Issue in Judaism -Holocaust

11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated

6 million Jews6 million Jews5 million people 5 million people

1933 - 19451933 - 1945

They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…

Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,

sho'ah) sho'ah) which which originally meant a originally meant a sacrifice totally burned sacrifice totally burned by fire by fire

the annihilation of the the annihilation of the Jews and other groups Jews and other groups of people of Europe of people of Europe under the Nazi regime under the Nazi regime during World War IIduring World War II

GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group

Cold Hard FactsCold Hard FactsCasualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed

91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed

Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 000 pounds of human hair. But only

7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners

How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?

The Power of WordsThe Power of Words The Stages of The Stages of

IsolationIsolation The Bystander The Bystander

versusversusthe Collaboratorthe Collaborator

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small

one”one”

““How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”

The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”

The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”Jew”

What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?

All Quotes of Adolf All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…Hitler…

European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340

Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Survivors of Holocaust:

3,546,2113,546,211

The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression The Holocaust was a progression

of actionsof actionsleading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of

millions by:millions by:

1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights

2: Segregation2: Segregation

3: Concentration3: Concentration

4: Extermination4: Extermination

Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all

JEWS were :JEWS were :

stripped of German stripped of German citizenship citizenship

fired from jobs & fired from jobs & businesses boycotted businesses boycotted

banned from German banned from German schools and universitiesschools and universities

Marriages between Marriages between Jews and Aryans Jews and Aryans forbiddenforbidden

Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that

all JEWS were :all JEWS were :

Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a Passports stamped with a

“J”“J” forced to wear the arm forced to wear the arm

band of the Yellow “Star band of the Yellow “Star of David”of David”

Jewish synagogues Jewish synagogues destroyeddestroyed

forced to pay reparations forced to pay reparations and a special income taxand a special income tax

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List“Whoever saves one life, saves the “Whoever saves one life, saves the

world entire”world entire”•Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us.good in all of us.

•Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 minmin

Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to Jews were forced to

live in designated live in designated areas called “ghettos” areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from to isolate them from the rest of societythe rest of society

Nazis established 356 Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII

Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS

Ghettos were filthy, with Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and poor sanitation and extreme overcrowdingextreme overcrowding

Disease was rampant Disease was rampant and food was in such and food was in such short supply that many short supply that many slowly starved to death slowly starved to death

Warsaw, the largest Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizesquare miles in size

Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for

deportation to concentration & death campsdeportation to concentration & death camps

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30

(train)(train) Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of

Ghetto)- 17 minGhetto)- 17 min

Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps

essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)Communists, homosexuals, opponents)

Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient

transportation transportation

Life in the Life in the CampsCamps

possessions possessions were were confiscatedconfiscated

heads were heads were shavedshaved

arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison Prison

uniformsuniforms Men, women Men, women

and children and children were were separated separated

Life in the Life in the CampsCamps

Survival Survival based on based on trade skills / trade skills / physical physical strength strength

Unsanitary, Unsanitary, disease disease ridden and ridden and lice infested lice infested barracks barracks

inhumane inhumane medical medical experimentsexperiments

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s ListClip 4: Chapter 17 Clip 4: Chapter 17

(concentration camps / (concentration camps / factory)- 4 minfactory)- 4 min

Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination Einsatzgruppen

(mobile killing (mobile killing units) had began units) had began killing operations killing operations aimed at entire aimed at entire Jewish communities Jewish communities in the 1930sin the 1930s

DEATH DEATH FACTORIESFACTORIES: Nazi : Nazi extermination extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder

Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination

EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: Nazi program: Nazi policy to policy to eliminate “life eliminate “life unworthy of unworthy of life” (mentally life” (mentally or physically or physically challenged) to challenged) to promote Aryan promote Aryan “racial “racial integrity”integrity”

“ “FINAL FINAL SOLUTION”SOLUTION”

Wannsee Wannsee

Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the “complete “complete solution of the solution of the Jewish Jewish question”question”

called for the called for the complete and complete and mass mass annihilation and annihilation and exterminationextermination of the Jews as of the Jews as well as other well as other groups groups

Zyklon B gas Zyklon B gas became the became the agent in the agent in the mass mass exterminationextermination

Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums

Prisoners were sent to Prisoners were sent to gas chambers gas chambers disguised as showersdisguised as showers

Zyklon B gas used to Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 gas people in 3 – 15 minutesminutes

Up to 8000 people Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death the largest death camp with 4 operating camp with 4 operating gas chambersgas chambers

Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums

Gold fillings Gold fillings from victims from victims teeth were teeth were melted down to melted down to make gold bardsmake gold bards

Prisoners moved Prisoners moved dead bodies to dead bodies to massive massive crematoriums crematoriums

Schindler’s ListSchindler’s ListClip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3

minminClip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44

(disc 2)- 4 min(disc 2)- 4 minClip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)

Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War

By 1945, the By 1945, the Nazis’ began to Nazis’ began to destroy destroy crematoriums crematoriums and camps as and camps as Allied troops Allied troops closed inclosed in

Death Marches Death Marches (Todesmarsche):(Todesmarsche): Between 1944-Between 1944-1945, Nazis 1945, Nazis ordered marches ordered marches over long over long distances. distances. Approximately Approximately 250 000 – 375 250 000 – 375 000 prisoners 000 prisoners perished in Death perished in Death MarchesMarches

Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War

On January On January 27, 1945, the 27, 1945, the Soviet army Soviet army entered entered Auschwitz Auschwitz (largest camp) (largest camp) and liberated and liberated more than more than 7,000 7,000 remaining remaining prisoners, who prisoners, who were mostly ill were mostly ill and dying. and dying.

Nazis confiscated property of Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in storerooms nicknamed prisoners in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the sheer amount “Kanada” because the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawith the riches of Canada

Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?

• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)

Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?

•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.

Holocaust Holocaust

ArtArt

AftermathAftermath Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah: :

Holocaust Holocaust Remembrance Day Remembrance Day established in 1951established in 1951

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: : 1945-1949 were trials 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)leaders tried)

Displaced PersonsDisplaced Persons Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism in the in the

world todayworld today