The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook Isospectral Orbifolds An Introduction To Spectral Geometry on Orbifolds Martin Weilandt [email protected]Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Mathematical School 2009-04-03 / UFCG
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The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Isospectral OrbifoldsAn Introduction To Spectral Geometry on Orbifolds
3 Isospectral OrbifoldsOrbifoldsExamples of Isospectral Orbifolds
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace operator on Rn
Let {ei}ni=1 denote the standard basis of R
n. On Rn we have the
following differential operators:
For a function f ∈ C∞(Rn) the gradient of f is the vectorfield
grad f :=∑
i
∂f∂x i ei .
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace operator on Rn
Let {ei}ni=1 denote the standard basis of R
n. On Rn we have the
following differential operators:
For a function f ∈ C∞(Rn) the gradient of f is the vectorfield
grad f :=∑
i
∂f∂x i ei .
For a vector field X =∑
i X iei (with X i ∈ C∞(Rn)) thedivergence of X is the function
div X :=∑
i
∂X i
∂x i .
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace operator on Rn
The Laplacian of a function f ∈ C∞(Rn) is the function
∆f := − div ◦grad f = −
(
∂2
∂x21
+ . . . +∂2
∂x2n
)
f .
Note that we can use the same definition for complex-valuedfunctions (see the second example below).
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace operator on Rn
The Laplacian of a function f ∈ C∞(Rn) is the function
∆f := − div ◦grad f = −
(
∂2
∂x21
+ . . . +∂2
∂x2n
)
f .
Note that we can use the same definition for complex-valuedfunctions (see the second example below).
Example
(n = 2) For f (x) = x31 − 3x1x2
2 we have
∆f (x) = −(3 · 2x1 − 3 · 2x1), i.e. ∆f = 0.
(n = 1) For f (x) = eix we have
∆f (x) = −(i2eix) = eix , i.e. ∆f = f .
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace Operator on a Riemanian manifold
Definition
Now let M be a manifold. The operators grad and divgeneralize to operators on M. Just like on R
n, the equation∆ = −div ◦ grad defines an endomorphism
∆ : C∞(M, R)−→C∞(M, R),
the Laplace Operator on M.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace Operator on a Riemanian manifold
Definition
Now let M be a manifold. The operators grad and divgeneralize to operators on M. Just like on R
n, the equation∆ = −div ◦ grad defines an endomorphism
∆ : C∞(M, R)−→C∞(M, R),
the Laplace Operator on M.
Since ∆ is linear, we can consider the eigenspaces (assubspaces of C∞(M)) and eigenvalues of ∆.The preceding example gave eigenfunctions to theeigenvalues 0 and 1, respectively.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The Laplace Operator on a Riemanian manifold
Definition
Now let M be a manifold. The operators grad and divgeneralize to operators on M. Just like on R
n, the equation∆ = −div ◦ grad defines an endomorphism
∆ : C∞(M, R)−→C∞(M, R),
the Laplace Operator on M.
Since ∆ is linear, we can consider the eigenspaces (assubspaces of C∞(M)) and eigenvalues of ∆.The preceding example gave eigenfunctions to theeigenvalues 0 and 1, respectively.
Note that C∞(M) is an infinite-dimensional vectorspace. We need to study functional analysis.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Properties of ∆
Theorem
Let M be a compact manifold. Then
∫
Mf1∆f2 =
∫
M‖grad f‖2 =
∫
Mf2∆f1.
This implies that the eigenvalues of ∆ are non-negative.
The eigenspace of ∆ are finite-dimensional.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Properties of ∆
Theorem
Let M be a compact manifold. Then
∫
Mf1∆f2 =
∫
M‖grad f‖2 =
∫
Mf2∆f1.
This implies that the eigenvalues of ∆ are non-negative.
The eigenspace of ∆ are finite-dimensional.
Definition
Two manifolds M1, M2 are called isospectral, if the eigenvaluesand the corresponding dimensions of the eigenspaces of thetwo Laplace operators ∆1, ∆2 coincide.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Classical Questions/Results
Question
“Can one hear the shape of a drum” (Kac, 1966)In other words: Is the geometry of a manifold determined by theeigenvalues of ∆?
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Classical Questions/Results
Question
“Can one hear the shape of a drum” (Kac, 1966)In other words: Is the geometry of a manifold determined by theeigenvalues of ∆?
Theorem
Let M1, M2 be two isospectral manifolds. Then the followingcoincide for M1 und M2:
The dimension: dim(M1) = dim(M2)
The volume: vol(M1) = vol(M2)
Certain other (more complicated) geometric properties.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Main Goal
Task
In order to find geometric properties which are not determinedby the eigenvalues of ∆, we need to construct pairs ofisospectral manifolds.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Main Goal
Task
In order to find geometric properties which are not determinedby the eigenvalues of ∆, we need to construct pairs ofisospectral manifolds.
