno Inter-
nazionaledi Sudio, Arezzo, 19-20 settembre 2003, Milano 2004
Michelini Tocci, L.M. ‘Monete della stipe di Vicarello nel medagliere del Vaticano’, in RendPontAcc 40, 1968,
pp. 75-81
Milani, LA ‘Aes rude, signatum e grave, rinvenuti alla Bruna presso Spoleto’, in RIN 1891
Mommsen, Th Geschihte des römischen münzwesens, Berlin 1860 (reprinted 1956)
Montelius, La civilisation primitive d’Italie depuis l’introduction des metaux. 4 vols: Stockholm, 1894–1910
Morello, A PRORÆ. La prima prua di nave sulle monete della Repubblica Romana, Montecassino 2008
Morello, A ‘Saturno nelle monete’, in Saturno, Antichissimo dio italico, Quaderni di Studi 31,
Formia 1999, pp. 27-38
NC Numismatic Chronicle, Royal Numismatic Society, London From 1838
Neri D. Neri.‘Aspetti premonetali e monetali nell’Emilia centrale, aes signatum e moneta greca da
Castelfranco Emilia’, in QAER 1, Bologna 1998
HGC 2 O. Hoover, Hand Book of Coins of Sicily, Lancaster/London 2012
NSc Notizie degli scavi di antichità, Accademia dei Lincei, Roma from 1876
19
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ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift, Wien 1869-1937
OHGRC The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Oxford 2012
Orlandini, P. ‘Depositi votivi di bronzo premonetali nel santuario di Demetra Thesmophoros a 1965-1967
Bitalemi’, in AIIN 12-14, 1965-67, pp. 1-20
Orsi, P Ripostigli di bronzi siculi, in BPI 26, Parma 1900, pp. 164-174 and 267-285
Pancrazzi, O. and Ronzitti Orsolini, G. ‘Le monete dell’Accademia di Cortona’, in AAEC 14, Pisa 1974 Panvini Rosati, F
1962 ‘La monetazione di Armininum’, in Studi Romagnoli 13, Faenza, pp. 159-173
1970 ‘Il ripostiglio di Castelfranco Emilia, nuovi elementi’, Emilia Preromana 6, Modena
Parente, AR ‘Tipologie zoomorfe di alcuni aes gravi italici’, in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 81-94
, in Firmum Picenum I, L. Polverini et alia (eds), Pisa 1987, pp. 77-85
E. Pellegrini and R. Macellari, I lingotti con il segno ramo secco, considerazioni su alcuni aspetti
socio-economici nell’area etrusco-italica durante il periodo tardo arcaico, Biblioteca di ‘Studi
Etruschi’ 38, Pisa-Roma 2002
PECS The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton 1976
Peruzzi, E Money in Early Rome, Accademia Toscana di Scienze e Lettere ‘La Colombaria, Studi 73,
Firenze 1985
Pigorini, E ‘Antichi pani di rame e di bronzo da fondere rinvenuti in Italia’, in BPI 21, Parma 1895, pp. 5-38
Pondera Pondera. Pesi e Misure nell’antichità, C. Corti & N. Giordani (eds). Museo della Bilancia, Cam-
pogalliano 2001
QAER Quaderni di Archeologia dell’Emilia-Romagna, Bologna from 1998
RASMI Rassegna di studi del civico Museo archeologico e del civico Gabinetto numismatico di Milano,
LXVII-LXVII, Milano 2001
RendPontAcc Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, Roma from 1821
RIN Rivista Italiana di Numismatica, Milano from 1888
Robinson, E. ‘Carthaginian and other South Italian Coinages of the Second Punic War’
Ross Holloway, R Satricum, Providence 1970
RRC M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coins, 2 vols. Cambridge 1974
RRCH M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coin Hoards, London 1969
Magna Grecia tra il 326 a.C. al 215 a.C.’, in Numismatica Sottovoce, n.d. pp. 7-22
Samnium and the Samnites, New York 2010, p. 301
The Making of Roman Italy, London 1982
Le monnaies antiques de l’Italie, Paris 1903 (reprinted 1984)
Recherches sur les monnaies de la presqu’isle italique, Napoli 1870 (reprinted 1967)
Roman Coins and Their Values, London 2000
‘La monetazione di Luceria’, in Lucera antica: l’età pre-romana e romana, Convegno di Lucera
Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum
“Ripostigli” di bronzi protostorici dell’Italia centrale’ in CISME 1976, pp. 61-74
E.A. Sydenham, see AG
20
Salmon, ET
Sambon, A
Sambon, L
Sear, D
Siciliano, A
1993
SNG
Sorda, S
Sydenham
1968 ‘Monete della stipe di Vicarello nel Museo Nazionale Romano’ , in RendPontAcc 40, pp. 57-74
Parise, NF ‘Le monete a leggenda FIR’
Pellegrini- Macellari
, in NC 1964, pp. 37-64
Russo, R ‘Prima bozza preliminare di un studio organico sulla monetazione del centro Italia e della
‘La zecca venosina’ , in Atti dei Convegni di Venosa, Napoli-Roma 1993, Venosa 1994, pp. 212-175
Italo part1 11/11/2013 19:23 Pagina 21
ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tesei, C. ‘I rinvenimenti di monete etrusche primi risultati di una ricerca’, in AAEC 25, Cortona 1992
Thomsen, R ‘From libral ‘aes grave’ to uncial ‘aes’ reduction, the literary tradition and the numismatic evi-
dence’, in Les devaluations a Rome I, Epoque républicaine et impériale’, in Collection de l’école
française de Rome 37, Rome 1978, pp. 9-30
TV B.K. Thurlow and I. Vecchi, Italian Cast Coinage, Italian Aes Grave, London 1979
Vanni, F.M
1989 ‘Tutela ed acquisizioni di monete etrusche nell’ultima epoca granducale’, in Atti del secondo
Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Roma, 1989, p. 1130.
2001 ‘La serie etrusca dell Ruota’, in RASMI LXVII-LXVIII, Milano 2001, pp. 7-71
2004 ‘La serie etrusca dell’aruspice’, in MFMA, Milano 2004, pp. 95-109
Vecchi, EC I Etruscan Coinage I, Milano 2012
Vecchi, EC II Etruscan Coinage II, Milano forthcoming
Vecchi, ICC Italian Cast Coinage, London 2013
Vicari F. Vicari, ‘Materiale e considerazioni per uno studio organico della monetazione etrusca’, in
RIN 93, 1991, pp. 3-78
Vitallini, O ‘Sestante di Carseoli’, in Rassegna Numismatica 1904, pp. 62-64
Willers, H ‘Italische Bronzbarren aus der letzen Zeit des Rohkupfergeldes’, in NZ 36, 1904-1905, pp. 1-34
‘Das ‘Das Rohkupfer als Geld der Italiker (Etwa 1000-343 v. Chr.)’, in ZfN 34, 1924, pp. 193-
283, pls. 13-17
Zannoni, A. La fonderia di Bologna scoperta e descritta dall’ingegnere architetto, Bologna 1888
ZfN Zeitschrift für Numismatik, Berlin 1874-1935
Websites: http://andrewmccabe.ancients.info
http://www.britishmuseum.org
http://www.numismaticadellostato.it
http://davy.potdevin.free.fr/Site/crawford1.html
http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/rsc/anonymous/i.html
Sales Houses: Artemide, San Marino and Wien
Astarte, Lugano
Christie’s, London, New York and Zürich
CNG, Classical Numismatic Group, London and Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Leu, Bank Leu, Zürich
MMAG, Münzen und Medaillen AG, Basel
NAC, Numismatica Ars Classica, Zürich
NFA, Numismatic Fine Arts, Beverly Hills
RN, Roma Numismatics, London
SKA, Schweizerische Kreditanstalt, Bern
Sotheby’s, London, New York and Zürich
Vecchi, Italo Vecchi Ltd, London
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principal distribution of early bronze currency bar finds.
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
Before denominated round coins were introduced in the early third century, all bronze transactions had to be
weighed pendo (weighed out), and not counted, numerare (count, add up, reckon/compute) by dispensatoris (dis-
pensers or cashiers), This manner of exchange necessitated the use of a balance and has left a rich legacy to the
Latin language, e.g., expensa, inpendia, dependere, stipendia, aerarium, aestimare. Most striking of all, the formula
per aes et libram (with bronze and balance), which was used to designate the formal ceremony of mancipatory
contracts. All these terms lasted well beyond the introduction of struck coinage and have passed into modern
languages.
1 Aes rude, central Italy 8th to 3th centuries BC
Bibl.: Garrucci pp. 1-5, pls. 1-6; Montelius 1894-1910; Willers 1904; Haeberlin pp. 1-10, pls. 1-3; Willers 1924;
ERC III, pp. 200-204 fig. 48; Orlandini 1965-1967, p. 1-20; Sorda 1976; Peruzzi 1985; Neri 1998; CMRR
pp. 3-7; Burnett, Craddock, Meeks 1986, pp. 127-130; Pellegrini-Macellari 2002; Ercolani Cocchi 2003,
pp. 119-157; Gamurrini Archive
Notable finds:
Northern Italy (Venetia, Istria, Etruria Padana)
Asolo, Treviso (NSc 1882 p. 291; Willers 1924 p. 225)
Bologna, Benacci and Arnoaldi necropoles 1891 (Willers 1924 p. 214)
Bologna, Certosa necropolis 1869 (A. Zannoni, Gli scavi della Certosa di Bologna, 1876-1884, p. 235; Willers
1924 pp. 214-218)
Bologna, Piazza San Francesco 1877 (Zannoni 1888; Willers 1924 pp. 218-220)
Campegine, Reggio Emilia 1877 (Neri table 2, 8; Pellegrini-Macellari 8, pp. 58-9, 11-19)
Campo Sevola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia, pozzo del margine 1871 (Neri table 2, 8; Pellegrini-Macellari 7a)
Campo Sevola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia. sporadici A 1864-1871 (Neri table 2, 9; Pellegrini-Macellari 7b)
Campo Sevola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia, sporadici B 1879 (Pellegrini-Macellari 7c p. 54, 11)
Carceri, Este (A. Prosdomoci NSc 1893 pp. 396-403; Willers 1924 pp. 224-225)
Casale di Rivalta, Reggio Emilia , 1975-1977 (Pellegrini-Macellari 9, p. 60, 3-6)
Castelfranco Emilia, Modena, Podere Capella, 1897 (Neri 1, pp. 19-106; Pellegrini-Macellari 14b)
Castelfranco Emilia, Podere Capella, Modena 1897 (Neri table 2, 11; Pellegrini-Macellari 14b, p. 71, 81-99)
Cesena (Garrucci p. 38, 1 pl. 68 a-b)
Forcello, Bagnolo San Vito, Mantova 1980-1 (Neri 5, table 2, 3; Pellegrini-Macellari 4b)
Fraore, S. Pancratio, 1864 (Montelius p. 452, 453; Willers p. 223)
Este (NSc 1882, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1900; Montelius p. 303; Willers 1924 pp. 223-224)
Monteveglio, Emilia (E. Brizio, NSc 1888 p. 411; Willers 1924 pp. 223-224)
Morzabotto, Emilia, 1862 (G. Gozzadini, Di un’ antica necropoli a Morzabotto nel Bolognese, 1865; Willers 1924
pp. 220-222)
Palugana, Carceri (A. Prosdomici NSc 1893 pp. 396-408; Willers 1924 p. 225)
Ponso, Carceri (NSc 1882 p. 102; Willers 1924 p. 225)
Poviglio, Reggio Emilia (Neri table 2, 6)
Quingento di San Prospero, Parma 1870 (Neri table 2, 5; Pellegrini-Macellaari 6)
S. Giovanni in Persiceto, Emilia, 1891 (E. Brizio, NSc 1891, Willers 1924 p. 222)
Savignano sul Panaro, Emilia, (Montelius p. 447, 1; Willers 1924 p. 222)
Villanova, Bologna, (NSc 1880 p. 259; Willers 1924 p. 213)
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
Central Italy (Etruria, Umbria, Latium)
Amelia 1860 (BICA 1860 p. 119, 1864 p. 57. 252, 1867 p. 171, 1881 p. 216; Willers 1924 p. 227)
Ancarano, Norcia, (M. Guardabassi NSc 1878 pp. 13-25, 1880 pp. 6-28; Garrucci pp. 37-38, 1a; Willers 1924 p. 229)
Antemnae, on the Via Salaria, Latium (NSc 1883; Willers 1924 p. 249)
Ardea 1899 (NSc 1900 p. 59; Willers 1924 p. 253)
Ardea 1940 (Catalli 1989, 178-206; RRCH 20)
Arezzo 1869 (F. Gamurrini BICA 1869 p. 72; Willers 1924 pp. 231-232)
Ariccia 1848 (Willers 1924 pp. 252-253; RRCH 13)
Campiglia d’Orcia 1907 (Milani 1908, pp. 455-6; NSc1907 p. 665ff.)
Carsoli 1951 (ERC I p. 119)
Cascia 1794 (Bignami 1987, p. 35 A, B, C)
Castelnuovo di Porto, Latium (Haeberlin p. 3, 5 and 14; Willers 1924 p. 243)
Cerveteri/Caere before 1885 (Haeberlin p. 14, 14; Willers 1924, p. 247; RRCH 8)
Chiusi 1880 (Haeberlin p. 7 pl. 2, 8; Willers 1924 p. 232; Forrer 1922, pp. 26-27)
Cività Castellana (NSc 1887 pp. 266, 309, 312 and 319; Haeberlin p. 3, 5 anfd 14; Willers 1924 p. 243)
Conca (Satricum) 1896 (NSc 1896 p. 29; Willers 1924 p. 253)
Corchiano, Viterbo, 1887 (Willers 1924 p. 243)
Foiano, Cortona (Helbig BICA 1879 p. 248; Willers 1924 p. 232)
Ghiaccio Forte, Scansano GR (M. Baldassarri, Analisi LIBS di esemplari di aes rude proveniente dall’abitato)
La Bruna, Spoleto, 1890 (RRCH 16; Milani 1891; Willers 1924 p. 227)
La Castellina, Civitavecchia (Domínguez-Arranz & Gran-Aymerich 2011)
Laviano, Trasimeno (Gamurrini NSc 1890 p. 310; Willers 1924 p. 232)
Lunghezza, 15 km east of Rome,1865 (Willers 1924 p. 249)
Mazzano romano, Cività Castellana, (Pasqui NSc 1902 pp. 341, 621, 622, 626; Willers 1924 pp. 243-244)
Montecampano, Amelia (ERC I p. 110; BICA 1881 p. 221; Willers 1924 pp. 227-228)
Montecastello-Vibio, Orvieto, 1892 (NSc 1892, p. 87; Willers 1924 p. 233)
Montecchio, Todi (Capranesi in Diamillas Memorie numismatiche 1, 1847, p. 45 [circa 1900 pezzi]; Willers
1924 p. 227)
Monte Cavo, Roma (NSc 1876; Willers 1924 pp. 251-252)
Monte Falterona, Firenze (A. Migliarini BICA 1838 p. 69; Willers 1924 pp. 230-231)
Nazzano, Tiber east of Soracte, 1873 (Willers 1924 p. 244)
Nemi 1885 (NSc 1895 p. 424; ERC I p. 119f.; Willers 1924 p. 252)
Norma (Norba), Latina, 1902 (NSc 1903 pp. 251, 313; Willers 1924 pp. 253-254)
1904 (ERC I p. 120)
Nocera Umbra (E. Brizio NSc 1891 pp. 308-313; Willers 1924 pp. 225-226)
Orvieto (NSc 1887 p. 91; Dressel 1894, p. 1; Willers 1924 pp. 233-236; Forrer 1922, pp. 26-27)
Palestrina, Roma (Garrucci pl. 6, 3, 6 and 14; NSc 1897 p. 265, 267; Haeberlin p. 8, pl. 3, 8; Willers 1924 pp.
249-251)
Perugia (Garrucci p. 37-38; Haeberlin p. 7, pl. 2, 9; NSc 1886, p. 410; Willers 1924 p. 232)
Piediluco, by Lake Velino, Rieti 1869 (Willers 1924 p. 228-229)
Populonia (Falchi NSc 1903 p. 9, Milani NSc 1907 p. 670; Willers 1924 p. 237)
Porto, Fiumicino (E. Spagnioli, AIIN 48, 2001, pp. 119-156)
Roman Campagna (Willers 1924 p. 249)
Rome (Lanciani NSc 1877p. 265, Boni NSc 1899, p. 157, 1890, 183, ibidem p. 324, 333; Willers 1924 pp. 247-249)
Santa Anatolia di Narco, Spoleto, 1883 (NSc 1884 pp. 145-149; Willers 1924 pp. 228-229)
Satricum, Borgo Le Ferriere, 1977 (NC 154, 1994, pp. 1-16, found with 2 weights)
Sovana, Orvieto (Pellegrini NSc 1902 p. 499; Willers 1924 p. 237)
Talamonaccio, Talamone 1888-1892 (NSc 1888; Willers 1924 pp. 237-238; M. De Benedetti, 2010 pp. 14-18
and p. 28, 1)
24
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
Tarquinia (Corneto) 1874 (Cesano 1934, pp. 72-73; Catalli 1987, pp. 15 and 29; Tesei 177)
Tarquinia (Corneto) 1860 (Garrucci pl. 26, 4-6; Milani NSc 1907 p. 671f; Haeberlin p. 8; Willers 1924 pp. 240-242)
Tivoli 1927 (ERC I p, 119)
Todi 1891 (F. Barnabei NSc 1886, 1pp. 357-361; NSc 1891, 1892; Willers 1924 p. 226)
Tolentino, Fermo (Gentiloni NSc 1883 pp. 329-337; Willers 1924 pp. 229-230)
Todi (Catalli 1991, p. 74)
Valle Fuino di Cascia (Bignami 1987, fig. 15, A-B)
Vasto, Chieti, Frenati territory (L. Aneli NSc 1902 p. 125; Willers 1924 p. 225)
Vetulonia (Pasqui NSc 1885 p. 118, Milani NSc 1907 p. 671, 1908, Falchi NSc 1895 p. 272-317; RIN 1908, p.
450; Willers 1924 p. 237)
Via Tiberina near Rome, 1941 (ERC I p. 119)
Vicarello 1852 (ERC p. 118; Panvini Rosati 1968 p. 58 [1200 lbs = 400 Kg of aes rude]; Willers 1924 pp. 244-247)
Viterbo 1884 (Willers 1924 pp. 242-243)
Vulci 1828 (Willers 1924 pp. 238-240; RRCH 10)
Southern Italy (Campania, Lucania)
Cuma 1872-1882 (NSc 1883 pp. 273, 278; Willers 1924 p. 254)
Piedimonte d’Alife (NSc 1880 p. 84; Willers 1924 pp. 254-255)
Pontecagnano, Salerno 1964 (Pellegrini-Macellari 31, p. 104)
Spezzano Albanese, Cosenza (Pigorini NSc 1888 pp. 244, 246, 261, 265, 583; Willers 1924 pp. 254-256)
Suessula (Willers 1924 pp. 254-255)
Sicily
Bitalemi, Gela, 1900 (Orsi NSc 1907 p. 747; Willers 1924, pp. 256-257; Orlandini 1967; Pellegrini-Macellari 32)
Giarratana, Ragusa, 200 kg of aes rude (Orsi 1900 pp. 164-167)
Grammichele, Catania, 1895 (Orsi 1900, pp 276-282; Willers 1924, pp. 257-258; Pellegrini-Macellari 33)
Milocca, Caltanisetta, 1930 ? (Orsi AMIIN 1932 pp. 38-46; IGCH 2162)
Sardinia
Escolca, Sassari (Garrucci p. 4 pl. 6, 12; Willers 1924 pp. 258-259)
Ossi, Sassari (Garrucci p. 4 pl. 6, 11; Willers 1924 pp. 258-259)
Croatia (Illyria)
Gračac 1925 (IGCH 569; RRCH 145; Pellegrini-Macellari 35)
Mazin 1896 (IGCH 644; RRCH 142; Pellegrini-Macellari 34)
Bosnia (Illyria)
Vrankamen/Berg 1887 (IGCH 643)
2 Counterstamped and inscribed aes rude, central Italy 7th to 3th centuries
Interesting bronze lumps countermarked with a cross and crescent, probably symbolising the sun and moon,
many of which weigh approximately an uncia, have come from finds in the area of Orvieto, Ancarano, Perugia
and Tarquinia, which also issued currency bars with crescent and four-rayed star or sun, cf. nos. 216-119 below.
