Slide 2 ISTITUTO EUROPEO DESIGN Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 1 Dr. Alfio Galat Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Saving Performances in Buildings Slide 3
General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study:
Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade
Management System Conclusion Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 2
Slide 4 Sustainable Development Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 3
is a broad view of human welfare, with a long term perspective
about the consequences of today's activities, and a global
co-operation to reach viable solutions without diminishing the
capacity of future generations to meet theirs needs. Slide 5 Kyoto
Protocol Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 4 Agreement for gas
emission limitation and reduction commitments to promote
sustainable development, implementing new policies and measures,
such as: Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of
the national economy.. Promotion of sustainable forms in view of
climate change considerations. Encouragement of appropriate reforms
in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which
limit or reduce gas emissions (i.e production, transport and
distribution of energy).. Research, promotion, development and
increased use of new and renewable forms of energy and innovative
environmentally technologies. Worldwide Cooperation among Countries
to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of national
policies and measures adopted. Slide 6 Sustainable Development
Contribution is a common care for everybody to improve the quality
of the life Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 5 Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Energy
Efficient Systems Resource Conservation Innovative technologies and
materials respectful of the environment Design anticipating future
needs Optimisation of the management processes Information
Technology Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Slide 7
Telecommunications Automation Processes Information Technology Web
Applications Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 6 Slide 8 Building
Construction according to environmental rules Design with local
climate conditions, not without Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Energy Saving Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master
MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 7 Best comfort
conditions for occupants Slide 9 Innovative Technologies and
Optimal Management techniques Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 8
Microelectronic systems, with a direct impact on spaces reduction
Dynamic space allocation and occupants behaviour Distributed
systems and distributed control functions Definition of Chart of
Services, management costs and return of investments Showing new
solutions for future Slide 10 Climate conditions of the Site.
Typically, the Bioclimatic Design and Architecture has to take into
account the following physical variables: External Temperature
Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Wind velocity and direction Rain
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 9 Bioclimatic Design and
Architecture Slide 11 Building envelope opaque components Building
envelope opaque components Surface and position of windows Surface
and position of windows Building envelope and orientation Building
envelope and orientation Control of Solar Radiation to avoid
overheating in summer Control of Solar Radiation to avoid
overheating in summer Characteristics of glasses Characteristics of
glasses Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Passive Component
Passive Component Environment in the surrounding Environment in the
surrounding Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 10 MAIN ASPECTS: Slide
12 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 11 Bioclimatic Design
and Architecture Building envelope and orientation: Building
envelope and orientation: impact on thermal exchanges with external
environment. Solar Radiation in summer/winter incident on the
envelope as a function of the building orientation. Shapes facing
East and West must be avoided. Slide 13 Solar Radiation flowing
through the glazing in summer/winter as a function of building
orientation Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 12 Bioclimatic Design
and Architecture Slide 14 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and
Architecture Thermal insulation allows to cut off overheating in
summer introducing a better indoor comfort conditions and energy
savings. Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 13 Slide 15 THERMAL INSULATION Es: Wall
made by double tiles with air gap (steady-state). without
insulation: K = 1,06 W/mK With insulation (3 cm of poliuretane): K
= 0.53 W/mK Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 14 Bioclimatic Design
and Architecture Reduction of heat load means a reduction on the
HVAC design and performances. Reduction of heat load means a
reduction on the HVAC design and performances. Reduction of heat
losses determines a consequent reduction on
heating/cooling/ventilation energy consumption. Reduction of heat
losses determines a consequent reduction on
heating/cooling/ventilation energy consumption. Increase of the
wall surface temperature determines a consequent improvement of
indoor comfort Increase of the wall surface temperature determines
a consequent improvement of indoor comfort Avoid risks of surface
heat condense on the wall Avoid risks of surface heat condense on
the wall ADVANTAGES Slide 16 Thermal insulation is important to
avoid thermal bridges. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 15
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Humid surfaces and mildew.
