ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND FAMILY MANAGEMENT IN ISLAM ... · ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND FAMILY MANAGEMENT IN ISLAM : NIGERIAN CONTEXT ... poverty, lack of proper and ... the paper does not

E-Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on

Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization 2017

E-Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization 2017

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ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND FAMILY MANAGEMENT IN ISLAM : NIGERIAN CONTEXT

Taufiq Abubakar Hussain PhD

Bayero University, Kano.

Nigeria

[email protected]

[email protected]

+234-803-686-6616

ABSTRACT

The institution of family is one of the major issues that rings bell in Islamic community. The significance of this institution come at the eve of Allah’s ordainments towards the sustenance and continuity of the human species on earth, although this continuity could have been given less regards if it is stripped out of subjugation to divine orders and the basic principles of his existence. Allah says: “And I have not created the Jinn and the men except that they should serve me” this has proven that the need to groom a generation whose main purpose is to worship Allah remains albatross. On the other hand, human nature despite its denial in this modern society abhors all illicit sexual relationships and its types, because the results of that has apparently become irritant and a major social disorder. This is why this paper wishes to examine the importance of the family management in our contemporary societies contrasting it that of Islam. In some Muslim communities in Nigeria women are considered either baby reproductive machines or an object of satisfying lust and libido of their lords, the future of the children born thereafter becomes vague, some throw them to the hard and difficult labor, others shun their responsibilities under the guise of sending them to Almajiri system of education system, hundreds of miles away from homes. This paper intends to find causes of this menace, discuss and suggest remedies out of it through the appraisals of the family management in Islam, it is hoped that the findings of the paper would benefit the affected communities.

1. Introduction

Today, and in this advanced community, Muslims are classified as retrogressive and backward, because of their in ability to fully engaged in removing literacy from their midst. Perhaps above unfortunate classifications emanates from the high level of illiteracy in muslim world including Nigeria. The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) stated that illiteracy rates in the Muslim world ranges between 40 percent among males and 65 percent among females,

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with rural areas lagging behind urban areas by over 10 percent. This poses a threat to the development and prosperity of the society and negatively impact on the ability to promote and build a strong growing economy and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)1. Lack of proper education are the agents of corruption, destruction, economic downturn, poverty, lack of proper and good governance which are all inconsistent to the general maqasid of Islamic systems. A research by Dr. Farrukh Salem states:

Muslims are 22 percent of the world population and produce less than five percent of global GDP. Even more worrying is that the Muslim countries’ GDP as a percent of the global GDP is going down over time2.

In Nigeria, the level of literacy has reached up 65 Millions3 out of 170 millions of its citizens. This statistic is alarming for a number of reasons. Illiteracy has adverse impacts at both an individual and societal level. People who are illiterate are far more likely to live in poverty, facing a lifetime marred by poor health and social vulnerability. Economically, the impacts of illiteracy are also sizeable; workplace productivity, unemployment rates and even national GDP are all affected by a country’s literacy levels.

It is believed that near to have of the economic downturn and poverty rests on Muslim lands and countries. The Muslims are about 22% of the total global population but due to improper educational and high level of illiteracy, which causes poor management of families, have resulted and would continue to give this alarming rate of backwardness amidst of Muslims these are the results of in-adequate civic management of families, societies and Ummah.

Economists could in some cases trace back these problems to unavailability of the proper financial products, which are in line with Islamic rules and regulations. However, the researcher would look at it dimensionally from education to meet up the of financial and economic challenges face by Muslims, thus, the importance of education educational development as tools of family and society management based on maqasid shariah is hereby stressed4.

Development in education is the major tool and bedrock of capacity building of individual and society, at the beginning of Islamic revelation Allah SWT asked His Prophet (SAW) to read

1 http://www.iinanews.com/page/public/report.aspx?id=10377# Friday 14th October, 2016

2 The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics UN Census Data. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-main-

reason-for-a-high-illiteracy-rate-in-the-Muslim-population 13/09/16

3 Unesco statistics 2015

4 http://www.alhudacibe.com/imhd/news22.php 20/09/16







Read: In the Name of your Lord who created. 2. Created man from a clot. 3. Read: And your Lord is the Most Generous. 4. He who taught by the pen. 5. Taught man what he never knew.

