Ispectrum magazine 16

ISPECTRUM MAGAZINE

Issue 16/March-April 2016

i ,the alien

Why emotions influence our immune system

immunohistology

The ChemisTry of sTress: How It Affects our HeAltH?

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Features

03the Chemistry oF stress:How It Affects our HeAltH?04 what exactly happens in our body when we undergo stress?06 Negative thoughts impact badly on our body07 Negative effects of adrenaline on the body

13i, the alien15 the superior ability of the human body22 our body detects radio frequen-cy signals from the surrounding space

27Why emotions inFluenCe our immune systemHeAlINg AutoImmuNe DIsorDers wItH NlP30 reprogramming the negative emotions

33immunohistology:ANtIboDIes sHow us DIseAseD cells35 targeted synthesizing of anti-bodies37 multiple advantages in contrast to gene sequencing

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CONTENTS

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Mado MartinezEditorial Director

Editorial DirectorMado Martinez, [email protected]

Art DirectorRayna [email protected] Contributing EditorsMatt [email protected] HayesRavinder DhindsaJennifer James

Contributing WritersDr. Fahad BasheerDimitre AssenovMarkus Köller

Imagescommons.wikimeadia.org morguefile.com pixabay.com

editorial

Ispectrum magazine

Dear Readers,

March is my favourite month of the year. Spring is here, with its sudden changes of weather, and issue 16 keeps the same spirit. As always, Dr. Fahad Basheer, author of The Science of Emotions, has written two pieces of special interest. The first one digs into the Chemistry of stress to show us how it affects our health, whilst the second shows us how emotions influence our immune system.

The Engineer Dimitre Assenov offers us the reading of his latest scientific paper under the intriguing title: “I, the Alien”. Are we out of place in this planet? You may find the answer here.

And Markus Köller comes with an inter-esting approach to antibodies: We all know it from biology lessons at school: Antibodies help us to ward off disease and are essential components of our immune system. What many people do not know is that physicians and scientists use animal antibodies to identify dis-eased or mutated cells. This makes them an important instrument in the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer.

Enjoy the reading! www.ispectrummagazine.com

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Published Bimonthly ISSN 2053-1869

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The ChemisTry of sTress: how iT AffeCTs our heAlTh?

o you know why and how exact-ly our negative thoughts impact badly on our body?

During my general practice, I often encounter many cases that stem from stress. Gastritis; yes of course is one of the common clinical presentations that come in O.P. A thorough evalu-ation of the patient’s day will clear-ly explain why exactly he developed gastritis. Most of them would admit that they had a stressful day.

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By

DR. FAHAD BASHEER

AUTHoR oF “THE SCIENCE oF EMoTIoNS”

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Here is an interesting study con-ducted on prisoners of the World War II, and it was found that the risk of developing peptic ulcer among them was twice higher than that of the controls. There are sev-eral other cases like stress induced hypertension, diabetes, bronchial asthma, infections etc. that comes to an O.P. This might make one think why stress can cause several clinical disorders. We shall know why this happens in the last part of this article.

In our daily life we often undergo stressful situations. There is no avoiding them. The stress that one experiences is nothing but the response of the body to outer envi-ronment and the mind to our inner fears. These inner fears may be on account of anything like an exami-nation, a job or responsibility, the family, an encounter with a person or situation one dislikes or fears, etc. (1)

Do you know what exactly hap-pens in our body when we undergo stress?

Imagine that you have met with an accident. What happens next? The adrenal gland which is located just above the kidneys, responds to the accident by releasing an emer-gency hormone known as adrena-line into the bloodstream. This hor-mone helps in combating daily life stress by changing the body physi-ology. The adrenaline decreases the flow of blood to the gut and shunt the blood to the body muscles to tackle the tough situation the

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body is faced with. This gives you more ener-gy in muscles to com-bat the accident. The adrenaline produced at that time shuts down the functioning of the immune system and gut by decreasing its blood supply. This is known as the flight or fight response. This natural response is one of the greatest gifts to human body in com-bating external threats that we often encoun-ter in our daily life. This response gives us more power and energy to survive any external threats like accidents, being chased by wild animals etc. (1)

This was the case in ancient ancestors. One flight fight response would save their life from wild animals. This flight fight response is present in every ani-

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mal to combat their enemies and to save their life from its predators. Once the external threat van-ishes, the flight fight response subsides and body restores its nor-mal functioning. (1)

But the question arises why modern man faces this much stress unlike the animals?