Bibl.: Haeberlin p. 4, 6-8; Garrucci p. 37, pl. 67-8; Milani 1908, pp. 455-6, figs 10-12
25
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
2.1 Cross and crescent counterstamp
Notable finds:
Ancarano, Norcia (Garrucci p. 37, pl. 67, 1; Willers 1924 p. 229)
Belona, Orvieto 1881 (Garrucci p. 38, pl. 68, 3; Willers 1924 p. 236)
Perugia (Garrucci p. 37, 1; Willers 1924 p. 232)
Tarquinia (Strozzi collection 7-8; Garrucci p. 37, 1; Willers 1924 pp. 240-242)
2.2 f counterstamp (Pontelandolfo; Garrucci p. 38 pl. 68, 2; Willers 1924 p. 255)
2.3 s counterstamp (260g McCabe collection)
2.4 sekene inscription (Forcello, Bagnolo San Vito, Mantova 1980-1; Pondera 2001, fig. 47)
2.5 aie inscription (Bologna, Piazza San Francesco 1877; Pondera 2001, fig. 48)
3 ‘Ramo secco’, herringbone and associated currency bars or ingots, 6th to 4th centuries BC
Bibl.: Garrucci pp. 5-8, pls. 7-11; Willers 1904; Haeberlin pp. 10-19, pls. 6-8; Willers 1924; ERC III pp. 207-
212; Orlandini 1965-1967, p. 1-20; Panvini Rosati 1970; Peruzzi 1985; CMRR pp. 3-7; Burnett, Crad-
dock, Meeks 1986, pp. 127-130; Neri; Pellegrini and Macellari; Ercolani Cocchi 2003, pp. 119-157;
Barello 2013, pp. 175-184; Gamurrini Archive
Notable finds:
Northern Italy (Venetia, Istria, Etruria Padana)
Bostel di Rotzo, Vicenza (Neri 2)
Case Nuove di Siccomonte, Fidenza-Parma 1990 (Pellegrini-Macellari 5)
Campo Servirola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia, ‘pozzo del margine’ 1871 (Neri 11; Pellegrini-Macellari 7a)
Campo Servirola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia. Sporadici A 1864 (Neri 10; Pellegrini-Macellari 7b)
Campo Servirola di San Polo d’Enza, Reggio Emilia, Sporadici B 1879 (Pellegrini-Macellari 7c)
Campegine, Reggio Emilia 1877 [= Oxford,AM HCR 6758] (Neri 9, table 2, 7; Pellegrini-Macellari 8)
Casale di Rivalta, Reggio Emilia , 1975-1977 (Pellegrini-Macellari 9)
Castelfranco Emilia, Modena, località Forte Urbano, 1993 (Pellegrini-Macellari 14a)
Castelfranco Emilia, Modena, Podere Cappella, 1897 (Neri pp. 19ff, 1; Pellegrini-Macellari 14b; Panvini Rosati 1970)
Este (Neri 3, table 2, 1)
Forcello, Bagnolo San Vito, Mantova 1980-1 (Neri 5, table 2, 3; Pellegrini-Macellari 4b)
Gargallo, Cà Benati, Carpi, Modena 1990 (Pellegrini-Macellari 10)
Gazzo Veronese, località Coazze, Verona (Neri 2007)
Grotta Bocca Lorenza, Santorso-Vicenza 1961 (Pellegrini-Macellari 3)
La Galaverna, Nonantola, Modena 1990 (Pellegrini-Macellari 13)
Levizzano, Castelvetro, Modena 1874 (Neri 12; Pellegrini-Macellari 12)
Mantova, area of, before 1887 (Neri 4, table 2, 2; Pellegrini-Macellari 4a)
Marzaglia, Villa Agazzotti, Modena 1990 (Pellegrini-Macellari 11)
Marzabotto, Bologna, edificio D dell’acropoli 1856 (Pellegrini-Macellari 15a)
Marzabotto, Bologna, casa di abitazione nella Regione VII 1889 (Neri 14, table 2, 12; Pellegrini-Macellari 15b)
Marzabotto, Bologna, area urbana 1994 (Pellegrini-Macellari 15c)
26
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
Marzabotto, Bologna, isolato 3 della Regione V 1976 (Pellegrini-Macellari 15d)
Oppeano, Verona, bar inscribed + 626g and fragment 142g (Neri 2007, 1, 2) Poviglio,
Reggio Emilia (PM 8, table 2, 6)
Quingento di San Prospero, Parma 1870 (Neri 6; Pellegrini-Macellari 6)
Podere San Ansasino, Cinigiano, Grosseto 1902 (ASAT p. 477, 55)
San Giorgio di Valpolicella, località Casaletti, Verona (Neri 2007, 3)
San Marco, San Pietro, Gorizia 1867 (Chierici 1879, p. 149, 154-155; Haeberlin p. 4, 12; Neri 1; Pellegrini-Ma-
cellari 1)
Scolo di Lazzo, Este, Padova 1929 (Pellegrini-Macellari 2)
Siccomonte, Parma (Neri 6, table 2, 4)
Central Italy (Etruria, Umbria, Latium)
Ancanaro di Norcia, Perugia 1873 (Pellegrini-Macellari 26)
Ardea, Roma, 1880 (Neri 23; Pellegrini-Macellari 24)
Ariccia 1848 (RRCH 13)
Castelnuovo di Porto, Roma 1905 (Neri 24; Pellegrini-Macellari 23)
Cerveteri, Roma, before 1885 (RRCH 8; Neri 20; Pellegrini-Macellari 22)
Chianciano (Neri 17)
Fabbro, Orvieto 1880 (Neri 18; Pellegrini-Macellari 20; Haeberlin p. 20, 3 pl. 93, 3; Garrucci p. 8, pl. 10, 2
[1111g Strozzi collection])
Falterona, Monte 1873 (Neri 15)
Fiesole, Firenze 1874 (Neri 16; Pellegrini-Macellari 18)
Fucino, Lago 1905 (Neri 26)
La Bruna, Spoleto 1890 (RRCH 16)
Marruvium, San Benedetto dei Marsi, L’Aquila 1905 (Pellegrini-Macellari 29)
Offida, loc. Tesino, Ascoli Piceno 1880s (Neri 19; Pellegrini-Macellari 27)
Perugia 1901 (Pellegrini-Macellari 19)
Pesaro, 1757 [ 972.30g Olivieri collection = Haeberlin p. 20, 2 pl. 7, 5,]
Pisa, Piazza del Duomo 1985 (Pellegrini-Macellari 16)
Roma, Via Tiberina 1941 (ERC I p. 119; Neri 25; ERC I p. 119; RRCH 81)
Satricum, Roma 1979 (Pellegrini-Macellari 25)
Satricum, Roma, Borgo Le Ferriere di Conca, 1977 (NC 154, 1994, pp. 1-16, found with 2 weights)
Tarquinia 1874 (Catalli 1987, p. 15; Tesei 177)
Teramo, uncertain locality 1840 (Pellegrini-Macellari 28)
Tivoli 1942 (ERC I, p. 119)
Todi (Haeberlin p. 20, 6 pl. 7, 8)
Tricolle, Fucecchio, Firenze 1912 (Pellegrini-Macellari 17)
Vicarello 1852 (ERC I, p. 118)
Vitorchiano 1880 (Neri 22; Pellegrini-Macellari 21)
Vulci, piazza della Badia 1828 (Haeberlin p. 19, 3 pl. 7, 2; Garrucci p. 8, pl. 11, 1; Neri 21; RRCH 10)
Southern Italy (Campania, Lucania)
Castellamare di Stabia, Napoli 1990 (Neri 27; 30)
Pontecagnano, Salerno 1964 (Neri 28; Pellegrini-Macellari 31)
Lavello, Potenza 1985 (Neri 29)
Sicily
Bitalemi, Gela, 1965 (Orlandini 1965-1967, pp. 1-20; Neri 30; Pellegrini-Macellari 32)
Grammichele, Catania, 1895 (Orsi 1900, pp 276-282; Pellegrini-Macellari 33)
27
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EARLY ITALIAN BRONZE CURRENCY
Croatia (Illyria)
Mazin 1896 (IGCH 644; RRCH 142; Pellegrini-Macellari 34)
Gračac 1925 (IGCH 569; RRCH 145; Pellegrini-Macellari 35)
Bosnia (Illyria)
Vrankamen/Berg 1887 (IGCH 643; RRCH 146)
Figural currency bars or ingots, central Italy 5th to 4th centuries BC
4 Currency bar Herringbone pattern / Dolphin
Garrucci p. 8 pl. 12, 1; Haeberlin p. 20, 1 pl. 8, 2
Weight: 900.45g [Olivieri collection]; Finds: Pesaro 1757
5 Currency bar Herringbone pattern / Two dolphins
Garrucci p. 8 pl. 12, 2 and 4; Haeberlin p. 20, 2 pl. 8, 1
Weight: 860g [Kircher collection]; Finds: Ariccia 1848
6 Currency bar Faint traces of herringbone pattern / Dolphin
Garrucci p. 8 pl. 12, 3 and 5; TV AS5; Haeberlin p. 21, 3 pl. 8, 3
Weight: 722.58g, [= BMCItaly p. 38, 3]
7 Currency bar Herringbone pattern / Club
Garrucci p. 8 pl. 11, 2; TV AS2; Haeberlin pl. 32, 2
Weight: 1509.38g [BMCItaly p. 36-7, 1]
8 Currency bar Staff; dolphin in l. field / Staff
Garrucci p. 7, 1 pl. 8, 1; Haeberlin p. 19, 1 pl. 7, 1
Weight: 1466g [Kircher collection]; Finds: Turri, Teramo 1840
9 Currency bar Dolphin / Dolphin
Garrucci p. 38, pl. 68, 4; TV AS4; Haeberlin p. 22, 2 pl. 6,4
Weight: 1460g [= Gnecchi collection]; Finds: Tiber, between Ponte Rotto and Ripa Grande 1883;
334g (Private collection)
e Santa Marinella hoard 1927 (RRCH 21).
28
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Amongst the first cast bronze coins issued at Rome from about 280 are lead-rich bronze quadrilateral currency
bars that cannot readily be tied into the currency of the period, but do occasionally bear the legend ROMANOM.
In form they are reminiscent of the earlier “ramo secco”, herringbone and associated bars, but have never been
found in the same context. These bars may be seen not as coins but as ingots probably produced for the distri-
bution of war booty at the time of the Pyrrhic and First Punic War (275-241). The weights for complete specimens
range from about 1642 to 1746 grams, which would indicate that they were intended to be 5-as pieces (quincusses),
based on a Roman libra of about 324 grams. They are usually found in fragments, indicating that they circulated
as bullion with cast coins.
Rome c. 280-250 (?)
10 Currency bar Two cornuacopiae or tendrils (?) / Branch; below, ROM[ANOM]
HNItaly 253; RRC 3/1a; TV AS11; Haeberlin –; Catalli 1984, 1
Weight: 826.30g (fragment) [= Roma,MN 108640]; Finds: Santa Marinella 1927
11 Currency bar Two cornuacopiae or tendrils (?) / Branch
HNItaly 253; RRC 3/1b; TV AS12; Haeberlin p. 21, 1, 3, pls. 9, 1, pl. 94, 1
Weights: 1013.40g [= Berlin,SM = Martinetti collection; Haeberlin p. 21, 1 pl. 94, 1];
424.00g (fragment) [= Roma,MN = Kircher collection = Garrucci p. 21, 3 pl. 9, 1]; Finds:
Ariccia 1848
12 Currency bar Uncertain design / Branch
HNItaly 254; RRC 3/1b; TV AS12; Haeberlin p. 21, 2
Weight: 530.90g (fragment) Zagreb,NM [= Brunšmid 1896, pl 2, 3-4]; Finds: Mazin 1896
13 Currency bar Eagle facing with spread wings on thunderbolt / Pegasus flying l.; below, ROMANOM
HNItaly 255; RRC 4/1a; TV AS13; Comparette 1918 pp. 35-41; Haeberlin p. 64-65, 1, 3-6 pl.
26, 1-3, pl. 61, 1
Weight range: 1642.00-1389.63; Finds: Mazin 1896; La Bruna 1890; Tor Marancia 1846
The eagle of Jupiter on a thunderbolt symbolises war and Pegasus is a symbol of glory, power and
speed as well as imagination.
14* Currency bar Eagle facing with spread wings on thunderbolt / Pegasus flying l., no legend
HNItaly 256; RRC 4/1b; TV AS14; Haeberlin p. 64, 2
Weight: 1542.00 [= Gréau collection]
15 Currency bar Bull walking r. / Bull walking l.
HNItaly 257; RRC 5/1; TV AS18; Haeberlin p. 143-144, 1-5, pl. 57, 1-3, pl. 59, 1, pl. 93, 1
Weight range: 1790.23-989g; Finds: Città di Castello 1899; La Bruna 1890; Mazin 1896; Tor
Marancia 1846; Via Tiberina, 1941; Vulci 1828
The Città di Castello find of 1899 is a remarkable example engraved with the Umbrian inscription:
fukes sestines ‘of the forge at Sestinum’ (cf. Haeberlin p. 143, 2)
29
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
16 Currency bar Corn-ear, pellet on either side / Tripod
HNItaly 258; RRC 6/1; TV AS17; Comparette 1918 pp. 27-30; Haeberlin p. 82, 1-2, pl. 60, 1-2
Weight: 1510g = Münzen und Medaillen 47, 1972, 8; Finds: Mazin 1896
17 Currency bar Oval shield seen from outside / Oval shield seen from within.
HNItaly 259; RRC 7/1; TV AS15; Haeberlin p. 75-76, 1-3, pl. 30, 1-3 fragments p. 76, 1-6 pl.
60, 5-7
Weight range: 1623.30-1516.90g; Finds: Ariccia 1848; Mazin 1899; Roma, Via Tiberina, 1941
18 Currency bar Sword / Scabbard
HNItaly 260; RRC 8/1; TV AS16; Haeberlin p. 80, 1-2, pl. 32, 2-3, fragments p. 80, 3-5 pl. 60, 3-4
Weight range: 1618-1593.69g; Finds: Ariccia 1848; La Bruna 1890; Mazin 1896; Velletri 1784
19 Currency bar Amphora with pointed end / Spearhead
HNItaly 261; RRC – cf. p. 548, 23; ERC I, p. 55, 5 fig 30; CMRR p. 41, note 20; TV AS19;
Haeberlin –
Weight range: 1742-1491g
20 Currency bar Ornate amphora ending in globe / Ornate spearhead
HNItaly –; RRC –;TV AS20; Haeberlin –
Weight: 1640g [Private collection]
Rome c. 275 (?)
21 Currency bar Indian elephant walking r., bell at neck / Sow standing l.
HNItaly 262; RRC 9/1; TV AS21; Comparette 1918 pp. 30-35; Haeberlin p. 146, 1 pl. 59, 1
and p. 146, 2-3 pl. 61, 6-7
Weight range: 1746.49-1535g; Finds: Cerveteri before 1885; Mazin 1896
The Indian elephant/Sow bars were conceivably produced for the distribution of booty when Manius
Curius displayed at his triumph the Indian elephants captured from Pyrrhus at the battle of Beneven-
tum in 275 (Livy 24.14-16; Aelian, De natura animalium, I.38; H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek
and Roman World, Cambridge 1974, pp. 101-145)
22 Currency bar Anchor with ring / Tripod with three rings.
HNItaly 263; RRC 10/1; TV AS22.; Comparette 1918 pp. 41-47; Haeberlin p. 92, 1-4, pl. 37,
1-3, pl. 98, fragments p. 92, 5-7 pl. 94, 3
Weight range: 1830.05-1495.06g; Finds: Castelgandolfo 1819; La Bruna 1890; Mazin 1896;
Via Tiberina, Rome, 1941; Vicarello 1852
23 Currency bar Trident with fillet / Caduceus with fillet
HNItaly 264; RRC 11/1; TV AS23; Comparette 1918 pp. 21-27; Haeberlin pp. 102-3, 1-5, pl.
41, 1-3, pl. 42, 1-2, p. 103, 6-9, pl, 94, 4-5, 60, 8
Weight range: 1686.35-1141.60g; Finds: Albe-Alba Fucens before 1907; Bomarzo; Mazin
1896; Rome c. 1881 (RRCH 7); La Bruna 1890; Rome, Via Tiberina, 1941
30
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Rome c. 255
24 Currency bar Two chickens feeding; between them, two stars / Two tridents; between them, two dolphins
HNItaly 265; RRC 12/1; TV AS24; Comparette 1918 pp. 47-54; Haeberlin pp. 133-134, 1-12,
pl. 53, 1-2, and p. 134, 3-12 pl. 54, 1-8
Weight range: 1650g NAC 9 [1996], 410; 1461g NAC 52 [2009], 201= Triton I [1997], 754 =
Sternberg 18 [1986], 275; 1172g NAC 5 [1992], 205; Finds: La Bruna 1890; Mazin 1896;
Rome, Via Tiberina, 1941; Terni; Vulci 1828
Among the many customs borrowed by the Romans from the Etruscans when they were under the
latter’s domination was the art of divination, a particular branch of that science being the pullaria au-
guria. Augurs were appointed to study the feeding patterns of selected chickens before a battle in order
better to judge the likely outcome of the engagement. The two stars in the field are perhaps to be as-
sociated with the Dioscuri. The reverse tridents and dolphins with their clear allusion to Neptune are
to be associated with Rome’s rise as a naval power during the course of the First Punic War (264-241).
Rome c. 280
From about 280, Rome issued large round coins, using the same sort of leaded bronze as in the currency bars.
These cast coins seem to amalgamate the central Italian idea of a heavy metal currency with the Sicilian schema
of bronze coins with clear marks of value. However, unlike most fiduciary Greek bronze issues, the Roman coins
were initially of full intrinsic weight, clearly denominated with symbols and pellets and based on the Roman
libral as of about 324 grams.
Dioscuri/Mercury series, based on an as of about 324g
25 As Janiform head of the Dioscuri; above, I / Head of Mercury l., wearing winged petasus
HNItaly 268; RRC 14/1; AG 36; TV 1; Haeberlin pp. 93-94, 2-95 pl 38, 2-7
Weight range: 364.25-310g
25a* As Janiform head of the Dioscuri; above, I / Head of Mercury r., wearing winged petasus
HNItaly –; RRC –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin p. 93, 1 pl 38, 8
Weight range: 400.32-291.60g
26 Semis Head of Minerva 1.; below, S / Female head 1.; below, S
HNItaly 269; RRC 14/2; AG 37; TV 2; Haeberlin pp. 94-95, 1-108 pls. 38, 9-10 and pl. 39, 1-5
Weight range: 205.90g-134.65g
27 Triens Thunderbolt; in field, ·· ·· / Dolphin swimming r.; below, ····
HNItaly 270; RRC 14/3; AG 38; TV 3; Haeberlin pp. 95-97, 1-160 pl. 39, 6-14
Weight range: 189.37-74.48g
28* Triens Thunderbolt; in field, ·· ·· / Dolphin swimming 1.; below, ····
HNItaly –; RRC 14/3; AG 38; TV –; Haeberlin p. 97, 159
Weight: 76.30g
29 Quadrans Right hand; at 1., ··· / Two barley-grains; between, ···
HNItaly 271; RRC 14/4; AG 39; TV 4; Haeberlin pp. 97-98, 1-136 pl. 40, 1-5
Weight range: 106.57-65.90g
31
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
30 Sextans Scallop-shell; below, ·· / Caduceus; in field, · ·
HNItaly 272; RRC 14/5; AG 40; TV 5; Haeberlin pp. 98-100, 1-203 pl. 40, 6-15
Weight range: 77.46g-42g
31 Uncia Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, · / ·
HNItaly 273; RRC 14/6; AG 41; TV 6; Haeberlin pp. 100-101, 1-102 pl. 40, 16-22
Weight range: 40.38-19.34g
32 Semuncia Acorn / Σ sometimes inverted
HNItaly 274; RRC 14/7; AG 42; TV 7; Haeberlin pp. 101-102, 1-76 pl. 40, 23-27
Weight range: 24.15-9.12g
Rome c. 270
Apollo/Apollo series, based on an as of about 334g
33 As Diademed head of Apollo r.; above I / Same type 1.
HNItaly 279; RRC 18/1; AG 43; TV 8; Haeberlin pp. 82-84, 1-104 pls. 34, 1-10, 35, 1-6 and
94, 14 Weight range: 398.40-286.90g
34 Semis Pegasus flying r.; below, S / Same type 1.
HNItaly 280; RRC 18/2; AG 44; TV 9; Haeberlin pp. 84-85, 1-100 pl. 35, 7-10
Weight range: 195.30-133.88g
35 Triens Head of horse r.; below, ···· / Same type 1.
HNItaly 281; RRC 18/3; AG 45; TV 10; Haeberlin pp. 86-88, 1-111 pl. 36, 1-5
Weight range: 145.24-93.35g
36 Quadrans Boar leaping r.; below, ··· / Same type 1.
HNItaly 282; RRC 18/4; AG 46; TV 11; Haeberlin pp. 87-88, 1-128 pl. 36, 6-10
Weight range: 107.05g-68.90g
37 Sextans Head of Dioscurus r., wearing pileus; behind, ·· / Same type 1.
HNItaly 283; RRC 18/5; AG 47; TV 12; Haeberlin pp. 88-90, 1-163 pl. 36, 12-17
Weight range: 79.00-43.75g
38 Uncia Barley-grain; beside, · / Same type
HNItaly 284; RRC 18/6; AG 48; TV 13; Haeberlin pp. 90-91, 1-105 pl. 36, 18-21
Weight range: 37.26-20.35g
Rome c. 270
Dioscurus/Apollo series, based on an as of about 330g
39 As Head of one of the Dioscuri 1., wearing pileus / Diademed head of Apollo 1.
HNItaly 285; RRC 19/1; AG –; TV 14; Haeberlin –
Weight: 330.70g (= Roma, MN, found at Santa Marinella 1927)
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
40 Semis Head of Roma 1., wearing Phrygian helmet; at 1., S / Female head 1., with upstanding curls
of hair at front; at 1., S
HNItaly 286; RRC 19/2; AG 100; TV 15; Haeberlin p. 157, 1-3 pl. 65, 10-12
Weight range: 170.17-161.05g; Finds: Ardea 1940; Santa Marinella 1927
Rome c. 265
Roma/Roma series, based on an as of about 265g
41 As Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet with pinnate crest; behind, I / Same type 1.
HNItaly 288; RRC 21/1; AG 62; TV 16; Haeberlin p. 65, 1-18 pl. 27, 1-6
Weight range: 302.87-235.60g
42 Semis Head of Minerva r., wearing Corinthian helmet; below, S / Same type 1.
HNItaly 289; RRC 21/2; AG 63; TV 17; Haeberlin pp. 65-66, 1-30 pl. 27, 7-10
Weight range: 159.50-113.92g
43 Triens Thunderbolt; across field, ·· ·· / Same type
HNItaly 290; RRC 21/3; AG 64; TV 18; Haeberlin p. 66, 1-39 pl. 27, 11-12
Weight range: 98.40-72.40g
44 Quadrans Right hand; beside, ··· / Left hand; beside, ···
HNItaly 291; RRC 21/4; AG 65; TV 19; Haeberlin pp. 66-67 1-36 pls. 27, 13-14 and 28, 1-2
Weight range: 81.37-55.75g
45 Sextans Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, · · / Scallop-shell seen from inside
HNItaly 292; RRC 21/5; AG 66; TV 20; Haeberlin pp. 67-68, 1-85 pls. 28, 3-9 and 94, 10
Weight range: 52.05-32.00g
46 Uncia. Knucklebone seen from outside; beside, usually · / Knucklebone seen from inside.
HNItaly 293; RRC 21/6; AG 67-68; TV 21; Haeberlin pp. 68-69, 1-135 pl. 28, 10-14
Weight range: 27.45-15.19g
47 Semuncia Acorn; beside, S / Similar
HNItaly 294; RRC 21/7; AG 69; TV 22; Haeberlin pp. 69-70, 1-64 pl. 28, 15-16
Weight range: 17.99-9.73g
Rome c. 240
Dioscurus/Mercury with sickle symbol series, based on an as of about 272g
48 As Janiform head of the Dioscuri, hair tied with band / Head of Mercury 1.; at r., sickle
HNItaly 300; RRC 25/4; AG 49; TV 36; Haeberlin p. 76, 1-18 pl. 31, 1-4
Weight range: 309.67-234.60g
49 Semis Head of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian helmet; below, S / Female head 1.; behind, sickle;