Sayyid Qutub says:

This instruction reveals importance of literacy as an inspiration from Lord through Pen. It is the most pivotal component of literacy that cogwheels human life, however, use of pen during that time was not all that influential as we witness in our lives today , but Almighty Allah knows it is going to be and knows the significance of literacy to human building5.

Focusing on family management , employing the basic rules of maqasid would allow change from illiteracy to literacy is the major way to getting out from the problems facing Muslims, and this could not change until when we have a sound and disciplined Islamic atmosphere, starting from our inner houses, neighborhood, community, nations and global society.

In Nigeria, like many other Muslim communities, the penchant tendency of parents to shun away from their civic responsibilities had thrown our children into many unbearable and catastrophic situation. This failure, indeed, is not from the religion itself, but most certainly, from negative attitude of some Muslims, thus, Muslims are not really employing the mechanisms provided to them.

2. Family Institution In Islam

Islam gives special considerations and regards to the institution of family, because family institution is the basic fundamental unit that guarantees human survival, supremacy and against all abnormalities or disorders. In the contemporary world, family institution is often disintegrating, due to various reasons such as gender issue, working environment, freedom of choice, same sex marriage etc. however, Islam brings all to a fine equilibrium, with benefits to enjoying love, generosity, security and nourishments to the family. This is what the contemporary set up direly need to as a spiritual and social guidance, thus, a harmonious social order is created by the existence of extended families and by fostering children.

Marriage and constituting a family is the sole legitimate mean to developing ofspring and the global society by extension. The Glorious Prophet (SAW) s SAW said: ”Marry Prolific wife for I shall be proud of you in the day of Reckoning”6 moreover, Islam has strictly commands good upbringing of these children.

The Importance of Marriage and its institution in Islam cannot be over emphasized above the importance of its products. Children in Islam are the products of the institution of marriage , Almighty Allah has chosen mankind to be vicegerent on earth and lead other creatures in worshipping and glorifying Him, the species of mankind could not be preserved and or reproduced

5 Qutb, S.I. (1385 AH) Fi Dhilal Al Qur’an , Cairo, Dar Al-Shuruoq. 17th edition. 6/3939

6 Tabarani. S.A. Al-Mu’ujamul Kabir, Ibn Taymiyyah Publishing House, Cairo Vol 20 p219







save to a lawful and acceptable methods which is marriage. , however, mankind has three various ways to quench their lusts and libidos, this include

i. Illicit relationships.

ii. Total abstinence (Monasticism)

iii. Marriage7

Islam only allows the lawful method, which is marriage. Islam perceives good child upbringing through a meaningful and accepted methods, these include wise and careful selection of partner, it is established that good and sound social behaviors and attitudes may be inflicted to the grand sons and offspring8. However, the paper does not intend to repel the permissibility or otherwise of adopting children from an orphanage or other means. Nevertheless, would only want to show the originality of the importance and significance laid by Islam with regard to proper family management and good child upbringing. Muslims must consider their sacrifices towards bringing up their wards as an act of ibadah, rewards of which awaits them in the heaven as the Prophet (SAW) states:

The Prophet (SAW) said: he who is being tested with child girl, he then properly up bring them, they would be to him a shield against the Hell fire9

The Hadith encourages Muslims towards having sound and reasonable children that one can cater to up bring. The focal issue here is to give them good up bring not only bringing them into this world. They should never perceived their sacrifices in managing and administering their families to be in vain.

3. The Essence Of Muslim Life

Islam is a holistic religion, not a religion that is restricted in place of worships or rituality, but rather a complete way of life that deals with every aspect of life. It encompasses all strata of life. This has made Muslims to have vast provisions of their activities. The provisions made are as the matter of fact interwoven and connected to each other. However, it is pertinent to note that Muslims life is own by his religion. He would always follow the provisions and commands in within the limits of his abilities and societies he lives. Islam commands its adherents to surrender their life in subjugation to Allah’s commandments.