Note that isometric manifolds are not interesting in this contextbecause:
they are identical from the point of view of a geometer andtherefore
the Laplacians have the same eigenvalues, i.e., they aretrivially isospectral.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Outline
1 The Manifold SettingThe Notion of a ManifoldThe Laplace operator
3 Isospectral OrbifoldsOrbifoldsExamples of Isospectral Orbifolds
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Quotient Manifolds
Let M be a manifold and let G be a discrete (e.g. finite) group ofisometries acting on M. Two points p1, p2 ∈ M are regarded asequivalent, if there is g ∈ G such that gp1 = p2.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Quotient Manifolds
Let M be a manifold and let G be a discrete (e.g. finite) group ofisometries acting on M. Two points p1, p2 ∈ M are regarded asequivalent, if there is g ∈ G such that gp1 = p2. Denote the setof equivalence classes by M/G. If
Gp := {g ∈ G; gp = p} = {Id}
for all p ∈ M, then M/G carries a natural manifold structuresuch that the differentiable functions on M/G are given by
C∞(M/G) = C∞(M)G := {f ∈ C∞(M, R); f ◦ g = f ∀g ∈ G}.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Quotient Manifolds
Let M be a manifold and let G be a discrete (e.g. finite) group ofisometries acting on M. Two points p1, p2 ∈ M are regarded asequivalent, if there is g ∈ G such that gp1 = p2. Denote the setof equivalence classes by M/G. If
Gp := {g ∈ G; gp = p} = {Id}
for all p ∈ M, then M/G carries a natural manifold structuresuch that the differentiable functions on M/G are given by
C∞(M/G) = C∞(M)G := {f ∈ C∞(M, R); f ◦ g = f ∀g ∈ G}.
Restricting ∆ on M to this subspace of C∞(M) gives theLaplace operator
∆ : C∞(M/G) → C∞(M/G)
on M/G.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Special Flat Tori
Let M = Rn and let G = Z
n act on M by translations. ThenM/G is an n-dimensional flat torus T n:
(Identify opposite sides by translation.)
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
General Flat Tori
More generally, we can consider a so-called lattice
Λ =
{
n∑
i=1
tivi ; ti ∈ Z
}
for {vi}ni=1 a basis of R
n.
Then the quotient Rn/Λ is also called a torus.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Eigenfunctions on Flat Tori
To determine the eigenfunctions of ∆ on Rn/Λ let v ∈ R
n andset fv (x) = e2πi〈v ,x〉 as a function on R
n. Then
∂
∂x j fv (x) = 2πivj fv (x) and(
∂
∂x j
)2
fv (x) = −4π2v2j fv (x).
Therefore ∆fv = 4π2‖v‖2fv , i.e. fv is an eigenfunction on Rn
associated with the eigenvalue 4π2‖v‖2.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Eigenfunctions on Flat Tori
To determine the eigenfunctions of ∆ on Rn/Λ let v ∈ R
n andset fv (x) = e2πi〈v ,x〉 as a function on R
n. Then
∂
∂x j fv (x) = 2πivj fv (x) and(
∂
∂x j
)2
fv (x) = −4π2v2j fv (x).
Therefore ∆fv = 4π2‖v‖2fv , i.e. fv is an eigenfunction on Rn
associated with the eigenvalue 4π2‖v‖2.Next set
Λ∗ := {v ∈ Rn; 〈v , λ〉 ∈ Z ∀λ ∈ Λ}.
and observe that fv ∈ C∞(Rn/Λ) if and only if v ∈ Λ∗. It can beshown that these are all eigenfunctions on R
n/Λ. Hence thespectrum on the torus R
n/Λ is given by the multiset
{4π2‖v‖2; v ∈ Λ∗}.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The First Example of Isospectral Manifolds
Theorem (Milnor 1964)
There are lattices Λ1, Λ2 in R16 such that the tori R
16/Λ1 andR
16/Λ2 are isospectral but not isometric.
Idea of Proof: Take certain Λ1, Λ2 from a paper by Ernst Witt(1941) and observe that his calculations imply the result above.(Use the Poisson Summation Formula.)
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
The First Example of Isospectral Manifolds
Theorem (Milnor 1964)
There are lattices Λ1, Λ2 in R16 such that the tori R
16/Λ1 andR
16/Λ2 are isospectral but not isometric.
