Comparison of Histogram Thresholding Methods for Ultrasound Appendix Image Extraction Milton Wider, Yin M. Myint, Eko Supriyanto Abstract – Ultrasound image can facilitate the physician to identify the cause of an enlarged abdominal organ. This paper presents the attempt to diagnose the appendicitis by extracting appendix from abdominal ultrasound image. Histogram thresholding methods are compared for the appendix extraction. Moreover, the performance changes of appendix extraction methods in according with the position of scanning probe are presented. In order to segment out the appendix from ultrasound image, this paper discusses the comparative results of three thresholding segmentation methods. From this comparison it can be clearly seen that the proposed method is the most appropriate method for appendix image segmentation. When analyzed the extracted appendix image, it can be concluded that the normal probe view is the best transducer position. Keywords – appendix image, extraction, histogram thresholding, probe view, transducer position. I. INTRODUCTION T-SCAN has been found more reliable to be used for appendicitis diagnosis in pregnant patient, however the radiation exposure during the diagnosis double the risk to develop a fetal abnormalities which in turn makes ultrasound screening as the preferable method to examine on appendicitis in pregnant patient [2]. However, a study for ultrasound screening in 33 pregnant patients shows 88% failure on detecting the pathologically proven having appendicitis. A study to compare MRI and ultrasound screening on reliability to detect appendicitis shows that MRI correctly diagnosed 33 of 34 cases (97%) of acute appendicitis compared to ultrasound screening [2]. So ultrasounds screening correctly diagnosed appendicitis lower than MRI [3]. However, ultrasound is a nonionizing method for scanning which is very useful for pregnant patient. Hence, the poor ability of ultrasound to find appendicitis is solemnly the limitation of the ultrasound screening hardware itself. Upgrading parts, system and hardware might help to enhance the detection for organs inside the body. Apart from that, nonvisualized image when examined can be counterattacked by image processing. Clearer image can be obtained by exploring some image processing methods on the blurry image which in turn can help in better visualization Manuscript received August 30, 2011. Milton Wilder is with the Advanced Diagnostics and Progressive Human Care Research Group, Clinical Science and Engineering Department, FKBSK, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia (phone: +607-553-5273; e- mail: [email protected]). Yin M. Myint is with the Advanced Diagnostics and Progressive Human Care Research Group, Clinical Science and Engineering Department, FKBSK, UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia. (e-mail: [email protected]) E. Supriyanto is with the Advanced Diagnostics and Progressive Human Care Research Group, Clinical Science and Engineering Department, FKBSK, UTM Skudai, Johor 81310 Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected]). for accurate diagnosis and interpretation by the specialists or medical doctors. This paper describes the enhancement of medical ultrasound images mainly for appendicitis. This can be achieved by examining some methods on image processing. They are: 1. image segmentation 2. image enhancement and 3. parameter measurement. For medical segmentation purpose, various thresholding methods have been used. This paper presents the analysis of thresholding methods for appendix image. Averaging noise filtering 3X3 kernel method has been implemented for image enhancement. Finally, image labeling and area pixel selection method are used for parameter measurement. The appendix is an appendage or appendix like structure. It is a wormlike intestinal diverticulum extending from the blind end of the cecum; it varies in length and ends in a blind extremity [7]. Fig. 1 Anatomy of appendix The appendix is part of the cecum from which it originates where the 3 tenia coli coalesce at the distal aspect of the cecum. Not surprisingly, the appendix resembles the cecum histologically and includes circular and longitudinal muscle layers. The appendix arises from the cecum approximately 2.5 cm below the ileocecal valve. It varies in length from complete agenesis to more than 30 cm, but it is usually 5 to 10 cm in length. The mean width is 0.5 to 1.0 cm [6]. The main thrust of events leading to the development of acute appendicitis lies in the appendix developing a compromised blood supply due to obstruction of its lumen and becomes very vulnerable to invasion by bacteria found in the gut normally. Obstruction of the appendix lumen by faecolith, enlarged lymph node, worms, tumour, normal mucus secretions continue within the lumen of the appendix or indeed foreign objects, brings about a raised intra-luminal C INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS Issue 4, Volume 5, 2011 542
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Comparison of Histogram Thresholding Methods
for Ultrasound Appendix Image Extraction
Milton Wider, Yin M. Myint, Eko Supriyanto
Abstract – Ultrasound image can facilitate the physician to
identify the cause of an enlarged abdominal organ. This paper
presents the attempt to diagnose the appendicitis by extracting
appendix from abdominal ultrasound image. Histogram thresholding
methods are compared for the appendix extraction. Moreover, the
performance changes of appendix extraction methods in according
with the position of scanning probe are presented. In order to
segment out the appendix from ultrasound image, this paper
discusses the comparative results of three thresholding segmentation
methods. From this comparison it can be clearly seen that the
proposed method is the most appropriate method for appendix
image segmentation. When analyzed the extracted appendix image,
it can be concluded that the normal probe view is the best transducer