7 Qardawi Y (1967) Permissible and Non Permissibles in Islam. Wahbah Publishing House, Cairo, Egypt P27

8 Qardawi Op., Cit

9 Muslim, A.H. () Sahih Muslim, Beirut, Dar Afaq Gedidah, 8/38







Say, “My prayer and my worship, and my life and my death, are devoted to God, the Lord of the Worlds. No associate has He. Thus I am commanded, and I am the first of those who submit” Suratul An’am 162-163

Islam is not just a simply a theoretical ideology conceived for a membership nor it is a stagnant ideology like a dogmatic concept meant to enslave the believers. It is a code of life a living force manifest in every aspect of human life. There is need for every person to be in full picture functioning with a full scale of his both spiritual and worldly lives. This can be achieved when a full display and enforcement of rules and regulations from both spiritual and civic sources were harnessed. Muslims cannot live in isolation and confinement under the guise of non-availability of sharia implementation. Islam encourages intellectual activities and made it obligatory to all members to search for knowledge and behave accordingly.

4. Almajiri Saga

Islam provides permissions and legalization of polygamy, thus, allowing most of Muslims to have multiple wives to the tune of four wives and sometimes with concubines, where applicable. The outcome of this has resulted in diverse density of population. Similarly, Islam has strictly commands proper management of family. However, It is observed that, there has been a lot of mischiefs, social upheavals, mayhems and other societal decadence ranging from drug abuse, vagabond, political hooliganism etc connected to compounded societies, this occurs in all societies including Islamic. Could this be an outcome of negligence from the parents? Does it have roots from Islam itself? Was it really emanating out of family density? was it Islam that allows giving birth to children without adequate and proper management? Did in anyway Islam made it an obligatory act to marry and give out high number of children? Why would not Muslims in Nigeria sit and face these challenges with a view to face it out from their societies. Similar societies of Muslim communities in Kenya and Uganda are not suffering from this?

The main cause of children being spoiled is the lack of interest of parents in their education. running way from religious responsibility. The Prophet (SAW) SAW said

I heard Allah's Apostle saying, "All of you are guardians and responsible for your charges: the Ruler (i.e. Imam) is a guardian and responsible for his subjects; and a man is a guardian of his family and is responsible for his charges; and a lady is a guardian in the house of her husband and is responsible for her charge; and a servant is a guardian of the property of his master and is responsible for his charge." I think he also said, "And a man is a guardian of the property of his father."

In case the parents who neglected the responsibilities of their children, they will deserve a painful torment. The Prophet (SAW) has described man as the supervisor of his house who will be questioned about his subjects. He designated the mother as the keeper of the house of her husband and held her answerable for those in her charge. The Prophet (SAW) SAW has ordered that the children and the family be taught manners, brought up well made to act on the injunctions of Shariah and kept away from unlawful things. He described this as a scheme to protect oneself from the Hell Fire He said: Imbibe in children love for me and my family and teach them the recital of the Noble Qur’an because they who carry the Qur’an will be under the shadow of the Throne.







5. Who Is Almajiri

Derived from Arabic word المهاجر i.e. one who has left his homeland to perfect his religion. Almajiri (Learner) is someone who searches for knowledge at home or on transit and display high moral behavior10. This phenomenon has been adopted by Nigerian and West African Muslims generally to define a pupil who is between the age of 4-15, which has been handed over by his parent to an itinerary Qur’anic teacher, who wanders with him across cities and towns in the region for the purpose of memorizing the Glorious Quran.

The concept of Almajiri education in Nigeria started in the olden days when the quest to acquire knowledge was prevalent, especially the Qur’anic knowledge by the Muslims, there were no laid down procedures or channels to adopt in obtaining such, except the unconventional way of handing over wards to a supposedly teacher, known as Mallam. It was this Mallam that now enlist the child and the teaching of religious scriptures and way of life are indoctrinated into the young pupils. Initially during Sheikh Uthman Dan Fodio the Sultanate takes full responsibilities of the instructors, it was so perfect and rewarding that highly educated Sheikhs and Mallams who became successful in life by holding positions of judges and teachers that were moulding the minds of the young on how to become righteous and exemplary in their future lives. However, when the colonial life styles of the west started encroaching into the big cities of the north, some of these Mallams became allured to the greed for money and started migrating to the cities and towns with their pupils and subjected them to the vagaries of the streets11.

