Isolation v. Globalization in the 1940s, 50s and 60s SSUSH 20a-d, 24a.

Isolation v. Globalization in the 1940’s, 50’s and 60’s

SSUSH 20a-d, 24a

SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States.

a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy.

b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.

c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis.

d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing opposition to the war

SSUSH24 The student will analyze the impact of social change movements and organizations of the 1960s.

a. Analyze the anti-Vietnam War movement.

Rebuilding Europe

• U.S. Commitment to Europe– Rebuild » Marshall Plan

– Protect » NATO, U.S. troops in Germany, Turkey

Rebuilding Europe

• Marshall Plan [European Recovery Program]– Proposed by George Marshall in a speech on

June 5, 1947

• Goal: Rebuild Europe– More than $12,000,000,000 ($12 billion)

invested in Western Europe from 1948-1951

DID YOU KNOW: A 2002 survey of political scientists and historians by Paul Light of the Brookings Institute named the Marshall Plan as the most significant American achievement from World War II to the year 2000.

George C. Marshall (1880-1959)

• U.S. Army Chief of Staff– 1939-1945, during WWII

• Secretary of State– 1947-1949– Designed Marshall Plan

• Time Man of the Year ’47• Nobel Peace Prize ‘53

Counties receiving aid

from the Marshall Plan

Courtesy of photos.state.gov

Countries in eastern Europe, Soviet satellite nations, turned down Marshall

Plan aid.

Marshall Plan Aid, 1948-1951 Aid Received (in millions)

France, 2,296, 18%

West Germany,

1,448, 11%

Norway, 372, 3%

Portugal, 70, 1%

Netherlands, 1,128, 9%

Italy & Trieste,

1,204, 9%

Iceland, 43, 0%

Ireland, 133, 1%

Greece, 366, 3%

Sweden, 347, 3%

United Kingdom,

3,297, 26%

Austria, 488, 4%

Belgium and Luxembourg,

777, 6%

Denmark, 385, 3%

Switzerland, 250, 2%

Turkey, 137, 1%

U.S. vs. Communism

• Cold War Origins:– Division of Europe

• U.S. and U.S.S.R. allies during WWII• U.S.S.R. turns eastern Europe into a series of

“satellite nations”• “Iron Curtain” – idea that Europe was divided in half,

first presented in speech by Churchill (Fulton, MO 1946)

– Atomic Weapons• U.S. deployed vs. Japan in WWII• U.S.S.R. sought to have their own

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.” – Winston Churchill

U.S. vs. Communism

• Truman Doctrine– U.S. will support countries who are fighting

communism– “to support free peoples who are resisting

attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

• Containment

U.S. vs. Communism

• Containment– Origins

• Fear of Soviet Union• Communism spreading

– Ex. Greece – 1947

– Implications• See next slide

Containment• U.S. Policy that would attempt to stop

Communist expansion throughout the world

• Would lead to U.S. involvement in:– Korea: 1950-1953– Cuba: 1961-1963– Vietnam: 1965-1975– Cambodia: 1969-1972– Angola: 1975– Nicaragua: 1977-1984– Afghanistan: 1979-1989

Korean War

Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War

Vietnam War

Angolan Civil War

Sandinistas

Soviet Invasion / mujahadeen

Berlin Airlift (June 24, 1948 –May 12,

1949) • Berlin is divided into Soviet and Western

spheres

• Soviets block Western supplies– U.S. Air Force and

Royal Air Force provide 13,000 tons of supplies daily by air

U.S. vs. Communism

• Communism in China– Mao Zedong’s Communist Party fully defeats

Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party on October 1, 1949

• Nationalists forced onto island of Formosa, becomes known as Taiwan

U.S. vs. Communism

• Foundation of NATO[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]

– Formed in 1949 to defend against Soviet aggression in Europe

– Original Members:• Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France,

Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, & United States

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Background:

• Korea ruled by Japan from 1910-1945

• Divided after WWII along the 38th parallel:

– U.S. occupied south– U.S.S.R. occupied north

• North Korea:– Communist since 1948 – Invades south (6/25/50)– U.N. passes resolution calling for intervention to help South

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– First Phase:

• Communist invasion

• S. Korea troops surrounded at Pusan

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Second Phase:

• U.N. counterattack• Landing at Inchon

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Second Phase:

• U.S./U.N. forces approach Yalu R., the border with China

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Third Phase:

• China enters the war (Oct. 1950)

