AASCIT Journal of Health 2015; 2(4): 26-31 Published online July 20, 2015 (http://www.aascit.org/journal/health) Keywords Intestinal Parasites, Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes, Protozoans, Acanthocephalans, Schilbe mystus Received: June 30, 2015 Revised: July 10, 2015 Accepted: July 11, 2015 Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Schilbe mystus from the Mid Cross River Flood System Southeastern Nigeria Uneke Bilikis Iyabo, Egboruche Joy Dept of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Email address [email protected] (U. B. Iyabo), [email protected] (U. B. Iyabo) Citation Uneke Bilikis Iyabo, Egboruche Joy. Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Schilbe mystus from the Mid Cross River Flood System Southeastern Nigeria. AASCIT Journal of Health. Vol. 2, No. 4, 2015, pp. 26-31. Abstract A survey of Schilbe mystus of the mid Cross River flood system was conducted between August and October, 2014 to determine the presence of parasitic infection in S. mystus. The fish were collected with gill nets, hook and line. Seventy five out of the one hundred fish examined were infected (75.0%) with parasites. The end oparasites recovered were mostly nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa and acanthocephalans. Numerical abundance of parasites showed that a total of 128 species of end oparasites occurred in the fish examined. Nematodes had 33.6% (43/128), trematodes 11.7% (15/128), cestodes 24.2% (31/128), protozoa 12.5% (16/128) and acanthocephalan 18.0% (23/128). The prevalence of end oparasites of the fish showed that parasites were most prevalent in fishes with length Class 14.1-16 cm TL with 67.2% while class 21.1-22cm had the least prevalence (1.60%). This weight graph showed that those within the range of 11-15(g) had the highest prevalence rate (30.6%) while those within the range of 36-40(g) had the least of prevalence (2.76%). Sex wise distribution of parasites amongst the study population showed that female fish were more infected than male fishes. Fishes from the river system should be properly cooked or smoked before consumption to avoid health risk due to ingestion of the parasites. 1. Introduction Most fish carry pathogens and parasites. Usually this is at some cost to the fish. If the cost is sufficiently high, then the impacts can be characterized as a disease (Idodo-Umeh, 2003). All of the major groups of animal parasites are found in fish, and apparently healthy wild fish often carry heavy parasite burdens. Parasites with direct life cycles can be important pathogens of cultured fish; parasites with indirect life cycles frequently use fish as intermediate hosts. Knowledge of specific fish hosts greatly facilitates identification of parasites with marked host and tissue specificity, while others are recognized because of their common occurrence and lack of host specificity. Examination of fresh smears that contain living parasites is often diagnostic. Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defenses against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defenses include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defenses, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens. Specific defenses are specialized responses to particular pathogens recognized by the fish's body,
6
Embed
Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Schilbe mystus from the Mid …article.aascit.org/file/pdf/9720726.pdf · Trematodes, Cestodes, Protozoans, Acanthocephalans, Schilbe mystus fish
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
AASCIT Journal of Health
2015; 2(4): 26-31
Published online July 20, 2015 (http://www.aascit.org/journal/health)
Keywords Intestinal Parasites,
Nematodes,
Trematodes,
Cestodes,
Protozoans,
Acanthocephalans,
Schilbe mystus
Received: June 30, 2015
Revised: July 10, 2015
Accepted: July 11, 2015
Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Schilbe mystus from the Mid Cross River Flood System Southeastern Nigeria
Uneke Bilikis Iyabo, Egboruche Joy
Dept of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki,
infecting 8.8%, and cestodes infecting 17.6% of the total fish
population. Okaka (1998) also reported that nematode
parasites were found to infect most fish species studies at the
Ikpoba River. The number of nematodes (43) isolated in this
study was higher than acanthocephalan (23), trematode (15),
protozoa (16) and cestodes (31). This observation is similar to
Ekanemet al., (2011) and Onyedineke et al., (2010) who
reported higher number of nematodes than other parasites.
According to Ekanem et al., (2011), nematodes are known to
occur in body cavities and subcutaneous tissues. Host
specificity of nematodes agrees with the findings of
Akinsanyaet al., (2007) and Onyedinekeet al., (2010). In the
present study, acanthocephalans were found in the intestine of
fish examined which agrees with the findings of Onyedineke,
et al., (2010); Olurin and Somorin (2006) in fishes from Kainji
Lake and Owa stream respectively. This finding also support
the work of Rosas-Valdez. and de Leon (2011) who reported
that parasites show some level of preference for the host they
31 Uneke Bilikis Iyabo and Egboruche Joy: Isolation of Intestinal Parasites of Schilbe mystus from the Mid Cross River
Flood System Southeastern Nigeria
parasitize. According to Kabata (1985), Clinostomum
(Acanthocephalans) when ingested with poorly cooked fish is
capable of producing laryngopharyngitis which is an
unpleasant inflammatory condition in man. Comparing the
prevalence of parasites in relation to length classes for all the
species, 14-16cm SL recorded the hightest number of parasites
which disagrees with Ekanem et al., (2011) who reported
highest prevalence for all the species in length class
30-39.9cm SL. This might be attributed to large amount of
food intake by the animals. Sex wise distribution of parasites
amongst the study population showed that female fish were
more infected than male fishes. In conclusion, endoparasites
were recovered in seventy-five fish samples of S. mystus.