This process of Almajiri exposes the children to harsh environmental hazards, and deprivation of children of parental care. while the teacher and the students both are going to be strangers during their dwellings, they would eventually turn to beg for food, shelter and clothes12.

History has shown that, this system started in the 11th century because of the involvement of Borno rulers in Qur'anic literacy. Over seven hundred years later, the Sokoto Caliphate was founded, and followed the same basis in the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. These two empires run similar Qur'anic learning system which over time came to be known as the Almajiri system13. Under the Almajiri system, during the pre-colonial days, the pupils lived with their parents for moral upbringing. All the schools were located within the immediate environment from where the pupils came from. The Dan-Fodio revolution brought with it some modifications; the establishment of an inspectorate of Qur'anic literacy. The inspectors reported directly to the Emir of the province, concerning all matters relating to the school. It was argued that, this period, was the height of Qur'anic education in the northern Nigeria14.

10

http://www.gamji.com/article9000/NEWS9711.htm Muktar Yakubu 30/9/16

11 Muhammad, I.S., 2010. “Towards reforming Almajiri Qur’anic school system of education in Nigeria”.

Unpublished Seminar Paper. NAPSRELGS, FCT College of Education, Zuba, Abuja

12 http://www.ajol.info/index.php/jef/article/view/113819

13 http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5956.htm Idris A. A. , The Almajiri System of Education in Nigeria

Today. 15/08/16

14 Idris , A.A. Op, Cit







Currently the Almajiri system of education in Nigeria face lots of setback. E.g. Significant number of the children could not graduate from these schools. Some are consumed by domestic violence, and used by politicians to become political thugs; some became masters in stealing, while others are lost through diseases and hunger. However, the very fortune few of them who managed to memorize the Qur’an would eventually became traders, drivers and so on. Those who could not make it are condemned to menial jobs, since they have no skills at hand. They remain as untrained armies available to anybody wishes to bring troubles and chaos in society.

6. Negative Causes Of Almajiri

This system of education has become source of trouble and bore some to the educationist and social scientists who hails from northern Muslim Nigeria. Let us examine some of these troubles for the of clarity sake:

1. Age limits of the students: Age of enrollment to these schools ranges between the age of 4-15 .students are enrolled in boarding schools, where they are supposed to cater for themselves, including feeding, clothing etc.

2. Over population: Most of the teachers would go to the parents and recruit more pupils to schools regardless of having adequate provisions of bed, matress and other students need.

3. Method of discipline: Other issues are the methods of punishment, although the educational system at large provides reward and punishments, but unfortunately, the reward in this type of schools is missing, the punishment prevails, the system of punishment is always a severe flog and canning either from the head teacher or other supporting staff.

4. Improper rumination: There is no fix salary or wages given to the teacher, either by the parents or local authorities, but the teacher would avail himself in time of harvest and storage of cash crop , the parents would donate any amount of cash crop in accordance to its availability

This has culminated into social vices and societal disintegration. in Northern Nigeria the problems of Almajiri were manifested in various forms of social explosions like: the Maitasine crisis in 1980, who declare war against anything Western, such as schools, clothes and way of life. Others are Yandaba or Political thuggery, area boys, kidnappers and most recently Boko Haram15. Almajiri system became a perfect excuse for some parents to reduce the burden of rearing children the Almajiri phenomenon provides the grounds for recruitment of mass Muslims children into all sorts of anti-social activities, mostly turned into beggars, hawkers and wanderers. The Almajiri were made to live in sorry state of learning and most of them live in condition of poor health mal-nutrition and squalor16.

15

Sule, A.K., 2002. ‘The Almajiri phenomenon study of the youth in traditional Qur’anic scholarship in Northern Nigeria. Seminar presentation notes for the Almajiri Initiative, UDU Sokoto, Nigeria. The humanities Journal1(1), 27 –47

16 Sule, Op.,Cit.







The Almajiri of present time are somehow made as tools for money making for the Malams. Some of them do go to restaurants to wash plates and fetch water so that they will be given left over foods. They are all over the streets, very dirty, hungry, thirsty, lack all kinds of necessities of life and at times they cause traffic hazards17.