• Invades across Yalu R. and forces American troops back

U.S. vs. Communism

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Stalemate:

• U.S./U.N. counterattack gets close to 38th parallel

• Pres. Eisenhower gets North & South Korea to agree to armistice (July ‘53)

Progress of the Korean War

U.S. vs. Communism

• Warsaw Pact– Soviet response to NATO– Formed in 1955– Original Members:

• Soviet Union, Albania (until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany (until 1990), Hungary, Poland, Romania

U.S. vs. Communism

• Other Events Worldwide– Iran (1951)

• CIA sponsored coup overthrows Mohammad Mosadeq and replaces him with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahvali

– Guatemala (1954)• CIA sponsored coup overthrows Jacabo Arbenz

Guzman and replaces him w/ pro-U.S. gov’t

U.S. vs. Communism

• Other Events Worldwide– Suez Crisis (1956)

• Egypt nationalizes Suez canal; Israel, Britain and France invade; U.S.S.R. threatens war – U.S. brokers peace deal, Eisenhower Doctrine: aid to any Middle East country resisting Communism

– Poland/Hungary (1956)• Pro-democracy protests demand new,

representative government; crushed by Soviet troops

2nd “Red Scare”

• House Un-American Activities Committee– Set up to investigate possible Communists

• Example:– Movie industry

• Hollywood Ten – went to jail rather than talk to committee

• Use of blacklists – kept certain people from working

• Resistence to Red Scare/McCarthyism– Arthur Miller’s “Crucible”

2nd “Red Scare”

• Julian and Ethyl Rosenberg– Accused of being

Soviet spies, executed in 1953

• Leader of the 2nd Red Scare: Joe McCarthy

Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957)

• U.S. Senator ‘47-’57 (R-Wisconsin)

• Argued that America was infiltrated with Communists

• Name gives us term “McCarthyism”

Making accusations without evidence, as McCarthy was

often accused of doing

U.S. vs. Communism

• Cuban Revolution– Background:

• Freed after Spanish-American War, but the US was given the right to intervene (Platt Amendment)

• Became a center of tourism• Political unrest – eventually, ruled by a dictator

(Fulgencio Batista)• 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro,

overthrows the Batista government

U.S. vs. Communism

• Bay of Pigs (April 17–19, 1961)– CIA-backed invasion of Cuban exiles– Goal: Remove Castro from power– Invasion fails, defeated within 3 days

U.S. vs. Communism

• Bay of Pigs (April 17–19, 1961)– Results:

• Embarrassing to U.S. government, Pres. Kennedy• Moves Castro closer to U.S.S.R.

U.S. vs. Communism

• Cuban missile crisis (Oct./Nov. 1962)– Response to Bay of Pigs

• U.S.S.R. moves nuclear missiles into Cuba• U.S. spy planes see missiles, alert gov’t

– U.S. demands U.S.S.R. remove missiles• Establishes a “quarantine” around Cuba – all ships

will be searched on their way to Cuba

– U.S.S.R. threatens a war

Adlai Stevenson presenting U.S. photos of missiles to United Nations, Oct. 25, 1962

U.S. vs. Communism

• Cuban missile crisis (Oct./Nov. 1962)– U.S.S.R. and U.S. reach an agreement to

avoid war• Soviets withdraw nuclear weapons• U.S. promises to never invade Cuba• [SECRET] U.S. promises to withdraw missiles in

Turkey

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Background:

• French colony (1883-1940)• Japanese colony (1940-1945)• French colony (1945-…)• Vietminh –

“League for the Independence of Vietnam”– Led by Ho Chi Minh (“He Who Enlightens,” born Nguyen

That Thanh)– Fought for independence from France– U.S. supported France…why?

Ho Chi Minh’s Communist beliefs and connections – lived in both China and U.S.S.R.