below, S
HNItaly 301; RRC 25/5; AG 50; TV 37; Haeberlin pp. 76-77, 1-55 pl. 31, 5-8
Weight range: 173.40-105.87g
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
50 Triens Thunderbolt; across field, ·· ·· / Dolphin swimming r.; above, sickle; below, ····
HNItaly 302; RRC 25/6; AG 51; TV 38; Haeberlin pp. 77-78, 1-52 pl. 31, 9-10
Weight range: 104.60-80.97g
51 Quadrans Right hand; at 1., ··· / Two barley-grains; between, ···
HNItaly 303; RRC 25/7; AG 52; TV 39; Haeberlin p. 78, 1-69 pl. 31, 11-12
Weight range: 84.05-45.84g
52 Sextans Scallop-shell; below, ·· / Caduceus; at r., sickle; in field, ··
HNItaly 304; RRC 25/8; AG 53; TV 40; Haeberlin p. 79, 1-67 pl. 31, 13-14
Weight range: 53.67-37.20g
53 Uncia Knucklebone seen from outside / · ; beside, sickle
HNItaly 305; RRC 25/9; AG 54; TV 41; Haeberlin pp. 79-80, 1-35 pl. 31, 15-16
Weight range: 27.93-17.35g
Rome c. 235
Apollo/Apollo with acorn symbol series, based on an as of about 284g
54 As Diademed head of Apollo r.; at 1., acorn / Same type 1.
HNItaly 310; RRC 26/5: AG 56; TV 46; Haeberlin p. 81, 1-7 pl. 33, 1-6
Weight range: 318.57-240.40g
55 Semis Pegasus flying r.; above, S; below, acorn / Same type 1.
HNItaly 311; RRC 26/6: AG 57; TV 47; Haeberlin p. 81 p. 1-3 pl. 33, 7 and 99, 11
Weight range: 145.72-133.52g
56 Quadrans Boar r.; above, acorn; below, ··· / Same type 1.
HNItaly 312; RRC 26/7: AG 59; TV 48; Haeberlin p. 81, 1-2 pl. 33, 8
Weight range: 77.70-67.15g
57 Sextans Head of one of the Dioscuri r.; behind, acorn / Same type 1.
HNItaly 313; RRC 26/8: AG 60; TV 49; Haeberlin p. 82, 1 pl. 33, 9
Weight: 46.43g [= Haeberlin collection, Rollin and Feuardent 1896]
Rome c. 235
Roma/Roma and club symbol series, based on an as of about 266g
58 As Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet with pinnate crest; behind, club / Same type 1.
HNItaly 318; RRC 27/5; AG 70; TV 23; Haeberlin p. 71, 1-22 pl. 28, 21-24
Weight range: 291.40-242.52g
59 Semis Head of Minerva r., wearing Corinthian helmet; behind, club; below, S / Same type 1.
HNItaly 319; RRC 27/6; AG 71; TV 24; Haeberlin pp. 71-72, 1-54 pl. 29, 1-4
Weight range: 150.14-112.50g
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
60 Triens Thunderbolt; at 1., club and in field, ·· ·· / Same type, but club at r.
HNItaly 320; RRC 27/7; AG 72; TV 25; Haeberlin pp. 72-73, 1-47 pl. 29, 5-7
Weight range: 107.40-77.80g
61 Quadrans Right hand; at r., club; at 1., ··· / 1. hand; at r., ···
HNItaly 321; RRC 27/8; 41; AG 73; TV 26; Haeberlin p. 73, 1-62 pl. 29, 8-12
Weight range: 78.67-54.03g
62 Sextans Scallop-shell seen from outside; below, club and ·· / Scallop-shell seen from inside; below, club
HNItaly 322; RRC 27/9; AG 74; TV 27; Haeberlin pp. 73-74, 1-63 pl. 29, 13-17
Weight range: 56.69-36.10g
63 Uncia Knucklebone seen from outside; below, club / Knucklebone seen from inside; below, club
HNItaly 323; RRC 27/10; AG 75; TV 28; Haeberlin pp. 74-75, 1-74 pl. 29, 18-20
Weight range: 29.10-18.70g
Rome c. 230
Roma/Wheel series, based on an as of about 270g
64 Tressis Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet with pinnate crest / Wheel of six spokes;
between two spokes, III
HNItaly 324; RRC 24/1; AG 84; TV 29; Calabria 1989; Haeberlin p. 58, 1 pl. 23, 1
Weight range: 926-600.74g [926g [= NAC 5, 1992, 197 = Leu 18, 1977, 284]; 880.93g [=
Città del Vaticano, Alteri 9]; 834g [= Sambon collection, Sotheby 23.xi.1925 = Garrett col-
lection = NFA-Leu 1984, 599 = AG pl. B]; 685.43g [= Spencer-Churchill collection];
600.74g [= Christie’s 7.xii.1965, 133]
65 Dupondius Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet with pinnate crest; behind, II / Wheel of six
spokes; between two spokes, II
HNItaly 325; RRC 24/2; AG 85; TV 30; Haeberlin p. 58, 1-14 pl. 23, 2-7, 24, 1-3
Weight range: 625.24-527.60g
66 As Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet with pinnate crest; behind, I / Wheel of six
spokes; between two spokes, I
HNItaly 326; RRC 24/3; AG 86; TV 31; Haeberlin pp. 58-59, 1-44 pl. 24, 4-10
Weight range: 307.70-228.20g
67 Semis Bull leaping 1.; sometimes below, S / Wheel of six spokes, between two spokes, S
HNItaly 327; RRC 24/4; AG 87; TV 32; Haeberlin p. 59-60, 1-70 pl. 25, 1-7
Weight range: 171.20-104.32g
68 Triens Horse prancing; above and below, ·· ·· / Wheel of six spokes; between spokes, · · · ·
HNItaly 328; RRC 24/5; AG 88; TV 33; Haeberlin pp. 60-61, 1-76 pl. 25, 8-11
Weight range: 111.30-68.62g
69 Quadrans Dog 1.; in exergue, ··· / Wheel of six spokes; between spokes, · · ·
HNItaly 329; RRC 24/6a; AG 89; TV 34; Haeberlin pp. 61-62, 1-83 pl. 25, 12-13
Weight range: 84.87-66.30g
35
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
70 Quadrans Dog r.; in exergue, ··· / Wheel of six spokes; between spokes, · · ·
HNItaly 329; RRC 24/6b; AG –; TV 34a; Haeberlin p. 61, 22 pl. 25, 14
Weight: 69.63g
71 Sextans Tortoise / Wheel of six spokes; sometimes between spokes, · ·
HNItaly 330; RRC 24/7; AG 90-91; TV 35-35a; Haeberlin pp. 62-63, 1-130 pl. 25, 15-18
Weight range: 62.50-34.30g
Uncertain Italian mint after c. 225
Minerva/Bull series, based on an as of about 279g
72 As Head of Minerva facing, wearing helmet with three crests / Bull walking r., head facing;
above, caduceus; in exergue, ROMA
HNItaly 331; RRC 37/1c: AG 35; TV 43a; Haeberlin p. 141-143, 1-23 pl. 55, 7-10, 56, 1-3
Weight range: 313-204.60g; Finds: Canevedo (Monselice) 1899; Vicarello 1852; Modena before 1885
73 As Head of Minerva facing, wearing helmet with three crests / Bull walking r., head facing;
above, L or I; in exergue, ROMA
HNItaly 331; RRC 37/1a: AG 34; TV 43; Haeberlin pp. 141-143, 1-23 pl. 55, 2-6
Weight range: 336-225.50g; Finds: Velleia, Parma 1768; Vicarello 1852; Rome before 1910
Rome c. 225-217
Janus/Prow to r. series, based on an as of about 270g
74 As Laureate and bearded head of Janus; below, – / Prow r.; above, I
HNItaly 337; RRC 35/1; AG 1; TV 51; Haeberlin pp. 25-36, 1-1168 pls. 10-15, 16, 1-4 and 94, 7
Weight range: 312.30-218.04g
75 As Laureate and bearded head of Janus; no mark of value / Prow r.; above, I
HNItaly 337; RRC 35/1; AG 2; TV 51a; Haeberlin pp. 26-36, 1-1168 pls. 10-15
Weight range: included above
76 Semis Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind, S / Prow r.; above, S
HNItaly 338; RRC 35/2; AG 3; TV 52; Haeberlin pp. 38-41, 1-312 pls. 16, 17 and 94, 8-9
Weight range: 164.80-102.50g
77* Semis Laureate head of Saturn r. / Prow r.; above, S
HNItaly –; RRC –; AG –; TV 52a; Haeberlin –
Weight: 127g [= private collection]
78 Triens Helmeted head of Minerva 1.; below, ···· / Prow r.; below, ····
HNItaly 339; RRC 35/3a; AG 4; TV 53; Haeberlin pp. 41-45, 1-392 pl. 17, 6-20
Weight range: 115.02-66.10g
79* Triens Helmeted head of Minerva r.; below, ···· / Prow r.; above, ····
HNItaly 339; RRC 35/3b; AG –; TV 53a; Haeberlin p. 57, 1-3 pl. 22, 14
Weight range: 93.05-69.30g
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
80 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; behind, ··· / Prow r.; below, ···
HNItaly 340; RRC 35/4; AG 5; TV 54; Haeberlin pp. 45-47, 1-266 pl. 18, 1-9
Weight range: 86.60-56.00g
81* Quadrans Head of Hercules r., wearing lion skin; behind, ··· / Prow r.; below, ···
HNItaly –; RRC –; AG –; TV 54a; Haeberlin p. 57, 1
Weight: 68.00g [= Kiev,UM, Bahrfeldt, 116]
82 Sextans Head of Mercury 1., wearing winged petasus; below, ·· / Prow r.; below, ··
HNItaly 341; RRC 35/5; AG 6; TV 55; Haeberlin p. 47-49, 1-208 pl. 18, 10-21
Weight: 53.65-33.80g
83 Uncia Head of Roma 1., wearing Attic helmet; to r., · / Prow r.; below, ·
HNItaly 342; RRC 35/6; AG 7; TV 56; Haeberlin pp. 49-51, 1-184 pl. 18, 22-29
Weight range: 27.32-17.85g
Rome c. 225-217
Janus/Prow to r. with pellet symbol series, based on an as of about 260g
84 As Laureate and bearded head of Janus / Prow r.; above, large pellet and I
HNItaly –; RRC –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 277g [= Bar collection = Vecchi 6, 1997, 624 = Bar 1999, p. 59, pl. 1, 1b]
85 Semis Head of bearded of Janus, laureate / Prow r.; above, large pellet and S
HNItaly –; RRC –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 125.44g [= Bar collection = Kovacs FPL 29, 1997, 52 = Triton 2, 1998, 673 = Bar
1999, p. 61, pl. 2, 2b]
For the pellet symbol on quadrigati, see RRC 31/1 pl. 4, 10
Rome c. 225-217
Janus/Prow to 1. series, based on an as of about 256g
86 As Laureate and bearded head of Janus / Prow 1.; above, I
HNItaly 337; RRC 36/1; AG 8; TV 57; Haeberlin pp. 52-53, 1-80 pl. 19, 20 and 21
Weight range: 308.32-207.10g
87 Semis Laureate and bearded head of Saturn 1. / Prow 1.; above, S
HNItaly 338; RRC 36/2; AG 9; TV 58; Haeberlin p. 54, 1-32 pls. 21, 5-5-12, 22, 1-2, 44, 1
Weight range: 152.50-94.30g
88* Semis Laureate and bearded head of Saturn r. / Prow 1.; above, S
HNItaly 338; RRC 36/2var; AG 10; TV58a; Haeberlin p. 56, 1 pl. 22, 3
Weight: 127.70g [= Bourlier I, p. 79, pl. 20, 1; Garrucci pl. 29, 1]
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
89 Triens Head of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian helmet / Prow 1.; above, ····
HNItaly 339; RRC 36/3a; AG 11; TV 59; Haeberlin pp. 54-55, 1-22 pl. 22, 4-9
108.50g-73.69g
90* Triens Head of Minerva r., wearing Corinthian helmet / Prow 1.; above, ····
HNItaly 339; RRC 36/3b; AG 12-13; TV 60; Haeberlin p. 57, 1-6 pl. 22, 10-13
Weight range: 94.90-69.85g
91 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion’s skin; behind, ··· / Prow 1.; below, ···
HNItaly 340; RRC 36/4; AG 14; TV 61; Haeberlin p. 55, 1-21 pl. 22, 15-16
Weight range: 77.60-55.50g
92 Sextans Head of Mercury 1., wearing winged petasus / Prow l.; below, ·
HNItaly 341; RRC 36/5: AG 15; TV 62; Haeberlin pp. 55-56, 1-45 pl. 22, 17-20
Weight range: 53.51-34.48g
Rome c. 217-215
Semilibral Janus/Prow to 1. series, based on an as of about 132g
93 As Laureate and bearded head of Janus / Prow 1.; above, l
RRC 38/1; AG 16; TV 63; Haeberlin pp. 104-105, 1-40 pls. 43, 115, 95, 1
Weight range: 162.84-99.60g
94 Semis Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind, S / Prow 1.; above, S
RRC 38/2; AG 17; TV 64; Haeberlin pp. 105-106, 1-46 pl. 44, 2-12
Weight range: 89.50-57.96g
95 Triens Head of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian helmet; below, ···· / Prow 1.; above, ····
RRC 38/3; AG 18; TV 65; Haeberlin p. 106, 1-18 pl. 44, 13-17
Weight range: 61.85-45.15g
96 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; behind, ··· / Prow 1.; below, ···
RRC 38/4; AG 19; TV 66; Haeberlin pp. 106-107, 1-27 pl. 44, 18-20, 45, 3-4
Weight range: 41.15-32.00g
97 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; behind, ··· / Prow r.; below, ···
RRC –; AG –; TV 66a; Haeberlin p. 107, 13 pl. 45, 4
Weight range: 36.50g [= Paris,BnF = d’Ailly I, p. 102 pl. 30, 6]
Sicily c. 216
Semilibral with corn-ear symbol series, based on an as of about 133g
98 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; below, ··· / Prow 1.; above, ear of barley; below, ···
RRC 40/1a; AG –; HGC 2, 1732; TV 66b; Haeberlin p. 107, 19 pl. 45, 3
Weight: 38.04g [JD collection, NAC 64, 2012, 920]; 35.07g [RBW collection, NAC 61, 2011,
45]; 34.43g [= Haeberlin collection]; 25.50 [= McCabe collection]
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
99* Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; behind, ··· / Prow 1.; above, ear of barley; below, ···
RRC 40/1b (Syracuse,MA 28251); AG –; HGC 2, 1732; TV –; Haeberlin – . (Probably
found at Syracuse) Weight: –
Rome c. 215-212
As the Hannibalic War went from bad to worse from the Roman perspective, the value of Roman bronze coinage
collapsed and the semilibral standard was abandoned for what modern numismatists call the post-semilibral
standard. On-going research by Andrew McCabe suggests there are several groups within the series based on a
third, quarter and a fifth of a libra. The decussis is the largest and heaviest Roman coin ever issued, except for
the early Roman quadrilateral currency bars. Tariffed at 10 asses, the weight standard of an as of about 108g, the
‘triental’ equivalent for the near-contemporary silver denarius.
Post-semilibral series, based on a diversity of descending weight standards
100 Decussis Helmeted head of Roma r., wearing griffin-crested helmet; behind, X/ Prow 1.; above, X
RRC 41/1; AG 20; TV 67; Haeberlin pp. 117-118, 1-3 pl. 46, 1-3; See cover coin
Weight range: 1106.60-652.28g
101 Quincussis Head of Roma r., wearing griffin-crested helmet; behind, V / Prow 1.; above, V
RRC 41/2; AG –; TV 67a; Haeberlin –
Weight: 364g [= Private collection = MMAG 43, 1970, 66]
102 Tressis Head of Roma r., wearing griffin-crested helmet; behind, III /Prow 1.; above, III
RRC 41/3a; AG 21; TV 68; Haeberlin p. 118, 1-16 pl. 46, 4-5, 47, 1-9
Weight range: 313.31-208g
103* Tressis Head of Roma r., wearing griffin-crested helmet; behind, III / Prow r.; above, III
RRC 41/3b; AG –; TV 68a; Haeberlin p. 118, 17 pl. 47, 10
Weight range: 203.80g [= Napoli,MA, Fiorelli II, 4]; 293g [= Martini collection, Ratto
Lugano 1930, 15]
104 Dupondius Head of Roma r., wearing griffin-crested helmet; behind, II / Prow l.; above, II
RRC 41/4; AG 22; TV 69; Haeberlin p. 119, 1-19 pl. 48, 1-10, 94,4
Weight range: 221.30-133.60g
105 As Bearded head of Janus / Prow 1.; above, I
RRC 41/5a: AG 25; TV 70; Haeberlin pp. 119-122, 1-365 pl. 49, 1-21, 50, 1-28
Weight range: 132g-41.00g
The Museo Civico di Bologna possesses a unique example of this type [134.55g] still attached to its
‘tree’, cf. Haeberlin pl. 52, 39; F. Panvini Rosati, La moneta di Roma repubblicana, Bologna 1966, 15;
RRC p. 589. (Illustrated on p. 60)
106 As Bearded head of Janus / Prow r.; above, I
RRC 41/5b; AG 26; TV 70a; Haeberlin pp. 122-123, 334, 344, 354, 358 pl. 50, 25-28
Weight range: 73.47-45.5g
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THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
107 Semis Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind, S / Prow 1.; above, S
RRC 41/6a; AG 27; TV 71; Haeberlin pp. 124-126, 1-199 pl. 51, 1-18
Weight range: 60.69-22.43g
108* Semis Laureate head of Saturn 1.; behind, S / Prow r.; above, S
RRC 41/6b; AG –; TV 71a; Haeberlin pp. 124-126, 43, 59, 131, 157, 158 and 183
Weight range: 44.19-30.79g
109 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S / Prow 1.; above, S
RRC 41/6c; AG –; TV 71b; Haeberlin pp. 124-125, 10, 53, 104, 174, 186, 191 and 193
Weight range: 55.70-25.68g
110* Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S / Prow r.; above, S
RRC 41/6d; AG –; TV 71c; Haeberlin pp. 124-125, 51, 82 and 180
Weight range: 42.72-28.30g
110a Semis Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; behind, S / Prow 1.; above, S
RRC –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 35.39 [= JD collection = Münzzentrum 50, 1983, 3582 = NAC 64, 2012, 927]
111 Triens Head of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian helmet; below, ···· / Prow 1.; below, ····
RRC 41/7a: AG 28; TV 72; Haeberlin pp. 126-127, 1-35 pl. 51, 22-27
Weight range: 38.21-20.27g
112 Quadrans Head of Hercules 1., wearing lion skin; below, ··· / Prow 1.; below, ···
RRC 41/8a; AG 29; TV 73; Haeberlin p. 128, 1-20 pl. 4, 1-2
Weight range: 38.94-21.44g
Luceria c. 214-212
Janus/Prow to r. and l series, based on an as of about 83g
113 As Laureate head of bearded Janus / Prow r.; above I ; before, L
RRC 43/1; AG 144; TV 287; Haeberlin p. 193, 1-9 pl. 72, 1-5
Weight range: 101.70g-79.90g
114 Semis Laureate head of Saturn r.; behind, S / Prow r.; above, S; before, L
RRC 43/2a; AG 145; TV 288; Haeberlin p. 194, 1-22 pl. 72, 6-9
Weight range: 49.30-31.27g
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ETRURIA
TARQUINII (Tarquinia)
Tarquinii (Etruscan Tarch[u]na; modern Tarquinia, formerly Corneto) is reputed to be the oldest city of Etruria,
founded by the mythical Tarchon, brother of Tyrrhenus. The attribution of its highly original currency bars and
circular coinage is derived from find evidence in Tarquinii. Currency bars 115-117 may have been intended to
represent dupondii, and the TA monogram and III series 118 may represent asses. The circular coinage is also
attributed to Tarquinii on find evidence, though the evidence is weak for semiunciae series 126 and 127. The
distinctive forepart of boar as series 121 and A motive of series 125, 126 and 127, possibly a Greek A or set square
(libella), have been subject to much speculation since they are similar to the motives displayed among the military
insignia on the walls of the Giglioli tomb. The tomb is that of Vel Pinies, obviously a prominent city leader and
soldier, whose shield emblems may have influenced these types. By the early third century a foedus had been
contracted with Tarquinii, whose citizens became unequal allies with diminished autonomy, committed to con-
tributing manpower and supplies to Rome when required. Nos. 284, 288, 290 and 322 of uncertain mints in cen-
tral Italy have sometimes been attributed to Tarquinii, see HNItaly p. 38, note.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 B4; EAA VII, pp. 619-623; PECS pp. 880-881; Garrucci pp. 23-25, pl. 46; Cesano 1934; Catalli
1987; Catalli 1990; Vicari 171-179; Vecchi EC II, 1-13
c. 275
115 Currency bar Two crescents back-to-back / Same type
HNItaly 212; Vecchi EC II, 1; Cesano pp. 74-75, 1-10, 1-6; Catalli 1990, pl. 79; TV AS6; Hae-
berlin p. 22-23, 1-13, pl. 9, 2-5 and 93, 2
Weight range: 777-486.30g; Finds: Tarquinia before 1910
116 Currency bar Star of four rays between two crescents back to back / Same type
HNItaly 213; Vecchi EC II, 2; Cesano pp. 75-76, 1; Catalli 1990, pl. 80; TV AS7; Haeberlin p.
23, 14 pl. 9, 8
Weight: 503.75g [= BMCItaly p. 66, 4, from Castellani]
117 Currency bar Star of eight rays between two crescents back to back / Same type
HNItaly 213; Vecchi EC II, 3; Cesano p. 75-76, 2; TV AS8; Haeberlin p. 23, 15, pl. 94, 2
Weight: 440.60g [= Garrucci p. 12, pl. 26, 3; Milani 1898 p. 103]
118 Currency bar A, III, A / A, III, A
HNItaly 214; Vecchi EC II, 4; Cesano pp. 77-78; Catalli 1990, pl. 79; TV AS9-10; Haeberlin p.
23-24, 16-18, pls. 9, 6-7 and 93, 4
Weight range: 601-221.25g; Finds: Tarquinia
119 As Sunburst of four rays / Same type
HNItaly 352 (Uncertain); Vecchi EC II, 5; Catalli 1990, 64; Cesano 1934, p. 87; Catalli 1990,
63a; AG 317; TV 74; Haeberlin p. 277, 5, pl. 92; Garrucci p. 39, 1, pl. 70
Weight: 364.24g [= Tarquinia,MAN RC 3759]; Finds: Tarquinia 1875
41
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ETRURIA
Circular coinage, based on an as of about 288g
120 As Sunburst of eight rays / Sunburst of eight rays
HNItaly 356 (Uncertain); Vecchi EC II, 6; Cesano 1934 –; Catalli 1990, 64; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 262.00g; Finds: Tuscania, tomb of the sarcophagus of Amazons, 1967
121 As Forepart of boar l. / Spearhead
HNItaly 215; Vecchi EC II, 7; Cesano p. 81, 1-7, AG 171; Catalli 1990, 62a; TV 75; Haeberlin
p. 277-278, 1-6, pl. 92, 6-9
Weight range: 352.00-250.25g; Finds: Tarquinia [= Haeberlin p. 277-8, 1-4]
122 Semis Head of ram r. / Staff
HNItaly 216; Vecchi EC II, 8; Cesano 1934, pp. 82-3, pl. 4, 2; AG 318; Catalli 1990, 62b; TV
76; Haeberlin p. 278, 1 pl. 92, 10
Weight: 137.20g [= Roma,MNR]; Finds: Tarquinia 1874
123 Quadrans Dolphin r.; above, ··· / Anchor
HNItaly 217; Vecchi EC II, 9; Cesano p. 84, 1-5; AG 175; Catalli 1990, 62c; TV 77; Haeberlin
p. 278, 1-2 pl. 92, 11
Weight range: 74.32-61.80g [= BMCItaly p. 57, 18]; Finds: Tarquinia 1876
124 Sextans Plough / Yoke; below, ··
HNItaly 218; Vecchi EC II, 10; Cesano p. 85; ; AG 68; Catalli 1990, 62d; TV 220; Haeberlin
pp. 167 and 278-279, pl. 68, 17
Weight: 50.28g [= BMCItaly p. 58, 28]; Finds: Tarquinia
125 Uncia A / Crescent; above, ·
HNItaly 219; Vecchi EC II, 11; Cesano p. 85-86; AG 164; Catalli 1990, 62e; TV 228; Haeber-
lin p. 170, 1 pl. 68, 33
Weight range: 22.99g [= BMCItaly p. 40, 1; Garrucci p. 24, 6, pl. 46]: Finds: Tarquinia
126 Semuncia A / Caduceus
HNItaly 220; Vecchi EC II, 12; Cesano p. 86; AG 165; Catalli 1990, 62f; TV 233; Haeberlin p.
170-171, 1-46 pl. 69, 5-8 Weight range: 19.17-14.17g; Finds: Puglia
127 Semuncia Blank / Caduceus
HNItaly 396 (Uncertain); Vecchi EC II, 13; AG –; TV 234; Haeberlin, p. 171, 1-12 pl. 69, 9-11
Weight range: 16.98-10.30g; Finds: Vicarello
VOLATERRAE (Volterra)
Volaterrae (Etruscan Velathri, modern Volterra), the defensive fortress of northern Etruria, firmly under Roman
control by the early third century, issued three series of cast bronze. A Janiform head wearing a pointed cap is
the obverse type common to all three issues, very possibly influenced by the contemporary Roman asses and
quadrigati depicting the Janiform heads of the Dioscuri and the bronze asses characterized by the head of Janus.