Normally when an exter-nal threat (accidents, exams etc.) is removed, adrenaline production gets stopped and the body will restore its normal functioning. But in stress, where the threat is internal (negative thoughts and negative emotions) will constantly stimu-late the production of adrenaline. This will cause deleterious and harmful effects in our body unless the inter-

nal threat, “the stress” is managed. Here in “stress” the hormone causes more harm than good. (1)

Do you know why and how exactly our nega-tive thoughts impact badly on our body?

The latest research reveals that this adren-aline is not only pro-duced while combat-ing an accident, threat or disaster, but also produced when a man undergoes stress. The stress is indeed a dis-ease of a modern man. The stress follows him where ever he goes. The research shows that “the adrenaline is even produced in the body when a person undergoes a negative thought in his mind, or even when he feels negative emotions”

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and “the adrenaline is produced the same moment he experiences negative thoughts and negative emotion”. The fact is that “there is no time lag between production of adrenaline and negative thoughts that pass through his mind or the negative emotions he feels within”. (1)

So how badly will this Adrenaline affect our body? Adrenaline causes the following:

increases blood sugar:

Adrenaline increase glucose production from liver to blood and decreases the production of insulin thereby increas-ing the blood sugar. This predisposes to diabetes mel-litus. (1)

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increases blood pressure:

Adrenaline increases blood pressure by con-stricting arterioles and veins thereby increases the blood pressure. This predisposes to hyperten-sion. (1)

increases risk of cardiac diseases:

Adrenaline increases the rate, force and contraction of heart muscles and causes arrhythmias. Concurrent stimulation of heart due to stress can put heart on increased work-load leading to increased chances of getting a heart attack. Women have a premenopausal estrogen that protects them from stress related heart disease. (1)

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increase obesity:

Adrenaline can move fat from storage depots and relocate it to fat cell depos-its in the abdomen. This causes an increase in body mass index and generates obesity. The obesity is one of the risk factors for devel-oping diabetes and cor-onary artery disease. In some cases, patient loses his weight. (1)

indigestion and chronic constipation:

Adrenaline decreases blood supply to gut and decreases peristalsis of bowel and increases sphincter tone by acting on its receptors. This leads to indigestion and chronic constipation. (1)

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increases susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections:

Adrenaline suppresses the func-tioning of immune cells required to combat infectious diseases and there by increases the suscepti-bility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Stress increase suscep-tibility for H.pylori infections in stomach to the common gastri-tis. Chronic stress can increase chance for Urinary tract infections in females. (1,2)

increases muscle ten-sion:

Adrenaline increases blood flow to muscles and cause increased mus-cle tension to cause tension head-aches that we often experience at the end of our working days. The tight muscles can cause, headache,

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shoulder pain, backache and body pain. Chronic stress induced mus-cle tension can later predisposes to fibromyalgia etc. (2)

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Decreases interest in sex:

Adrenaline decreases the testoster-one produced in men and estrogen in women that is needed for sexual arousal. Chronic stress can cause decreased sperm production and erectile dysfunction or impotence. (2)

Alters menstrual cycle:

Chronic stress can cause irregular or no menstruation. Sometimes it can cause heavy or painful bleed-ing. (2)

Creates psychic disor-ders:

Chronic stress is one of the funda-mental causes for conditions like over eating, less eating, alcohol and drug abuse. (1,2)

So what exactly is the solution for attaining health? The answer is simple but tough to achieve.

Wipe away our daily life stress!

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So how do we wipe away our stress? It’s by bringing our uncontrolled thoughts and emotions into our control.

So how will we bring our thoughts and emotions to control?NLP psychotherapeutics, mindful-ness and meditation are such won-derful tools in achieving mastery over our thoughts and emotions.

REFERENCES:

(1) The Science of Emotions: Dr. Fahad

Basheer

(2) The effect of stress on the body: Ann

Pietrangelo

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Flora is natural to this planet needing only the sustenance the planet and sun provides.

