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ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Mirror of the Mohammedan Era..

INTRODUCTIONThe 7th century saw the emergence of a

world religion and an architectural style that spread far afield and took on a wide variety of forms. Mosques, Palaces and koranic schools as mirrors of muslim thought are regarded not only in the light of their culture but also within their religious and political context . The architecture of the Muslim world, highly diverse but unified by climate, culture, and a love of geometric and arabesque ornament, as well as by the mobility of ideas, artisans, and architects throughout the region. The central public buildings are mosques, often with a dome and minaret; domestic houses face an inner courtyard and are grouped together, with vaulted streets linking the blocks.

FACTORS EFFECTING

THE ARCHITECTUR

E

GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONSOriginally from nomadic Sahara desert tribes.Earliest dwellings were temporary. Called Saracenic by greeks and romans.Later on came under a common faith- the muslim religion adopted muslim style or islamic style or mohammedan style.Spread over countries such as Arabia, Egypt, Persia, Syria, Palestine, Spain, Pakisthan and India where muslim religion spread.

GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

Architecture according to availability of building materials in different countries. Dome constructed in bricks and covered with plaster in PersiaDome constructed in stones in Egypt (limestone) and India(red sandstone)Plaster used for wall decoration in Egypt, Spain and elsewhere.Marble available in Rajasthan, extensively used by Shah Jahan.Adobe and bricks in Persia

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Hot climate in most countries Sheltering arcades. Small windows fitted with intricate geometric

designs,lattices etc. Mosques with wide spreading eaves to ensure

coolness. Flat roofs for dwelling houses. Houses were closely spaced with narrow streets

to protect from dust storms. Thick walled to protect from cold at night and

heat during day. Overhanging balconies for houses. Condensed city plan.

RELIGIOUS CONDITION

Muslim religion founded by Mohammed(born 570 AD).Holy book- ‘Koran’ contains ‘Surah’-utterance of Mohammad intended to reveal the words of God delivered to him by the angel gabriel.The Koran has 2 Dogmos- ”There is no god but Allah and Mohammad is his Prophet”After death of mohammed at medina in 632AD the spiritual direction was exercised by his close companions “The Caliphs” From 661 AD, caliphs were hereditary dynastic rulers settled at Damascus and later at Baghdad and Cordova.Many religious buildings were constructed and the religion spread far and wideKaaba -the holiest placeTwo sects-shias and sunnis based on line of successionImportant line of descent in prophet’s successors- aga khan

SOCIAL CONDITION

Arab invaders adopted social habits of near eastern countries

Women’s quarters(harem) secluded from portions accessible to male visitors. Wooden lattices at window openings to “see but no be

seen”. Quarters on upper floor.

Five Pillars of Islam Hadith- Words and deeds of Prophet Muhammed Salat- attending prayer 5 times a day Roza- taking fast during day in the month of Ramzan(Sawn) Zakat- donating 1/40th of one’s wealth as charity Haj- going to mecca- every muslim’s dream.

HISTORY 622 AD year of Hejira- mohammad depated to Medina from

Mecca Redirection of mohammad’s prayer from Jerusalem to Kaaba-

Islam becomes a national arab movement. Til 750 AD the first Caliphs started invasion in neighbouring

countries After 750 AD seat of caliphate shifted to Damascus and then

to Baghdad 762 AD Persia was conquered Syria and Palestine conquered in 632-639 AD 640 AD Egypt conquered by muslim sulthans 1566 AD Egypt ,Syria & Palestine fell to Turks Turkey- muslim Seljuk and later ottoman dynasty ended 1300

AD Architectural styles developed in these countries-

Ummayad,Abbasid,Fatimid,Seljuk & Ottoman(name of the caliphates).

ISLAMIC COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

HISTORY IN INDIA

Pats of Northern India conquered by Mohammad Ghori of Ghazni(1101-1127 AD).

Qutub-ud-din Aibak - Slave dynasty(1191-1246 AD)-foundation of muslim style in India

Followed by : Khilji(1290-1320 AD) Tughluq(1320-1431 AD) Sayyid(1414-1444 AD) Lodi(1451-1557 AD) Mughal dynasty(1526-1707 AD)

In Deccan Bahamani Kingdom which broke into: Berar(under Imad Shahi) Bidar(under Barid Shahi) Golkonda(under Qutb Shahi) Bijapur (under Adil Shahi) Ahmadnagar (under Nizam Shahi)

MAP OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

Persian Architecture Moorish Architecture Timurid architecture Ottoman Architecture Fatimid Architecture Seljuk Architecture Mamluk Architecture Indo-Islamic Architecture Somali-Islamic Architecture Sino-Islamic Architecture

ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minarets or towers Originally used as torch-lit watch towers Azaan given by Muezzin or Maula to call for prayer.

A four-iwan plan, with three subordinate halls and one principal one that faces toward Mecca

Mihrab or prayer niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca.

Cupolas-small dome-like structure, on top of a building. Domes -

Dome symbolises the arch of heaven. Built in brick and stone and external surface plastered The dome placed on the surface by transition from

square plan below to circular plan above by superimposing angles with pointed pendentives,squinch arches and stalactites.

Squinch- series of arches placed at an angle to convert the square base to octagonal.

The dome does not rest on octagonal phase.

In the next phase of transition a 16 sided base is obtained with help of pendentives

Then converted to 32 sided base and thusproviding a circular base for the dome above

Beautiful ornament at corners In later stage,super-imposed no of cell-

niches called mukharnas or stalactites.

Pointed Arch- architectural symbol of hands joined in prayer pointing towards Mecca - all things meet in Allah. arch spandrels consists of a voluted bracket holding a medallion. Types of arches-Ogee Arch, Two-Centred ,Four Centred & multi-

centred Pointed Arches. Arabesque( Tauriq)-

The use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque). Representation of human or national form prohibited The geometric designs are inlaid in coloured glazed

tiling,painting,mosaic and inlay arts Use of tughras-animal figures formed by arabic letters.

Muqarnas- a unique Arabic/Islamic space-enclosing system, for decoration of domes, minarets and portals.

Sahn- an enclosed courtyard. Almost every mosque and traditionally all houses and buildings in

areas of the Arab World contain a courtyard

Iwans – a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end

entirely open. Islamic calligraphy

use of decorative Islamic calligraphy was haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture.

in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Central fountains used for ablutions Decoration and Colour-

The use of bright color, if the style is Persian or Indian (Mughal) paler sandstone and grey stones are preferred among Arab

building Focus both on the interior space of a building and the exterior. Muslim Order-

slender, 7 to 9 diameter high square rebated columns.

minaret arabesqueIslamic calligraphy

Pointed arch dome dome

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD

Islamic architectural invention concentrates in 3 major constructions: mosques or masjids, tombs ,palaces and forts:

Jami Masjid: Friday prayer mosque Large open court surrounded by arcades or colonnades(iwan) Fountain or tank in the centre Iwan on Mecca side extended to form sanctuary or pillared hall Sanctuary contain elegant archshaped niche- mihrab A portion of the sanctuary enclosed by screen- Zenana for women Minarets provided

Madrassah Collegiate mosque Contain lecture hall, library, residences for students and teachers

Rauza Large mausoleum Includes mosque as a separate building Contain within a spacious square enclosure forming a garden

called rauza The tomb consists of a single compartment & covered with a

dome

Dhargah Important tombs of nobles and called dhargah in India

Khans Inns or Serais where travelers took rest Two storeyed building Ground floor- stabling camels First floor-residence for travelers

Private Islamic Houses: inward-looking courtyard houses. represent the desire for privacy and familial

obligations of Muslim life. A bent corridor (for privacy) leads from the

gated entry from the public lane into a courtyard courtyard paved with tiles, often planted with

shade trees and with a pool at the centre. Surrounding the courtyard are the principal

rooms of the house. Different sides of the courtyard may provide

separate accommodation for sections of the extended family.

Islamic City a highly organic entity. The basic cellular unit is the courtyard house The houses are grouped into quarters, often of a tribal or ethnic

character. Each quarter has its own mosques and facilities. At the centre of the city stands the focus of the community,

the congregational mosque, the masjid al-jum'a. The arteries of this intricate organism are the vaulted streets

of the souk, or bazaar, which thread outwards from the masjid al-jum'a towards the great gates of the enclosing fortified walls.

The key monuments and facilities of the city are found along the souk – the religious colleges, baths, hospitals, and fountains.

Examples of these are found in Fès, Morocco; Aleppo, Syria; and Esfahan,

SOME ARCHITECTUR

ALMASTERPIECE

S OFTHE WORLD

KAABA AT MECCA

Built in 16th century AD In modern day Saudi Arabia Slightly oblong Arcade encloses an open area

with kaaba in its centre Kaaba-cube shaped chamber 13m x 11m- 16m

high Covered with black silk In the north-east corner is the black stone- an

object of reverence Tomb of Abraham and the zamzam well are

sacred sites within the compound The mihrab of every mosque is aligned towards

kaaba

PLAN

THE GREAT MOSQUE OF PROPHET MOHAMMAD

MEDINA In modern day Saudi Arabia Rebuilt in stone with collonade on

the kibla wall Contains the tomb of the prophet original Prophet's Mosque was

built by the Prophet himself, next to the house where he settled after his Hijrah (emigration) to Medina in 622 AD

square enclosure of 30x35 meters built with palm trunks and mud

walls and accessed through three doors

DOME OF THE ROCK, JERUSALEM In modern day Palestine Earliest surviving architectural

masterpiece Construction started in 688-689 AD

and completed 691-692 AD by Caliph Abd-al-Malik

Stands in the haram as a great rectangular enclosure

Once occupied as a jewish temple

The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20m 20 cm and its height 20m 48 cm

ROCK OF MORIAH

CAIRO,EGYPT City known as “Gate of Islam”,”City of a

thousand Minarets”. Laid by fatimid conquerors of Tunisia Had trade links with Asia and Europe 2 main gates- Bab-al-Futuh and Bab-al-Masr Splendid palaces,inns,bazaars,

mosques,fountains public baths etc Crowded bazaars Water supplied by sakkas(water carriers) from

Nile Sabils- public drinking water fountains built by

princes and rich merchants,sulthans and princes Important buildings-

Mausoleum of Mameluk Sulthan le Mansur Qalaun-13th century

The mosque of Al-Azhar- Fatimid Dynasty. Madrassah attached to it-one of the world’s oldest universities

GREAT MOSQUE,CORD

OBA, SPAIN

GREAT MOSQUE AT KUFA,PERSIA

MOSQUE OF RUSTEM PASHA, ISTANBUL,TURKEY built on a high terrace

over a complex of vaulted shops

Narrow, twisting interior flights of steps in the corners give access to a spacious courtyard.

double porch with five domed bays

deep and low roof supported by a row of columns.

INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

QUTUB MINAR

A monumental tower in Delhi.situated in the Qutb complex.Construction commenced in 1193. By Qutb -ud -din Aibak.World's tallest brick minaret.

STRUCTUREKnown as “ Pivot of Justice and Faith.”

Built in red sand-stone.

Top two stories are of white marble, made by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

It is 72.5m high with 379 steps.

The base measures 14.3 m& top floor measures 2.75 meters in diameter.

Consists of four stories in changing textures:-

1st :- Has stellate of wedge shaped flanges with round flutes.

2nd:- Has circular projections .

3rd:- Is star shaped.

4th:- Circular; composed of circular kiosks with domical roof.

An additional storey is built later.

Each storey consists of projecting balconies, supported by stalactite bracket.

Balustrade in the form of merlons:- Kanjuras.

An ‘iron-pillar’(8m , 480AD) is standing in the centre of west wing.

It has an amalaka& crowning figure of Garuda.

HISTORY

Qutb -ud -din Aibak, the first Muslim ruler of Delhi, commenced construction of the Qutb Minar in 1193, but could only complete its base. His successor, Iltutmish, added three more stories and, in 1386, Firuz Shah Tughluq constructed the fifth and the last storey. The minaret is made of fluted red sand stone covered with intricate carvings and verses from the Qur’an.

The purpose for building this monument has been variously speculated upon. It could take the usual role of A minaret, calling people for prayer in the quwwat-ul-islam mosque. Other possibilities are A tower of victory, A monument signifying the might of islam, or A watch tower for defense. Many historians believe that the qutb minar was named after the first turkish sultan, Qutb -ud -din aibak.

‘TAJ MAHAL’

THE SYMBOL OF LOVE..THE JEWEL OF MUSLIM ART..

TAJ MAHAL

AT AGRA.

A MONUMENT IN MEMORY OF LOVE.

ONE OF THE WONDERS OF THE WORLD.

BUILT BY THE MUGHAL EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN FOR HIS BELOVED WIFE MUMTAZ MAHAL.

KNOWN AS ‘CROWN OF THE PALACE’.

BUILT IN WHITE MARBLE ALONG THE RIVER JAMUNA.

BUILT BY TURK USTAD ISA, USTAD LAHORI& GERONIMO VERONEO.

THE PRINCIPAL DESIGNER IS USTAD AHMAD LAHAURI.

Layout of Taj Mahal.

DARWAZA-THE GATEWAYBuilt in red sand stone.

It has the same archway design as the tomb.

On its walls floral designs present called pietra dura.

On top are small,onion-shaped domes lined in two rows.

The Taj Mahal is at the end of the garden.

A mosque on west.

Mehman Khan on east.

PLAN

Exterior decoration

Herringbone Plant motifs Spandrel detail Incised painting

The approach channel has an elevated pool-Haus-i-Kausar.Flanked by marble path. Four portioned garden plan:-Charbagh. It has an inclination for the constant

flow of water from Jamuna.

STRUCTURE57m2 area with canted angle.

Eight sided structure.

Total height is 33m.

Plat form known as ‘Chabutara’-6.7m high&95m2area.

Onion dome -25m height&18m diameter.

Dome is placed on a drum of 64m height.

Golden proportion is used.

Minarets contain cupolas&pinnacles.

Around the dome two storeyed aisles present.

Height of the four small domes is 39m.

At each corner of the platform, 42m high minaret in three storeys are present.

The tombs of Shah Jahan and his wife are ornamented & enclosed in central hall.

The marble varies in tint&tone according to the chage in light.

It displays :-

Soft milky at dawn

Shining white at mid-day

Pale and rosy during sunset.

The reflections of Taj in pool create a marvelous view.

CHAR MINARAt Hyderabad.

Was built by Sultan Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591.

To commemorate the elimination of a plague.

Built in Tajaya style.

Charminar means four minarets.

STRUCTURESquare plan

Each side measures 20 m.

Each of the corners has a tall, pointed minaret.

Each minars is of height 57m.

There are four arch ways of 11m span.

Now, each arches have a clock,-installed in 1889.

Each minaret has three stories, marked by a delicately carved ring around the minaret.

First contains arcaded triforium.

Second has small arches.

Top one has perforated balstrads.

Inside is decorated with intricate designs.Inside the minarets 149 winding steps present to the top floor.Each side of the structure opens into a plaza through giant arches.A vault that appears like a dome, supports two galleries. The terrace bordered with a stone balcony. The main gallery has 45 covered prayer spaces with a large open space for Friday prayers.

ISLAMIC GARDENS

Famous Islamic gardens include the grounds of Taj Mahal in India and the Generalife gardens in Spain.

The general theme of a traditional Islamic garden is water and shade.

Four water canals typically carry water into a central pool or fountain, the four streams symbolizing the four main elements of life. The four streams may also be interpreted as the four rivers in paradise, filled with milk, honey, wine and water. Such a four-fold garden is also called a chahar-bagh

MUGHAL GARDENSMughal gardens are

a group of gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style of architecture. This style was influenced by Persian gardens and Timurid gardens. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.Kabul Bagh (Panipat) : - Babar.Shalimar Bagh& Nishat Bagh(Kashmir):-Shah Jahan.

GOL GUMBAZAt Bijapur

Built by Mohammad Adil Shah in 1627 AD

The second-largest tomb in the world.

The most gigantic hemispherical dome(Gumbaz) .

Designer- Malik Sandal

Took 30 years to complete

Consists of 1 chamber of size 42m x 42m & height 55 m.

Walls are of 3m thickness

They are buttressed by octagonal towers of 7.5 diameter

Dome is supported on a gallery formed by intersecting arches

The arches are arranged within the side of a square plan

The point of intersection produced an octagonal cornice which support the base of the dome

The projecting gallery 3.35 m wide hanging in the interior of the dome at 3.35m height – Wispering Gallery.

CHAND MINAR

Built in 1435.

A tower of victory Built by Alaudin Bahamani.

Circular in plan.

Rises to a height of 30m in four storeys.

Each containing a balcony. Each storey is circular in section, but one is fluted.

JAMA MASJIDAt Delhi.

Built by emperor Shah jahan.

Rectangular in plan.

Standing on high plinth :-Chabutara.

Three gate ways present.

Eastern-for royal family.

North7 south-for public.

Has a central courtyard of 99m side with a tank in the middle.

The courtyard is enclosed by pillared cloisters.

Over the sanctuary three bulbous domes present.

MOTI MASJIDSituated at Agra.

Has three domes

Built in marble.

It consists of a courtyard, colonnades& an arch entrance to the nave.

At the central dome appears hanging among the stars like a pearl.

Known as pearl mosque.

FIRUZ MINAR AT GAUR

JAMI MASJID- BIJAPUR

FATEHPUR-SIKRI

IBRAHIM RAUZA- BIJAPUR

MEHTAR MAHAL-BIJAPUR

AGRA FORT

DIWAN-I-KHAS, FATEHPUR SIKRI

DIWAN-I-AM, DELHI

DELHI FORT

Presented bySHILPA.T & SHRUTHI RAMESH

“Thank You…!!”