Humid surfaces and mildew. Cold surfaces in winter. Cold surfaces
in winter. Spot of colour and degradation of inside/outside
finishes. Spot of colour and degradation of inside/outside
finishes. Increase of heating, cooling and ventilation heating
consumption. Increase of heating, cooling and ventilation heating
consumption. Thermal Bridges Disadvantage Slide 17 Windows and
glazing: The main characteristics for indoor comfort and energy
savings are: transparency, solar factor and thermal transmittance.
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Component
Transparency [%] Solar factor [%] Thermal Transmittance [W/mK]
Glazing90886.0 Double glazing80773.0 Double Low emission glazing
74681.7 Double reflecting glazing 40 1.7 Double selective glazing
40271.7 Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 16 Windows and glazing must have a good
transparency, a low thermal transmittance and must allow a solar
control. Slide 18 Solar Shadings avoid overheating and are suitable
to improve thermal and visual comfort conditions. Possible
typologies: Fixed, usually adopted in facades south oriented.
Mobile, usually adopted to perform the automatic control of
vertical position and blind orientation. Internal, often submitted
to manual control External, have an high level of efficiency
concerning solar control respect to those internal. Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 17
Slide 19 Efficiency of horizontal Solar Shadings on the south
facade. Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 18 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and
Architecture Slide 20 The Trombe Wall Solar Houses Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 19 Slide
21 The Natural Ventilation is the most applied technique in order
to obtain passive cooling. It allows: To reduce indoor air
temperature when it is higher than the external one, and to cool
the overall building during the night hours. To improve indoor
thermal comfort. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and
Architecture Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 20 Slide 22 SOLAR SYSTEMS: they
convert solar energy into thermal or electrical energy. Main
barrier: architecture integration in order to obtain the best
efficiency. Solar Collectors Photovoltaic Collectors Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 21
Slide 23 General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case
Study: Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade
Management System Conclusion Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 22
Slide 24 Recent developments in computer technologies and advanced
building design on: living spaces living spaces technological
plants technological plants services services office automation
office automation are merging together to offer an optimal control
and optimal management of the indoor comfort and energy functions.
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 23 Building Management System The
main goal nowadays is to dynamically co-ordinate the changing
needs, to solve all the mutual interactions of the different
building functions: lighting lighting (artificial and natural)
heatingcooling heating and cooling indoor air quality ventilation
indoor air quality and ventilation Slide 25 efficiency, efficiency,
through a continue co-ordination of physical plants with constantly
changing needs. larger energy saving larger energy saving, by
increasing efficiency through a dynamic closed-loop control. higher
indoor comfort higher indoor comfort, by combining the control
actions with the human presence and users wishes. Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 24 Building Management System The modern concept
considers a building as a WHOLE where energy plants are integrated
with envelope components and human presence by means of reliable
and low-cost control components, to achieve: Slide 26 Advanced
installation of: design, manufacture, engineering, installation,
commissioning and maintenance processes design, manufacture,
engineering, installation, commissioning and maintenance processes
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System should be contemporary
treated together with: climate, building envelope, use of spaces,
users wishes and behaviour, control functions, management methods
and national regulations climate, building envelope, use of spaces,
users wishes and behaviour, control functions, management methods
and national regulations. physical variablesindividual human
requirements The combination of energy efficiency and individual
optimal comfort is performed by evaluating physical variables
together with individual human requirements. Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 25
Slide 27 Ventilation Heating / Cooling Blind Shutter Lighting
Indoor Air Quality Indoor Temperature Indoor Light Properties
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 26 Building Management System
Slide 28 Environment and Climate Energy Management & Indoor
Comfort Information and Communication technologies THE INTEGRATED
CONCEPT Safety, Security and Maintenance Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 27 Slide 29 BMS CONTROL SYSTEM
The typical main components of a BMS CONTROL SYSTEM are: Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 28 physical devices physical devices
(hardware), i.e. sensors, actuators, regulators, switches,
electronic valves, which allow to detect physiacal information and
to perform individual control actions; algorithms algorithms
(functions performed by software), which allow to perform simple or
complex actions to operate the technological plants in order to
apply the programmed rules; field devicesservices field devices and
services achieved by engineering. Building Management System Slide
30 field level field level automation or control level automation
or control level management level management level Remote
monitoring Remote monitoring is utilized when supervised systems
are geographically scattered. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management
System Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 29 Slide 31 A computer-based system
(Hardware and Software) enables the automation of all technological
installation within the building Software Hardware BMS Supervisor
system Firmware (control & communication) Modules Sensors
Actuators protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Software Hardware Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 30 Slide
32 Software Hardware BMS Supervision system Firmware (control &
communication) Modules Sensors Actuators each module is firmware
embedded, i.e. each module performs its task(s) in autonomous and
independent way. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System A
computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the
automation of all technological installation within the building
protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 31 Slide 33 Software
Hardware BMS Modules Sensors Actuators each module is firmware
embedded, i.e. each module performs its task(s) in autonomous and
independent way supervision system receives/send data from/to all
hardware devices Supervision system Firmware (control &
communication) protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System A computer-based system (Hardware and Software)
enables the automation of all technological installation within the
building Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 32 Slide 34 Software Hardware BMS Local
Control Energy Management Alarm Management Data Storing &
Processing Remote Control (Supervisor) I/O Control Modules Sensors
/ Actuators protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Software Hardware Operation
Capability and Data Processing available to Operators, according to
their own access level authorization. Structure & Components
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 33 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Slide
35 Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) General Control
Functions General Control Functions Scheduled start/stop control
Optimum start/stop controls Summer/winter change-over Discriminator
control Control of electrical equipment Control of electrical
equipment Duty cycling Load shedding Electric equipment restart
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 34 Slide
36 Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) Control of
air-conditioning Control of air-conditioning Outdoor air damper
control during warm- up/cool-down period Unoccupied temperature
setback Dry bulb economizer control Enthalpy economizer control
Supply air fan control for VAV systems Building pressure control
for VAV system VAV terminal unit control Coil freeze protection
Heat recovery bypass Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 35 Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System Slide 37 Typical BEMS Functions (Control
Algorithms) Heating/Cooling Control Heating/Cooling Control
Heating/Cooling plant control Space heating water circuit control
Steam to hot water convector control Tube radiation control Room
temperature closed loop control Open loop control of
heating/cooling control systems Open loop control in combination
with the thermostatic valve control Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 36
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System Slide 38 Typical BEMS
Functions (Control Algorithms) Lighting Control Lighting Control
On/Off Occupancy Tuning Combined control of artificial and daylight
Demand limiting Adaptation and compensation Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 37
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System Slide 39 BMS technology Use
of technology and process to create a building that is safer and
more productive for its occupants and more operationally efficient
for its owners Communication protocols BMS Data processing and
communication technology Software procedures installed into the
devices to exchange data Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 38 Slide 40 Access Lighting HVAC Elevators Fire
alarms Blinds Sensors BMS Integration of all technological plants
working within the building in a unique automation system Fire and
safety systems HVAC Elevators and escalators Access control systems
Lighting management Communication available to occupants / tenants
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 39 Slide
41 Remote Control of Technological Plants Remote Control of
Technological Plants Facilities for Maintenance Measurement,
Alarms, Events, Diagnostic Data Acquisition Facilities for
Maintenance Measurement, Alarms, Events, Diagnostic Data
Acquisition Facilities for Data Storing Configuration, Data-Base
High Quality Data Sets Facilities for Data Storing Configuration,
Data-Base High Quality Data Sets Facilities for Data Elaboration
Graphical display, Trends, Reports, Print-outputs Facilities for
Data Elaboration Graphical display, Trends, Reports, Print-outputs
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 40 Interface in a whole: I/O devices, local
controllers and communication modules connected to a control
network. Management Level (Supervisor) Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System Slide 42 Cabling management system no longer
assessable. High co-ordination effort. Server Sensor Actuator
Hierarchical control system VS Distributed control System Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 41 Slide
43 Talk and work ability: Sensor and actuators exchange information
directly with each other. No need of Central Controller. Minimal
cabling. Flexibility for alterations and expansion. Low cost
maintenance. Sensor Actuators Control module Hierarchical control
system VS Distributed control System Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 42 Slide 44 Economy of
maintenance and running costs (heating, lighting, ventilation,
electricity, easy way to detect the damage and repair it, etc)
Decreased Energy cost Increased level of comfort and time savings
Increased individual environmental control Safety and control
levels are increased Increase Decrease Main Characteristics
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 43 Slide
45 General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study:
Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade
Management System Conclusion Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 44
Slide 46 A blind controller must conform with to two building
characteristics: heating/cooling --> thermal inertia and climate
conditions visual comfort --> no inertia, immediate control Use
appropriate algorithms for controlling blind position by the:
control of passive solar gains, depending on the season control of
visual comfort, depending on the user's presence The long term
aspect is taken into account by considering the season. Possible
situations: heating/cooling energy optimum (when user is not
present in the room) visual comfort optimum (user is present in the
room) user's wishes have always the priority Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 45 Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for
a Blind Controller. Slide 47 Objective : avoid glare allow as much
daylight as possible keep blind movements minimum: to reduce the
unexpected movements, the blind moves if there is a significant
difference between the set-point and the actual position.
Principles : when the user is present, the position is determined
by the visual comfort rule base when the user is not present, the
position is determined by the heating / cooling rule base the user
has always the highest priority for setting the blind position.
Algorithm: if clear sky, consider a possible reduction of setpoint
value (in function of outside illuminance level and incidence
angle), in order to take into account glare risk; if only diffuse,
no reduction depending on the season, allow a further adaptation of
setpoint (increase in winter, reduction in summer) adjust the blind
position through a feedback-controlled loop Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 46 Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for
a Blind Controller. Slide 48 Thermal rule base concept: user is not
present Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 47 Case Study - DayLight
Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Ps = [Gv g
a] + [Gv g ga (1 - a)] [k" (Ti - Te)] a = blind position (a = 0:
blind closed; a = 1: blind open) Artificial lighting: off Try to
help the heating / cooling system by choosing the best possible
blind position Window and blind power balance Slide 49 Blind rule
base control: user is present Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 48
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind
Controller. Rules: When the user enters the room, the controller
switches in the visual optimisation mode. Artificial lighting and
blinds are both controlled automatically. If there are several
blinds, each one has, at the beginning, the same control algorithm.
They are differentiated by the adaptation to the user. The user has
always the possibility to override the automatic control system.
Thermal aspects are considered during visual optimisation. Slide 50
user is not present If user is not present, the artificial lighting
system is switched off (after a determined time delay). user is
present If user is present, the visual comfort rule base delivers a
Boolean signal (artificial lighting needed / not needed) When
artificial lighting is needed, the illuminance level provided by
the luminaries must complement the daylight: Artificial Lighting
rule base Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Lighting control: Case Study - an
integrated concept for a Blind Controller with: Eset= illuminance
set-point (including all the adaptations) En= illuminance level
provided by the daylight (with actual blind position) Ea = Eset -
En Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano,
5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 49 Slide 51 (1) Energy efficiency and saving:
measurements and simulations on one full year (at least one full
season) comparative measurements on occupied real buildings (2
similar rooms, regular interchange to cancel the bias due to
different user's behaviour) Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Lighting control: Case
Study - an integrated concept for a Blind Controller Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 50 (2) Comfort: for long term comfort statistics, one full
year simulation and/or experiment on real buildings comfort has to
be evaluated together with the energy saving, for the same periods,
using analytical expressions. Slide 52 Politecnique of Lausanne
(CH) - LESO Building Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master
MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 51 Old south
faade with only textile blinds Refurbished south faade, with
venetian & textile blinds Case Study - DayLight Control: an
integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Slide 53 LESO Building -
New South Facade Front View Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 52 Case
Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind
Controller. Slide 54 Two windows in each room: lower window -->
normal window upper window --> daylight system Each window has
its own blind (textile blind) LESO Building - New Facade Element:
Cross section Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master
MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 53 Case Study -
DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller.