Fauna appears to cope very well with the planet’s environment and has evolved and adapted to the planets changes with time. There is only one species that appears out of place, for instance,

with its natural “skin” this species gets sunburned easily and can die within minutes in cold environ-ments. So, to adapt, it has done what no other species needs to do – it has created artificial environments on this planet to survive – a fundamental require-ment of this is the destruction of the planet’s natural flora and fauna.

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By

DIMITRE ASSENov

I, the Alien

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These species are not native to this planet but have been intro-duced to it and are therefore the aliens they are searching for. These species are looking at this whole scenario incorrectly and ironically created convenient artificial des- information division named “reli-gion” to keep the masses intact.

By its nature these species are destructive yet ironically

amazingly loving and do not have the capability to yet find who or what actually placed them on the planet because their

philosophers and scien-tists think each other are

wrong when both are correct.

There are a great number of phe-nomena on the planet that only can be explained after implicating the unusual algorithm of superior tech-nology, which comes from outside the world we know. This makes it extremely difficult to provide grounded answer of the common question “why”.

This article will revile superior abil-ity of the human body and inten-tionally provide no answer of the purpose.

They are still at the primitive tech level of making life an

absolute utopia.

Considering the known nature of extreme high frequencies at extreme low energies, this phe-nomena points to unrec-ognized application of dark matter radiation and its interaction with human cerebral sub-conscious ability for information processing. This includes receiving and emitting messages from great distances

and completely out-side the energy grid, or remotely searching and locating hidden sources of frequency, objects, substances, information and even remotely overtaking or controlling the mental state of another.

There is a little unknown catch, that

only approximately 5% of all humans use this controlling ability.This may sound extreme and unbelievable, but after you read this arti-cle you may start think-ing another way.

To begin I will pro-vide a little information about dark matter radi-ation. This is the radio

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frequency emitted by any matter and it pen-etrates throughout any space, object or shield-ing, carrying the energy signature of a chemi-cal composition. This radio frequency is only affected by deep cryo-genic cooling; when the atom particle deceler-ates or suspends its

normal rotation move-ment, but it continues their vibration at a low pace. “Modern” nucle-ar science already has some of the knowledge in this field, but still cannot find a credible explanation for a lot of observed anomalies. This radiation is carried by so-called X-field and

has the ability to accept additional information that is attached in the background.

And here is the phe-nomenon I mentioned at the beginning. The human body is an extremely complicat-ed bio kinetic machine

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and has the ability to rapidly auto-adjust and correct, unfortunately in a very narrow energy band.

This bio kinetic machine has a phe-nomenal hydraulic piping system with a total length of 62,000 miles. The medical field consider the blood distribution system a major surviv-al component, providing continu-ously vital nutrients and oxygen to any cell in the body, and it takes all released toxins and carbon dioxide away for disposal.

From a purely technical point, the same blood distribution piping com-prises a complicated 62,000 mile long liquid antenna that has phe-nomenal application.

We need to point out that such long antenna cannot be practically built because that will be burned off from the generated heat along the length. Purposely this was done in the human body. First I will clarify why we have to consider the blood system as a 62,000 mile long liquid wire. Let’s take a look at the cross section of the arteries and the veins

– multi-layer tubing, each having different electrostatic properties.

And here is the surprise in that it has a similarity with other well-known wires with a similar cross-section – the coaxial cable.

The minor difference is that the coaxial cable has at the center a single solid wire (this error was corrected in the new coaxial cable type), and in the arteries and veins we have liquid in the form of a con-stant chemical composition, tem-perature and velocity. In order to completely recognize the similarity, here is the cross-section of the new low-resistance coaxial cable.

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The purpose of this lit-tle difference will be explained later, but the major liquid application is that this system also works as a universal particle decelerator cir-cuit.