Endoparasites recovered include nematode, cestode,
trematode and acanthocephalan. It could be concluded that
fishes of the mid Cross River flood system are infected with
stomach and intestinal parasites that could pose public health
concern to fish consumers who consumes raw or improperly
cooked or smoked fish as popularly consumed. Therefore it is
recommended that fishes from the river system should be
properly cooked or smoked before consumption to avoid
health risk due to some parasites.
References
[1] Idodo-Umeh, G. (2003). Freshwater fishes of Nigeria; Taxonomy, Ecological notes, Diet and Utilization. Idodo-Umeh publishers Limited, Benin City. pp 232.
[2] Okaka, C.E. (1991). A survey into Helminth parasites of fishes of Asariver and its dam at Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Experimental and Applied Biology 3: 120-128.
[3] Okaka C.E (1998): Plerocercosis and other helminth infection among fresh water fishes of Osiomo and Benin rivers in Southern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology 7: 73-80.
[4] Okaka C.E and Akhigbe, J.E (1999) Helminth parasites of some Tropical Freshwater fish from Osse River in Benin, Southern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology 8: 41-48.
[5] Ekanem A.P, Eyo V.O, and Sampson A.F. (2011). Parasites of landed fish from Great Kwa River, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 3(12): 225-230.
[6] Oniye S.J., Adebote D.A. and Ayanda O.I. (2004). Helminth parasites of Clariasgariepinus in Zaria, Nigeria. J. Aqu. Science 19(2): 71-76.
[7] Imam, T.S. and Dewu, R.A. (2010). Survey of Piscine ecto and intestinal parasites of Clarias spp. sold at Galadima Road Fish Market, Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. J. Biosci. Res. Comms. 22(4): 209-214.
[8] Awharitowa, A.O. and Ehigiator, F.A.R. (2012). Helminth parasites of fishes from some rivers in Southern Nigeria. African Scientist 13(2): 65-69.
[9] Okoh, F. A., Eyo, J. E. and Ezenwaji, H. M. G. (2007). Species composition and abundance of castnet fishery of atropical lotic freshwater ecosystem. Bio-Research 5(1), 201-206.
[10] Ita, E.O., Sado, E.K., Pandogari, J. K. A. and Ibitoye, B. (1985). Inventory survey of Nigerian inland waters and their fishery resources I. A preliminary checklist of inland water bodies in Nigeria with special reference to ponds, lakes, reservoirs and major rivers. Kainji Lake Research Institute Technical Report Series, No. 14, KLRI, New Bussa, 1-51.
[11] Olaosebikan, B.D. and Raji, A. (1998). Field guide to Nigerian freshwater fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigeria. 1-106p.
[12] Cheesebrough, M. (2000). District laboratory practice in tropical countries; Part 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 234p.
[13] Paperna, I. (1980). Parasites, infections and diseases of fish in Africa. Food and Agricultural Organization. C.I.F.A. Technical Paper 7: 2l6.
[14] Awharitoma, A.O and Okaka, C.E. (1999). Observation on the cichlid fishes in Ikpobariver and their parasitic infection. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 20: 129-137.
[15] Onwuliri, C.O.E. and Mgbemena, M.O. (1987). The Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fish from Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries Hydrobiology 2:33-37.
[16] Ugwuzor, G.A. (1987). A survey of the helminthic parasites offish in Imo River. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology 2: 25-30.
[17] Okaka, C.E, and Omoigberale, O.M (2002). Parasites of fishes of Okhuaihe River Edo State. African Scientist 3(1): 1-2.
[18] Onyedineke N.E, Obi .U, Ofoegbu P.u. and Okogo I. (2010). Helminth parasites of some fresh water fish from River Niger at llushi, Edo State, Nig. J. Ani. Sci. 6(3): 11-15.
[19] Akinsanya, B., Otubanjo O.A, and Ibidapo, C.A. (2007) HelminthBioload of Chrysichthysnigrodigitatus from Lekki Lagoon Lagos, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 7: 83-87.
[20] Olurin K.B, and Somorin C.A.( 2006). Intestinal helminths of the fishes of Owa Stream, South-west Nigeria. Research Journal of Fisheries and Hydrobiology 1(1): 6-9.
[21] Rosas-Valdez, R. and de Leon, G. (2011). Patterns of host specificity among helminth parasite fauna of freshwater Siluriformes: testing the biogeographical core parasite fauna hypothesis. Journal of Parasitology 97 (2): 361-363.
[22] Kabata Z. (1995). Parasite and diseases of fish cultured in the tropics. Appl. J. of Hydrobiology 9(3): 45-67.