Slide 55 Solar Radiation [W/m 2 ] Heating [kW] Air Temperature [C]
Energy Saving Heating [kW] Air Temperature [C] Traditional Control
(Instantaneous Regulation) Advanced Control Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 54 Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for
a Blind Controller. Slide 56 Two rooms (203 and 204) have been
considered, one equipped with advanced controller and the other one
equipped with conventional controller (no automatic control, only
users command). To reduce the experimental bias (room
characteristics, user behavior) exchange several times both rooms
has been done: Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings P adv = (E adv,203 + E adv,204 ) /
(t 1 + t 2 ) P conv = (E conv,203 + E conv,204 ) / (t 1 + t 2 )
room 203, advanced controller (time duration t 1 ) room 203,
conventional controller (time duration t 2 ) room 204, advanced
controller (time duration t 2 ) room 204, conventional controller
(time duration t 1 ) Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 55 Case Study - DayLight
Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Slide 57
Field Level Field Level blind controller (Textile blind) blind
controller (Venetian blind) artificial light controller (continuous
dimming or on/off control) Automation Level Automation Level
textile or venetian blind controller, user not present (thermal
optimization) textile blind controller, user present (visual
optimization) venetian blind controller, user present (visual
optimization) artificial light controller (continuous dimming or
on/off control) Management Level Management Level visual comfort
evaluation cost function Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 56 Case
Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind
Controller. Slide 58 field level automation level management level
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance
in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 57 Case Study - DayLight Control:
an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Slide 59 Thermal
comfort (fill once for each half day): vote on a -3 to +3 scale
(Fanger's PMV scale) Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 58 Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Visual
comfort ( fill 2 or 3 times a day ): illuminance level (too dark,
correct, too bright) glare problems (yes/no) Air quality ( fill
once at the end of the day ): air quality problem during the day
(yes/no) Control system operation ( fill when there is a problem ):
controller problems during the day (yes/no, if yes description of
problems) Control system adaptation ( fill once at the end of the
day ): system well adapted to user's wishes need to interact during
the day with the system to modify its behaviour (how many times)
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind
Controller. Slide 60 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings 9 different controllers have been
developed and tested the algorithms are tested during three
different periods corresponding to the three possible seasons:
winter, mid-season and summer Two cases studied: with and without
cooling system Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 59 The energy optimisation, using
visual control systems (blind and artificial light) takes place
when the user is not present for a certain amount of time (e.g. 15
minutes) Different things are done immediately: The artificial
light is switched off. The slats are closed. Each blind is
controlled in the same way. Case Study - DayLight Control: an
integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Slide 61 Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 60 Conclusion: The variable season is
essential in order to have a good blind controller. Its even better
to uses the variable heating in addition to the variable season.
Its best to have a positive window heat in mid-season when the
heating/cooling system is off. Case Study - DayLight Control: an
integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Slide 62 Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Six different controllers have been developed and tested,
considering a combination of: the exact position (both azimuth and
height) of the sun respect to the facade. different penetrations of
the sun in the room (leads to different behaviours). adaptation of
the system (user wishes) respect to the work position. Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 61 The visual comfort optimisation, using visual control
systems (blind and artificial light) takes place when the user is
present in the room. Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated
concept for a Blind Controller. The choosen algorithm provides: The
maximum blind position, calculated in order to avoid glare. An
adequate inside illuminance, through the final blind position and
the artificial light contribution with the following requirements:
o To avoid the oscillations (blind position and power light). o To
keep an intelligent control even if the sensor gives temporarly
wrong value (in case of paper on the sensor, etc) o To reduce the
numbers of blind movements Slide 63 Rules for Visual Comfort
Optimasation. If the inside illuminance is far (20%) from the
set-point, apply the maximum blind position control. If the inside
illuminance is very far (50%) from the set-point, apply the
artificial light control, to complete the illuminance level. More
if difference is more than 50% Less if difference is less than 30 %
In order to allow an optimum adaptation to the user wishes and to
the boundary conditions (room characteristics, current climate), a
cost function need to be elaborated to take into account all the
inconveniences: energy consumption (with possibly different
weighting factors for electricity, fuel, etc) thermal discomfort
air quality discomfort lighting discomfort The minimisation of the
cost function is automatically determined by the adjustment of
controllers at the automation level (setpoints, membership
functions, various coefficients, etc) Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 62 Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for
a Blind Controller. Slide 64 Direct illuminance on facade
[lux]Final blind positionMaximum blind position Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 63 Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated
concept for a Blind Controller. Artificial light contribution
[lux]Inside Illuminance [lux] Slide 65 Some methods have a
theoretical approach: British Glare Index (1957); Guth Index
(1963); Daylight Glare Index (1982); CIE Glare Index (1983);
Aizlewood's Method with DGI (1993). Some methods are based on
experimental data: Francioli's Method (1998): is a complex function
using only two measured variables at the location where the visual
comfort has to be evaluated: horizontal illuminance [lux] vertical
illuminance on the user's eyes [lux] (that could be approximated by
the luminance on the wall behind the user) LESO's Method (1998)
Illuminance level discomfort proportional to: Ic = current
illuminance Is = illuminance set-point Direct glare discomfort
proportional to: Ci = clarity index (0 if only diffuse, 1 if only
direct) a = blind position (0 if closed, 1 if open) f(q) = function
of incidence angle (1 if q = 0, 0 if q p/2) Gvf = global vertical
illuminance on the facade [lux] Artificial lighting discomfort
proportional to: Iart = illuminance due to artificial lighting Itot
= total illuminance (artificial lighting + daylighting) Lighting
control: Case Study Visual Comfort: Rules and Methods Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 64 Slide 66 C1, C2 and C3 are
coefficient (weights) chosen to balance the different visual
discomfort effects. Drawbacks: the coefficients C1, C2 and C3 are
rather arbitrary. the glare discomfort is only calculated, instead
of being measured directly. Final discomfort function: Lighting
control: Case Study Visual Comfort: LESOs Method Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 65 Illuminace level discomfort Maximum blind
position Slide 67 Lighting control: Case Study Experimental Setup
(1) Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 66 Sensors installed to
perform measurement in the sampling rooms. Slide 68 Sensors
installed to perform measurement for the whole LESO building
Lighting control: Case Study Experimental Setup (2) Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 67 Slide 69 Lighting control: Case Study
Experimental Results Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Lighting controllers operation:
Period 7-8 January 2000 Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 68 Slide 70 Lighting
control: Case Study Experimental Results Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Heating
controllers operation: Period 10-17 February 2000 Istituto Europeo
di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide:
69 Slide 71 Blind controller (Heating + Lighting): 25% lower The
Energy Consumption of the Advanced Controller is 25% lower than
Conventional one. Energy losses: Conventional: 615 MJ Advanced: 600
MJ => 15 MJ less of energy losses 13 MJ comes from the
difference of average of inside temperatures (22.8C for advanced
due to adaptation, 23.1C for Conventional) 2 MJ comes from the
supplementary insulation (blinds down) during night Moreover, 55 MJ
(70-15) are saved through a better use of solar gains Lighting
control: Case Study Energy Saving Results Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 70 Slide 72 General Overview BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation:
Facade Management System Conclusion Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 71 Slide 73 The Project: Intelligent automation system
specifically designed to perform a functional control (i.e.