The technical similari-ties can be summa-rized as follows: in the long wire antenna, the purpose is to be as

long as possible for it to be able to detect as weak a signal as possible (reference to Hertz’s detector, where the sensitivity can reach levels of 0.001 microvolt’s). To com-plicate the picture, the purpose of the coaxial cable is also to pre-vent via shielding, as much as possible, the loss of signal from out-

side interference. This is exactly the same in humans where all prob-lems were resolved simply, but extremely effectively. When the wire is too long it gen-erates heat that can burn the wire off. This issue in the human body is prevented with the temperature con-trol and double attenu-ation.

In order to complicate the picture, let us get back to the first dia-gram which indicates that half of the sys-tem has a high con-centration of CO2 and the other half has a high concentration of oxygen. Considering the chemical difference each half oscillates in a slightly different harmonic frequency, which when combined, makes a perfect fre-quency oscillation filter bridge (ref. to following equations Vpp = I / R where R = 2f.c > Vpp

= I / 2f.c). Here is the technical description. The blood comprises water, which oscillate at a frequency of 3657 cm -1 wavelength. CO2 oscillates frequency of 1334 cm -1. Oxygen oscillates at a frequen-cy in the range of 1103 cm -1 wave length. Either component has a harmonic frequency lower than water which means that each com-ponent deviates from the base water fre-quency at a slightly low amplitude.

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This triggers a chemi-cal temperature con-trol within a three-second time segment. Problem solved. The second is called atten-uation – this is neg-ative noise frequency buildup that at some point will overwrite the signal. Technically this is resolved via attenu-ation or signal ampli-fiers. In the human body this was resolved in the simplest but most effective way – with polarity switching, known as attenuation. In the human body this attenuation was done twice – once in the lower torso and the second time in the neck. This prevents overheating of the body from one side and it protects the brain from the other side.

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This provides the human body with the ability to automatically control the current in a way so as to not allow overheating (unfortunately

The 62,000 miles of wire gener-ate a signal from the surrounding energy field continuously – the fol-lowing diagram was developed for medical purposes for a MRI or CAD Scan.

no one until now has made a cur-rent determination in Giga Hertz frequency band where the RV radio frequency is located).

dssdss

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The exact same system is interact-ing with a geomagnetic field all the time we are awake – it is just that no one pays attention, because dur-ing human mutation this sensation was suppressed. But this function will still continue at a subconscious cerebral level.

This means that our body detects radio frequency signals from the surrounding space all the time. The problem is that, for whatever reason, our brain cerebral interface loses the ability to inform us. The detection stays completely sepa-rate in the background of our con-sciousness and only few that are wired differently continue to have a practical sensation.

Surprisingly with little help from outside, this sensation can be restored to everybody. And with a little training this sensation can be upgraded to a level of signal emitting or remote signal intercep-tion. Here I will recall the physics fundamental, that any matter is a simple ration between the energy of the field to the energy of the

object. One more thing to keep in mind is that the dark matter radia-tion cannot be shielded – it pene-trates everything and everywhere. Human scientists continue to argue about what the X-field actually is.

One of the simple principles for arti-ficial sensation of electric current in a coil is the model of the electric meter each home is equipped with. Any time we plug an appliance into

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the circuit, the coil starts transmit-ting electrons, which start rotating the wheel of the meter (the rotation is equal to the sinus of Amperage – this means more amperage is equal to a fast rotation). Because the human species has a very nar-row range of skin resistance (from 50 to 75 Ohms / cm), constructing such a measuring wheel requires very high precision level, perfect levitation alignment toward the coil and very low friction along the axel.Another simple and practical approach is to use the Dozing wires method. Dozing was known for centuries, and very little was done to explain how dozing actu-ally worked.

Modern science considers dozing to be “witch craft” that is practiced by hoaxers. Paying particular atten-tion to dozing and upgrading the system (by isolating the wires from the hand surface) provides the grounded explanation, that dozing is a simple logo periodic antenna configured in ration 1:3, where the higher signal zone is along the wire edges at position of 90 degrees toward the coil and a signal level of

zero when the wires become paral-lel to the coil. This is exactly the reason that the dozing wires rotate only at 90 degrees.

There are several items that need to be mentioned. First, dozing works, not only, with water or metal as some believed, but with any form and type of mater (solid, gas or liquid requires recognition files for separation).

Creation of the recognition file is a simple 10-second exercise. Each created recognition file remains stored in the cerebral subconscious for 72 hours – this corresponds to the other phenomena of so called magnetic memory of water (refer to the discovery of pro-fessor Dr. Masaru Emoto - who published a phenomenal book – “ Messages from Water” (New York Times Bestseller). He discovered that water can memorize all energy signatures when exposed to chemi-cal compositions, radiation, music, photo images and etc. The book contained hundreds of photos of rapidly frozen water where crystal

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alignment indicated the relation of memorized energy information to the crystal configuration).

Finally dozing is a simple detection of a rotation/vibration (R/V) radio frequency emitted by any matter. Proof of that is when the material is cryogenically cooled with liquid nitrogen resulting in the wire rota-tion stopping because the R/V radio frequency dropped to a long wave length (the rotation RF stops and the vibration RF drops to long wave length). Once the detected materi-al is heated back above rotation RF threshold the signal re-appeared and the wires started to rotate again. The last one is to dissipate the belief that only selected people can practice dozing. Actually the secret is in wire length and cross-section that need to correspond to several individual parameters of every human – it is ratio of body high (there is a specific point of measurement), heart pulse rate and skin resistance (one forgotten universal constant representing the length ration between human body elements – for example – the palm length is in ratio to the length of

the elbow for every human).

Once the three parameters are fulfilled, every human can start immediately practicing dozing.From another point the dozing wires working exactly as Hertz’s detector, via rotating toward the body coil. Proof of generating elec-tric signal in the dozing wires is evidenced by connecting a volt meter to each one (at the time of rotation the small pulse of the measuring instrument is observed) because the time of this pulse is limited to 3 seconds, therefore a complete range measurement can-not be achieved (except if ampli-fiers are used to extend the time).

The following diagrams indicate the principle of interaction between that which is generated by the body antenna signal and the rotation of dozing wires as direct indication of signal location, direction or even distance to the source.

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ings, stolen items, fly-ing objects (planes or drones at distance over 3000 feet) etc.

The detection works by moving vectors with a speed of 40 MPH with a precision of 3 ft or less (including cars or helicopters). Because the detection precision is phenomenally high it can also be applied as a non-invasive detec-tion of cancers, tumors

or other organic ill-nesses (you can dis-tinct, remotely, which one from two identical bottles of water is filled with hot one).

The mentioned 5% of the human species who are wired differ-ently (commonly after near dead experience) extend this phenome-non to remote viewing information intercep-tion, where the medi-

The detection ability is unlimited and relates to personal preference. Detection includes everything and is not limited to radioac-tive materials, metals, liquids, medical sub-stances (including nar-cotics), cell phones or other transmitters, buried objects, live or abandoned utility lines, explosives and ammu-nitions, buried corpses, or people in avalanch-es or collapsed build-

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species was subject to specific genetic muta-tions that makes the subconscious ability more dormant. Only selected ones who are subjected to traumat-ic rewiring events can keep this phenomenon alive. These human species were already marked with the sign of asymmetrical muta-tion, and are general engines of phenomenal technological progress.

These unnoticed indi-viduals are working in the background, silent-ly, and are already rec-ognized as a greater threat to the global elite, by simple vir-tue that they are out of the boundaries of mind control. The posi-tive is that the elite still cannot figure out how physically identify them. But they know, only to well, how this will end.

tation is simply the cre-ation of a recognition file. The remote trans-mission or detection of brain signals between individuals is working but has no explanation.Where the future of this phenomena stays.The technology already provides access to implantable devices that can successful-ly replace the dozing. From another site the sophistication and sim-plicity of the phenom-ena can be explored from some in incor-rect ways for gaining remotely hidden or restricted information or gaining control over the individual.

Exposing of this phe-nomena involves, one way or other, the great moment of actual physi-cal “contact” the human species dreamed of. For generations the human

why emoTions influenCe our immune sysTemHEALING AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS WITH NLP

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A

By

DR. FAHAD BASHEER

AUTHoR oF “THE SCIENCE oF EMoTIoNS”

utoimmune Disorders! Autoimmune disorders are a group of disorders in which our immune cells destroy

our own cells. Thyroid disorders, diabetes, systemic lupus erythe-matosis etc. are a few examples of autoimmune disorders. Still today, the etiology of autoimmune disor-

ders is unknown. Therefore, mod-ern medicine writes its cause as idiopathic. Most of the pathology of diseases in our body is medi-ated by immune cells. But what do we know about how our emo-tions control our immune cells that decides the nature of autoimmune disorders.

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In her research, Dr. Candace Pert discovered that cells in our body communicate with each other in the form of neuropeptides. These neuropeptides act as a vehicle that carries information from one cell another. These neuropeptides cause action in a cell by binding to the receptors present over the cells. By doing so, these neuropeptides con-vey information to the cell’s DNA and cause an amazing reaction in cells. The process of binding of neuropeptides over cell receptors is known as “sex on a molecular level”.

But the turning point of the research was when Dr. Candace Pert discov-ered that 85 -95% of neuropep-tides are found in the limbic system including amygdala, hippocampus and the limbic cortex. These are known as the storehouse of emo-tions in the brain. In 1920, research-ers were successful in stimulating the limbic cortex over amygda-la. Pert found high concentrations of neuropeptides in these loca-

Dr. Candace Pert(1946 – 2013)

Neuropeptide synthesis

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tions (limbic system) where the information from our five senses is relayed. This brought a new light of discovery that the limbic system had an amazing con-nection with the neu-ropeptides that carries information. The limbic system in other words conveyed the infor-mation of emotions to these neuropeptides.

Later, she discovered that the receptors for these neuropeptides were also found on the immune cells. For every neuropeptide that was found in the brain, the immune cell had the exact receptor for these neuropeptides to bind. This was the most groundbreaking discov-ery of them all,because it has proved that our immune system con-stantly communicates

with the limbic system of our brain through neuropeptides. In other words, the program of emotions was conveyed to the immune cells. The nature of emo-tions exactly exhib-ited the behaviour of immune cells. If the emotions were destruc-tive, immune cells also exhibited destructive behaviour causing the destruction of the body’s own cells.

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I call this phenomenon of transferring emo-tions from the limbic system to the body “the paradigm shift of emo-tions”, because I later experimentally proved this discovery by the application of NLP psy-chotherapeutics over my clients with autoim-mune disorders. I repro-grammed their emo-tions with the world’s best known psycho-therapeutic tools of the 21st century. This gave me the most amazing and marvellous results by a total resolution of the autoimmune disor-ders in some of my clients, whilst some of them had a marked decrease in the clinical presentations of symp-toms and signs of auto-immune disorder. The emotions transferred from the limbic sys-tem encoded later in the cells of our body known as Bio-memory.

In other words, cells in our body share the information of our emo-tions. Each organ in our body is virtually a bat-tery of emotions too. The negative emotions being harboured in the respective site was the other possibility of the site of development of pathology or the disor-

der.

The find-ings from my psy-c h o t h e r -a p e u t i c experience were that: The self-destructive emot ions like self-cr i t ic ism, guilt and r e v e n g e were the most top-r a t e d n e g a t i v e emot ions

which created the self-destructive programs in the immune cells caus-ing the immune cells to attack their own body cells. When we were successful in repro-gramming the negative emotions with the posi-tive emotions with the NLP psychotherapeu-

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tics, we discovered that there was a total resolution of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, those who didn’t totally resolve from the autoimmune disorder had a mar-ginal decrease in the symptoms and signs of an autoimmune dis-order. It was found that positive emotions like love, care, affection, forgiveness and letting go, that applied in the psychotherapeutics, were highly powerful to completely heal and resolve autoimmune dis-orders of the clients.

Yes! By programming our emo-tions we are able to program the functioning of the immune cells in our body because the behav-iour of immune cells is nothing but the behaviour of human emotions. In short, “Each neuropeptide is nothing but a vehicle that carries information on emotions stored in the brain. So, whenever the brain releases these neuropeptides an emotion will be embedded in them in the form of information. Whenever these neuropeptides bind to a cell receptor, this embedded emotion will be transferred to the DNA of

the immune cells. The transferred information of emotions programs the DNA to transcript and trans-late to produce its protein. In sum, each emotion will lead to the syn-thesis of a particular type of protein in the body”. And the “nature of emotions determines the nature of message carried by the neuropep-tides and the information in these neuropeptides will determine the behaviour of the immune cells of our body”. “Self-destructive emo-

tions will force the immune sys-tem of our body to attack its own body cells creating autoimmune disorders, whereas self-construc-tive emotions are able to bring about resolution and healing of the autoimmune disorders. Thus, by programming the emotions using NLP psychotherapeutics, we are able to heal the autoimmune disor-ders that modern medicine is fight-ing hard to cure with steroids and immunomodulators”.

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REFERENCES:

1) The Science of Emotions: Dr. Fahad

Basheer

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immunohisTology:

By

MARKUS KöLLER

We all know it from biology lessons at school: Antibodies help us to ward off disease and are essential compo-nents of our immune system. What many people do not know is that

physicians and scientists use animal antibodies to identify diseased or mutated cells. This makes them an important instrument in the diagno-sis of diseases such as cancer.

AnTiboDies show us DiseAseD Cells

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ntibodies are formed in cer-tain blood cells in response to substances that the immune system classifies as harmful.

These so-called antigens are mol-ecules that are located, for exam-ple, on the surface of viruses or bacteria. Again, the antibodies bind certain areas of the antigens called epitopes. This way, they signal the immune system to reduce these foreign binding structures. This binding character is also use-ful in diagnostics: In the immuno-histology or immunohistochemistry procedures there are antibodies inserted to make certain structures, such as proteins, visible. “These procedures have been used since the late 70’s and have been con-tinuously improved and expanded,” explains Jürgen Frerichs, head of DIANOVA GmbH (www.dianova.com), one of the established commercial enterprises in the sector.

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THE KEY TO IMMUNOHISTOLOGY: THE BINDING FEATURE

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To put it simply, bio-tech companies and research institutions produce antibodies by

injecting one specific antigen into a mouse, a goat or a horse. The ensuing immune reac-

TARGETED SYNTHESIzING OF ANTIBODIES

Secondary antibodies binding primary antibodies. The result is visible under a microscope.

tion stimulates the body to create a great amount of antibodies with several binding

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ANTIBODIES HELP TO DISTIN-GUISH TUMOR CELLS FROM EACH OTHER

features for the anti-gen. It is then possible to isolate the antibodies directly from the blood, or even isolate partic-ular antibody-produc-ing blood cells from the mixture extracted from certain animals, and initiate a complex biotechnological proce-dure for the production of an excess of a single antibody. Antibodies that are produced like this are called “mono-clonal”—they emanate from one single cell line and bind just one par-ticular epitope.

Antibodies are very small and, even under a microscope, not read-ily visible, which is why they are specially pre-pared for the diagnos-tics. They are coupled

with enzymes that pro-duce visible colorants or are marked with fluorescing colorants. There are two meth-ods: The direct and the indirect technique. The latter works with an

added bridge that con-sists of another anti-body (secondary anti-body) that binds the first one (primary anti-body).

One example is the anti-IDH1 R132H monoclo-nal antibody clone H09 of DIANOVA GmbH, by which different brain tumors can be dis-tinguished from each other. Originally devel-oped by the renowned German Cancer Research Center, the antibody labels glio-

mas, which account for about 20 percent of all brain tumors. Differentiating gliomas from other brain tumors enables us to launch a targeted treatment and helps predict the course of the disease.

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MULTIPLE ADVANTAGES IN CONTRAST TO GENE SEqUENCING

The use of antibod-ies in diagnostics pro-vides many advantag-es in comparison to molecular-biological methods, especially in the diagnosis of brain tumors, when there is often less tissue avail-able. In addition, the

percentage of tumor cells in the tissue sam-ple is a critical factor. Immunohistochemistry is faster and cheaper than gene sequencing procedures.“Another advantage of the immunohistochem-ical method with anti-

bodies is that patholo-gists have the result right in front of their eyes—they can differ-entiate diseased from healthy cells under the microscope,” said Frerichs.

Jürgen Frerichs, head of DIANOVA GmbH (www.dianova.com), one of the established commercial enterprises in the sector.

© www.jan-altenschmidt.de

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