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– U.S. support for France

became known as the “Domino Theory”

• If one country fell to communists, others would quickly follow

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Background:

• Vietnamese fought French using guerilla tactics

• Dien Bien Phu: French tried to lure Vietminh into a large-scale battle; plan backfires, 50,000 Vietminh surround 13,000 French; surrender May 7, 1954

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Background:

• Geneva Conference: produced a cease fire

– Vietnam divided along 17th parallel » North – Vietminh/Communist» South – French-controlled

– Elections in July 1956 to unify the country

U.S. refused to support the elections, instead encouraging Ngo Dinh Diem to continue as President of an independent South Vietnam

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Background:

• Ngo Dinh Diem• Very unpopular…

– Religion » Roman Catholic (while most people were Buddhist)

– Land Policies » favored the wealthy (while most people were poor)

– Corruption » Election fraud, widespread corruption

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Background:

• National Liberation Front– Organization of southern

members of the Vietminh and others who sought to overthrow the Diem government

– Usually called “Vietcong”– Not all were communist, many

just hated Diem’s government

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– U.S.

involvement• Advisors

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)Escalation

– Gulf of Tonkin Incident• July 31 – U.S. shells 2 islands (Hon Me, Hon Ngu)• August 2 – U.S.S. Maddox attacked• Night of August 4 – Second attack??• August 5 – Airstrikes from Ticonderoga and

Constellation• August 7 – Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin

Resolution (next slide)

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression…the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom. Section 3. This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, except that it may be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of the Congress.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Aug. 7 1964)

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)Escalation

– Gulf of Tonkin Incident: Impact• President given authority to go to war without

Congressional approval

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)Air War

– Operation Rolling Thunder• Bombing campaigns against targets in N. Vietnam

and along the Ho Chi Minh Trail• Goal: Weaken North Vietnam• “By 1967, U.S. aircraft were dropping a daily

average of 800 tons [1.6 million lbs.] of bombs on North Vietnam.”

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)Air War

– Operation Rolling Thunder• Types of bombs:

– Firebombs (Napalm)– Cluster bombs– Defoliants (Agent Orange)

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75)Ground War

– Vietcong used guerilla tactics

– U.S. troops often could not use their superior technology or firepower

– Leads to frustration

“Guerrilla War” - William D. Ehrhart

It’s practically impossible to tell the civilians from the Vietcong.

Nobody wears uniforms. They all talk the same language (and you couldn’t understand them even if they didn’t).

They tape grenades inside their clothes, and carry satchel charges in their market baskets.

Even their women fight; and young boys; and girls.

It’s practically impossible to tell the civilians from the Vietcong;

after awhile you quit trying.

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75): Tet Offensive– Tet – Vietnamese New Year– Usually fighting slowed down

• Tet Offensive– North Vietnamese surprise attack– Began January 30, 1968– 84,000 troops attack 100+ cities, 12 U.S.

bases simultaneously– Goal: Create uprisings in South Vietnam

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75): Tet Offensive– Casualties:

• North Vietnamese/Vietcong – ~40,000• South Vietnamese/U.S. – 2,300 / 1,100 [3,400 tot.]

– Effects:• U.S. public opinion turned against the war

– No part of S. Vietnam was safe

• U.S. troop increases stop

• Vietnam War (1965-1975)– Troop

numbers decrease after Tet Offensive

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75): – After Tet:

• Election of Pres. Richard Nixon (1968) leads to Vietnamization

– Vietnamization• Turning the war over to the South Vietnamese• Gradually withdrawing American combat troops• “Peace with honor”

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75): – Cambodia

• Neutral• Bombing began in 1969, American troops sent in

1970• North Vietnam invades Cambodia also

– Bombings increase after new North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam in 1972

U.S. vs. Communism

• Vietnam War (‘65-’75): – Ceasefire

• January 27, 1973• U.S. agrees to pull out all troops• North Vietnam recognizes South Vietnam• Prisoner exchange

– Collapse of South Vietnam• South Vietnamese government collapses• North Vietnam invades (January 1975)• U.S. evacuates 120,000 Vietnamese, withdraws all

personnel

U.S. vs. Communism

• Growing opposition to the Vietnam war – the “Anti-Vietnam” Movement

– Anti-war protestors:• College students• Middle-class suburbanites• Hippies• Labor Unions• Civil Rights protestors

U.S. vs. Communism

• “Anti-Vietnam” MovementHippies:

Counter-culture: long hair, promiscuous, casual drug users

College professors and College students

with…

U.S. vs. Communism

• “Anti-Vietnam” Movement

– Tet Offensive: moves public opinion against the war

U.S. vs. Communism

• “Anti-Vietnam” Movement– Widespread protests

• Kent State University (May 4, 1970) – 4 killed

• Jackson State University (May 14-15, 1970) – 2 killed

U.S. vs. Communism

• “Anti-Vietnam” Movement– Protest Music

• Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young – “Ohio”

• Creedence Clearwater Revival – “Fortunate Son”

• Edwin Starr – “War”

• “I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag”