By Marcel Silvius Brunei 22 March 2012 Issues and opportunities in coastal and peat swamp forests in South-east Asia
Sep 14, 2014
By
Marcel Silvius
Brunei
22 March 2012
Issues and opportunities in coastal and peat swamp forests in South-east Asia
Mangrove forest
Don’t forget the ecosystem values:•Carbon store•Coastal protection•Fisheries•Biodiversity•Amenity values: Tourism
OK
Many migratory species
Migratory waders depend on healthy coastal ecosystems
• East Asian – Australasian Flyway (EAAF) extends
from Alaska, the Russian Far East and Siberia
through SE Asia to Australia and New Zealand
• > 50 million waterbirds
• Migration in north-south ‘flyways’
Mangrove loss
Drivers:
•Logging
•Conversion for aquaculture
and agriculture
•Conversion for infrastructure (roads,
housing)
Peat swamp forest
Inside primary peat swamp forest (Belait peat swamp forest, Brunei)
Mineral SoilRiver River
Peat swamp forest
Organic matter
A peat bog is rain water fed
Peat: organic matter accumulated over thousands of years storing carbon in thick layers
What is so special about peatlands?
+ 90% water
Peatlands cover 3% of the global land surface
Key role in the water cycle
• Globally 10% of all freshwater
• Source areas of many rivers
• Important for water storage and supply
• Crucial for mitigation of droughts and floods
Peatlands: Threatened carbon stores
Peatlands store large amounts of carbon Peatland degradation leads to CO2 emissions which contribute to global warming
• Globally peatlands store 550 Giga ton (Gt) C
• 30% of terrestrial carbon
– twice the carbon stored in forests
• drained and degrading: 15% (50 million ha)
• emissions: 2 Gt CO2 per annum (25% increase since 1990)
• 6% of global emissions
Globally degrading peatlandsare hotspots of CO2 emissions
Russia160 Mt
EU
174 Mt
115 MtCentral Asia
USA
72 Mt
1 Gt SE Asia
Drivers of peatland degradation in SE Asia
•Deforestation
–Legal & illegal logging
•Fires
•Drainage
–Agriculture
– Infrastructure
–Pulpwood & Palm oil plantations
Loss of CarbonNatural forest into plantation:
above ground Carbon release 153 – 359 t C ha-1
(once)
Logged forest to plantation:
above ground Carbon release 47 – 214 t C ha-1
(once)
Drainage of peat:
continuous Carbon release: 7 - 40 t C ha-1
every year !!
Oil palm on peat
Crop Emission tCO2/TJ Fuel Emission tCO2/TJ
Palm oil 600 Fuel oil 73
Berbak National park, Jambi, Indonesia
Trade / economic consequences
• Opportunity loss
– EU
• Renewable Energy directive: No biofuel from feed stock derived from drained peatlands
• Fuel Quality Directive: No biofuels from
peatlands
– USA
• EPA-420-F-11-046: December 2011: Palm oil does not meet the minimum 20% lifecycle GHG
reduction threshold needed to qualify as renewable fuel
• Extra costs for responsible producers to certify and market sustainable palm oil
Long-term impacts of peatland degradation
• Climate change
• Loss of biodiversity
• Loss for other business sectors
• Major soil subsidence and flooding
Socio-economic impact of peatland fires on people
Peatland fires:
• Millions ha peat forest burned
• Major public health issues
• Millions of working & school days lost
• Billions of $ lost through impacts on transport and tourism sectors
• 30% of children under 5 have respiratory illnesses and stunted growth
• Social & ethnic tensions
• Vicious cycle of environmental degradation & over-exploitation
Smog and smoke
over SE-Asia
22 Oktober 1997
International tensions / political impacts
© NASA TOMS
Malaysia in September 2005
Towards solutionsTowards solutions
Green Coast Policy
• Shift coastal settlements inland• Adjust coastal spatial planning • Maintain a Green Belt• Apply Sylvo-fisheries & place ponds behind mangroves
Sylvo-fishery: DRR + Livelihood + Mitigate CC
A model being promoted in Aceh
DRR
Silvo-fishery pond- Cikeong, West Java
Silvo-fishery pond- Pemalang, Central Java
• International cooperation for the conservation and
sustainable management of coastal areas that are key for migratory waterbirds
• Join the EAAF Partnership
• Nominate key areas for the network.
East Asian Australasian Flyway
South-east Asian peatlandsrehabilitation and conservation
• Rehabilitation of half of SE Asia’s degraded peatlands (6.5 million ha) can prevent 1 Gt of CO2/yr:
= 6 ppmv over 100 year
• Conservation of undeveloped peat swamps (Moratorium) can prevent 1.5 Gt CO2/yr:
= 9 ppmv over 100 years
• Peatland emission reduction can prevent major atmospheric carbon increase:
15 ppmv over 100 years,
or about 15% of what is needed to stop climate change
1. Preventing further peatland degradation:
• No more logging
• No more conversion
• Revoke existing concessions - shift to degraded mineral soil areas
• Exclude products of drained peatlands from supply chains
2. Rehabilitation of degraded peatlands
Priorities for achieving reduction targets
Peatland Ecosystem Restoration
• Rewetting & reforestation
• Fire prevention & control
• Local economic development
• Sustainable finance
� Carbon markets
� Private sector
• Policy embedding
� Ecosystem Restoration legislation
� REDD+
Moratorium on Conversion and Drainage of Peatlands
Wetlands International’sframeworks of cooperation
• UNFCCC– Wetlands in LULUCF
– Peatlands in REDD+
• Private sector– world wide portfolio of peatland and
mangrove projects targeting carbon markets
• German International Climate Initiative– 65,000 ha peatland restoration in Moscow
Oblast; German-Russian cooperation
• IPS – Responsible Peatland Management
Strategy
– Development certification
• RSPO– Peat Land Working Group
– GHG working group – Carbon neutral palm
oil production
• EU & USA– No biofuel produced on peat
Community-based implementation
• Local stakeholders can benefit
– Employment
– Benefit sharing
– Micro-credits (Bio-rights www.wetlands.org/bio-rights) & CSR
• Sustainable development in bufferzones• Sharing of business in concession
– tourism, fisheries, NTFP, timber
• in return participation in environment management
– Build capacity of local NGOs and science institutes
– Healthy environment
Available at www.wetlands.org
Science base development
Peatland restoration is possible & MRV-able
• Brunei’s peat and mangrove swamp forests are in
good shape.
• This offers opportunity for sound development and
conservation
• fisheries, including aquarium fish trade• international carbon trade• freshwater supply for coastal municipalities and industry• tourism development
• Interesting investment option for international research
• ecosystem functioning• genetic and species biodiversity• carbon sequestration
• Benefit of disaster risk reduction, preventing the
significant costs related to soil subsidence, flooding and resulting land loss
Message
More information on
www.wetlands.org
Thank y u