control, monitoring, alarms and trending) over a Faades motorised
blind, vents and louvers within the building envelope. Efficient
Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in
Buildings Facade Management System Istituto Europeo di Design
Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 72 The
Riverside Building Dublin. Slide 74 Projects Requirement : Control
the capability to start and stop equipment, adjust control loops
and automatically adapt to the changes of the environmental and
operating conditions. Monitoring the capability of a continuous
data acquisition related to physical variables and the system
performances (for all the facades). Alarms the capability to inform
the Operator when a component is out of service or its
functionality is downgraded. Typically alarms remain active until
acknowledgement. Trending the capability to perform on-line and
off-line data elaboration (printoutputs, graphics, statistics,
etc.), for all the analogue and digital variables configured in the
system. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Facade Management System Istituto Europeo
di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide:
73 Slide 75 Projects Requirement: The following individual elements
of the building envelope were supposed to be controlled: The top
and the bottom motorized louvers in the outer skin of the glass
faade envelope; The motorized wooden blinds located within the
faade cavity; The motorized vents located within the inner skin of
the faade envelope; The motorized shading screens on the inner
surface of the atrium vertical roof glazing element; The concealed
motorized vents located at the upper edge of the atrium roof
glazing. Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 74 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Facade Management
System Internal skin BlindVents ILLUSTRATIVE External skin Louver
Slide 76 Project development Distributed architecture so that each
faade (i.e. north, south, east and west) is an independent
automation block for the control system. Each control module is
divided in sub-modules (e.g. floors or sectors). Physical devices
(i.e. motorized blocks) are controlled within each sub-modules.
sub-modules performs his task in an autonomous and independent way
each others, so that risk of failure for the whole faade are saved.
Parameters: the internal thermal and visual conditions, and the
external climate; occupants requirements; Profiles of indoor
comfort to maintain; Building rules established at the supervisor
level. Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 75 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Facade Management
System Slide 77 Software Hardware FMS Control devices (modules);
Field sensor(s); Communication bus and network (i.e. cables, line
ending modules, electrical circuits, TCP/IP-LonWorks interfaces,
routers, ect.); Remote I/O panel (touch screens); Firmware (local
control algorithms installed into the control modules). General
Management software for centralised supervision, monitoring and
remote system control; Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 76 The Project: Hardware
& Software Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Facade Management System Slide 78
FMS Facade Management System Control Module Fan SMI motor Blinds
Internal skin External skin Actuators Sensors System overview:
Sensors measure the lux intensity. Module receives and elaborates
measurements and users command. Module provides the correct
position for the actuators, SMI motor and the Fan. The same concept
is applied to HVAC Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in
Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 77 Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Users
command Slide 79 Internal skin External skin SMI motor Time [h]
Behaviour at Midday: Incident solar radiation produces an internal
lux intensity higher than Set Point value. Therefore FNS regulates
the blinds position and slats orientation, through the SMI motor,
to guarantees the required visual comfort. Midday Lux intensity
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 78 FMS Facade Management System Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Incident solar radiation Slide 80 Internal skin Incident solar
radiation External skin SMI motor Behaviour in the Afternoon:
Incident solar radiation produces an internal lux intensity reduced
but still able to meet the required set point value. Lux intensity
is high enough therefore FMS sets the SMI motor: blinds horizontal
position. Afternoon Lux intensity Time [h] Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 79
FMS Facade Management System Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Slide 81 Internal skin
External skin SMI motor Incident solar radiation Behaviour in the
Evening: Incident solar radiation produces a lux intensity that is
lower than the required set point value. Lux intensity is not high
enough therefore FMS sets blinds vertical and the module triggers
lights on. Evening Lux intensity Time [h] Istituto Europeo di
Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 80
FMS Facade Management System Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Slide 82 General
Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study: Daylight
(thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade Management
System Conclusion Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Istituto Europeo di Design Master
MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 81 Slide 83 The
BMS concept can be addressed to many market sectors, like: Public
and Private Buildings, Individual or geographical Stocks: (Offices,
Banks, Insurances, Hospitals, Hotels, Schools, Exhibition and Trade
Centres, etc.) Industry and Large Infrastructures (Ports, Airports,
Interports, Technological Networks) Sport and Recreational Centres
(Stadiums, Gymnasiums, Swimming-pools, ) Museums, Theatres,
Cinemas. Complexes of Residential Building Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting
Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 82 Slide 84 Criteria for BEMS
evaluation. Energy saving Energy saving Occupant Comfort Occupant
Comfort Reliability (control algorithms errors) Reliability
(control algorithms errors) Costs Costs Pay-back period Pay-back
period Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 83 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort
and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management
System Slide 85 Reliability Protection against faults and faulty
operation at any component level, continuity of service.