The Volaterran Janiform head is perhaps Culsans, the Etruscan equivalent of Janus as depicted by the celebrated
statue from Cortona. The three reverse types are: mark of value, club and dolphin surrounded by the ethnic.
42
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ETRURIA
These issues follow exactly the Roman bronze denominational repertoire of dupondius, as, semis, triens, quad-
rans, sextans and uncia.
Bibl.: BAtlas 41 D3; ASAT foglio 112; EAA VII, pp. 1198-1202; PECS pp. 987-988; Garrucci pp. 25-26 pls. 47-
49; Catalli 1971-2; Catalli 1976; Catalli 1990, pp. 91-95; Vecchi EC II, 1-17; Gamurrini Archive
Third century
Mark of value series, based on an as of about 144g
128 Dupondius Janiform head, wearing pointed hat / I - I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108a; Vecchi EC II, 1; Catalli 1990, 72a; AG 298; TV 78; Haeberlin p. 242, 1-2 pls. 82,
1 and 102, 7
Weight range: 326.01-264.42g
129 As Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108b; Vecchi EC II, 2; Catalli 1990, 72b; AG 299; TV 79; Haeberlin p. 242, 1-7 pls. 82,
2-5 and 96, 8
Weight range: 181.04-110.52g
130 Semis Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / ) ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108c; Vecchi EC II, 3; Catalli 1990, 72c; AG 300; TV 80; Haeberlin p. 243, 1-26; pl. 82, 6-9
Weight range: 98.50-48.53g
131 Triens Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / ····; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108d; Vecchi EC II, 4; Catalli 1990, 72d; AG 301; TV 81; Haeberlin p. 243, 1-16 pl. 82, 10
Weight range: 55.75-35.55g
132 Quadrans Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / ··· ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108e; Vecchi EC II, 5; Catalli 1990, 72e; AG 302; TV 82; Haeberlin p. 243-244, 1-29
pl. 82, 11
Weight range: 49.00-22.10g
133 Sextans Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / ·· ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108f; Vecchi EC II, 6; Catalli 1990, 72f; AG 303; TV 83; Haeberlin p. 244, 1-60 pl. 82, 12-13
Weight range: 42.15-13.49g
134 Uncia Janiform head, wearing pointed cap / · ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 108g; Vecchi EC II, 7; Catalli 1990, 72g; AG 304; TV 84; Haeberlin p. 244-245, 1-29
pl. 82, 14
Weight range: 19.50-8.67g
Club series, based on an as of about 158g
135 Dupondius Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, I - I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109a; Vecchi EC II, 8; Catalli 1990, 73a; AG 305; TV 85; Haeberlin pp. 245-246, 1-9
pls. 83, 1-6 and 97, 2
Weight range: 338.73-236.50g
43
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ETRURIA
136 As Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109b; Vecchi EC II, 9; Catalli 1990, 73b; AG 306; TV 86; Haeberlin p. 246, 1-23 pl. 84,
1-3
Weight range: 167.35g-104.18g
137 Semis Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, ) ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109c; Vecchi EC II, 10; Catalli 1990, 73c; AG 307; TV 87; Haeberlin p. 246, 1-31 pl.
83, 7-9
Weight range: 84.25g-45.10g
138 Triens Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, ·· ·· ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109d; Vecchi EC II, 11; Catalli 1990, 73d; AG 308; TV 88; Haeberlin p. 247, 1-42 pl.
84, 4-5
Weight range: 64.70g-36.61g
139 Quadrans Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, ··· ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109e; Vecchi EC II, 12; Catalli 1990, 73e; AG 309; TV 89; Haeberlin p. 247-248, 1-75
pl. 84, 6-7
Weight range: 48.27-24.28g
140 Sextans Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, ·· ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109f; Vecchi EC II, 13; Catalli 1990, 73f; AG 310; TV 90; Haeberlin p. 248, 1-61 pl. 84,
8-9
Weight range: 40.37-20.80g
141 Uncia Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Club; in field, · ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 109g; Vecchi EC II, 14; Catalli 1990, 73e; AG 311; TV 91; Haeberlin p. 249, 1-43 pl.
84, 10
Weight range: 21.40-9.28g
Dolphin series, based on an as of about 132g
142 Dupondius Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Dolphin; in field, I I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 110a; Vecchi EC II, 15; Catalli 1990, 74a; AG 312; TV 92; Haeberlin pp. 249, 1-2 pl.
84, 11-12
Weight range: 296.96-230.95g
143 As. Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Dolphin; in field, I ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 110b; Vecchi EC II, 16; Catalli 1990, 74b; AG 313; TV 93; Haeberlin p. 250, 1-17 pl.
84, 13-15
Weight range: 156.42-105.16g
144 Semis Janiform head, beardless, wearing pointed cap / Dolphin; in field, ) ; around, velaθri
HNItaly 110c; Vecchi EC II, 17; Catalli 1990, 74c; AG 314; TV 94; Haeberlin p. 250, 1-14 pl.
84, 16-17
Weight range: 74.47-40.18g
44
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ETRURIA
UNCERTAIN OF INLAND ETRURIA
Inland Etruria is dominated by the valley of the the river Clanis (Val di Chiana) which played a major part in the
economic development of Etruria. From its source near Arretium (Arezzo), the Clanis ran past Curtun (Cortona),
Clusium (Chiusi) and after being joined by the Pallia (Paglia) tributary flowed into the Tiber beside Volsinii
(Orvieto). All four of these cities are amongst the oldest and most eminent of the Etruscan dodecapoleis and
owed much of their wealth to the fertility of the Clanis valley, especially in grain. This region was also strategically
located at the centre of a network of roads, and with its proximity to the Tiber was a centre of trade and industry,
especially that of bronze working. Notable masterpieces include the celebrated Chimaera of Arezzo, now in Flo-
rence, Museo Archeologico, the richly decorated lamp of Cortona, not to mention the 2000 bronze statues looted
by the Romans in 264 from the federal sanctuary of the nomen etruscum at Volsinii, from which possibly the
celebrated Mars of Todi is derived. By the 3rd century the whole of Etruria was allied to Rome and therefore all
the cast and struck series of Etruria must have been produced under its auspices. The hoard and single find ev-
idence points to a federal coinage between several cities. Although none of the issues has an ethnic, many have
Etruscan initials and intriguing countermarked symbols.
Bibl.: BAtlas B2; ASAT fogli 114, 121, 122; Garrucci pp. 26-29 pls. 50-54; Catalli 1990, pp. 101-104; Vicari pp.
60-65; Vanni 2001; Vanni 2004; Vecchi EC II, 1-52; Gamurrini Archive
Third century
Wheel/Anchor series, based on an as of about 151g
145 Quincussis Wheel with six spokes within double linear border; between spokes, n - p - v / Anchor within
double linear border; in field, V
HNItaly 65a; Vecchi EC II, 48; Vanni 2001 p. 52; Catalli 1990, 78a; AG 275; TV 131; Haeber-
lin p. 265, 1-2, pl. 88, 1-2
Weight range: 748.55g Arezzo,MA [= Vanni 2001a, p. 52; Haeberlin p. 265, 1 pl. 88,1];
694.2g Firenze,MA 363.2 [= SNGFirenze 1038 = Haeberlin p. 265, 2 pl. 88, 2]; 689.00
[= SNGFirenze 1039]; Finds: Arezzo, before 1723; Falterona 1840
146 Dupondius Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in field, I - I
HNItaly 65b; Vecchi EC II, 49; Vanni 2001 pp. 52-53; Catalli 1990, 78b; AG 276, 283; TV 114;
Haeberlin p. 266, 1-7, pl. 88, 3-5, pl. 89, 1-3 and 97, 3
Weight range: 326.91-274.11g; Finds: Borgo Sansepolcro, 19th century; Chiusi, before 1910
147 As Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in r. field, I
HNItaly 65c; Vecchi EC II, 50; Vanni 2001 p. 53; Catalli 1990, 78c; AG 277, 284; TV 115;
Haeberlin p. 266, 1-13, pl. 89, 4-6 and pl. 97, 4
Weight range: 178.80-1215.72g; Finds: Chiusi, before 1910; Monsigliolo, Cortona, 19th century
148 Semis Wheel with five spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in field, ··· ···
HNItaly 65d; Vecchi EC II, 51; Vanni 2001 p, 53; Catalli 1990, 78d; AG 278; TV 116; Haeber-
lin pp. 266-267, 1-23, pl. 89, 7-8 and pl. 97, 7
Weight range: 93.54-55.10g; Finds: Arezzo, (1989); Foiano della Chiana, 19th century
45
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ETRURIA
149 Triens Wheel with five spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in field, ·· ··
HNItaly 65e; Vecchi EC II, 52; Vanni 2001 p. 54; Catalli 1990, 78e; AG 279; TV 117; Haeberlin
p. 267, 1-2, pl. 97, 8
Weight range: 56.15-46.98g; Finds: Castel Viscardo, Terni
150 Quadrans Wheel with five spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in field, · · ·
HNItaly 65f; Vecchi EC II, 53; Vanni 2001 p, 53; Catalli 1990, 7f; AG 280; TV 118; Haeberlin
p. 267, 1-23, pl. 89, 9-10
Weight range: 50.08g-23.00g; Finds: Arezzo, Piaggia di Murello; Arezzo, by river Castro,
1868; Chiana river; Trasimeno, shore, 1887
151* Sextans Wheel with five spokes within double linear border / Anchor within double linear border;
in field, ··
HNItaly –; Vecchi EC II, 54; Vanni 2001 p. 55; Catalli 1990, 78g; AG 281; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 32g [= Arezzo,MA 12607, Sambon 1870, p. 53, 40]
152 Uncia Wheel with four spokes / Anchor; in field, I
HNItaly 65g; Vecchi EC II, 55; Vanni 2001 p. 55; Catalli 1990, 78h; AG 282; TV 119; Haeber-
lin p. 268, 1-20, pl. 89, 11-13
Weight range: 16.24g-8.72; Finds: Arezzo, by the river Castro, 1868; Arezzo, via Guido
Monaco, 1871; Arezzo, 1880; Arezzo, loc. Coniaio, 19th century; Arezzo, ‘davanti allo
spedale’, 19th century; Chiusi before 1910; Vicarello 1852
153 Struck Wheel with five spokes; in field, · / Anchor within double linear border; in l. field, ·· and )
Sextans HNItaly 66; Vecchi EC II, 56; Vanni 2001 p. 55; Catalli 1990, –; AG –; Haeberlin –
Weight range: 9g [= Sambon 1870 p. 53, 40 = Sambon 1906, 105 =] – 8.05g [= Blancas and
Righetti collections, SNGRighetti 71]
154 Struck Wheel with four spokes; in field, · / Anchor; in field, · and letter
Uncia HNItaly 67; Vecchi EC II, 57-59; Vanni 2001 p. 56; Catalli 1990, 78i; Sambon 106-107
Weight range: 9.74-4.04g; Finds: Arezzo, ‘altipiano del camposanto’, 1880; Arezzo, 1887
Wheel/Wheel series, based on an as of about 181g
155 As Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Wheel with six spokes within double
linear border; around outer rim, ············
HNItaly 56a; Vecchi EC II, 1; Vanni 2001 p. 34; Catalli 1990, 75a; AG 245; TV 95; Haeberlin
p. 254, 1-12 pl. 85, 1-3
Weight range: 205.22-155.22g; average (13 ex) 183.21g
156 Semis Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Wheel with six spokes within double
linear border; between spokes, · · · · · ·
HNItaly 56b; Vecchi EC II, 2; Vanni 2001 p. 34; Catalli 1990, 75b; AG 246; TV 96; Haeberlin
p. 254, 1-8 pl. 85, 5-6
Weight range: 101.52-71.47g; Finds: Chiusi, 1876, from the city walls
46
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ETRURIA
157 Triens Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Wheel with four spokes within double
linear border; between spokes, · · · ·
HNItaly 56c; Vecchi EC II, 3; Vanni 2001 pp. 34-35; Catalli 1990, 75c; AG 247; TV 97; Hae-
berlin p. 255, 1-14, pl. 85, 7-8
Weight range: 76.70-39.45g; Finds: Castiglione del Lago; Chiusi before 1893
158 Quadrans Wheel with four spokes / Wheel with four spokes; between spokes, · · ·
HNItaly 56d; Vecchi EC II, 4; Vanni 2001 p. 35; Catalli 1990, 75d; AG 248; TV 98; Haeberlin
p. 255, 1-36, pl. 85, 9-13
Weight range: 56.10-31.69g
159 Sextans Wheel with four spokes / Wheel with four spokes; between spokes, · ·
HNItaly 56e; Vecchi EC II, 5; Vanni 2001 p. 36-37; Catalli 1990, 75e; AG 249; TV 99; Hae-
berlin p. 256, 1-40. pl. 85, 14-15
Weight range: 38.51-13.02g; Finds: Chiusi 1872
160 Uncia Wheel with four spokes / Wheel with four spokes; between spokes, ·
HNItaly 56f; Vecchi EC II, 6; Vanni 2001 p. 37-40; Catalli 1990, 75f; AG 250; TV 100; Hae-
berlin pp. 256-257, 1-76 pl. 85, 16-17
Weight range: 19.52g-9.45g; Finds: Castiglione del Lago; Chiusi, 1872; Chiusi 1876, from
the city walls; Cortona 1897; Tannana 1872; Trento 1860; Vicarello 1852; Volterra, before 1923
161 Uncia Wheel with four curved spokes / Wheel with four curved spokes; between spokes, ·
HNItaly –; Vecchi EC II, 7; Vanni 2001 2001, p. 37; Catalli 1990, 75g; AG –; TV 132; Haeber-
lin p. 273, pl. 97, 13
Weight: 12.39-11.55g
Wheel/Crater series, based on an as of about 193g
162 As Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Crater within double linear border; in
field, I
HNItaly 57a; Vecchi EC II, 8; Vanni 2001 p. 41; Catalli 1990, 76a; AG 257; TV 101; Haeber-
lin p. 258, 1-14; pl. 86, 1-4
Weight range: 205.30-150.10g; Finds: Arezzo before 1907; Castiglione del Lago; Chiusi 1903
163 Semis Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Crater within double linear border; in
field, ··· ···
HNItaly 57b; Vecchi EC II, 9; Vanni 2001 p. 41; Catalli 1990, 76b; AG 258; TV 102; Haeber-
lin p. 258, 1-12 pl. 86, 5-6
Weight range: 106.85-87.55g; Finds: Chiusi before 1910; Sarteano, Siena, 1903
164 Quadrans Wheel with four spokes within double linear border / Crater within double linear border;
in field, · · ·
HNItaly 57c; Vecchi EC II, 10; Vanni 2001 p. 42; Catalli 1990, 76c; AG 260; TV 103; Haeber-
lin p. 259, 1-31 pl. 86, 7-10
Weight range: 57.87-30.23g; Finds: Chiusi before 1910
47
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ETRURIA
165 Sextans Wheel with four spokes / Crater; in field, · ·
HNItaly 57d; Vecchi EC II, 11; Vanni 2001 p. 43-44; Catalli 1990, 76d; AG 261; TV 104; Hae-
berlin p. 259, 1-23 pl. 86, 11-14
Weight range: 47.50-18.02g; Finds: Chianciano Terme 1989; Gioiella (Castiglione del Lago)
166 Uncia Wheel with four spokes / Crater; above, ·
HNItaly 57e; Vecchi EC II, 12; Vanni 2001 p. 44-45; Catalli 1990, 76e; AG 262; TV 105; Hae-
berlin p. 260, 1-46 pl. 86, 15
Weight range: 20.43-11.27g
Wheel/Bipennis series, based on an as of about 174g
167 As Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Bipennis within double linear border;
in l. field, I - V
HNItaly 58a; Vecchi EC II, 13; Vanni 2001 p. 45; AG 251; Catalli 1990, 77a; TV 106; Haeber-
lin p. 260-261, 1-9 pl. 87, 1-3 pl. 97, 5-6
Weight range: 192.07-135.g; Finds: Todi, before 1911
168 Semis Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Bipennis within double linear border;
in field, ··· ···
HNItaly 58b; Vecchi EC II, 14; Vanni 2001 p. 46; Catalli 1990, 77b; AG 252; TV 107; Haeber-
lin p. 261, 1-31 pl. 87, 4-5, pl. 97, 9
Weight range: 99.60-58.40g; Finds: Arezzo 19th century; Chiusi, 19th century
169 Quadrans Wheel with six spokes / Bipennis within double circle; in field, ···
HNItaly 58c; Vecchi EC II, 15; Vanni 2001 p. 47; Catalli 1990, 77c; AG 253; TV 108; Haeber-
lin p. 261, 1-15 pl. 87, 6-7
Weight range: 49.05-32.15g; Finds: Chiusi; Chiusi-Cetona district; Monteriggioni (tomb of
Calisna Sepu)
170a Uncia Wheel with six spokes / Bipennis within double circle; in field, ·
HNItaly 58d; Vecchi EC II, 16; Vanni 2001 p. 47; Catalli 1990, 77d; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight range: 7.58 [Webber collection, Forrer 1922, 103] – 7.10g [= SNGMilano 45]
170b Struck Wheel with six spokes / Bipennis; in field · and letter
Uncia HNItaly 59; Vecchi EC II, 17-21; Vanni 2001, pp. 47-48; Catalli 1990, 77e; Sambon 108-111
Weight range: 11.00-4.88g; Finds: Chiusi, 1872; Elba; Monteriggioni 1894; Sisak 1984; Pog-
gio Colonna (Vetulonia) 1931; Vicarello 1852; Volterra, tomb find, 1873-1874
171 Struck Wheel with six spokes / Bipennis; in field, letter
Semuncia HNItaly 60; Vecchi EC II, 22-25; Vanni 2001 p. 49; Catalli 1990, 77f; Sambon 112
Weight range: 3.70g-2.70g; Finds: Arezzo 1880; Chiusi, 1872; Vicarello 1852
172 Struck Wheel with six spokes / Bipennis with handle; in field, letter
Quartuncia HNItaly 61; Vecchi EC II, 26-29; Vanni 2001 p. 49; Catalli 1990, 77g; Sambon 113
Weight range: 3.40-1g; Finds: Arezzo 1880; Arezzo 19th century; Chiusi, 1872; Cignano
(Cortona), 1745; Vicarello 1852
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ETRURIA
Wheel/Amphora series, based on an as of about 148g
173 As Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Amphora within double linear border;
in r. field, I
HNItaly 62a; Vecchi EC II, 30; Vanni 2001 p. 50; Catalli 1990, 79a; AG 269; TV 109;
Haeberlin p. 263, 1- 4, pl. 87, 8-9 and 96, 7
Weight range: 153.70-138.70g; Finds: Arezzo, S. Anastasio, 1846; Cecina, before 1910
174 Semis Wheel with six spokes within double linear border / Amphora within double linear border;
in field, ··· ···
HNItaly 62b; Vecchi EC II, 31; Vanni 2001 p. 50; Catalli 1990, 79b; AG 270; TV 110;
Haeberlin p. 263, 1-9, pl. 87, 10-11
Weight range: 83.70-48.21g; Finds: Chianciano Terme, before 1910; Chiusi, before 1885;
Querceto di Casole d’Elsa, podere La Villa, tomb find 1872
175 Quadrans Wheel with four spokes / Amphora; in field, · · ·
HNItaly 62c; Vecchi EC II, 32; Vanni 2001 pp. 50-51; Catalli 1990, 79c; AG 272; TV 111;
Haeberlin pp. 263-264, 1-28, pl. 87, 13-14
Weight range: 50.60-23.40g; Finds: Arezzo, before 1910; Arezzo, Borgo delle Torri e
Fontanella, 1897; Chiusi, 19th century; Sarteano (Siena), 1871
176* Sextans Wheel with four spokes / Amphora; in field, · ·
HNItaly 62d; Vecchi EC II, 33; Vanni 2001 p. 51; Catalli 1990, 79d; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin p. 264
Weight: 35g [= Martinetti and Nervegna collections, Sambon-Canessa, Rome 16-17, xi.1907, 6]
177 Uncia Wheel with four spokes / Amphora; in r. field, ·
HNItaly 62e; Vecchi EC II, 34; Vanni 2001 p. 52; Catalli 1990, 79e; AG 274; TV 112;
Haeberlin p. 264, 1-14, pl. 87, 15-16
Weight range: 14.50-8.74g; Finds: Arezzo, city walls, 19th century; Chiusi before 1910
Archaic wheel/Archaic wheel series, based on an as of about 143g
178 Dupondius Archaic wheel within double linear border; below, I I / Archaic wheel within double linear
border; above, letter; below, I I
HNItaly 63a; Vecchi EC II, 35; Vanni 2001 p. 56; Catalli 1990, 80a; AG 285; TV 120; Haeber-
lin p. 269, 1-5, pl. 90, 1-3
Weight range: 310.20-275.30g; Finds: Cortona 1887; Castiglion Fiorentono and Cortona area, 1873
179 As Archaic wheel within double linear border; below, I / Archaic wheel within double linear
border; below, I
HNItaly 63b; Vecchi EC II, 36; Vanni 2001 p. 57; Catalli 1990, 80b; AG 286; TV 121;
Haeberlin p. 269, 1, pl. 90, 4
Weight range: 159.40-(10 ounces); Finds: Cignano, Cortona, 1745
180 Semis Archaic wheel within double linear border; below U / Archaic wheel within double linear
border; below U
HNItaly 63c; Vecchi EC II, 37; Vanni 2001 p. 57; Catalli 1990, 80c; AG 287; TV 122; Haeber-
lin p. 269, 1-4, pl. 90, 5-6