Idea of Proof: Take certain Λ1, Λ2 from a paper by Ernst Witt(1941) and observe that his calculations imply the result above.(Use the Poisson Summation Formula.)
Remark
Later on it could be shown that there are isospectral tori ofdimension 4, but not of lower dimension.
There are only a few manifolds like the torus for which wecan explicitly calculate the eigenfunctions A more general way to construct isospectral manifoldsmight be useful.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Outline
1 The Manifold SettingThe Notion of a ManifoldThe Laplace operator
3 Isospectral OrbifoldsOrbifoldsExamples of Isospectral Orbifolds
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Sunada’s Theorem
Theorem (Sunada 1985)
Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold and let G be a finitegroup of isometries acting on M such thatGp := {g ∈ G; gp = p} = {Id} ∀p ∈ M. Moreover, let Γ1,Γ2 besubgroups of G such that there is a bijection φ : Γ1 → Γ2
satisfying
∀γ ∈ Γ1 ∃gγ ∈ G : φ(γ) = gγγg−1γ
. (C)
Then the two manifolds M/Γ1, M/Γ2 are isospectral.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Sunada’s Theorem
Theorem (Sunada 1985)
Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold and let G be a finitegroup of isometries acting on M such thatGp := {g ∈ G; gp = p} = {Id} ∀p ∈ M. Moreover, let Γ1,Γ2 besubgroups of G such that there is a bijection φ : Γ1 → Γ2
satisfying
∀γ ∈ Γ1 ∃gγ ∈ G : φ(γ) = gγγg−1γ
. (C)
Then the two manifolds M/Γ1, M/Γ2 are isospectral.
Remark
If we can choose the same g ∈ G for every γ ∈ Γ1, then M/Γ1
and M/Γ2 are isometric.What makes the theorem above interesting is the existence ofexamples where we cannot choose the same g for every γ...
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Example (Gassmann (1926))
Choose G = S6 the permutation group on {1, . . . , 6} and recallthat two permutations are conjugate if and only if they have thesame cycle structure. Hence
Γ1 := {Id, (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23)} and (1)
Γ2 := {Id, (12)(34), (12)(56), (34)(56)} (2)
satisfy Sunada’s conditions.Moreover it can be shown that we cannot choose the same gfor every element of Γ1.What remains to do is realize G as a subgroup of an isometrygroup.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Sunada’s Theorem
Proof.
Let V ⊂ C∞(M) denote the eigenspace of ∆ to the eigenvalueλ and for Γ ⊂ G set V Γ = {f ∈ V ; γ∗(f ) := f ◦ γ = f ;∀γ ∈ Γ}. Wehave to show that dim V Γ1 = dim V Γ2 .
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Sunada’s Theorem
Proof.
Let V ⊂ C∞(M) denote the eigenspace of ∆ to the eigenvalueλ and for Γ ⊂ G set V Γ = {f ∈ V ; γ∗(f ) := f ◦ γ = f ;∀γ ∈ Γ}. Wehave to show that dim V Γ1 = dim V Γ2 .The homomorphism p : V ∋ f 7→ 1
|Γ|
∑
γ∈Γ γ∗(f ) ∈ V Γ is aprojection, i.e. p|V Γ = idV Γ . Therefore
dim V Γ = tr
1|Γ|
∑
γ∗∈Γ
γ∗
=1|Γ|
∑
γ∈Γ
tr γ∗.
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Sunada’s Theorem
Proof.
Let V ⊂ C∞(M) denote the eigenspace of ∆ to the eigenvalueλ and for Γ ⊂ G set V Γ = {f ∈ V ; γ∗(f ) := f ◦ γ = f ;∀γ ∈ Γ}. Wehave to show that dim V Γ1 = dim V Γ2 .The homomorphism p : V ∋ f 7→ 1
|Γ|
∑
γ∈Γ γ∗(f ) ∈ V Γ is aprojection, i.e. p|V Γ = idV Γ . Therefore
dim V Γ = tr
1|Γ|
∑
γ∗∈Γ
γ∗
=1|Γ|
∑
γ∈Γ
tr γ∗.
1|Γ2|
∑
γ2∈Γ2
tr γ∗2 =
1|Γ1|
∑
γ∗∈Γ1
tr φ(γ)∗(C)=
1|Γ1|
∑
γ∗∈Γ1
tr((gγγg−1γ
)∗)
=1
|Γ1|
∑
γ∈Γ1
tr((g∗γγ∗(g−1
γ)∗) =
1|Γ1|
∑
γ∈Γ1
tr γ∗
The Manifold Setting Constructing Isospectral Manifolds Isospectral Orbifolds Summary & Outlook
Outline
1 The Manifold SettingThe Notion of a ManifoldThe Laplace operator