Interoperability Low cost actions to change working configuration
and to set up new ones, according to new specification. Modularity
Control network can be expanded, saving investment preserving the
existing one, and without stopping the ongoing control process.
Energy Saving Lightning: 70-80% (manual control) Air conditioning:
20-35% (manual control) Maintenance Saving Personnel: 40-60%
(outsourcing) Time : 80-90% (manual control) Efficient Design for
Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building
Management System: Advantages Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP
in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 84 Slide 86
Strategies based on room occupancy profiles Summer Occupancy Manual
Control BMS Presence26 C25 C Temporary Absence (< 5 min.)26 C27
C Extended Absence (> 5 min.)26 C29 C Winter Occupancy Manual
Control BMS Presence23 C21 C Temporary Absence (< 5 min.)23 C18
C Extended Absence (> 5 min.)23 C16 C Control Manual Control
BMSSaving Electricity5.054.105 kWh e 1.553.980kWh e 69,25 %
Electricity5.054.105 kWh e 1.553.980 kWh e 69,25 % Summer 950.945
kWh e 746.145kWh e 21,54 % Summer 950.945 kWh e 746.145 kWh e 21,54
% Winter153.425 Nm 3 77.175Nm 3 49,70 % Winter153.425 Nm 3 77.175
Nm 3 49,70 % The energy saving at building level was: 254.490
/year, of which: 164.280 /year for electric consumption [kWh e ];
90.210 /year for gas consumption [Nm 3 ]. Including all, the BMS
payback period was 4.2 years, against an estimated of 5.5 years.
Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5
Oct. 2006 Slide: 85 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy
Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System:
Savings Slide 87 Experience shows that average costs for BMS
implementation can be evaluated as following: Surface 50 75 /m 2
Physical Input/Output 200 250 Construction1,5 % added value The
Building added value due to a BMS installation, considering: - the
operative cost reductions, - the improvements in indoor comfort,
safety and security - the technological innovation can be estimated
more than of 5 % can be estimated more than of 5 %. Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 86 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Building Management System: Costs Slide 88
Distributed architecture for local and remote control. Integration
of different and marketable communication protocols in a whole
standard communication system. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, with respect
to plant controls, telecommunication systems and Internet
applications. Protective and Security techniques with respect to
data transmission and user inputs. Web-services, help-desk
functions, fast-operating time Istituto Europeo di Design Master
MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 87 Design &
Engineering Optimisation Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and
Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System:
Project Methodology Slide 89 Building-Plants investigation and
collection of related data. Building-Plants Analysis to propose the
most suitable solution according to Clients needs and choices.
Definition of a Plan of SAVINGs, according to present and near
future building rules, space planning operations, user wishes,
occupant behaviour. Actions to be implemented to accomplish the
Plan of SAVINGs and to improve efficiency in the whole management
process. Actions to carry out in order to solve possible conflicts
coming from the integration, in a whole process, of several plants
purchased by different Vendors with different communication
protocols. Design & Engineering Optimisation Istituto Europeo
di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide:
88 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Building Management System: Project
Methodology Slide 90 Analysis of Requirements: preliminary
investigation on building-plants system. Basic Engineering: HW and
SW Architecture, Functional Specifications, List of I/O signals.
Executive Engineering: design outlines; control module layout
(domains, input, output, functions), protocol interfaces.
Configuration: I/O variables database, control algorithms,
functional lab tests. Supervisor: static & dynamical graphical
displays, remote and communication software functions, alarm and
diagnostic management, data storing and processing, user s
definition and access profiles, help-on-line. Installation: may be
direct or as support to other figures. In-Situ Tests, Acceptance
and Start-Up. Project Documentation: As-Built, technical sheets,
Use and Maintenance Manuals. Istituto Europeo di Design Master MSP
in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 89 Efficient Design
for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Project Development Slide 91 Istituto
Europeo di Design Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006
Slide: 90 Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings
Performance in Buildings Thank you Everything has to done as simple
as possible, but not simpler. Albert Einstein