Weight range: 72.19-59.20g; Finds: Cortona, area of, 19th century
49
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ETRURIA
181 Triens Archaic wheel within double linear border; in field, · · · · / Archaic wheel within double
linear border; in field, · · · ·
HNItaly 63d; Vecchi EC II, 38; Vanni 2001 p. 57; Catalli 1990, 80d; AG 288; TV 123; Haeber-
lin p. 270, 1, pl. 90, 7
Weight: 56.20g [= Firenze,MA 846937, SNGFirenze 1085]
182* Quadrans Archaic wheel within double linear border; in field, ··· / Archaic wheel within double linear
border; in field, · · ·
HNItaly –; Vecchi EC II, 39; Vanni 2001 p. 57; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –; Garrucci pl. 42, 3;
Mommsen 1865, p. 378, 4
Weight: 32g; Finds: Cortona; Città di Castello, 1745; Città di Castello, 1867
183 Sextans Archaic wheel; in field, · · / Archaic wheel; in field, ··
HNItaly 63e; Vecchi EC II, 40; Vanni 2001 p. 57; Catalli 1990, 80e; AG 290; TV 124; Haeber-
lin p. 270, 1-7, pl. 90, 8-9
Weight range: 24.20-18.05g; Finds: Chiusi; Cortona; Castiglion Fiorentono and area of
Cortona 1873
184 Uncia Archaic wheel; at centre, · / Archaic wheel; at centre, ·
HNItaly 63f; Vecchi EC II, 41; Vanni 2001 p. 58; Catalli 1990, 80f; AG 291; TV 125; Haeber-
lin p. 270, 1-17, pl. 90, 10
Weight range: 15.44g-7.82g; Finds: Arezzo 19th century; Chiusi; Castiglion Fiorentono and
Cortona, area of, 1873
Archaic wheel/Three crescents series, based on an as of about 142g
185 As Archaic wheel within double linear border / Three crescents within double linear border;
at centre, I; around outer rim, ············
HNItaly 64a; Vecchi EC II, 42; Vanni 2001 p. 58; Catalli 1990, 81a; AG 292; TV 126; Haeber-
lin p. 271, 1-3, pl. 91, 1-2
Weight range: 149-139.19g: average; Finds: Cortona 1895; Cortona, 1873; Cortona, 1894
186 Semis Archaic wheel within double linear border / Three crescents within double linear border at
centre, pellet; around outer rim, ······
HNItaly 64b; Vecchi EC II, 43; Vanni 2001 pp. 58-59; Catalli 1990, 81b; AG 293; TV 127;
Haeberlin p. 271, 1-11, pl. 91, 3-4
Weight range: 92.05-42.20g; Finds: Cortona 1984; Cortona, near Porta Berarda 1929
187 Triens Archaic wheel within double linear border / Three crescents within double linear border;
at centre, pellet; around outer rim, ····
HNItaly 64c; Vecchi EC II, 44; Vanni 2001 p. 59; Catalli 1990, 81c; AG 294; TV 128; Haeberlin
p. 272, 1-8, pl. 91, 5-6
Weight range: 59.25g-27.07g; Finds: Castiglion Fiorentono and Cortona, area of, 1873
188 Quadrans Archaic wheel within double linear border / · · · within double linear border
HNItaly 64d; Vecchi EC II, 45; Vanni 2001 p. 272; Catalli 1990, 81d; AG 295; TV 129; Hae-
berlin p. 272, 1-17, pl. 91, 7-8
Weight range: 51.51-17.55g; Finds: Città di Castello, Perugia;
50
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ETRURIA
189 Sextans Archaic wheel within double linear border / · · within double linear border
HNItaly 64e; Vecchi EC II, 46; Vanni 2001 p. 60-61; Catalli 1990, 81e; AG 296; TV 130; Hae-
berlin p. 272, 1-29, pl. 91, 9-10
Weight range: 29.58-11.85g; Finds: Castiglion Fiorentono and Cortona, area of, 1873; Cortona, 1894
190 Uncia Archaic wheel within double linear border / · within double linear border
HNItaly 64f; Vecchi EC II, 47; Vanni 2001 p. 61; Catalli 1990, 81f; AG 297; TV 131; Haeber-
lin p. 273, 1-11, pl. 91, 11
Weight range: 15.30g-8.80g
Priestly head facing, wearing apex/Sacrificial implements series, based on an as of about 177g
191 As Priestly head facing, wearing apex tied with offendices, within double linear border /
Sacrificial implements: makaira (knife) and secespita (axe), within double linear border;
in l. field, I; at centre, · ; in r. field,
HNItaly 68a; Vecchi EC II, 60; Vanni 2004 p. 104; Catalli 1990, 82a; AG 263; TV 133; Hae-
berlin p. 274, 1-2, pl. 91, 12-13
Weight range: 199.41-155.00g; Finds: Siena, 1889
192 Semis Priestly head facing, wearing apex tied with offendices, within double linear border /
Sacrificial implements: makaira (knife) and secespita (axe), within double linear border;
at centre, pellet; below, ∩ ; in r. field,
HNItaly 68b; Vecchi EC II, 61; Vanni 2004 p. 104; Catalli 1990, 82b; AG 264; TV 134; Hae-
berlin p. 274, 1-2, pl. 91, 14-15
Weight range: 95.76-82.84g
193 Quadrans Priestly head facing, wearing apex tied with offendices, within double linear border /
Sacrificial implements: makaira (knife) and secespita (axe), within double linear border;
at centre, ··· ; in r. field,
HNItaly 68c; Vecchi EC II, 62; Vanni 2004 p. 104; Catalli 1990, 82c; AG 266; TV 135; Hae-
berlin p. 275, 1-4, pl. 91, 16
Weight range: 45.16-32.90g; Finds: Chiusi 19th century
194 Sextans Priestly head facing, wearing apex tied with offendices, within double linear border /
Sacrificial implements: makaira (knife) and secespita (axe), within double linear border;
at centre, ·· ; in r. field,
HNItaly 68d; Vecchi EC II, 63; Vanni 2004 p. 104; Catalli 1990, 82d; AG 267; TV 136;
Haeberlin p. 275, 1-4, pls. 92, 1 and 96, 12
Weight range: 37.20-27.46g; Finds: Chiusi, before 1910
195 Uncia Priestly head facing, wearing apex tied with offendices, within double linear border /
Sacrificial implements: makaira (knife) and secespita (axe), within double linear border;
at centre, · ; in r. field,
HNItaly 68e; Vecchi EC II, 64; Vanni 2004 p. 104-105; Catalli 1990, 82c; AG 268; TV 137;
Haeberlin p. 275, 1-15 pl. 92, 2-3
Weight range: 19.44-7.41g; Finds: Chiusi, before 1910
For a discussion on the identification of the obverse priestly head, see J.-R. Jannot, Religion in An-
cient Etruria, Madison 2005, pp. 126-127
51
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UNCERTAIN OF ETRURIA OR UMBRIA
This series of oval-shaped coins has traditionally been assigned to Umbria, but may belong to Etruscan Volsinii,
close to the centre of attested finds if outliers are ignored; the attribution remains tentative.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 C3; Garrucci p. 13 pl. 27, 1-7; Crawford 2002; Ambrosini 1997
Third century
Club/Mark of value series, based on an as of about 154g
196 As Club / I
HNItaly 51; AG 240; TV 169; Haeberlin p. 235, 1-2, pl. 81, 29
165.00 Torino, [Garrucci pl. 27, 3; Haeberlin p. 235, 1]; 164.15; Naville 10 [1925], 1696; 147.84
Haeberlin collection p. 235, 1 (from Vitalini 1902)
Weight range: 165.00-147.84g
197 Semis Club / ∩
HNItaly 52; AG 241; TV 170; Haeberlin p. 236, 1-4, pl. 81, 30-32 and 96, 11
Weight range: 80.10-66.39g
198 Quadrans Club / ···
HNItaly 53; AG 242; TV 171; Haeberlin p. 236, 1-11, pl. 81, 33-35
Weight range: 62.28-33.12g
199 Sextans Club / ··
HNItaly 54; AG 243; TV 172; Haeberlin p. 236-238, 1-266, pl. 81, 36-41
Weight range: 51.20-9.16g; Finds: Ancarano and Siena, before 1895; Bucciano, Siena 1900;
Campo La Piana; Carsóli 1985; Casole d’Elsa; Castiglione del Lago 1984; Cecanibbi near
Todi 1991; Commachio before 1928; Montignano, Orvieto-Volsinii 1881; Orvieto, 1967;
Perugia before 1910; Ripabiana near Todi; Spoleto, Museo Civico; Talamone 1888; Tar-
quinia 1874; Termoli; Tolfa 1988; Trento 1860; Vetulonia 1931; Vicarello 1854; Valle Fuino
1987; Vulci 1828;
200 Uncia Club / ·
HNItaly 55; TV 173; AG 244; Haeberlin p. 239, 1-55, pl. 81, 42-43
Weight range: 20.05g-4.10g)
201 Semuncia Club / U
HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin -
Weight range: 8.90g [= Private collection]
52
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UMBRIA
AMERIA (Amelia)
Ameria was claimed by Cato the Elder to be the oldest town in Umbria. The town gained political status as a
self-governing municipium as early as 338, since it occupied a strategic location during the Latin War on a nat-
urally strong site improved by massive fortifications of polygonal masonry. This cast lead uncia is either a trial
cast for a coinage unknown to us or a local votive token.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 C3; EAA 1, p. 317; PECS p. 49.
Third century
Cast lead, based on an as of about 156g
202 Uncia Wheel of four spokes with dotted rim / A M E D around ·
HNItaly p. 20; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 13g [= SKA Bern 4, 1985, 299, NAC 7, 1994, 261 = NAC 10, 1997, 293]
IGUVIUM (Gubbio)
A hill town commanding the upper Tiber that lost its importance after the contruction of the Via Flaminia several
miles to the east in 223, but remained independent of Rome until the Social War and is most famous for the Tab-
ulae Iguvinae, consisting of seven bronze tables found in 1444 near the city theatre. Mostly inscribed in the Um-
brian alphabet of the 2nd century, they contain instructions for ceremonies of the Atiedan Brothers, a college of
priests, and offer a wealth of information. References to money include numer and nurpene (nummus, novus
dupondius), and a(sses). The tablets are now kept in the Palazzo dei Consoli together with a representative col-
lection of the city’s cast coinage.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 D2; EAA III, pp. 1067-1068; PECS p. 406; Garrucci pp. 30-31 pl. 57-58; Campana, CNAI 1992b, pp.
33-48
c. 280-240
Shield/Crescent and astragalus series, based on an as of about 187g
203 Semis Shield decorated with + + above crescent / Crescent and knucklebone on raised disc;
below, ikufins
HNItaly 35; Campana 13; AG 239; TV 156; Haeberlin p. 224, 1-7, pl. 79, 12-16
Weight range: 113.98g-77.69g
c. 280-240
Solar disc series, based on an as of about 196g
204 As Solar disc with central point and fourteen rays / Crescent on raised disc; below, ikufins and I
HNItaly 23; Campana 1; AG 227; TV 144a; Haeberlin p. 220, 1-8 pl. 78, 1-4
Weight range: 213.90-145.80g
53
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UMBRIA
205 Semis Solar disc with fourteen rays / Crescent on raised disc; below, ikufins and
HNItaly 24; Campana 2; AG 228; TV 145; Haeberlin p. 220, 1-4 pl. 78, 5-7
Weight range: 120.58-96.05g
206 Triens Wheel with four spokes on raised disc; around, ikufins / Wheel with four spokes;
within spokes, · · · ·
HNItaly 25; Campana 3; AG 229; TV 146; Haeberlin p. 221, 1-6 pl. 78, 8-10
Weight range: 68.40-44.91g
207 Quadrans Wheel with three spokes; around, ikufins / Wheel with three spokes; within spokes, · · ·
HNItaly 26; Campana 4; AG 230; TV 147; Haeberlin p. 221, 1-12, pl. 78, 11-13
Weight range: 56.80-33.90g
208 Sextans Palm branch on raised disc / Cornucopiae turned around linear border within which, · ·
HNItaly 27; Campana 5; AG 231; TV 148; Haeberlin p. 221, 1-22, pl. 78, 14-15
Weight range: 34.54-20.05g
209 Uncia Bunch of grapes on raised disc / Cornucopiae; at centre, ·
HNItaly 28; Campana 6; AG 232; TV 149; Haeberlin p. 222, 1-16, pl. 78, 16-17
Weight range: 20.13-13.63g
c. 280-240
Corinthian helmet/Cornucopiae series, based on an as of about 180g
210 As Corinthian helmet left / Cornucopiae; below, ikufins and I
HNItaly 29; Campana 7; AG 233; TV 150; Haeberlin p. 222, 1-3, pls. 79, 1-2 and 97, 1
Weight range: 205.15-183.80g
211 Semis Corinthian helmet left / Cornucopiae; below, ikufins and
HNItaly 30; Campana 8; AG 234; TV 151; Haeberlin p. 222, 1, pl. 79, 3
Weight: 103.17-97.44g
212 Triens Tongs; around, ·· ·· / Cornucopiae on raised disc; below, ikufins
HNItaly 31; Campana 9; AG 235; TV 152; Haeberlin p. 223, 1-4, pl. 79, 4-5
Weight range: 58.07-53.70g
213 Quadrans Tongs; in field, ·· · / Cornucopiae on raised disc; below, ikufins
HNItaly 32; Campana 10; AG 236; TV153; Haeberlin p. 223, 1-6, pl. 79, 6-7
Weight range: 42.15-32.25g
214 Sextans Palm branch on raised disc / Cornucopiae on raised disc; at centre, ··
HNItaly 33; Campana 11; AG 237; TV 154; Haeberlin p. 223, 1-12, pl. 79, 8-9
Weight range: 31.68-21.50g
215 Uncia Bunch of grapes on raised disc / Cornucopiae on raised disc; at centre, ·
HNItaly 34; Campana 12; AG 238; TV 155; Haeberlin p. 223-224, 1-29, pl. 79, 10-11
Weight range: 18.26-11.46g
54
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UMBRIA
TUDER (Todi)
A site, on the left bank of the Tiber at the confluence with the Naia, which in myth was founded by Hercules and
where he also killed the giant Cacus. Historical Todi was founded by the Umbri by at the earliest the 6th century,
with the name of Tutere, possibly from the Umbrian tudar “border”, since it was a city located on the frontier
with Etruria. The city must have come under Roman control by the mid 3rd century with the construction of
the Via Amerina. According to Silius Italicus, it had a double line of walls that stopped Hannibal from taking
the city after his victory at Trasimeno. The celebrated late classical bronze statue of Mars now in the Vatican’s
Museo Gregoriano comes from Todi.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 C3; EAA VII, p.p. 893-895; PECS p. 939; Garrucci pp. 29-31 pls. 56-58; Bergamini 2004 pp.
297-354; Campana, CNAI 1993b, pp. 113-139
c. 280-240
Eagle/Cornucopiae series, based on an as of about 251g
Eagle with open wings standing left; in left field, I and tutere / Cornucopiae from which
issue fruit, grapes, fig-leaf and ear of barley; below, I
HNItaly 40; Bergamini p. 325, 1-4; Campana 1993, 4; AG 208; TV 157; Haeberlin p. 226, 1-4
pl. 80, 1-4
Weight range: 254.73-234.57g
Sleeping dog curled l.; above, tutere / Lyre of four strings; in right field, Ì
HNItaly 41; Bergamini p. 325, 1-5; Campana 5; AG 209; TV 158; Haeberlin p. 226, 1-5 pl. 80,
5-8
Weight range: 126.86-113.30g
Right hand wearing caestus; in field, ·· ·· / Two clubs; between, tutere ; in outer fields, ·· ··
HNItaly 42; Bergamini p. 325-6, 1-12; Campana 6; AG 210; TV 159; Haeberlin p. 227, 1-11,
pl. 80, 9-13
Weight range: 91.11-62.85g
Frog; in field, ·· · / Anchor between tu and ·· ·
HNItaly 43; Bergamini p. 326, 1-26; Campana 7a-b; AG 211-212; TV 160; Haeberlin p. 227,
1-19 pl. 80, 14-18
Weight range: 73.01-56.30g
Cicada; in field, ·· / Trident between tu and ··
HNItaly 44; Bergamini p. 326, 1-39; Campana 8; AG 21321-4; TV 161; Haeberlin pp. 227-
228, 1-26, pl. 81, 1-4 and 97, 10
Weight range: 50.20-28.25.g
Squat cantharus; above, · / Spearhead; in field, tu and ·
HNItaly 45; Bergamini pp. 326-8, 1-122; Campana 9; AG 215-6; TV 162; Haeberlin p. 228, 1-
61, pl. 81, 5-7
Weight range: 35.70-15.40g
55
216 As
217 Semis
218 Triens
219 Quadrans
220 Sextans
221 Uncia
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UMBRIA
222 Uncia Frog / Tortoise, · and tu
NHItaly 39; Bergamini –; Campana 10; AG 217; TV 163; Haeberlin p. 229, 1-2, pl. 81, 8-9
Weight range: 17.15-17.10g
c. 220-200
Sleeping dog series, based on an as of about 82 g.
223 Semis Sleeping dog; above, tutere or similar / Lyre; in left field, )
HNItaly 46; Bergamini pp. 329-332, 1-243; Campana 11; AG 219-10; TV 164; Haeberlin pp.
229-231, 1-125, pls. 81, 10-128 and 97, 11-12
Weight range: 54.34-24.14g
224 Triens Right hand wearing caestus; in field, ·· ·· / Two clubs; between them, tutere or similar;
in field, · · · ·
HNItaly 47; Bergamini pp. 332-335, 1-190; Campana 12; AG 221-2; TV 165;
Haeberlin pp. 231- 232, 1-91, pl. 81, 15-18
Weight range: 39.29-15.38g
225 Quadrans Frog; in field, ·· · / Anchor between tutere or similar and ·· ·
HNItaly 48; Bergamini pp. 335-340; Campana 13; AG 223-4; TV 166; Haeberlin pp. 232-233,
1-116, pls. 81, 19-22 and 97, 12
Weight range: 29.32-12.11g
226 Sextans Cicada; in field, ·· / Trident; in left field, tu or t and ··
HNItaly 49; Bergamini –; Campana 14 a-b; AG 225; TV 167; Haeberlin pp. 233-234, 1-98,
pl. 81, 23-26
Weight range: 27.20-9.10g
227 Uncia Squat cantharus; above, · / Spearhead; in field, tu and ·
HNItaly 50; Bergamini pp. 340-343, 1-188; Campana 15; AG 226; TV 168; Haeberlin p. 234-
235, 1-79, pl. 81, 27-28
Weight range: 14.24-4.40g
228 Uncia Frog / Tortoise, · and tu
NHItaly –; Bergamini –; Campana –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –; cf. 222 above
Weight: 7.5g [= NAC 7, 1994, 276]
56
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NORTH-EASTERN ITALY
ARIMINUM (Rimini)
Ariminum was a city of the Ager Gallicus situated on the coast of the Adriatic close to the mouth of the rivers
Ariminus (now Marecchia) and Apusa (Ausa) and about 15 km south of the Rubicon. Ariminum was at first of
Umbrian and Gallic foundation (Strabo Geography 5.1.11) and became a Latin colony in 268. In the 3rd century
Ariminum, together with Arretium, was an important strategic stronghold in the line of defence of the Roman
Republic against the Gauls of the Padana plain and Italy.
Bibl.: BAtlas 40 C4; EAA VI, pp. 688-69; PECS p. pp. 93-94; Garrucci pp. 31-32 pls. 59-60; Panvini Rosati 1962;
Biordi 1984; Campana, CNAI 1992a, pp. 17-31; Gorini 2010
c. 264-241
Gaul/Shield series, based on an as of about 380g
229 Quincunx Bust of Gaul r., wearing torque / Pointed shield; at l, ·····
HNItaly 2; Gorini I-II, 1; Campana 1; AG 202; TV 138a; Haeberlin p. 215, 1-4 pl. 77, 1-3
Weight range: 200.40-140.94g; Finds: Alcudia de Carnet, Valencia, Saguntum 24, 1991, pp.
163-165, Rimini [= Biordi 1]
230 Quadrunx Bust of Gaul r., wearing torque / Sword and scabbard; at r., ····
HNItaly 3; Gorini I-II, 2; Campana 2; AG 203; TV 139; Haeberlin pp. 215-216, 1-7 pl. 77, 4-7
Weight range: 157.53-116.54g
231 Teruncius Head of Gaul r., wearing torque / Trident; at r., ···
HNItaly 4; Gorini I-II.3; Campana 3; AG 204; TV 140; Haeberlin p. 216, 1-19, pl. 77, 7-8
Weight range: 122.10-85.9g; Finds: Rimini [= Biordi 2, 2a]
232 Biunx Head of Gaul r., wearing torque / Dolphin r.; below, ··
HNItaly 5; Gorini I-II, 4; Campana 4; AG 205; TV 141; Haeberlin p. 216, 1-31, pl. 77, 9-12
Weight range: 85.75-54.50g; Finds: Rimini [= Biordi 3]; Palazzo Pugliese
233 Uncia Uncia Head of Gaul r., wearing torque / Rostrum tridens r. or l.; in field, ·
HNItaly 6; Gorini I-II, 5; Campana 5; AG 206; TV 142; Haeberlin p. 217, 1-33, pl. 77, 13-15
Weight range: 39.40-23.89g
234 Semuncia Head of Gaul r., wearing torque / Scallop shell
HNItaly 7; Gorini 1-II, 6; Campana 6; AG 207; TV 143; Haeberlin p. 217, 1-22, pl. 77, 16-17
Weight range: 27.29-13.49g
235 Struck Bust of Vulcan l, wearing wreathed pileus / Warrior advancing l., holding
Quartuncia spear and shield; in exergue, ARIMN or ARIM
HNItaly 8; Gorini II-III; 7 Campana 7; Haeberlin –
Weight range: 10.00-3.50g
57
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NORTH-EASTERN ITALY
HATRIA (Atri)
Ancient Hatria was a city of the Ager Praetutianus, situated 20 km from the Adriatic Sea, between the rivers Vo-
manus (Vomano) and Matrinus (La Piomba). According to Livy (Periochae 11), ‘Hadria’ was a Latin colony from
290 and counted among the cities which offered aid to the Romans against Hannibal in 209 (Livy 27.10.7).
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 F3; EAA I, pp. 885-886; PECS p. 370; Garrucci pp. 32-33 pls. 60-61; Azzena 1987; Campana,
CNAI 1994a, pp. 17-31; D’Andrea-Andreani 2007, pp. 15-38; Marveggio, 2011
c. 275-225
Silenus/Dog series, based on an as of about 372g
236 As Head of Selinus facing; sometimes in field, legends HAT, TAH, I or L / Sleeping dog curled right;
sometimes in field legends HAT, I or L
HNItaly 11; Campana 1; AG 180-3; TV 181; Haeberlin pp. 203-6, 1-67 pls. 74, 1-10, 75, 1-6, 95, 1-2, 96, 6
Weight range: 435.00-323.00g
237 Qiuncunx Female head emerging murex shell; below, HAT / Pegasus flying r.; below, ·····
HNItaly 12; Campana 2; AG 184-5; TV 182; Haeberlin pp. 206-7, 1-31 pls. 75, 7-11, 96, 10
Weight range: 233.20-128.79g
238 Quadrunx Male head l; in l field, ···· / Crater; in r. field, HAT or TAH
HNItaly 13; Campana 3; AG 184-5; TV 183; Haeberlin p. 207, 1-28 pl. 76, 1-2
Weight range: 200.75-129.92g
239 Teruncius Fish r.; above, HAT / Skate r.; below, ···
HNItaly 14; Campana 4; AG 188; TV 184; Haeberlin p. 208, pl 76, 3-5
Weight range: 136.75-67.00g
240 Biunx Cock standing l; in l field, ·· / Shoe r.; below, HAT or TAH
HNItaly 15; Campana 5; AG 189-90; TV 185; Haeberlin pp. 208-9, 1-82 pls. 76, 6-12, 95, 6
Weight range: 83.00-42.60g
241* Biunx Cock standing r.; at l, ·· / Shoe r.; below, HAT or TAH
HNItaly 15; Campana 5; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin p. 209, 56, 75, pl. 76, 11-12
Weight range: 60.20-51.60g
242 Uncia Anchor / · ; around, HAT or TAH
HNItaly 16; Campana 6; AG 191-192; TV 186; Haeberlin p. 210, 1-75 pls. 76, 13-16, 95, 16
Weight range: 57.98-20.81g
243* Uncia Anchor; in r. field, H / · ; around, HAT or TAH
HNItaly 16; Campana 6; AG 191-192; TV 186a; Haeberlin p. 210, 18, pls. 95, 6
Weight: 37.50g [= Napoli,MA Fiorelli I, 350]
244 Semuncia H / A , in r. field, ∑
HNItaly 17; Campana 7; AG 193; TV 187; Haeberlin pp. 210-211, 1-56 pl. 76, 17-19
Weight range: 35.39-9.76g
58
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NORTH-EASTERN ITALY
FIRMUM (Fermo)
A stronghold of the Piceni of great antiquity. The city is attested by the remains of its cyclopean walls. Firmum
Picenum became a Latin colony in 264 and remained loyal to Rome down to the Second Punic and Social
Wars.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 F2; EAA III, pp. 624-645; PECS p. 329; Garrucci p. 32 pl. 60; Parise, 1987; Campana, CNAI
1994b, pp. 209-215.
c. 264-225
Series based on an as standard of about 288g
245 Quadrans Female head l.; at r., ··· / Head of bull facing; upside down in field, FIR
HNItaly 9; Parise p. 79, a 1-4; Campana 1; AG 194; TV 179; Haeberlin p. 212, 1-3 pls. 76, 20-
21, 93, 5 (the example in Lanz 135, 2007, 399 with head r., needs verification)
Weight range: 97.65-57.84g; Finds: Falerone, Fermo
246 Sextans Bipennis; above, ·· / Spearhead; retrograde in field, FIR
HNItaly 10; Parise 1987, pp. 79-80, b, 5-8; Campana 2; AG 195; TV 180; Haeberlin p. 213, 1-
4 pls. 76, 22-26
Weight range: 49.01-37.80g; Finds: Fermo
247 Semuncia Head of bull facing / Spearhead; FIR retrograde
HNItaly –; Parise –; Campana –; Haeberlin –; AG –
Weight: 9.06g [= Private collection]
THE VESTINI
The Vestini were an ancient Italic tribe who occupied the area of the modern Abruzzo between the Gran Sasso
and the northern bank of the Aterno river. The famous 4th century BC ‘Warrior of Capestrano’, a statue by the
sculptor Aninis representing Naevius Pompuledius, king of the Vestini, was found in 1934 and is now in the
National Archaeological Museum of the Abruzzi in Chieti. The tribe entered into an alliance with Rome in
about 302 and retained its independence down to the Social War. Their main centres were: Pitinum (near
modern L’Aquila), Aufinum (Ofena), Peltuinum (Prata d’Ansidonia), Aternum (Pescara, shared with the Mar-
rucini) and Pinna (Penne), the probable mint for their coinage.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 F4; Garrucci p. 33 pl. 62; Campana, CNAI 1994b, pp. 209-215; La Torre 1996; D’Andrea-An-
dreani 2007, pp. 45-50; Concetti 2011
c. 275-225
Series based on an as standard of about 381g
248 Teruncius Lion’s claw l; below, VES / Plough; below, ···
HNItaly 18; La Torre p. 38; Campana 1; AG 196; TV 188; Haeberlin p. 201, 1 pl. A, 3
Weight: 85.57g [= Haeberlin collection, Canessa Paris, 1909]
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NORTH-EASTERN ITALY
249 Biunx Bull’s head facing; above, ·· / Crescent; below, VES
HNItaly 19; La Torre pp. 38-9; Campana 2; AG 197; TV 189; Haeberlin p. 201, 1-4 pl. 73, 17-20
Weight range: 85.50-74.33g
250 Uncia Scallop-shell; below, · / Bipennis; below, VES.
HNItaly 20; La Torre p. 39; Campana 3; AG 198; TV 190; Haeberlin p. 202, 1-10 pl. 73, 21-24
Weight range: 44.22-32.30g
251 Semuncia Shoe r. / VES.
HNItaly 21; La Torre pp. 39-40; Campana 4; AG 199; TV 191; Haeberlin p. 202,1-9 pl. 73,
25-26
Weight range: 23.10-16.05g
Post-semilibral as still attached to the ‘tree’ of bronze which once connected to at least four other pieces poured with it,
Bologna, Museo Civico (Haeberlin pl. 52, 39).
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CENTRAL ITALY
CARSIOLI (Cività, near Carsoli)
The Latin colony of Carsioli was founded on the Via Valeria in the territory of the Aequi between 302 and 298
(Livy 10.3.2). It is mentioned that in 209 Carsioli was one of the twelve out of thirty Latin colonies which claimed
inability to furnish more men or money to Rome for the war against Hannibal. The coinage is based on an as of
about 323g.
Bibl.: BAtlas 44 D1; EAA II, pp. 371-372; PECS p. 201; Campana, CNAI 1994c, pp. 221-223; D’Andrea-Andreani
2007, pp. 39-41
c. 275-225
252 Quadrans CARS / Two crescents back to back; between, ···
HNItaly 245; Campana 1; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: – [= N.Circ. 1912, 13452]
253 Sextans. CAR ; below, · · / Bipennis with handle
HNItaly 246; Campana 2; AG 92; TV 192; Haeberlin p. 149, 1 pl. 93, 1
Weight: 53.78g [= Haeberlin collection = Vitallini 1904]; Finds: Riofreddo, Carsioli
PRAENESTE (?)
Praeneste (modern Preneste) is sited 36 km east of Rome on Monte Ginestro from which it dominated the Via
Latina and later the Via Lubicana. The oldest finds are of immensely rich Etruscan-type tombs of the 7th century.
Praeneste became an ally of Rome after the battle of Lake Regillus in 499, but opposed Rome in the Latin War
and was eventually subdued by Cincinnatus in 388. The coinage is based on an as of about 266g.
Bibl.: BAtlas 43 D2; EAA V, 887-891; PECS pp. 735-736; Garrucci p. 22 pls. 41-42; Fallani 1986, pp. 35-36
c. 275-225
254 As Lion’s head facing, spear between jaws / Horse’s head l.; in l. field, caduceus, barley-grain,
crescent or club
HNItaly 249; AG 95-96; TV 45; Haeberlin pp. 151-152, 120 pl. 63, 5-10 and 64, 1-2
Weight range: 316.16-226.76g; Finds: Artena, 1884, near Palestrina; Perugia, before 1885;
Valmontone, near Palestrina before 1910; Satricum; Monte Castello di Vibio; Perugia
REATE (Rieti)
Originally a Sabine community (Strabo 5.3.1, 228), Reate later became a Roman praefectura on a site that dom-
inated the all-important Via Salaria which linked Rome with the Adriatic Sea. Attested find spots include Narni,
Poggio Catino, Rieti, Rome and Velletri. The coinage is based on an as of about 273g.
Bibl.: BAtlas 42 D4; EAA VI, pp. 687-688; Garrucci p. 18 pl. 33; Campana, CNAI, 1994d, pp. 217-220
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CENTRAL ITALY
c. 275-225
255 As Diademed and bearded head (Genius?) l.; in l. field, LT / Sea eagle standing l. on fish,
looking back; above, R
HNItaly 250; Campana 1b; AG 94; TV 253a; Haeberlin pp. 149, 2 pl. 64, 4 and 93, 3
Weight range: 289.30-246.00g
256* As Diademed and bearded head (Genius?) l.; in l. field, TN / Sea eagle standing l. on fish,
looking back; above, R
HNItaly 250; Campana 1a; AG 94; TV 253; Haeberlin pp. 149-150, 1 and 3 pl. 64, 4 and 93, 6
Weight range: 314.92-243.57g
UNKNOWN MINTS IN CENTRAL ITALY
Third century
Minerva/Cantharus series, based on an as of about 292g
257 As Head of Minerva l., wearing crested Corinthian helmet / Cantharus
HNItaly 344; AG 77; TV 254; Haeberlin p. 147, 1-5 pls. 62, 1-4 pl. 94, 15
Weight range: 321.34-285.19g
258 Semis Head of Minerva l., wearing crested Corinthian helmet / Cantharus; in r. field, S
HNItaly 345; AG 78; TV 255; Haeberlin p. 147, 1-2 pl. 62, 5-6
Weight range: 160.80-131.82g; Finds: Nemi
259 Triens Head of Minerva l., wearing crested Corinthian helmet / Cantharus; in field, ·· ··
HNItaly 346; AG 79; TV 256; Haeberlin p. 147, 1 pl. 62, 7
Weight range: 96.49g [= BM, from Castellani]
260 Quadrans Dolphin l. / Cantharus; in field, · · ·
HNItaly 347; AG 80; TV 257; Haeberlin p. 148, 1-4 pl. 62, 8-9
Weight range: 78.82-68.32g; Finds: Territory of the Vestini
261 Sextans Scallop shell / Cantharus; in field, · ·
HNItaly 348; AG 81; TV 258; Haeberlin p. 148, 1-7 pl. 62, 10-12
Weight range: 50.43-39.72g
262 Uncia Club in field, · / Cantharus
HNItaly 349; AG 82; TV 259; Haeberlin p. 1-8 pl. 62, 13-14
Weight range: 23.05g-16.00g
263 Semuncia Caduceus; in field, inverted Σ / Cantharus
HNItaly 350; AG 83; TV 260; Haeberlin p. 1-3 pl. 62, 15-16
Weight range: 15.28g-12.05g
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CENTRAL ITALY
Eagle/Octopus series, based on an as of 326g
264 Triens Eagle standing l., head turned; in field, · · · · / Octopus; in field, · · · ·
HNItaly 361; AG 104; TV 200; Haeberlin p. 159, 1-5 pl. 66, 10-11
Weight range: 121.15-92.20g; Finds: Montecampano, near Aemelia before 1881 (Willers 1924, p. 226)
265 Sextans Head and neck of eagle r. / Octopus; in left field, ··
HNItaly 361 note; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 55g [= Garrett collection I, 1984, 631 and Martini collection = Fallani 1986, p. 37, 4]
Sickle series, based on an as of about 285g
266 Semis Sickle / U
HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 129g [= NAC 5, 1992, 243]
267 Uncia Sickle / Blank
HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 26g [= NAC 5, 1992, 244]
CENTRAL ITALIAN ISSUES NOT IN RECOGNISABLE SERIES
Third century
268 Tressis (?) Janiform head of maenad l. and Silenos r. / Head and neck of antelope l.
HNItaly –; AG –; TV 299; Haeberlin p. 280 pl. A, 1
Weight: 906.05g [= Berlin,SM]
269 As (?) Triskeles / Trident
HNItaly –; AG 193a; TV 300; Haeberlin p. 24, 2-2a pl. 9, 10
Weight: 484.18g [= Firenze,MA]; Finds: between Todi and Perugia
270 As (?) Gorgoneion / Blank
HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin p. 24, 1 pl. 9, 9
Weight: 313.80g [= Boyne collection, Sotheby 1896, 573]
271 As Head of young Hercules r., wearing lion’s skin / Head of griffin r.
HNItaly 353; AG 96a, 131; TV 193; Haeberlin pp. 150-151 pl. 63, 1-4
Weight range: 331.30-283.55g
272 As Head of young Hercules r., wearing lion’s skin. / Head of bridled horse l.
HNItaly 351; AG 124; TV 272; Haeberlin p. 181-2, 1-3 pl. 70, 1-3
Weight range: 360.79-341.23g; Finds: Puglia
273 As Laureate head of Apollo l.; above, I / Head of horse l.
HNItaly 355; AG 98; TV 196; Haeberlin p. 156, 1 pl. 65, 2
Weight: 188.57 [= BMCItaly p. 137, 6]
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CENTRAL ITALY
274 As Helmeted female head l. / Diademed male head l.
HNItaly 354; AG 97; TV 301; Haeberlin p. 152, 1 pl. 64, 5
Weight: 249.40g [= Haeberlin collection, from Sambon 1894]; Finds: Tiber at Rome, prob-
ably in 1887
275 Semis Crater / Boar standing r.; above, S
HNItaly 358; AG 101; TV 198; Haeberlin p. 157, 1-8, pl. 66, 2-3
Weight range: 171.20-132.40g; Finds: Tivoli
276 Semis Head of bull three-quarter r. / Prow r. with acrostolium; in r. field, S
HNItaly 359; AG 103; TV 44; Haeberlin p. 157-158 1-24 pl. 66, 5-9
Weight range: 167.96-118.20g; Finds: Palestrina, before 1893; Ariccia 1848
277 Semis Female head l., hair bound by sphendone / Barley-grain; below, S
HNItaly 357; AG 99; TV 197; Haeberlin p. 156, 1-12, 14, 16, pl. 65, 3-7
Weight range: 174.70-135.20g; Finds: Vicarello 1852
278 Semis Female head l., hair bound by sphendone / Barley-grain; above, caduceus; below, S
HNItaly 357; AG 99; TV 197a; Haeberlin p. 156, 13, 15, 17 pl. 65, 8, 9
Weight range: 150.57-135.20g; Finds: [10, 278, 316] Vicarello 1852
279 Semis (?) Crater / Steering oar
HNItaly 360; AG 102; TV 199; Haeberlin p. 158, 1-2 pl. 95, 8
Weight range: 151.60-147.94g
280 Triens Head of young Hercules l., wearing lion’s skin / Plough; below, ····
HNItaly 367; AG – ; TV – ; Haeberlin –
Weight: 105.77 g. [= Private collection = Fallani, 1986, p. 38, 5]
281 Triens Forepart of boar r.; in field, ·· ·· / Lyre; in field, ·· ··
HNItaly 362; AG 173;TV 201; Haeberlin p. 159, 1-22 pl. 67, 12-14
Weight range: 115.67-84.50g; Finds: Satricum
282 Triens Sunburst within crescent; to r., ···· / Eight-spoked wheel
HNItaly 363; AG 172; TV 202; Haeberlin p. 159-160, 11, 14
Weight range: 117.10-76.20g; Finds: Falerii Veteres [RIN 1890, p. 317]
283* Triens Sunburst within crescent; below, ···· / Eight-spoked wheel
HNItaly 363; AG 172; TV 202; Haeberlin p. 159-160, 1-10, 12, 13 pl. 67, 1-3
Weight range: included above
284 Triens Head of bird r. / Wing; below, ····
HNItaly 364; AG 318a; TV 203; Haeberlin p. 160, 1 pl. 95, 10
Weight: 86.64g [= J. Sambon, from a cast]
285 Triens Crater; in field, ·· ·· / Rhyton ending in animal’s head; in field, ····
HNItaly 365; AG 105; TV 204; Haeberlin p. 160, 1
Weight: 90 g. [= Private collection 0154 = Hartwig collection p. 93, 1910, 855 = Hirsch
1914, 614
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CENTRAL ITALY
286 Triens Tortoise (?); in field, ·· ·· / Animal head rhyton; in field, ·· ··
HNItaly 366; AG 106; TV 205; Haeberlin p. 160, 1 pl. A, 2
Weight: 92.45 g. [= Haeberlin collection = Weber II, 68]
287 Triens Plough l. / Plough r.; in field, · · · ·
HNItaly 368; AG –; Catalli 1990, 63b (Tarquinii); TV 206; Haeberlin p. 161, 1 pl. 67, 4
Weight: 82.30 [= Kircher collection = Garrucci pl. 60, 5]; Finds: Fermo
288 Triens or Plough on raised disc / Plough on raised disc
quadrans HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Garrucci –; Haeberlin –
Weight 81.70 [private collection]
The fabric and raised disc is similar to the issues of Iguvium (nos. 203-215)
289 Triens or Bull’s head facing (?) / Uncertain object
Quadrans HNItaly 369; AG –; TV 207; Haeberlin p. 161, 1 pl. 95, 9
Weight: 85.94g [= Garrucci collection p. 91, 3 etc]; Finds: San Pastore by Gallicano, Lazio
290 Quadrans Ram’s head l.; in field, · · · / Head of dolphin l.; in field, · · ·
HNItaly 370; AG 176; TV 208; Haeberlin p. 161, 1-11 pl, 67, 5-6
Weight range: 80.18-56.25g
291 Quadrans Frog; in field, · · · / Triskeles; in field, · · ·
HNItaly 371; AG 107; TV 209; Haeberlin p. 161, 1-9 pl. 67, 7-9
Weight range: 83.50-63.75g
292 Quadrans Griffin-crested Phrygian helmet r.; in field, · · · / Cantharus; in field, · · ·
HNItaly 372; AG 80a; TV 210; Haeberlin p. 162, 1-21 pl. 67, 10-12
Weight range: 82.00-43.80g; Finds: Tivoli
293 Quadrans Bunch of grapes; in field, · · · / Crater; in r. field, · · ·
HNItaly 373; AG 108; TV 211; Haeberlin p. 162, 1-3 pl. 67, 13-14
Weight range: 73.71-67.50g
294 Quadrans Head of young Hercules r., wearing lion’s skin / Forepart of boar r.; below, ···
HNItaly 374; AG 177; TV 212; Haeberlin p. 163, 1 pl. 67, 15
Weight: 56.58g [= Kircher collection = Garrucci pl. 46, 2]
295 Quadrans Barley-grain; in field, · · · or :./ Sunburst of sixteen rays with central pellet
HNItaly 375; AG 319; TV 213; BMCItaly p. 31, 7; Haeberlin pp. 163-164 p. 1-10 pl. 67, 16-22
Weight range: 108.76-48.98g
296* Quadrans Four-spoked wheel / ···
HNItaly 376; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: 17.55 [= Vanni 1989, p. 1130]; Finds: near Città di Castello
297 Sextans Anchor; in field, · · / Trident; in field, · ·
HNItaly 377; AG 109; TV 214; Haeberlin p. 164, 1-34 pl. 68, 1-2
Weight range: 69.70-38.20g
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CENTRAL ITALY
298* Sextans Bunch of grapes / Wineskin (?); in field, · ·
HNItaly 378; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight: – [= Chieti,MA]
299 Sextans Spearhead; in field, ·· / Trident; in field, ··
HNItaly 379; AG 110; TV 215; Haeberlin pp. 164-165, 1-35 pl. 68, 3-6
Weight range: 69.60-32.64g
300 Sextans Tortoise; in field, · · / Head of griffin r.; in field, · ·
HNItaly 380 ; AG 111; TV 216; Haeberlin p. 165, 1-22 pl. 68, 7-8
Weight range: 53.70-36.20g
301 Sextans Owl standing l.; in field, · · / Forepart of boar l.; in field, ··
HNItaly 381; AG 174; TV 217; Haeberlin pp. 165-166, 1-6 pl. 68, 10-12
Weight range: 59.27-34.20g
302 Sextans Head of boar l. / Cantharus; in field, · ·
HNItaly 382; AG 178; TV 218; Haeberlin p. 166, 1-2 p. pl. 68, 13-14
Weight range: 44.71-38.52g; Finds: Vicarello
303 Sextans Head of boar r.; below, M ; above, · · / Head of boar r.; below, N
HNItaly 383; AG 315; TV 219; Haeberlin p. 166, 1-7 p. pl. 68, 15-16
Weight range: 62.66-51.30g
304 Sextans (?) Crescent; above uncertain symbol / Knucklebone
HNItaly 399; AG 320; TV 237; Haeberlin p. 172, 1 pl. 69, 17
Weight: 40.30g [= Haeberlin collection = Bunbury 281]
305 Uncia Sunburst of eight rays with central pellet / Barley-grain; below, · M ; above, N
HNItaly 384; AG 316; TV 221; Haeberlin p. 167, 1-2 p. pl. 68, 18-19
Weight range: 32.17-25.50g
306 Uncia Club; in field, · / Pentagram; at centre, ·
HNItaly 385 ; AG 117; TV 222; Haeberlin pp. 167-168, 1-34 pl. 68, 20-22
Weight range: 32.17-25.50g; Finds: Pietrabbondante/Bovianum Vetus before 1860
307 Uncia Scallop shell / Pentagram; at centre, ·
HNItaly 390; AG 118; TV 227; Haeberlin p. 169, 1-2 pl. 68, 32
Weight range: 25.20-24.98g
308 Uncia Jug; in l. field, · / Pedum; in l. field, ·
HNItaly 386; AG 112; TV 223; Haeberlin p. 168, 1-44 pl. 68, 23-25
Weight range: 34.15-20.34g; Finds: Tivoli
309 Uncia · on raised disc / Swastika
HNItaly 387; AG 113; TV 224; Haeberlin pp. 168-169, 1-26 pl. 68, 26-27
Weight range: 32.20-20.10g; Finds: Chieti,MA probably from a local find; Vicarello
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CENTRAL ITALY
310 Uncia Knucklebone / Cista
HNItaly 388; AG 114; TV 225; Haeberlin p. 169, 1-7 pl. 68, 28-30
Weight range: 34.35-21.62g
311 Uncia Bunch of grapes / Sunburst of four rays; at centre, ·
HNItaly 389; AG 179; TV 226; Haeberlin p. 169, 1 pl. 68, 31
Weight: 24.10g [= BMCItaly p. 59, 39]
312 Uncia Cocoon; in field, · / Cocoon
HNItaly 391; AG 115; TV 229; Haeberlin p. 170, 1 pl. 69, 1
Weight range: 16.12g [= Firenze,MA = Garrucci pl. 44, 8]
313 Uncia Spearhead; in l. field, · / Cocoon
HNItaly 392; AG 321; TV 230; Haeberlin p. 170, 1 pl. 69, 2
Weight range: 19.70g [= Napoli,MA = Fiorelli I, 580]
314 Uncia Yoke / Crescent; at centre, ·
HNItaly 393; AG 322; TV 231; Haeberlin p. 170, 1 pl. 69, 3
Weight range: 21.30g [= Kircher collection = Marchi, incerte pl. 4, A1]
315 Uncia Foot r. / Crescent; at centre, ·
HNItaly 394; AG 323; TV 232; Haeberlin p. 170, 1 pl. 69, 4
Weight range: 18.02g [= Haeberlin collection, from Stettiner]
316 Uncia Uncertain letters; at centre, · / ·
HNItaly 395; AG a-b; Garrucci p. 25, 1 p. 47; TV 298; Catalli 1990, 93; Haeberlin p. 279 pl.
97, 15
Weight: 14.15g [= SNGFirenze 1172 = Strozzi collection 172]: Finds: [10, 278, 316] Talamone
(NSc 1888 p. 688)
For an interpretation of this legend as xapu see Cristofani 1976, p. 356 note 35, and for a general dis-
cussion: M. de Benetti “Le monete di Talamone (Orbetello, GR), 1801-1892”, Collezioni numis-
matiche in Italia, Documentazione dei complessi, Pontedera, 2010, pp. 14-18.
317 Uncia Caduceus / · ; around, uncertain letters
HNItaly –; AG 244 –; TV 297; Haeberlin – ; Bergamini 2001, 59
Weight range: 19.35g [= Bonci Casuccini collection = Bergamini 2001, 59]
318 Semuncia Beetle / Sunburst of four rays
HNItaly 397; AG 116; TV 235, 252; Haeberlin p. 171, 1-28 pl. 69, 12-14
Weight range: 20.40-8.00g; Finds: a specimen in Chieti,MA probably from a local find
319 Semuncia Bunch of grapes / Spearhead
HNItaly 398 ; AG 179a; TV 236; Haeberlin p. 172, 1-20 pl. 69, 15-16
Weight range: 14.40-7.11g; Finds: Palestrina
320 Æ ? Crescent / Blank
HNItaly 401; AG 325; TV 239; Haeberlin p. 172, 1 pl. 69, 20
Weight: 21.70g [= Napoli,MA, Fiorelli I, 575]
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CENTRAL ITALY
321 Æ ? Male head l. / Four-spoked wheel
HNItaly 402; AG 326; TV 240; Haeberlin p. 172, 1 pl. 69, 21
Weight: 13.10g [= Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894 p. 33, 21]
322 Æ ? Frog (?) / Crescent
HNItaly 403; AG 329; TV 242; Haeberlin p. 132, 1-2 pl. 69, 23-24
Weight range: 10.00-9.13g
323 Æ ? Helmet (?) / Uncertain object
HNItaly 405; AG 330; TV 244; Haeberlin p. 173, 1 pl. 97, 14
Weight: 3.90g [= Napoli,MA = Fiorelli I, 608]
SAMNIUM
MELES
Meles was a Samnite oppidum which Hannibal converted into a base for his supply train; the precise location of
which is unknown.
Bibl.: BAtlas cf. maps 44-45; Salmon 2010, p. 301; ECR II, pp. 116-119; Campana, CNAI 1995, pp. 238-288
c. 216-210
Janiform head series, based on an as of about 125g
324 Triens Beardless janiform head; in r. field, mel / African elephant with mahout walking l.;
in exergue, ····
HNItaly 441; Campana 1; AG 334; TV 268; Haeberlin p. 175-176, 1-3 pl. 69, 37-38
Weight range: 42.44-29.73g
325 Sextans Bearded head of Hercules r., sometimes with club; in l. field, ·· / African elephant with
mahout walking l.
HNItaly 442; Campana 2; AG 335-6; TV 269; Haeberlin p. 176, 1-12 pl. 69, 39-41
Weight range: 30.50-13.51g; Finds: Sepino in Samnium; Maiano near Airola
326 Uncia Beardless male head r.; in l. field, · / Dolphin r.; below, mel
HNItaly 443; Campana 3; AG 337; TV 270; Haeberlin p. 176,1 pl. 79, 42
Weight: 10.51g [= Haeberlin collection, from Sambon 1894]
327 Semuncia Beardless head with African features facing / Head of horse l.; in l. field, mel
HNItaly 444; Campana 4; AG 338; TV 271; Haeberlin p. 176, 1 pl. 69, 43
Weight: 6.74g [= Haeberlin collection, from Sambon 1894]
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NORTHERN APULIA
AUSCULUM (Ascoli Satriano)
Ausculum was a city of the Daunii situated on a branch of the Appian Way about 28 km from Foggia, near the
site where the Romans suffered a defeat at the hands of Pyrrhus in 279. The community was independent down
to the Social War. The provenance given by Garrucci indicates attribution to Ausculum and rather than to As-
culum in Picenum.
Bibl.: BAtlas 45 C2; BTCGI III, pp. 324-330; PECS p. 99; Garrucci p. 35 pl. 45, 1-5
c. 217-212
A/Thunderbolt series, based on an as of about 98g
328 Quatrunx A ; below, ···· / Thunderbolt
HNItaly 656a; AG 166; TV 174; Haeberlin p. 195, 1-15 pl. 72, 10-12
Weight range: 51.57-29.40g
329 Teruncius A ; below, ··· / Thunderbolt
HNItaly 656b; AG 167; TV 175; Haeberlin p. 196, 1-9 pl. 72, 13-15
Weight range: 31.00-21.25g
330 Biunx A ; below, ·· / Thunderbolt
HNItaly 656c; AG 168; TV 176; Haeberlin p. 1-5 pl. 72, 16-17
Weight range: 26.05-17.11g
331 Uncia A ; below, · / Thunderbolt
HNItaly 656d; AG 169; TV 177; Haeberlin p. 196, 1 pl. 72, 18
Weight: 11.45g [= Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894 p. 29, 4]
332 Semuncia A / Thunderbolt
HNItaly 656e; AG 170; TV 178; Haeberlin p. 196, I
Weight range: 6.68g [= Garrucci pl. 65, 5]
LUCERIA (Lucera)
Luceria was a settlement of the Daunii of considerable strategic importance about 19 km N-NW of Foggia. Ac-
cording to legend, like Arpi and Canosa it dates to Diomedes, who carried the Palladium from Troy to the site
(Stabo 6.264; Pliny 2.102). During the Second Samnite War (326-304) it was an ally of Rome, to whom it gave aid
following the disaster of the Caudine Forks in 321. It became a Latin colony in 314 (Livy 9.26.1-5). From then on
Luceria was a steadfast supporter of Rome and during the Second Punic War (218-201) became the winter quarters
of the Roman army (Livy 22.9). The monetary unit at Luceria, (as at Teate and Venusia) was the nummus (CMRR,
pp. 14-15). During the Second Punic War Rome produced coins at Luceria as an auxiliary mint (nos. 113-114).
Bibl.: BAtlas 45 B1; BTCGI IX, pp. 261-269; EAA IV pp. 706-707; PECS pp. 531-532; Garrucci pp. 39-35, pp. 39-
41 pls. 63-64, pl. 70, 4; Grueber, 1906; Siciliano 1993
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NORTHERN APULIA
c. 275
Named series, based on a nummus about 282g, and without names of about 226g
333 Nummus Laureate head of Apollo r.; around, C·MODIO·CR·F· F·PVLIO L·F· or similar / Horse
prancing r.; above, sunburst
HNItaly 668; AG 131-2; TV 273; Haeberlin pp. 182-183 1-5 pls. 70, 4-6 and 95, 13-14
Weight range: 345-278.10g; Finds: Luceria
334 Nummus Head of Apollo l.; in l. field, sometimes, I / Cock standing l.; around,
L·SEXTI· SEP·BABI· or similar
HNItaly 669; AG 135; TV 194a; Haeberlin p. 152-155, 1-4 pl. 95, 12 and pl. 102, 2
Weight range: 319.10g-259.05g; Finds: Castelnuovo della Daunia 1896; Valle d’Ansanto
335 Nummus Head of Apollo l. / Cock standing l.; around, M·LAVINIO, cock standing l.
HNItaly 669; AG 136; TV 194b; Haeberlin p. 155, 1 pl. 102, 1
Weight: 272.37g [= Cassel,MF]
c. 225-217
Anonymous series, based on a 10-uncia nummus of about 224g
336 Nummus Head of Apollo l. / Cock standing l.
HNItaly 669; AG 134; TV 195; Haeberlin p. 1-36 pls. 64, 6-10 and pl. 65, 1
Weight range: 301-179.67g
337 Quincunx Four wheel spokes, with central circle / Four wheel spokes, with central circle; in field, ·····
HNItaly 670; AG 125; TV 274; Haeberlin p. 183, 1-7 pl. 70, 7-9
Weight range: 124.64-90.20g
338 Quincunx Four wheel spokes, with central pellet / Four wheel spokes, with central pellet; in field, ·····
HNItaly –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight range: 110.70g [= NAC 54, 2010, 4]
339 Quatrunx Thunderbolt / Club; in field, ····
HNItaly 671; AG 126; TV 275; Haeberlin p. 183, 1-17 pl. 70, 10-11
Weight range: 137.05.64-90.06g
340 Teruncius Sunburst of six rays / Dolphin l. within circle; below, ···
HNItaly 672; AG 127; TV 276; Haeberlin p. 183-184, 1-34 pl. 70, 12—13
Weight range: 117.95-65.77g
341 Biunx Scallop shell / Knucklebone; in field, ··
HNItaly 673; AG 128; TV 277; Haeberlin p. 184, 1-20 pl. 71, 1-2
Weight range: 79.77-47.35g
342 Uncia Frog / Corn-ear; in field, ·
HNItaly 674; AG 129; TV 278; Haeberlin p. 184-185, 1-56 pls. 71, 3-6 and 95, 7
Weight range: 51.12-26.20g
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NORTHERN APULIA
343 Semuncia Crescent / Thyrsus with fillets
HNItaly 675; AG 130; TV 279; Haeberlin p. 185-186, 1-34 pl. 71, 7-8
Weight range: 31.94-13.35g (The average implies a nummus of 433g)
c. 217-212
Series based on a 10-uncia nummus of about 79g
344 Nummus Head of young Hercules r., wearing lion’s skin / Horse prancing r.; below, L or similar
HNItaly 676; AG 137; TV 280; Haeberlin p. 187, 1-34 pl. 71, 9-13
Weight range: 92.25-56.57g; Finds: Lecce nei Marsi
345 Quincunx Four wheel spokes / Four wheel spokes; above, ····· ; below, L
HNItaly 677a; AG 138;TV 281; Haeberlin p. 187-188, 1-78 pl. 71, 14-17
Weight range: 43.45-30.25g; Finds: Ceglie ‘nella Puglia’; Larino
346 Quatrunx Thunderbolt / Club; in field, ···· ; below, L or similar
HNItaly 677b; AG 139; TV 282; Haeberlin p. 188-189, 1-59 pl. 71, 18-20
Weight range: 39.33-23.51g; Finds: Alba Fucens; Ordona
347 Teruncius Sunburst of six rays / Dolphin l. within circle; below, ··· ; below, L or similar
HNItaly 677c; AG 140; TV 283; Haeberlin p. 189, 1-49, 1-34 pls. 70, 21-23 and 96, 9
Weight range: 35.20-18.50g
348 Biunx Scallop shell / Knucklebone; in field, ·· ; below, L or similar
HNItaly 677d; AG 141; TV 284; Haeberlin p. 189-190, 1-59 pl. 71, 24-25
Weight range: 23.50-14.90g
349 Uncia Frog / Corn-ear; in field, · ; below, L or similar
HNItaly 677e; AG 142; TV 284; Haeberlin p. 190, 1-45 pls. 71, 26-27
Weight range: 14.80-16.85g
350 Semuncia Crescent / Thyrsus with fillets; in field, L or similar
HNItaly 677f; AG 143; TV 286; Haeberlin p. 191, 1-40 pl. 71, 28-29
Weight range: 8.88g-4.35g
VENUSIA (Venosa)
Venusia was originally a Peucetian/Oscan settlement situated on the borders of Apulia and Samnium. It was col-
onized by Rome in 291 (Dionysius Halic. Ant.Rom. 17-18.5) and became an important stronghold on the Via
Appia. It was here that the consul Terentius Varro and the survivors of Cannae sought refuge in 216 (Livy 22.49),
and it was used by Marcellus as a base for military operations between 210 and 207.
Bibl.: BAtlas 45 C3; PECS p. 966; Garrucci pp. 35-36 pl. 65; Burnett 1991; Siciliano 1994
c. 275-225
Series based on a nummus of about 336g and fractions based on a nummus of about 321g
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NORTHERN APULIA
351 Nummus Head of boar l. / Head of dog l.
HNItaly 707; Siciliano 1994, 1.1; AG 153; TV 289; Haeberlin p. 197, 1-11 pls. 72, 19-22, 73, 1,
and 96, 1-5
Weight range: 369.15-323.22g; average 338.55g; Finds: Venosa
352 Teruncius Scallop shell / Three crescents
HNItaly 708; Siciliano 1994, 1.2; AG 154; TV 290; Haeberlin p. 198, 1-13 pl. 73, 2-3
Weight range: 101.50-83.95g
353 Biunx Dolphin l.; below, ·· / Dolphin l.; below, ··
HNItaly 709; Siciliano 1.3; AG 155; TV 291; Haeberlin p. 198, 1-16 pl. 73, 4-6
Weight range: 71.16-52.15g
354 Semuncia Crescent / Crescent
HNItaly 710; Siciliano 1994, 1.4; AG 156; TV 292; Haeberlin p. 198, 1-15 pl. 73, 7-8
Weight range: 21.71-13.40g; Finds: Apulia
c. 215
Series based on a nummus of about 120g
355 Teruncius Scallop shell / Three crescents, VE
HNItaly 711; Siciliano 1994, 2.1; AG 157; TV 293; Haeberlin p. 199, 1-15 pl. 73, 9-12
Weight range: 45.00-33.00g
356 Biunx Dolphin l.; below, ·· / Dolphin l.; above, VE ligate; below, ··
HNItaly 712; Siciliano 1994, 2.2; AG 156; TV 294; Haeberlin p. 199, 1-24 pl. 73, 13-14
Weight range: 29.71-14.00g
357 Uncia Knucklebone; below, · / Knucklebone; above, VE ligate; below, ·
HNItaly –; Siciliano 1994 –; AG –; TV –; Haeberlin –
Weight range: 15.67 [= Vecchi 13, 1998, 579] – 14.72g [= NAC 59, 2011, 672]
358 Semuncia Crescent / Crescent; above, VE ligate
HNItaly 713; Siciliano 1994, 2.3; AG 157; TV 295; Haeberlin p. 199, 1-4 pl. 73
Weight range: 7.65-4.73g
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NORTHERN LUCANIA
VOLCEI (Buccino)
Volcei was the chief town of the Volceiani, whose territory was bounded in the north by that of the Hirpini, in
the west and south by Lucania and in the east by the territory of Venusia. Its coinage is similar to that of Capua,
Calatia and Atella and appears to belong to the time of revolt against Rome during the Second Punic War (218-
201). It was retaken by Rome in 209 (Livy 27.15.2).
Bibl.: BAtlas 45 B3; BTCGI IV, pp. 209-212; Garrucci pp. 36-37 pl. 66; 9-10; Sambon 1903, pp. 414-415; Sambon
1921, pp. 3-11; ERC II, pp. 119-122; Robinson 1964, pp. 42-43; Ross Holloway 1970, p. 111, no. 302
c. 216-209
Head of Sol series is based on an as of about 147g
359 Triens Head of Sol facing; below, ·· ·· / Horse’s head l.; above, ÌE ; below, ····
HNItaly 1341; AG 331; TV 261; Haeberlin p. 173, 1-3 pl. 69, 26-27
Weight range: 53.52-36.14g
360 Sextans Head of Sol facing; below, ·· / Horse’s head l.; below, ÌE ; in l. field, ··
HNItaly 1342; AG 332; TV 262; Haeberlin p. 173, 1-4 pl. 69, 28-30
Weight range: 27.20-18.40g; Finds: Torre di Satriano 1970
361 Uncia Head of Sol facing / Horse’s head l. or r.; below, ÌE
HNItaly 1343; AG 333; TV 263; Haeberlin p. 173, 1-2 pl. 69, 31-32
Weight range: 19.30-13.10g
Struck Æ
362 Sextans Head of Sol facing / CEΛEXA, African elephant standing r.
HNItaly 1344; Sambon 1064; SNGANS 1442
Weight range: 13.98-12.25g
363 Uncia Head of Sol facing / CEΛEXA, Head of horse l. or r.
HNItaly 1345; Sambon 1065; Berlin 7544
Weight range: 4.7-7.73g
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UNCERTAIN OF SAMNIUM OR LUCANIA
Anonymous series closely related to the cast issues of Volcei at the time of the Second Punic War.
Bibl.: Garrucci p. 36 pl. 66, 7-8; Robinson 1964, pp. 42-43
c. 216-209
Head of Sol series based on an as of about 71g
364 Semis Head of Sol facing; in l., field, ······ / Sunburst over crescent; below, ······
HNItaly 1346; AG 345; TV 264; Haeberlin p. 174, 1-2 pl. 69, 33
Weight range: 36.65-33.53g
365 Treins Head of Sol facing; in l. field, ···· / Sunburst over crescent; below, ····
HNItaly 1347; AG 346; TV 265; Haeberlin p. 174, 1 pl. 69, 34
Weight: 25.84g [= Haeberlin collection, from Sambon 1894]
366 Quadrans Head of Sol facing; in l. field, ··· / Sunburst over crescent; below, ···
HNItaly 1348; AG 347; TV 266; Haeberlin p. 175, 1-2 pl. 69, 35
Weight range: 18.22-15.45g
367 Sextans Head of Sol facing; in l. field, ·· / Sunburst over crescent; below, ··
HNItaly 1349; AG 348; TV 267; Haeberlin p. 175, 1 pl. 69, 36
Weight range: 11.75g [= Kircher collection = Garrucci pl. 46, 8]
Bibl.: Garrucci p. 37 pl. 66, 11-14
c. 216-209
Wrestlers series based on an as of 91g
368 Semis Wrestlers; r. field, ······ / Two crescents back to back between two stars; below, ······
HNItaly 1350; AG 339; TV 245; Haeberlin p. 177, 1-3 pl. 69, 44-45
Weight range: 42.90-40.50g
369 Triens Wrestlers; r. field, ···· / Two crescents back to back between two stars; below, ····
HNItaly 1351; AG 340; TV 246; Haeberlin p. 177, 1-3 pl. 69, 46
Weight range: 30.22-24.80g
370 Quadrans Wrestlers; 10 r. field, ··· / Two crescents back to back between two stars; below, ···
HNItaly 1352; AG 341; TV 247; Haeberlin p. 1, 1 pl. 69, 47
Weight range: 22.34g [= BMCItaly p. 61, 49]
371 Sextans Wrestlers; 10 r. field, ·· / Two crescents back to back between two stars; below, ··
HNItaly 1353; AG 342; TV 248; Haeberlin p. 177, 1-3 pl. 69, 48-49
Weight range: 16.28-14.72g
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UNCERTAIN OF SAMNIUM OR LUCANIA
372 Uncia Wrestlers; in r., field, · / Two crescents back to back between two stars; below, ·
HNItaly 1354; AG 343; TV 249; Haeberlin p. 177, 1-3 pl. 69, 50
Weight range: 14.10-11.62g
373 Semuncia Wrestlers / Two crescents back to back between two stars
HNItaly 1355; AG 344; TV 250; Haeberlin p. 177, 1-3 pl. 69, 51
Weight range: 5.25-3.12g
Obverse, edge and reverse of Roman quadrans ICC 69. edge shows a cavity caused by contraction
during cooling; reverse a cavity caused by air trapped in the mould. Below: Two halves of a stone or ceramic casting mould
(D. Sellwood, ‘Minting’ in Roman Cra , London 1976, pp. 63-7).
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APPENDIX
BRONZE OBJECTS FOUND WITH AES RUDE AND EARLY CURRENCY BARS IN CENTRAL ITALY
7th – 3th centuries
Plate 83
The Piazza San Francesco of Bologna hoard consists of 14,838 bronze objects weighing 1,418 kilograms was
found in a dolium (large earthenware vase or container) in 1877. It included axe-heads, daggers, knives, chisels
and gouges, sickles, razors, fibulae and aes rude and is now in the Museo Civico, Bologna. See Zannoni 1888
and Sorda 1976.
Plate 84
Cake-shaped ingot of 34.4 kg, Ø 360mm [= Private collection]
Plate 85
Cake-shaped ingot of 21.5 kg, Ø 374mm; with engraved inscription on rim: HHXXΛΛV (?) [= Private collec-
tion]
Plate 86
Plano-convex ingot decorated with thunderbolt between two fish, 1722g, 160x140mm [= Private collection]
Plate 87
Plano-convex ingot decorated anchor, 1225g, 145x140mm [= Roma Numismatics 5, 2013, 5]
Plate 88
Plano-convex ingot decorated with facing head of bull, 884g, 105x105mm [= Private collection]
Plate 89
1. Votive ‘ramo secco’ lead bar, 115g [= Vecchi 6, 1997, 423]
2. Fragment of bar with caduceus pattern, 348g [= HNItaly p. 51, = NAC 7, 1994, 423 = NAC 10, 1997, 373]
Plate 90
3. Adze-head, 90g. Cf. Peruzzi 1985, p. 122, fig 1 ‘the Ardea hoard’ [= Vecchi 14, 1999, 872,]
4. Cockle-shell, 43g. Cf. Fallani 1986, pl. 6, 2-2c [= Vecchi 14, 1999, 867]
5. Cockle-shell, 14.63g. Cf. Fallani 1986, pl. 6, 2-2c [= Vecchi 13,1998, 564]
6. Knucklebone, 53g [= Vecchi 14,1999, 870]
7. Tear-shape, 30g [= Vecchi 14,1999, 864]
8. Crescent, 31g [= Vecchi 14,1999, 863]
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INDEXES
TYPES
Acorn, Rome 32, 47 Cornucopiae or tendrils, two (?), Rome 10, 11
Aes rude, Italy 1-2 Crater, Inland Etruria 162-166; Hatria 238; Central
Amphora, Rome 19, 20; Inland Etruria 173-177 Italy 275, 279, 285, 293
Anchor, Rome 22; Tarquinia 123; Inland Etruria Crescent, Tarquinii 125; Iguvium 203, 204-205; Ves-
145-154; Tuder 219, 225; Hatria 242-243; Cen- tini 249; Central Italy 304, 314, 315, 320, 322;
tral Italy, 297; Appendix pl. 87 Luceria 343, 350; Venusia 354, 358
Antelope, head of l., Central Italy 268 Crescents (two), back to back, Tarquinii 115-117,
Apollo, laureate head of, r. or l., Rome 33, 39, 54; 252; Carsioli 252
Central Italy 273; Luceria 333-336 Crescents (two), back to back between two stars,
Barley-grain, Rome 38; Central Italy 277, 295, 305 Samnium or Lucania 368-373
Barley-grains (two), Rome 29, 51 Crescents (three), Inland Etruria 185-187; Venusia
Beetle, Central Italy 318 352, 355
Bipennis, Inland Etruria 167-172; Firmum 246; Currency bars, Central Italy 3-10; Rome 10-24
Vestini 250, 251; Carsioli 253 Dioscuri, janiform head of, Rome 25, 39, 48
Bird, head of, 284 Dioscurus, head of r. or l., Rome 37, 39, 57
Blank, Tarquinii 127; Central Italy 267, 270, 320; Dog, standing r. or l., Rome 69-70
Appendix pls. 85-88 Dog, sleeping, Tuder 217, 223; Hatria 236
Boar, r. or l., Rome 36, 56; Central Italy 275 Dog, head of r. or l., Venusia 351
Boar, forepart of r. or l., Tarquinii 121; Central Italy Dolphin, r. or l., Currency bars 5, 6, 8, 9; Rome 4, 5,
281, 294, 301, 302, 303; Venusia 351 6, 27, 28, 50; Tarquinii 123; Volaterrae 142-144;
Branch, Rome 10, 11, 12 Ariminum 232; Hatria 239; Central Italy 260;
Bull standing r. or l, Rome 15, Luceria 340; Luceria 347; Meles 326; Venusia
Bull leaping r. or l, Rome 67 353, 356
Bull, head three-quarter r., Central Italy 276 Dolphin’s head l., Central Italy 290
Bull, walking r. or l., Rome 15, 72-73 Eagle l. or r., Rome 13, 14; Tuder 216; Central Italy 264
Bull’s head facing, Firmum 245; 247; Vestini 249; Eagle, head and neck of, 265
Central Italy 289; Appendix pl. 88 Elephant, standing r. or l., Rome 21; Meles 324-325;
Caduceus, Rome 23, 30, 52; Tarquinii 126-127; Volcei 362
Central Italy 263, 317 Female head r. or l., Rome 40, 49; Firmum 245;
Cantharus, Tuder 221, 227; Central Italy 257-263, Central Italy 277, 278
292, 302 Female, helmeted head r. or l., Rome 26, 40, 49,
Chickens (two), Rome 23 Central Italy 274
Cicada, Tuder 220, 226 Fish. r. or l., Hatria 239
Cista, Central Italy 310 Foot, Central Italy 315
Club, Currency bars 7; Volaterrae 135-141; Etruria Frog, Tuder 219, 222, 225, 228; Central Italy 291,
or Umbria 196-201; Central Italy 262; Luceria 322; Luceria 342, 349
339, 346 Genius, bearded head of, (?) 255-256
Clubs (two), Tuder 218, 224; Central Italy 306 Gaul, bust of, Ariminum 229-235
Cock, standing r. or l., Hatria 240-241; Luceria 334-336 Gorgoneion, Central Italy 270
Cocoon, Central Italy 312, 313 Grapes, bunch of, Iguvium 209, 215; Central Italy
Corn-ear, Rome 16; Luceria 342, 349 293, 298, 311, 319
Cornucopiae, Iguvium 208-209, 210-215; Tuder 216 Griffin, head of, r. or l. Central Italy 271, 300
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INDEXES
Hand, Rome 29, 44, 51, 61 Prow l., Rome 86-109, 111-112
Hand wearing caestus, Tuder 218, 224 Ram’s head r. or l., Tarquinii 122; Central Italy 290
Helmet (?), Central Italy 323 Ramo secco or herringbone currency bars 3-7
Helmet, Corinthian, Iguvium 210-211 Roma, helmeted head of, r. or l. 40, 41, 58, 64-66,
Helmet, Phrygian, Central Italy 292 83, 100-104
Hercules, lion’s skin head of r. or l., Rome 80-81, 91, Rostrum tridens, Ariminum 233
96-97, 98-99, 110a, 112; Central Italy 271, 272, Rhyton, ending in animal head 285, 286
280, 294; Luceria 344 Sacrificial implements, Inland Etruria 191-195
Hercules, bearded head of r., Central Italy 272, 274; Saturn, head of r. or l., Rome 76-77, 87-88, 94, 107-
Meles 325 110, 114
Herringbone pattern, 3, 4-7 Scabbard, Rome 18
Horse prancing r. or l., Rome 68, Luceria 333, 344 Scallop shell, Rome 30, 45, 52, 62; Ariminum 234;
Horse’s head r. or l. Rome 35; Praeneste (?) 254; Vestini 250; Central Italy 261, 307; Luceria 341,
Central Italy 272-273; Males 327; Volcei 359- 348; Venusia 352, 355
361, 363 Sea Eagle, Reate 255-256
Janiform head, wearing pointed cap, Volaterrae Selinus, head facing, Hatria 236
128-144 Shield, Rome 17, Iguvium 203; Ariminum 229
Janiform head, beardless, Meles 324-327 Shoe r., Hatria 240-241; Vestini 251
Janus, head of, Rome 74-75, 84-86, 93, 105-106, 113 Sickle, Central Italy 266-267
Jug, Central Italy 308 Skate fish, Hatria 239
Knucklebone (astragalus), Rome 31, 46, 53, 63; Cen- Sol, head facing, Volcei 359-363; Samnium or Lu-
tral Italy 304, 310; Luceria 341, 348; Venusia 357 cania 364-367
Lion’s claw, Vestini 248 Solar disk, Iguvium 204-205
Lion’s head facing, Praeneste (?) 254 Sow standing l., Rome 21
Lyre, Tuder 217, 223; Central Italy 281 Spearhead, Rome 19, 20; Tarquinii 121; Tuder 221, 227;
Maenad, head of l., Central Italy 268 Firmum 246-247; Central Italy 299, 313, 319
Male African head r. 327 Spokes of wheel, Luceria 337-338, 345; Central Italy
Male, bearded head r., Genius (?), Reate 255-256 296, 321
Male, diademed head r., Central Italy 274 Staff, Currency bars 8, Tarquinii 122
Male head r. or l., Hatria 238; Central Italy 321, 326 Steering oar, Central Italy 279
Mercury, petasus head of r. or l., Rome 25, 48, 82, 92 Sunburst (or star), Tarquinii 119 -120; Central Italy
Minerva, helmeted head of, r. or l., Rome 26, 42, 49, 282, 283, 295, 305, 311, 318; Luceria 340, 347;
59, 78-79, 89-90, 95, 111; Central Italy 257-259 Samnium or Lucania 364-367
Minerva, helmeted head of, facing, Rome 72-73 Swastika, Central Italy 309
Murex shell, female head, Haria 237 Sword, Rome 18
Objects found with aes rude and early currency Sword and scabbard, Ariminum 230
bars, p. 76 Thunderbolt, Rome 27, 28, 43, 50, 60; Asculum
Octopus, Central Italy 264-265 328-332; Luceria 339, 346
Owl, Central Italy 301 Thunderbolt between two fish, Appendix pl. 86
Palm branch, Iguvium 208, 214 Thyrsus with fillets, Luceria 343, 350
Pedum, 308 Tongs, Iguvium 212-213
Pegasus r. or l., Rome 13, 14, 34, 55; Hatria 237 Tortoise, Rome 71; Tuder 222, 228; Central Italy
Pentagram 306, 307 286, 300
Plough, Tarquinii 124; Vestni 248; Central Italy 280, Trident, Rome 23; Tuder 220, 226; Ariminum 231;
287, 288 Central Italy 269, 297, 299
Priestly head facing, wearing apex, Inland Etruria Tridents (two), Rome 24
191-195 Tripod, Rome 16, 22
Prow r., Rome 74-85, 110, 113-114; Central Italy Triskeles, Central Italy 269, 291
276 Uncertain object, Central Italy 289, 323
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INDEXES
Value, mark of, Volaterrae 128-134; Inland Etruria OSCAN LEGENDS
188-190; Etruria or Umbria 196-201; Hatria
242-243; Central Italy 266, 296, 309, 316 mel, Meles 324-327
Vulcan, bust of, Ariminum 235
Warrior advancing l., 235 SYMBOLS
Wheel, Rome 64-71; Inland Etruria 145-177; Ame-
ria 202; Iguvium 206-207; Central Italy 282, 283, Acorn, Rome 54-57
296, 321 Barley-grain, Praeneste (?) 254
Wheel, ‘archaic’, Inland Etruria 178-184 Caduceus, Rome 72, Praeneste (?) 254, Central Italy
Wineskin (?), Central Italy 298 280
Wing, Central Italy 284 Club, Rome 58-63
Wrestlers, Samnium or Lucania 368-373 Corn-ear, Roman Republic 98-99
Yoke, Tarquinii 124; Central Italy 314 Crescent, Praeneste (?) 254
Pellet, Rome 84-85
LATIN LEGENDS Sickle, Rome 48-53
A, Tarquinii 125-126; Hatria 244; Ausculum 328- MINTS, PEOPLES AND REGIONS
332
A, III, A, Tarquinia 118 Ameria, 202
ARIMN, ARIM, Ariminum 235 Ariminum, 229-235
CAR or CARS, 252-253 Ausculum, 328-332
C·MODIO·CR·F· F·PVLIO L·F·, Luceria 333 Carsioli, 252-253
FIR, Firmum 245, 246 Central Italy, 1-9, 72-73, 257-323
H, HAT, TAH, Hatria 236-244 Etruria, Inland, 145-195
LT, Reate 255 Etruria or Umbria, 196-200
L·SEXTI· SEP·BABI·, Luceria 334 Firmum, 245-247
M·LAVINIO, Luceria 335 Hatria, 236-244
N M, Central Italy 303 Iguvium, 203-215
TN, Reate 256 Luceria, 113-114, 333-350 ROMANOM, Rome 10, 13 Meles, 324-327
VE ligate, Venusia 355-358 Praeneste (?), 254
VES, Vestini 248-251 Reate, 255-256
Roman Republic 10-114
ETRUSCAN LEGENDS Samnium or Lucania, 364-373
Sicily, 98-99
n - p - v, Uncertain Central Etruria 145 Tarquinii 115-127
Velaθri,Volterrae 128-144 Tuder, 216-228
Uncertain letters Central Italy 316, 317 Venusia, 351-358
Vestini, 248-251
UMBRIAN LEGENDS Volcei, 359-363
Volaterrae, 128-144 amer, Ameria 202
ikufins. Iguvium 203-215
tutere, tu, Tuder 216-228
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 Vecchi 13, 1998, 555 36 NAC 7, 1994, 315
2.1 NAC 7, 1994, 281 37 NAC 7, 1994, 316
2.2 NAC 7, 1994, 282 38 NAC 7, 1994, 319
3.1 Artemide 18, 2007, 30 39 RRC 19/1 (Santamarinella hoard)
3.2 Pellegrini-Macelli 2002, pl. 1 40 Haeberlin p. 157, 2, pl. 65, 11 (from Settiner)
3.3 Haeberlin pl. 7, 5 (Persaro) 41 MM Deutschland 2, 1998, 326
3.4 NAC 9, 1996, 365 42 NAC 7, 1994, 351
3.5 Santamaria 1951, B 20 43 NAC 7, 1994, 353
3.6 Pellegrini-Macelli 2002, pl. 4 44 NAC 7, 1994, 354
4 Haeberlin pl. 8, 2 (Pesaro) 45 NAC 7, 1994, 357
5 Haeberlin pl. 8, 1 (Kircher) 46 NAC 5, 1992, 190
6 BMCItaly p. 38, 3 = Haeberlin pl. 8, 3 47 NAC 5, 1992, 192
7 BMCItaly pp. 36-36, 1 = Haeberlin pl. 32, 1 48 Vecchi 14, 1999, 879
8 Haeberlin pl. 32, 1 (Kircher) 49 NAC 7, 1994, 339
9 Private collection (334g) 50 NAC 5, 1992, 186
10 RRC 1a (Santamarinella hoard) 51 NAC 40, 2007, 373
11 RRC 1b (Brunšmid 1896, pl 2, 3-4, Mazin 52 Vecchi 8, 1997, 159
hoard) 53 Private collection
12 Private collection 54 NAC 7, 1994, 321
13 BMCRR I, 2 = Haeberlin p. 64, 4 55 Haeberlin p. 81, 1 pl. 33, 7 (from Settiner) 15
Berlin,SM = Haeberlin p. 143, 2, pl. 93, 1 56 Haeberlin p. 81, 1 pl. 33, 8 (from Settiner) 16
Private collection = MMAG 47, 1972, 8 57 Haeberlin p. 82, 1 pl. 33, 9 (Rollin-Feuardent 17
Haeberlin p. 75,3 pl. 30, 3 (= Durazzo 1896, 1) 1896)
18 Private collection (1605g) 58 NAC 5, 1992, 193
19 Private collection 59 Astarte 22, 2010, 16
20 Private collection 60 NAC 7, 1994, 363
21 BMCItaly pp. 62-63, 1 61 TV 26
22 Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894 p. X = pl. EF = 62 TV 62
Haeberlin p. 92, 3, pl. 37, 3 63 NAC 7, 1994, 364
23 Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894 p. X = pl. GH = 64 NAC 5, 1992, 197
Haeberlin p. 103, 5, pl. 42, 2 65 Haeberlin p. 58,14 pl. 23, 4 (Wien)
24 NAC 5, 1992, 205 66 Haeberlin p. 58,19 pl. 24, 10 (Cortona)
25 SKA 3, 1985, 369 67 SKA 3, 1985, 376
25a* 68 Elsen 89, 1986, 901
26 SKA 3, 1985, 370 69 NAC 5, 1992, 201
27 NAC 7, 1994, 329 70 NAC 7, 1994, 373
28* 71 Vecchi 8, 1997, 160
29 SKA 3, 1985, 372 72 SKA 3, 1985, 377 = NAC 7, 1994, 384
30 SKA 3, 1985, 373 73 Triton 4, 2000, 389
31 NAC 40, 2007, 31 74 NAC 5, 1992, 210
32 TV 7 75 NAC 5, 1992, 209
33 NAC 5, 1992, 173 76 NAC 7, 1994, 382
34 NAC 5, 1992, 174 77*
35 SKA 3, 1985, 375 78 NAC 5, 1992, 213
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INDEXES
79* 125 BMCItaly p. 40, 1 = Haeberlin pl. 68, 33
80 NAC 7, 1994, 389 126 SNGBnF 269
81 Vecchi 8, 1997, 161 127 SNGBnF 270
82 TV 56 128 TV 78
83 NAC 7, 1994, 389 = Vecchi 6, 1997, 624 129 NAC 7, 1994, 284
84 Kovacs FPL 29, 1997, 52 = Triton 2, 1998, 673 130 Haeberlin pl. 82, 9 (Haeberlin)
85 TV 57 131 SNGBnF 59
86 NAC 7, 1994, 395 132 TV 82
87 Gorny & Mosch 195, 2011, 348 133 SNGBnF 61
88* 134 SNGBnF 62
89 TV 59 135 Private collection
90* 136 Private collection
91 TV 61 137 TV 87
92 NAC 7, 1994, 397 138 NAC 7, 1994, 290
93 Private collection 139 SNGBnF 67
94 NAC 5, 1992, 218 140 TV 90
95 TV 65 141 SNGBnF 69
96 NAC 5, 1992, 218 142 NAC 7, 1994, 291
97 Ailly I, p. 102 pl. 30, 6 = Haeberlin pl. 45, 4 143 SNGFirenze 934
98 RBW collection = NAC 61, 2011, 45 144 SNGBnF 70
99* 145 SNGBnF 1038
100 NAC 54, 2010, 150 = Roma Numismatics 5, 146 Hirsch 34, 1914, 675 = Hess-Leu 28, 1965,
2013, 5; cover coin 336
101 MMAG 43, 1970, 66 147 Private collection
102 NAC 5, 1992, 220 148 NAC 7, 1994, 300
103 * 149 Haeberlin pl. 97, 8 (= Strozzi 113)
104 BMCRR p. 17, 22 = Haeberlin p. 119, 9 pl. 48, 1 150 Arezzo,MA = Haeberlin pl. 89, 9
105 NAC 59, 2011, 675 151 *
106 TV 70a 152 SNGBnF 116
107 NAC 7, 1994, 403 153 Blancas and Righetti collections,
108* [= SNGRighetti 71]
109 TV 71b 154 Naville 16, 1933, 11
110* 155 Private collection
110a NAC 64, 2012, 927 (JD collection) 156 TV 96
111 Haeberlin p. 127, 29 pl. 51, 26 (Haeberlin) 157 TV 97
112 NAC 7, 1994, 405 158 SNGBnF 93
113 Haeberlin pl. 72, 1-5 (Rollin 1897) 159 SNGBnF 96
114 NAC 40, 2007, 395 160 NAC 7, 1994, 296
115 NAC 40, 2007, 283 161 Haeberlin pl. 97, 13 (= Strozzi 204)
116 BMCItaly p. 66, 4 (from Castellani) 162 SNGBnF 98
117 Garrucci p. 12, pl. 26, 3 = Haeberlin pl. 94, 2 163 SNGBnF 100
118 Haeberlin p. 24, 17 pl. 9, 6 (Kircher) 164 TV 103
119 Tarquinia,MAN RC 3759 165 SNGBnF 103
120 Tuscania, tomb of the sarcophagus of Ama- 166 SNGBnF 105
zons, 1967 167 SNGFirenze 991
121 BMCItaly p. 149, 2 = Haeberlin pl. 92, 7 168 SNGBnF 109
122 Roma,MNR = Haeberlin pl. 92, 10 169 SNGBnF 111
123 BMCItaly p. 57, 18 = Haeberlin pl. 92, 11 170a SNGMilano 45
124 BMCItaly p. 58, 28 = Haeberlin pl. 68, 17 170b SNGBnF 129
81
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INDEXES
171 SNGFirenze 1024 220 TV 161
172 NAC 7, 1994, 128 221 TV 162
173 SNGFirenze 1070 222 Haeberlin pl.81, 9 (Kircher)
174 Haeberlin pl. 87, 10 (Guiducci) 223 NAC 7, 1994, 267
175 Ars Classica 16, 1933, 1519 224 NAC 7, 1994, 268
176* 225 NAC 7, 1994, 269
177 Haeberlin pl. 87, 16 (Kircher) 226 Private collection
178 Ars Classica 16, 1933, 1520 227 NAC 7, 1994, 274
179 Haeberlin pl. 90, 4 (Haag) 228 NAC 7, 1994, 276
180 Arezzo,MA = Haeberlin pl. 90, 5 229 Ars Classica 16, 1933, 1502
181 SNGFirenze 1085 230 NAC 7, 1994, 254
182* 231 SNGBnF 151
183 Arezzo,MA = Haeberlin pl. 90, 9 232 NAC 7, 1994, 256
184 Haeberlin pl. 90, 10 (Haeberlin) 233 SNGBnF 153
185 TV 126 234 SNGBnF 154
186 SNGBnF 128 235 SNGBnF 155
187 SNGFirenze 1093 236 The New York Sale 14, 2007, 3
188 SNGBnF 123 237 Lanz 135, 2007, 400
189 Cortona,AE 48 238 SNGBnF 207
190 SNGFirenze 1105 239 SNGBnF 210
191 SNGFirenze 1106 240 NAC 7, 1994, 258 192 Hirsch 24, 1914, 685 241*
193 BMCItaly p. 24, 1 = Haeberlin pl. 90, 16 242 NAC 5, 1992, 240
194 BMCItaly p. 24, 1 243*
195 Haeberlin pl. 92, 2 (Kircher) 244 NAC 7, 1994, 260
196 Haeberlin pl. 81, 29 (Vitalini) 245 Haeberlin pl.76, 21 (Sambon)
197 SKA 2, 1984, 38 246 SNGCopenhagen 85
198 Lanz 153, 2011, 327 247 Private collection
199 NAC 7, 1994, 278 248 Haeberlin pl.A, 3 (Canessa, Paris 1919)
200 SNGBnF 73 249 SNGBnF 217
201 Rivate collection 250 SNGBnF 218
202 SKA 4, 1985, 299, = NAC 10, 1997, 293 251 Haeberlin pl.73, 25 (Hamburger 1897, 123)
203 Artemide 18.xii.2005, 16 252 Rassegna Numismatica 1904, p. 62
204 SNGBnF 158 253 Haeberlin pl. 97, 3
205 NAC 7, 1994, 262 254 NAC 7, 1994, 346
206 Haeberlin pl. 78, 9 255 NAC 7, 1994, 432
207 Private collection 256*
208 TV 148 257 Haeberlin pl. 62, 4 (Wien)
209 Haeberlin pl. 78, 16 (Haeberlin) 258 Haeberlin pl. 62, 6 (from Lake Nemi)
210 Haeberlin pl.97, 1 (Sambon) 259 London,BM = Haeberlin pl. 62, 7
211 Haeberlin pl.79, 3 (Bunbury 214 ) 260 Haeberlin pl. 62, 9 (Kircher)
212 SNGBnF 159 261 Città del Vaticano,BA = Haeberlin pl. 62, 10
213 NAC 7, 1994, 263 262 SNGBnF 239
214 TV 148 263 SNGCopenhagen 307 = Haeberlin pl. 62, 16
215 NAC 7, 1994, 265 264 SNGBnF 247
216 SNGBnF 162 265 Garrett collection I, Leu-NFA 1984, 631
217 SNGBnF 163 266 NAC 5, 1992, 243
218 SNGBnF 164 267 NAC 5, 1992, 244
219 TV 160 268 Haeberlin p. 280 pl. A, 1 (Berlin)
82
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INDEXES
269 Haeberlin p. 24, 2-2a pl. 9, 10 (Firenze,MA) 314 Haeberlin pl. 69, 3 (Kircher)
270 Haeberlin p. 24, 1 pl. 9, 9 (Boyne collection) 315 Haeberlin pl. 69, 4 (from Stettiner)
271 Glasgow,HC p. 15, 1= Haeberlin p. 150, 4 pl. 316 SNGFirenze 1172 = Strozzi 172
63, 2 317 Bonci Casuccini collection = Berganini 2001,
272 BMCItaly p. 136, 1 = Haeberlin pl. 70, 3 59
273 BMCItaly p. 137, 6 = Haeberlin pl. 65, 2 318 SNGBnF 271
274 Haeberlin pl. 64, 5 (from Sambon) 319 Vecchi 13, 1998, 567
275 SNGBnF 245 320 Napoli,MA, Fiorelli I, 575 = Haeberlin pl. 69,
276 NAC 5, 1992, 241 20
277 NAC 7, 1994, 424 321 Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894, p. 33, 21 = Haeber-
278 NAC 54, 2010, 3 lin pl. 69, 21
279 London,BM = Haeberlin pl. 95, 8 322 Haeberlin pl. 69, 23 (Kircher)
280 Private collection = HNItaly 367 323 Napoli,MA, Fiorelli I, 5608 = Haeberlin pl.
281 NAC 7, 1994, 425 97, 14
282 NAC 7, 1994, 426 324 Haeberlin pl. 69, 37 (Sambon)
283* 325 Haeberlin pl. 69, 40 (Stettiner)
284 Sambon collection = Haeberlin pl. 95, 10 326 Haeberlin pl. 69, 42 (Sambon)
285 Haeberlin p. 160, 1 (Kircher) 327 Haeberlin pl. 69, 43 (Sambon)
286 Haeberlin p. 160, 1 pl. A, 2 (Weber) 328 NAC 40, 2007, 350
287 Haeberlin pl. 67, 4 (Kircher) 329 TV 175
288 Private collection 330 TV 176
289 Haeberlin pl. 95, 9 (Garrucci) 331 Berlin,SM=Dressel 1894, p.29, 4 = Haeberlin
290 TV 208 pl. 72, 18
291 TV 209 332 Haeberlin p. 196, I = Garrucci pl. 65, 5
292 SNGBnF 252 333 NAC 9, 1996, 528
293 Haeberlin pl. 67, 14 (Kircher) 334 Haeberlin pl. 95, 12 = (Campobasso,MPS)
294 Haeberlin pl. 67, 15 (Kircher) 335 Haeberlin p. 155, 1 pl. 102, 1 (Cassel)
295 Hess-Leu 28, 1965, 335 336 NAC 7, 1994, 433
296* 337 Garrett collection I, Leu-NFA 1984, 636
297 NAC 5, 1992, 242 338 NAC 54, 2010, 4
298* 339 NAC 3, 1990, 247
299 Vecchi 6, 1997, 608 340 SKA 3, 1985, 397
300 SNGBnF 261 341 CNG 91, 2012, 42
301 BMCItaly p. 149, 4 = Haeberlin p. 166, 3 pl. 342 TV 278
68, 11 343 TV 279
302 Haeberlin pl. 68, 14 (Bunbury 217) 344 Astarte 1, 1998, 134
303 Haeberlin pl. 68, 16 (from Sambon) 345 NAC 7, 1994, 440
304 Haeberlin pl. 69, 17 (Bunbury 218) 346 NAC 7, 1994, 441
305 Città del Vaticano,BA = Haeberlin pl. 68, 18 347 NAC 7, 1994, 443
306 Haeberlin pl. 68, 22 (Haeberlin) 348 NAC 7, 1994, 446
307 Haeberlin pl. 68, 32 (Kircher) 349 SNGBnF 1350
308 Haeberlin p. 168,14 pl. 68, 24 (Cassel) 350 TV 286
309 NAC 7, 1994, 430 351 NAC 7, 1994, 351
310 Haeberlin pl. 68, 28 (Kircher, from Vicarello) 352 SNGBnF 1440
311 BMCItaly p. 59, 39 = Haeberlin p. 169, 1 pl. 353 TV 291
68, 31 354 TV 292
312 Haeberlin pl. 69, 1 (Firenze,MA) 355 NAC 54, 2010, 5
313 Haeberlin pl. 69, 2 (Napoli,MA, Fiorelli I, 356 Lanz 154, 2012, 9
580) 357 Vecchi 13, 1998, 579
83
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INDEXES
358 TV 295
359 Glasgow,HC = McDonald 1899, p. 13, 1 pl. 1, 3
360 SNGBnF 1210
361 Haeberlin pl. 69, 32 (Gotha)
362 SNGBnF 1211
363 SNGBnF 1212
364 Berlin,SM = Dressel 1894 p. 33, 19 = Haeberlin
pl. 69, 33
365 Haeberlin pl. 69, 34 (from Sambon)
366 Haeberlin pl. 69, 35 (from Sambon)
367 Haeberlin pl. 69, 36 (Kircher)
368 BMCItaly p. 61, 48 = Haeberlin pl. 69, 45
369 Haeberlin pl. 69, 46 (Haeberlin)
370 BMCItaly p. 61, 49 = Haeberlin pl. 69, 47
371 SNGCopenhagen 255 = Haeberlin pl. 69, 49
372 Haeberlin pl. 69, 50 (Kircher)
373 Haeberlin pl. 69, 51 (Kircher)
(*) Image unavailable
Appendix p.76 pls. 83-90
Bronze objects found with aes rude and
early currency bars and coins
Minerva Tritonia, 5th century BC,
Museo Archeologico Lavinium.
84