United Nation International Children Education Foundation, UNICEF (2008) added that Almajiri - child also serve as domestic servants or porters to other people and do odd jobs that are hazardous, detrimental to their health and exploitative. Their basic rights to survival and development as well as protection are violated as they are exposed to all forms of violence, discrimination, abuse and neglect by parents or guardians.

Some studies confirmed the value of ability of the Almajiri reveal the fact that they are further disadvantaged, discriminated against and are marginalized by members of the society. This is further made apparent by the violations of right to life human dignity, universal basic education, health, parental love, care, maintenance, socialization, value orientation and the right to grow up in a family environment. These deprivations constitute gross violation of children’s rights guaranteed under both the Shari’a and the Nigerian constitution. The Almajiri are socially and even psychologically disoriented, they cannot be mobilised for positive social change. Apart from loss of filial and by extension human emotions, they are so deprived. These deprivations are not only disincentive for positive social change but the humiliations and agonies of endangers makes them very violent18.

7. Measures Of Proper Family Management

The Glorious Prophet (SAW) has advised Muslims while selecting wives to do it wisely, by choosing the most religious he says :

Narrated Abu Huraira The Prophet (SAW) said, "A woman is married for four things, i.e., her wealth, her family status, her beauty and her religion. So you should marry the religious woman (otherwise) you will be a losers.

Thus, child’s behavioral attitudes and could always be subjective to the environments he roused, once the environs are pleasurable the child inherits pleasurable behaviors and when wrong choice and selecting are made it will definitely affect the child’s behavior. What we are trying to emphasize is that a male Muslim must be wise enough to be good to his children right before their birth by selecting a good wife who would consequently be a good mother to his children19.

17

Hamza, M.,2009. “Problems and prospects of Almajiri system in Nigeria. J. Art. Soci. Sci., 1(2), 142-157. COE.Jalingo, Taraba

18 M.A. Yusha’u , A.K. Tsafe, S.I. Babangida, N.I. Lawal, Problems and prospects of integrated almajiri education

in northern Nigeria,Department of Science and Vocational Education, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (2013) 2(3) 125-13. 20/10/16

19 Al-Abshayhi, S.M. Ahmad, (1988). Al-Mustatrif fi Kulli fanni Mustathrif. vol. 2. Beirut, Dar al-Maktab al-

Hayat. P293







8. Determining Number Of Children

Muslims in Northern Nigeria advocates to polygamous marriage, an average adult northern Muslim could be married to two to three wives , and may have 10 -1 5 children. In rural areas where peasants and farmers are the dwellers, new marriages occur on several families, it happens at the eve of the harvest of cash crops, thus, most of these marriages are geared towards satisfying the libido of men. Thereafter, the children born in these marriages are left without proper attentions and good up bring There are many reasons, which made parents to send their wards to Almajiri Schools, these ay include economic burden, not ready to share his food with his growing child, Looking for an adventures in cities and towns. Etc.

The most irritating part of this menace could be traced to the ignorance, parents do not look at children as mercy sent to them by almighty, but as a burden, which delays his fortune. In order to reduce the burden and create additional avenue for his lust and libido, he would send the child of five years to the city under the façade of Qur’anic Education. Wherever they are being called to appreciate Allah’s favour they would not listen, they misinterpreted the hadith of the Prophet (SAW) that recommend marrying women to have more children.

Its pertinent to note that, The Prophet (SAW) would not as the matter of fact need irresponsible children or men, those who would always be caught at the middle of mayhem, killings and social upheaval. He would definitely be proud with who are actualizing the ultimate motive of human existence on the planet, i.e. worshipping Allah. It is observed that 9.5 million children roaming in the streets of northern Muslim Nigeria are vulnerable to becoming embarrassment to the society. due to failure of their parents to take full responsibility of them

9. Child Upbring In Islam

Children are blessing from Allah to his servants, they are meant to be dutiful to the old and aging parents, uncles and other relatives. They are one of the most precious gifts of Allah to mankind it is as big as ones wealth.

Children are meant to be dear to the hearts of their parents, Allah has shown in many verse of Qur’an to be dutiful to ones parents, this cannot be achieved if a very good care and upbringing is absents in a family. among these verses that commands being dutiful to parents include

Thy Lord hath decreed that ye worship none but Him, and that ye be kind to parents. Whether one or both of them attain old age in thy life, say not to them a word of contempt, nor repel them, but address them in terms of honour.






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10

We have enjoined on man kindness to his parents: In pain did his mother bear him, and in pain did she give him birth. The carrying of the (child) to his weaning is (a period of) thirty months.."

However, men are equally commanded to not to spend all of their times to their offspring without devotion to Allah.

Thus, Quran commands parents to invest their precious times in making very good preparations for their offspring. In order to secure a good and acceptable way of good child up bring here are some items to be considered. Parents must display highest character of example and very good mode to be emulated by their children, the demonstrations of good character and consistencies of words and actions could be among the best featured elements in child up bring. They said charity begins at home, the collective responsibility of all family members towards betterment of their ward is thereby emphasized. They should be taught how to abstain away from al evils deeds. The most distilling of all is to teach them to fear Allah swt this can be achieved through engaging them in acts of Ibadah, i.e. Prayers, Recitation of Quran, being truthful, sincerity, chastisement, decency in language, appreciating their neighbors, community responsibility, self-reliance etc20.

10. Uswatul Hasana

One of the effective methods in good child upbringing is by having at a nearby an educator who is truthful, honest, noble and chaste, thus, the children will be raised on truthfulness, honesty, morality, nobility and chastity.

Allah SAW lays down the perfect divine method and entrusted His Messenger to carry the Divine message to the nation characterized by the most sublime psychological, moral and intellectual faculties, so that people may accept the message, take them as examples, learn from them, respond to them, and follow in their footsteps in noble virtues and great morals. Therefore

20

Aijaz.,S.Z. (1995) Muslim Children how to bring up, New Delhi, India, Kitab Bhanvan,







11

Allah sent Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to be an example for Muslims throughout history, and to be the guiding light for humanity until the end of time the Noble Qur’an says:

“Indeed you have in the Messenger of Allah, The best example (model) for those whose hope is Allah and the last day and those who constantly mention and remembers Allah’(33;21)

The example which the Prophet (SAW) gave in the field of worship and morality is the best world has seen, and with passage of time, people find the perfect example and guiding light in the way the Prophet (SAW) worshipped Allah, and in the way he preserved his morality. Parents must not forget that concentrating on the good upbringing of their eldest child is one of the most effective means of the good upbringing of the rests of their children, because the younger child usually imitates the older one, and acquires many of his moral attributes and social habits. It would be a calamity if the child found his elder brother loose morals or in vice and corruption, since the younger children will be influenced by him and will imitate him. Therefore, parents should concentrate their efforts on the eldest child, then those who follow him, so that they may set an example to those who are born after and an ideal for the rest of the children with guidance from Allah.

10.1 Education

Islam promotes search and discovery of any knowledge that is beneficial to humanity. In the same vein Islam emphasizes the position of those who have knowledge over those who have not.

Usama bin Sharik reported that I was with the Prophet (SAW) SAW, some Bedouins arrived and asked: shall we seek medical treatment for our illnesses? He replied: yes you should seek medical treatment, for Verily, Allah The Exalted Has not sent down any disease except that He also sent down its cure – those who know it will know it, and those who do not know it21

The education here refers is not only restrained in the knowledge of Shariah, and jurisprudence but is a general terms that contains any knowledge that would benefit the human. The consensus of the Maqasid al Shariah here is to have knowledge that would built and protects the lives and properties of mankind. Parents must be a good enlighten and educator to their children and should as such look for effective educational means to best prepare their wards to this life,. This can be achieved through setting a good example, establishing beneficial habits, wise admonition, observation and appropriate punishment.

21

Ibn Hanbal: Ibid 7/354







12

Muslims are expected to as a matter of religious obligation to be faithful, kind and be pleasing to their children. Hence, the best among us is he who is best to his family. These include supporting their education, health and becoming responsible citizens.

The Prophet (SAW) says: “The most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best in manners and kindest to his wife".22

11. Reading

Education is the most important tools of changing ones behavior as well as it is the major way to guide him to the right strata. Parents must under this understand the importance of education to their wards. So long that they strive in soliciting bread at the dining to fulfill the desire of body, the education as such requires it is food which is education.

Ward must be sent to adequate schools which they learn both their religious and civic rights. To achieve this learning through the books and works of others is hereby needed; parents shall inculcate in their wards the culture of reading and making them understand the difference between knowledgeable people Allah SWT says:

Is one who worships devoutly during the hour of the night prostrating himself or standing (in adoration), who takes heed of the Hereafter, and who places his hope in the Mercy of his Lord - (like one who does not)? Say: "Are those equal, those who know and those who do not know? It is those who are endued with understanding that receive admonition.

22

Tirmizi: M.I, Al-Jami Al-Sahih, Sunan Tirmizi, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon 12/399







13

But those among them who are well-grounded in knowledge, and the believers, believe in what hath been revealed to thee and what was revealed before thee: And (especially) those who establish regular prayer and practice regular charity and believe in Allah and in the Last Day: To them shall We soon give a great reward.

Conclusion

Failures in family management could in many times be related to poverty .which is a devastating condition that affects most of the families in Nigeria. At the same time Muslims cannot control and provide adequate provision to its teaming populace without addressing issues of proper up coming generations. Parents must adhere to the teachings of Islam via Maqasid Share’ah. Issues of selection of right partner and bearing children, should be addressed properly. Islam did not made a specific number of children to be given birth by any couple. But it had made affirmative rules in taking care of any child. Once the Prophet (SAW) advocate that, he who gave birth to two female children and allow a proper education to both will enter paradise. This has shown that when he neglects and shun away from this obligation he would certainly be sinned.

Most of these problem are linked with poverty and poverty cold be eradicated through meaningful means provided by Islam, thus it requires Muslims to engage in any lawful and legitimate business to earn sustenance to their ward or families. It is not however, allowed to be a beggar and embarrass the society.

Islam teaches self-reliance and self-respect, strongly encourages individual struggle to earn a living in order to protect one’s dignity and honour; and on the other hand frowns at laziness, idleness, being a liability on others and inferiority complex The Muslims of the past applied these principles in their societies and achieved results, which are a source of historical pride and glory. To achieve self-reliance however, a balance has to be made between income and expenses. The attitude of some Muslims in Nigeria to marry wives and bore unnumbered children should be checked and be in accordance to the provision of the Maqasid and wasatiyya considerations.

Recommendations:

1. Parents must take full responsibility of their children, and should employ the basic maqasid provisions in managing them and making them responsible members to the international communities, serving their religion and societies.

2. Muslims must consider the basic needs of becoming members ta this world, is not only by holding up to old passion ways and methods of life, but by becoming a stakeholder by grooming its members to be actively accepted across all races.

3. Number of children should be limited to the economic ability of parents this allows them to give adequate and basic needs of life.

4. Almajiri schools should be integrated with western modern education in sciences , Arts ect.







14

Reference

Glorious Quran

Ahmad,. A.M.H. ( 1421AH) Al-Musnad , Riyadh, Musassaat Risalah.

Aijaz.,S.Z. (1995) Muslim Children how to bring up, New Delhi, India, Kitab Bhanvan,

Al-Abshayhi, S.M. Ahmad, (1988). Al-Mustatrif fi Kulli fanni Mustathrif. vol. 2. Beirut, Dar al-Maktab al-Hayat.

M.A. Yusha’u Problems and prospects of integrated Almajiri education in northern Nigeria, UDUS-Nigeria. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (2013)

Hamza, M.,(2009). “Problems and prospects of Almajiri system in Nigeria. J. Art. Soci. Sci., 1(2), 142-157. COE.Jalingo, Taraba

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